Chapter XXXVI

1749-1755

SIDELIGHTS OF CIVIC PROGRESS

III

PETER KALM--THE FIRST SWEDES IN MONTREAL--THE FRENCH WOMEN CONTRASTED
WITH THOSE OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES--DOMESTIC ECONOMY--THE MEN
EXTREMELY CIVIL--MECHANICAL TRADES BACKWARD--WATCHMAKERS--THE TREATY
OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE CELEBRATED--PAPER MONEY--WAGES--PEN PICTURE OF
MONTREAL IN 1749--ITS BUILDINGS AND THEIR PURPOSES--FRIDAY, MARKET
DAY--THERMOMETRICAL AND CLIMATIC OBSERVATIONS--NATURAL HISTORY
CULTIVATED--MONTREAL THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE INDIAN TRADE--THE GOODS
FOR BARTER--THE LADIES MORE POLISHED AND VOLATILE AT QUEBEC BUT
MORE MODEST AND INDUSTRIOUS AT MONTREAL--ECONOMIC FACTS--WINE AND
SPRUCE BEER--PRICES AND COST OF LIVING--CONSENTS TO MARRIAGE--SOCIAL
AND DOMESTIC CUSTOMS--FRANQUET'S JOURNEY FROM QUEBEC TO MONTREAL
BY RIVER, FIVE DAYS--POUCHOT'S APPRECIATIONS OF CANADIANS--THE
TRADE SYSTEM OF THE COUNTRY--GOVERNMENTAL MAGAZINES AND UP-COUNTRY
FORTS--PRIVATE TRADE AT THE POSTS--ITINERANT PEDDLERS. NOTE: THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARISH CHURCH 359

CHAPTER XXXVII

EDUCATION--PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TECHNICAL

A RECORD FROM 1657 TO 1760

FRENCH PRONUNCIATION--SCHOOL FOR GIRLS--THE CONGREGATION--BOARDING
SCHOOLS--SCHOOLS OF DOMESTIC ECONOMY--NORMAL SCHOOLS--SCHOOLS
FOR BOYS--ABBE SOUART FIRST SCHOOLMASTER--THE FIRST ASSOCIATION
OF TEACHERS--SCHOOL BOOKS--BOOKS ON PEDAGOGY--LATIN SCHOOLS, THE
HIGH SCHOOLS OF THE PERIOD--LATIN BOOKS--ATTEMPT AT A CLASSICAL
COLLEGE--FAILURE--TECHNICAL EDUCATION--JEAN FRANÇOIS CHARON--THE
GENERAL HOSPITAL--ARTS AND MANUFACTURES--LES FRERES CHARON--A NORMAL
SCHOOL FOR CANADA AT ROCHELLE PROJECTED--FRERE TURC GOES TO ST.
DOMINGO--THE BROTHERS OF THE CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS INVITED TWICE TO COME
TO CANADA--BROTHER DENIS AND PACIFICUS IN MONTREAL--THE FRERES CHARON
IN EVIL DAYS--THE HOSPITAL TRANSFERRED TO MADAME D'YOUVILLE 377

CHAPTER XXXVIII

1747

THE GENERAL HOSPITAL OF MONTREAL UNDER MADAME D'YOUVILLE

MADAME D'YOUVILLE--TIMOTHEE DE SILVAIN--CONFRATERNITY OF THE HOLY
FAMILY--"SOEURS GRISES"--PERSEVERANCE THROUGH OPPOSITION--FIRE OF
1745--PROVISIONAL CONTROL OF HOSPITAL--ATTEMPT TO ANNEX THE GENERAL
HOSPITAL TO THAT OF QUEBEC--THE "GREY NUNS" FORMERLY APPROVED AS
"SISTERS OF CHARITY" 387

CHAPTER XXXIX

MONTREAL, MILITARY HEADQUARTERS

THE FINAL STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY--THE SEVEN YEARS, 1756-1763--THE
CAMPAIGN OF 1756 (OSWEGO)--THE WINTER AT MONTREAL

