Chapter XVIII: Greece Subsequent to the Roman Conquest (2)

"An occasion which calls the attention to a spot so distinguished, so connected with interesting recollections, as Greece, may naturally create something of warmth and enthusiasm. In a grave political discussion, however, it is necessary that those feelings should be chastened. I shall endeavor properly to repress them, although it is impossible that they should be altogether extinguished. We must, indeed, fly beyond the civilized world; we must pass the dominion of law and the boundaries of knowledge; we must, more especially, withdraw ourselves from this place, and the scenes and objects which here surround us, if we would separate ourselves entirely from the influence of all those memorials of herself which ancient Greece has transmitted for the admiration and the benefit of mankind. This free form of government, this popular assembly--the common council for the common good--where have we contemplated its earliest models? This practice of free debate and public discussion, the contest of mind with mind, and that popular eloquence which, if it were now here, on a subject like this, would move the stones of the Capitol--whose was the language in which all these were first exhibited? Even the edifice in which we assemble, these proportioned columns, this ornamented architecture, all remind us that Greece has existed, and that we, like the rest of mankind, are greatly her debtors.

"But I have not introduced this motion in the vain hope of discharging anything of this accumulated debt of centuries. I have not acted upon the expectation that we who have inherited this obligation from our ancestors should now attempt to pay it to those who may seem to have inherited from their ancestors a right to receive payment. My object is nearer and more immediate. I wish to take occasion of the struggle of an interesting and gallant people in the cause of liberty and Christianity, to draw the attention of the House to the circumstances which have accompanied that struggle, and to the principles which appear to have governed the conduct of the great states of Europe in regard to it, and to the effects and consequences of these principles upon the independence of nations, and especially upon the institutions of free governments. What I have to say of Greece, therefore, concerns the modern, not the ancient--the living, and not the dead. It regards her, not as she exists in history, triumphant over time, and tyranny, and ignorance, but as she now is, contending against fearful odds for being, and for the common privileges of human nature."

In an argument of some length Mr. Webster forcibly condemns the then existing policy of the European Powers, who, holding that all changes in legislation and administration "ought to proceed from kings alone," were therefore "wholly inexorable to the sufferings of the Greeks, and entirely hostile to their success." He demands that the protest of this government shall be made against this policy, both as it is laid down in principle and as it is applied in practice; and he closes his address with the following references to the determination of the Greeks and the sympathy their struggle should receive:

"Constantinople and the northern provinces have sent forth thousands of troops; they have been defeated. Tripoli, and Algiers, and Egypt have contributed their marine contingents; they have not kept the ocean. Hordes of Tartars have crossed the Bosphorus; they have died where the Persians died. The powerful monarchies in the neighborhood have denounced the Greek cause, and admonished the Greeks to abandon it and submit to their fate. They have answered that, although two hundred thousand of their countrymen have offered up their lives, there yet remain lives to offer; and that it is the determination of all--'yes, of ALL'--to persevere until they shall have established their liberty, or until the power of their oppressors shall have relieved them from the burden of existence. It may now be asked, perhaps, whether the expression of our own sympathy, and that of the country, may do them good? I hope it may. It may give them courage and spirit; it may assure them of public regard, teach them that they are not wholly forgotten by the civilized world, and inspire them with constancy in the pursuit of their great end. At any rate, it appears to me that the measure which I have proposed is due to our own character, and called for by our own duty. When we have discharged that duty we may leave the rest to the disposition of Providence. I am not of those who would, in the hour of utmost peril, withhold such encouragement as might be properly and lawfully given, and, when the crisis should be past, overwhelm the rescued sufferer with kindness and caresses. The Greeks address the civilized world with a pathos not easy to be resisted. They invoke our favor by more moving considerations than can well belong to the condition of any other people. They stretch out their arms to the Christian communities of the earth, beseeching them, by a generous recollection of their ancestors, by the consideration of their desolated and ruined cities and villages, by their wives and children sold into an accursed slavery, by their blood, which they seem willing to pour out like water, by the common faith and in the name which unites all Christians, that they would extend to them at least some token of compassionate regard."

THE SORTIE AT MISSOLONGHI.

One of the noted exploits of the Greeks in 1823, and one that has been commemorated in many ways, occurred at Missolon'ghi, the capital of Acarnania and Ætolia, while that town was besieged by a Turkish army; and the name of Marco Boz-zar'is, the commander of the garrison, has ever since been classed with that of Leonidas and other heroes of ancient Greece who fell in the moment of victory. In his Crescent and the Cross; or, Romance and Realities of Eastern Travel, the English author WARBURTON thus tells the story of the well-known deed that saved Missolonghi to the Greeks and hastened the delivery of their country:

"When Missolonghi was beleaguered by the Turkish forces, Marco Bozzaris commanded a garrison of about twelve hundred men, who had barely fortifications enough to form breastworks. Intelligence reached him that an Egyptian army was about to form a junction with the formidable besieging host. A parade was ordered of the garrison, 'faint and few, but fearless still.' Bozzaris told them of the destruction that impended over Missolonghi, proposed a sortie, and announced that it should consist only of volunteers. Volunteers! The whole garrison stepped forward as one man, and demanded the post of honor and of death. 'I will only take the Thermopylæ number,' said their leader; and he selected the three hundred from his true and trusty Suliotes. In the dead of night this devoted band marched out in six divisions, which were placed, in profound silence, around the Turkish camp. Their orders were simply, 'When you hear my bugle blow seek me in the pasha's tent.'

"Marco Bozzaris, disguised as an Albanian bearing dispatches to the pasha from the Egyptian army, passed unquestioned through the Turkish camp, and was only arrested by the sentinels around the pasha's tent, who informed him that he must wait till morning. Then wildly through the stillness of the night that bugle blew; faithfully it was echoed from without; and the war-cry of the avenging Greek broke upon the Moslem's ear. From every side that terrible storm seemed to break at once; shrieks of agony and terror swelled the tumult. The Turks fled in all directions, and the Grecian leader was soon surrounded by his comrades. Struck to the ground by a musket-ball, he had himself raised on the shoulders of two Greeks; and, thus supported, he pressed on the flying enemy. Another bullet pierced his brain in the hour of his triumph, and he was borne dead from the field of his glory." But Missolonghi was saved, and under Constantine and Noto Bozzaris, brothers of the dead hero, it withstood repeated assaults of the Turks, until, in 1826, after having been besieged for over a year by a very large naval and military force, it was finally taken. Those left of the small garrison who were able to fight, placing the women in the center, sallied forth at midnight of the 22d of April, and cut their way through the Turkish camp; while those who were too feeble to attempt an escape assembled in a large mill that was used as a powder-magazine, and blew themselves and many of the incoming Turks to atoms.

Some fifteen years after the death of Marco Bozzaris, the American traveller and author, Mr. John L. Stephens, visited Greece, and, at Missolonghi, was presented to Constantine Bozzaris and the widow and children of his deceased brother. In the account which the author gives of this interview, in his Incidents of Travel in Greece, he describes Constantine Bozzaris, then a colonel in the service of King Otho, as a man of about fifty years of age, of middle height and spare build, who, immediately after the formal introduction, expressed his gratitude as a Greek for the services rendered his country by America; and added, "with sparkling eye and flushed cheek, that when the Greek revolutionary flag sailed into the port of Napoli di Romania, among hundreds of vessels of all nations, an American captain was the first to recognize and salute it." Mr. Stephens thus describes the widow of the Greek hero: "She was under forty, tall and stately in person, and habited in deep black. She looked the widow of a hero; as one worthy of those Grecian mothers who gave their hair for bow-strings and their girdles for sword-belts, and, while their heartstrings were cracking, sent their husbands to fight and perish for their country. Perhaps it was she who led Marco Bozzaris from the wild guerilla warfare in which he had passed his early life, and fired him with the high and holy ambition of freeing his country. I am certain that no man could look her in the face without finding his wavering purposes fixed, and without treading more firmly in the path of high and honorable ambition."

Mr. Stephens closes the account of his interview with the widow and family as follows: "At parting I told them that the name of Marco Bozzaris was as familiar in America as that of a hero of our own Revolution, and that it had been hallowed by the inspiration of an American poet. I added that, if it would not be unacceptable, on my return to my native country I would send the tribute referred to, as an evidence of the feeling existing in America toward the memory of Marco Bozzaris." The promised tribute was the following Beautiful and stirring poem by FITZ-GREENE HALLECK:

Marco Bozzaris.