REVIEW--CELERON DE BIENVILLE--DE VAUDREUIL--MONTCALM--HIS MILITARY
AND HOUSEHOLD STAFF--DE LEVIS, BOURLAMAQUE, BOUGAINVILLE--CHATEAU
DE VAUDREUIL--THE MEETING OF MONTCALM AND DE VAUDREUIL--MONTCALM'S
POSITION--THE THREE MILITARY ARMS--THE MILITIA, MARINE, REGULARS--THE
RED ALLIES--CAPITULATION OF OSWEGO--SACKING--TE DEUM IN THE PARISH
CHURCH--THE TWO PREJUGES--WINTER IN MONTREAL--GAMING AT QUEBEC--A
WINTER WAR PARTY--SOCIAL GAYETIES AT MONTREAL--SCARCITY OF
PROVISIONS--SHIPS AWAITED 391

CHAPTER XL

THE CAMPAIGN OF 1657

THE SIEGE OF WILLIAM HENRY--WINTER GAYETY AND GAUNT FAMINE

SHIPS ARRIVE--NEWS OF GREAT INTERNATIONAL WAR--RED ALLIES IN
MONTREAL--STRONG LIQUOR--PREPARATIONS FOR WAR--FORT WILLIAM
HENRY FALLS--ARRIVAL OF SAVAGES AND TWO HUNDRED ENGLISH
PRISONERS--CANNIBALISM--THE PAPER MONEY--FEAR OF FAMINE--MONTCALM'S
LETTER TO TROOPS ON RETRENCHMENT--A SELF-DENYING ORDINANCE--GAMING
AMID SOCIAL MISERY--HORSE FLESH FOR THE SOLDIERS--DE LEVIS PUTS DOWN
A REVOLT--THE "HUNGER STRIKE"--THE LETTERS OF MONTCALM--BIGOT AND LA
GRANDE SOCIETE--"LA FRIPONNE" AT MONTREAL--MURRAY'S CRITICISM. NOTE:
THE PECULATORS 403

CHAPTER XLI

1758

THE VICTORY OF CARILLON

A WINTER OF GAYETY AND FOREBODING

SIXTY LEAGUES ON THE ICE--SHIPS ARRIVE--FAMINE CEASES--ENGLISH
MOBILIZATION--TICONDEROGA (CARILLON)--MILITARY
JEALOUSIES--SAINT-SAUVEUR--RECONCILIATION OF MONTCALM AND
VAUDREUIL--ENMITIES RENEWED--WINTER IN MONTREAL--HIGH COST OF
LIVING--THE "ENCYCLOPEDIA"--AVARICE AND GRAFT--MADAME DE VAUDREUIL 415

CHAPTER XLII

1759

THE FALL OF QUEBEC

MONTREAL THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT

THE SPRING ICE SHOVE--NEWS FROM FRANCE--MILITARY HONOURS SENT BUT
POOR REINFORCEMENTS--PROJECTED FRENCH INVASION OF ENGLAND--GLOOM IN
CANADA--THE MONTREAL MILITIA AT THE SIEGE OF QUEBEC--FALL OF QUEBEC,
MONTREAL SEAT OF GOVERNMENT--THE WINTER ATTEMPT TO REGAIN QUEBEC--THE
EXPECTED FRENCH FLEET NEVER ARRIVES--RETREAT OF FRENCH TO MONTREAL 425

CHAPTER XLIII

1760

THE FALL OF MONTREAL

THE CAPITULATION

THE LAST STAND AT MONTREAL--THE APPROACH OF THE BRITISH
ARMIES--SURRENDER OF ARMS BY FRENCH ON THE ROUTE--PAPER MONEY
VALUELESS--MURRAY'S ADVANCE FROM QUEBEC--HAVILAND'S PROGRESS FROM
LAKE CHAMPLAIN--AMHERST'S DESCENT FROM OSWEGO--MONTREAL WITHIN
AND WITHOUT--THE COUNCIL OF WAR IN THE CHATEAU VAUDREUIL--THE
TERMS OF CAPITULATION--THE NEGOTIATIONS WITH AMHERST--HONOURS
OF WAR REFUSED--DE LEVIS' CHAGRIN--THE CAPITULATION SIGNED--THE
CONDITIONS--FORMAL POSSESSION OF TOWN BY THE BRITISH--THE END OF THE
FRENCH REGIME 431

APPENDIX I

THE GOVERNMENT OF LA NOUVELLE FRANCE

THE GOVERNMENT OF MONTREAL UNDER LA NOUVELLE FRANCE--ROYAL
COMMISSIONS--VICEROYS--GOVERNORS--INTENDANTS--BISHOPS--FRENCH AND
ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS--LOCAL GOVERNORS OF MONTREAL--THE SEIGNEURS OF THE
SEMINARY 441