At midnight, in his guarded tent,
The Turk was dreaming of the hour
When Greece, her knee in suppliance bent,
Should tremble at his power:
In dreams, through camp and court, he bore
The trophies of a conqueror;
In dreams his song of triumph heard;
Then wore his monarch's signet-ring;
Then pressed that monarch's throne--a king;
As wild his thoughts, and gay of wing,
As Eden's garden-bird.

At midnight, in the forest shades,
Bozzaris ranged his Suliote band,
True as the steel of their tried blades,
Heroes in heart and hand.
There had the Persian's thousands stood,
There had the glad earth drunk their blood
On old Platæa's day;
And now there breathed that haunted air
The sons of sires who conquered there,
With arm to strike, and soul to dare,
As quick, as far as they.

An hour passed on--the Turk awoke;
That bright dream was his last;
He woke to hear his sentries shriek
"To arms! they come! the Greek! the Greek!"
He woke, to die 'mid flame and smoke,
And shout, and groan, and sabre-stroke,
And death-shots falling thick and fast
As lightnings from the mountain-cloud,
And heard, with voice as trumpet loud,
Bozzaris cheer his band:
"Strike! till the last armed foe expires;
Strike! for your altars and your fires;
Strike! for the green graves of your sires,
God, and your native land!"

They fought like brave men, long and well;
They piled that ground with Moslem slain;
They conquered; but Bozzaris fell,
Bleeding at every vein.
His few surviving comrades saw
His smile when rang their proud hurrah,
And the red field was won,
Then saw in death his eyelids close,
Calmly as to a night's repose--
Like flowers at set of sun.

Come to the bridal chamber, Death!
Come to the mother, when she feels,
For the first time, her first-born's breath;
Come when the blessed seals
That close the pestilence are broke,
And crowded cities wail its stroke;
Come in consumption's ghastly form,
The earthquake shock, the ocean storm;
Come when the heart beats high and warm
With banquet song, and dance, and wine;
And thou art terrible: the tear,
The groan, the knell, the pall, the bier,
And all we know, or dream, or fear
Of agony, are thine.

But to the hero, when his sword
Has won the battle for the free,
Thy voice sounds like a prophet's word,
And in its hollow tones are heard
Thanks of millions yet to be.
Come, when his task of fame is wrought;
Come, with her laurel-leaf, blood-bought;
Come, in her crowning hour--and then
Thy sunken eye's unearthly light
To him is welcome as the sight
Of sky and stars to prisoned men;
Thy grasp is welcome as the hand
Of brother in a foreign land;
Thy summons welcome as the cry
That told the Indian isles were nigh
To the world-seeking Genoese,
When the land-wind, from woods of palm,
And orange-groves, and fields of balm,
Blew o'er the Haytien seas.

Bozzaris! with the storied brave
Greece nurtured in her glory's time,
Rest thee--there is no prouder grave,
Even in her own proud clime.
She wore no funeral weeds for thee,
Nor bade the dark hearse wave its plume,
Like torn branch from death's leafless tree,
In sorrow's pomp and pageantry,
The heartless luxury of the tomb;
But she remembers thee as one
Long loved, and for a season gone:
For thee her poet's lyre is wreathed,
Her marble wrought, her music breathed;
For thee she rings the birthday bells;
Of thee her babes' first lisping tells;
For thine her evening prayer is said
At palace couch and cottage bed;
Her soldier, closing with the foe,
Gives for thy sake a deadlier blow;
His plighted maiden, when she fears
For him, the joy of her young years,
Thinks of thy fate and checks her tears.
And she, the mother of thy boys,
Though in her eye and faded cheek
Is read the grief she will not speak,
The memory of her buried joys,
And even she who gave thee birth,
Will, by their pilgrim-circled hearth,
Talk of thy doom without a sigh:
For thou art Freedom's now, and Fame's--
One of the few, the immortal names
That were not born to die!

About the time of the exploit of Bozzaris, Lord Byron arrived in Greece, to take an active part in aid of Greek independence, and proceeded to Missolonghi in January, 1824. No warmer friend of the Greeks than Byron ever lived; but while he sympathized with, and was anxious to aid in every way possible, those who, in his own words, "suffered all the moral and physical ills that could afflict humanity," it was evidently his honest belief that the only salvation for Greece lay in her becoming a British dependency. In his notes to Childe Harold, penned before the revolution broke out, but while all Greece was ablaze with the desire for liberty, he wrote as follows: "The Greeks will never be independent; they will never be sovereigns, as heretofore, and God forbid they ever should! but they may be subjects without being slaves. Our colonies are not independent, but they are free and industrious, and such may Greece be hereafter." These words show that he considered Greece incapable of self-government, should she ever regain her liberty; and he therefore deprecated a return to her ancient sovereignty. That this was his view, and that he subsequently designed to give it effect in his own person, we are assured from the well-founded belief, derived from his own declarations, that when he joined the Greek cause he had a mind to place himself at its head, hoping and perhaps believing that he might become King of Hellas, under the protection of Great Britain. But whatever his plans may have been, they were cut short by his death, at Missolonghi, on the 19th of April following his arrival there.

INTERFERENCE OF THE GREAT POWERS.

In the campaign of 1824, while the Greeks lost Candia and the strongly fortified rocky isle of Ip'sara, a Turkish fleet was repulsed off Samos, and a large Egyptian fleet, sent to attack the Morea, was frustrated in all its designs. The campaign of 1825, however, was opened by the landing, in the Morea, of a large Egyptian army, under Ibrahim Päsha, son of the Viceroy of Egypt. Navarï'no soon fell into his power; and at the time of the fall of Missolonghi, in the following year, be was in possession of most of southern Greece, and many of the islands of the Archipelago. The foundation of an Egyptian military and slave-holding state now seemed to be laid in Europe; and this danger, combined with the noble defence and sufferings at Missolonghi and elsewhere, attracted the serious attention of the European governments and people; numerous philanthropic societies were formed to aid the Greeks, and finally three of the great European powers were moved to interfere in their behalf. On the 6th of July, 1827, a treaty was concluded at London between England, Russia, and France, stipulating that the Greeks should govern themselves, but that they should pay tribute to the Porte.

To enforce this treaty a combined English, French, and Russian squadron sailed to the Grecian Archipelago; but the Turkish Sultan haughtily rejected the intervention of the three powers, and the troops of Ibrahim Pasha continued their devastations in the Morea. On the 20th of October the allied squadron, under the command of the English admiral, Edward Codrington, entered the harbor of Navarino, where the Turkish-Egyptian fleet lay at anchor; and a sanguinary naval battle followed, in which the allies nearly destroyed the fleet of the enemy. Although this action was spoken of by the British government as an "untoward event," Admiral Codrington was rewarded both by England and Russia; and the poet CAMPBELL, in the following lines on the battle, naturally praises him for planning and striking this decisive blow for Grecian liberty:

The Battle of Nava'rino.

Hearts of Oak, that have bravely delivered the brave,
And uplifted old Greece from the brink of the grave!
'Twas the helpless to help, and the hopeless to save,
That your thunderbolts swept o'er the brine;
And as long as yon sun shall look down on the wave
The light of your glory shall shine.

For the guerdon ye sought with your bloodshed and toil,
Was it slaves, or dominion, or rapine, or spoil?
No! your lofty emprise was to fetter and foil
The uprooter of Greece's domain,
When he tore the last remnant of food from her soil,
Till her famished sank pale as the slain!

Yet, Navarï'no's heroes! does Christendom breed
The base hearts that will question the fame of your deed?
Are they men?--let ineffable scorn be their meed,
And oblivion shadow their graves!
Are they women?--to Turkish sérails let them speed,
And be mothers of Mussulmen slaves!

Abettors of massacre! dare ye deplore
That the death-shriek is silenced on Hellas' shore?
That the mother aghast sees her offspring no more
By the hand of Infanticide grasped?
And that stretched on yon billows distained by their gore
Missolonghi's assassins have gasped?

Prouder scene never hallowed war's pomp to the mind
Than when Christendom's pennons wooed social the wind,
And the flower of her brave for the combat combined--
Their watchword, humanity's vow:
Not a sea-boy that fought in that cause but mankind
Owes a garland to bon or his brow!
No grudge, by our side, that to conquer or fall
Came the hardy, rude Russ, and the high-mettled Gaul:
For whose was the genius that planned, at its call,
When the whirlwind of battle should roll?
All were brave! but the star of success over all
Was the light of our Codrington's soul.

That star of thy day-spring, regenerate Greek!
Dimmed the Saracen's moon, and struck pallid his cheek:
In its fast flushing morning thy Muses shall speak,
When their love and their lutes they reclaim;
And the first of their songs from Parnassus's peak
Shall be "Glory to Codrington's name!"

The result of the conflict at Navarino so enraged the Turks that they stopped all communication with the allied powers, and prepared for war. In the following year (1828) France and England sent an army to the Morea: Russia declared war for violations of treaties, and depredations upon her commerce; and on the 7th of May a Russian army of one hundred and fifteen thousand men, under Count Witt'genstein, crossed the Pruth, and by the 2d of July had taken seven fortresses from the Turks. In August a convention was concluded with Ibrahim Päsha, who agreed to evacuate the Morea, and set his Greek prisoners at liberty. In the mean time the Greeks continued the war, drove the Turks from the country north of the Corinthian Gulf, and fitted out numerous privateers to prey upon the commerce of their enemy. In January, 1829, the Sultan received a protocol from the three allied powers, declaring that they took the Morea and the Cyc'lades under their protection, and that the entry of any military force into Greece would be regarded as an attack upon themselves. The danger of open war with France and England, as well as the successes and alarming advances of the Russians, now commanded by Marshal Die'bitsch, who had meantime taken Adrianople, within one hundred and thirty miles of the Turkish capital, induced the Sultan to listen to overtures of peace; and on the 14th of September "the peace of Adrianople" was signed by Turkey and Russia, by which the former recognized the independence of Greece.

* * * * *

VI. GREECE UNDER A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY.

Though freed from her Turkish oppressors, Greece was severely agitated by domestic discontents, jealousies, and even manifest turbulence. Count Cä'po d'Is'tria, a Greek in the service of Russia, who had been chosen, in 1828, president of the provisional government, aroused suspicions that he designed to establish a despotism in his own person, and he was assassinated in 1831. A period of anarchy followed. The great powers had previously determined to erect Greece into a monarchy, and had first offered the crown to Prince Leopold, afterward King of Belgium, who, having accepted the offer, soon after declined it on account of the unwillingness of the Greeks to receive him, and their dissatisfaction with the territorial boundaries prescribed for them. Finally, the boundaries of the kingdom having been more satisfactorily determined by a treaty between Turkey and the powers in 1832, the crown was conferred on Otho, a Bavarian prince, who arrived at Nauplia, the then capital of Greece, in 1833. Athens became the seat of government in 1835. Says a writer in the British Quarterly, "The Greeks neither elected their own sovereign nor chose their national polity. In a spirit of generous confidence they allowed the three protecting powers to name a king for them, and the powers rewarded them by making the worst selection they could. They gave the Greeks a boy of seventeen, with neither a character to form nor an intellect to develop."

The treaty by which Otho was placed on the throne made no provision for a constitution, but one was expected; and, after ten years of oppressive subjection by the king and his Bavarian minions, both the people and a revolted soldiery surrounded the palace, and demanded a constitution. The king acquiesced, a national assembly was held, and a constitution was framed which received the king's approval in March, 1844. In this bloodless revolution we have an instance both of the determination, and peaceable, orderly, and well-disposed tendencies of the Greek people. An eye-witness of the scene has thus described it:

"I well recollect the uprising of 1843. Exasperated by the miserable rule of Otho, a plot was hatched to wrench a constitution from him, and when everything was ripe the Athenians arose. At midnight the hoofs of horses were heard clanging on the pavements, and the flash of torches gleamed in the streets, as the populace and military hurried toward the palace; and when the amber-colored dawn lighted the Acropolis and the plain of Athens, the king found himself surrounded by his happy subjects, and discovered two field-pieces pointing into the entrance of the royal residence. A constitution was demanded in firm but respectful terms--it being suggested at the same time that, if the request were not granted by four o'clock in the afternoon, fire would be opened on the palace. In the mean while all Athens was gathered in the open space around the palace, chatting, cracking jokes, taking snuff, and smoking, as if they had assembled to witness a show or hear the reading of a will. Not a shot was fired; no violence was offered or received; and precisely as the limiting hour arrived, the obstinate king succumbed to his besiegers, and the multitude quietly dispersed to their homes." [Footnote: B. G. W. Benjamin, in "The Turk and the Greek."]

The Constitution which the Greeks secured contained no real guarantee for the legislative rights of the people, and the minor benefits it gave them were ignored by the government. A continuance of the severe contests between the national party and foreign intriguers materially interfered with the prosperity of the country. Other events, also, now occurred to disturb it. In 1847 a diplomatic difficulty with Turkey, and, in 1848, a difference with England, that arose from various claims of English subjects, and that continued for several years, assumed threatening proportions, and were only terminated by the submission of Greece to the demands made upon her. When the Crimean war broke out, Greece took a decided stand in favor of Russia; but England and France soon compelled her to assume and maintain a strictly neutral position. In 1859 the residents of the Ionian Islands, which were under the protectorate of England, sought annexation to Greece, and manifested their intentions in great popular demonstrations, and even insurrections; but Greece, though sympathizing with them, was too feeble to aid them, and no change was then made in their relations.

THE DEPOSITION OF KING OTHO.

While these events were transpiring, the feeling of hostility toward King Otho and the royal family was taking deeper root with the Greek people, and open demonstrations of violence were frequently made. The king promised more liberal measures of government; but these fell short of the popular demand, and the Greeks resolved to dethrone the dynasty. In October, 1862, after several violent demonstrations elsewhere, matters culminated in a successful revolution at Athens. A provisional government was established by the leaders of the popular party, who decreed the deposition of the king. Otho, who was absent from Athens at the time, on a visit to Napoli, finding himself without a throne did not return to Athens, but issued a proclamation taking leave of Greece, and sailed for Germany in an English frigate. He had occupied the throne just thirty years. MR. TUCKERMAN thus describes him: "An honest-hearted man, but without intellectual strength, dressed in the Greek fustinella, he endeavored to be Greek in spirit; but under his braided jacket his heart beat to foreign measures, and his ear inclined to foreign counsels. But for the quicker-witted Amelia, the queen, his follies would have worn out the patience of the people sooner than they did." The condition of Greece under his government is thus described by the writer in the British Quarterly, who wrote immediately after the coup d'état: "To outward appearance, the Greece which the Philhel'lenists of the days of Canning declared to be re-animated and restored, has presented, during thirty years of settled government, the aspect of a country corrupt, intriguing, venal, and poor. The government has kept faith neither with its subjects nor with its creditors; it has endeavored, by all means in its power, to crush the constitutional liberties of its subjects; and by refusing, throughout this period, to pay a single drachma of its public debt, it has stamped itself either hopelessly bankrupt or scandalously fraudulent. The people, meanwhile, crushed by the incubus of a dishonest and extravagant foreign rule, remain in nearly the situation they held on the first establishment of their kingdom. In a word, Greece was thirty years ago transferred from one despotism to another. The Bavarian rule was no appreciable mitigation of the Turkish rule. If the Christian monarch hated his Hellenic subjects less than the Mussulman monarch, he was still more ignorant of the conditions of prosperous government."

THE ACCESSION OF KING GEORGE.

If it has ever had an existence, Greek independence may be properly dated from the deposition of the Bavarian dynasty. In December, 1862, a committee appointed by the provisional government ordered the election of a new king. The national assembly shortly after met at Athens, and, having first confirmed the deposition of Otho, of those proposed as candidates for the vacant throne by the European powers, Prince Alfred of England was elected by an immense majority on the first ballot. This choice of a scion of the freest and most stable of the constitutional monarchies of Europe, was an expression of the desire and the resolve of the Greek people to secure as full political and civil liberties as was possible for them under a monarchical government. But Prince Alfred was held ineligible in consequence of a clause in the protocol of the protecting powers, which declared that the government of Greece should not be confided to a prince chosen from the reigning families of those states. Thereupon, in March, 1863, Prince George of Denmark, the present king, was unanimously elected by the assembly, and his election was confirmed by the great powers in the following July. There is every reason to suppose that England assumed the honor of choosing Prince George. On the withdrawal of Prince Alfred she expressed her willingness to abandon her protectorate of the Ionian Islands, and cede them to Greece, provided a king were chosen to whom the English government could not object. The Ionian Islands were ceded to Greece within two months after the accession of King George; and Mr. Tuckerman relates that, "when Prince Christian, King of Denmark, was in London, attending the marriage of his daughter to the Prince of Wales, Lord John Russell discovered the second son of Prince Christian in the uniform of a midshipman, and suggested his name as the successor of Otho."

King George took the constitutional oath in October, 1863. In 1866 the revolution in Crete, or Candia, broke out, and, owing to Greek sympathy with the insurrectionists, thousands of whom found an asylum in Greece, grave complications arose between Greece and Turkey, which were only settled by a conference of the great powers in 1869. By the treaty with the Porte in 1832 the boundary line of Greece had been settled in an arbitrary manner, by running it from the Gulf of Volo along the chain of the Othrys Mountains to the Gulf of Arta--by which Greece was deprived of the high fertile plains of Thessaly and Epirus, the largest and richest of classical Greece. At the close of the late Russian-Turkish war, however, the boundary line was changed by the powers so as to include within the kingdom a large portion of those ancient possessions; but this change occasioned serious conflicts between the government and the people of the annexed districts, and difficulties also arose with Turkey in consequence. But these were finally settled by an amendment to the treaty, passed in 1881."

With the exceptions just noted, no important events have disturbed the peace of Greece since the accession of King George. In him the country has a ruler of capacity, who is in great measure his own adviser, and who comprehends the chief wish of his subjects, "that Greece shall govern Greece." As MR. TUCKERMAN has said of him, "Unlike his predecessor, he is a Greek by sympathy of language and ideas. He feels the popular pulse and tries to keep time with it, not more as a matter of policy than from national sympathy; and his hands are comparatively free of the impediment of those foreign ministerial counselors who, each struggling for supremacy, united only in checking the political advancement of the kingdom." It was no fault of the Greek people that, under King Otho, Greece failed to make the internal advancement that was expected of her on her escape from Moslem tyranny. It was the fault of the government; for, when a better government came, there was a corresponding change in the inner life of the people; and at the present time, with the freest of constitutional monarchies, and under the guidance of a ruler so sympathetic, competent, and popular, redeemed Greece is making rapid strides in intellectual and material progress. Of this progress we have the following account by a prominent American divine, a recent visitor to that country:

Progress in Modern Greece. [Footnote: Rev. Joseph Cook, in the New York Independent, February, 1883.]

"You lean over the parapet of the Acropolis, on the side toward the modern city, and look in vain for the print of that Venetian leprous scandal and that Turkish hoof which for six hundred years trod Greece into the slime. In the long bondage to the barbarian, the Hellenic spirit was weakened, but not broken. The Greek, with his fine texture, loathes the stolid, opaque temperament of the polygamistic Turk. Intermarriages between the races are very few. The Greek race is not extinct. In many rural populations in Greece the modern Hellenic blood is as pure as the ancient. Only Hellenic blood explains Hellenic countenances, yet easily found; the Hellenic language, yet wonderfully incorrupt; and the Hellenic spirit, omnipresent in liberated Greece. Fifty years ago not a book could be bought at Athens. To-day one in eighteen of the whole population of Greece is in school. In 1881 thirteen very tall factory chimney-stacks could be counted in the Piræ'us, not one of which was there in 1873. It is pathetic to find Greece at last opening, on the Acropolis and in the heart of Athens, national museums for the sacred remnants of her own ancient art, which have been pillaged hitherto for the enrichment of the museums of all Western Europe. During sixty years of independence the Hellenic spirit has doubled the population of Greece, increased her revenues five hundred per cent., extended telegraphic communication over the kingdom, enlarged the fleet from four hundred and forty to five thousand vessels, opened eight ports, founded eleven new cities, restored forty ruined towns, changed Athens from a hamlet of hovels to a city of seventy thousand inhabitants, and planted there a royal palace, a legislative chamber, ten type-foundries, forty printing establishments, twenty newspapers, an astronomical observatory, and a university with eighty professors and fifteen hundred students. After little more than half a century of independence, the Hellenic spirit devotes a larger percentage of public revenue to purposes of instruction than France, Italy, England, Germany, or even the United States. Modern Greece, sixty years ago a slave and a beggar, to-day, by the confession of the most merciless statisticians, stands at the head of the list of self-educated nations."

INDEX.

[Names in CAPITALS denote authors to whom prominent reference is made, or from whom selections are taken.]

Aby'dos. Xerxes and his army at. Acade'mla, or Ac-a-deme'. A public garden or grove, the resort of the philosophers at Athens. Acarna'ni-a, description of; aids Athens. Achæ'ans, the; origin of. Achæ'an League, the. Achæ'us, son of Xuthus, and ancestor of the Achæans. Acha'ia, description of. Name given to Greece by the Romans. Achelo'us, the river, described. Ach'eron, the river; described. Acheru'sia (she-a), the lake, described. Achil'les, accompanies expedition to Troy; contends with Agamemnon, and withdrawn; refuses to enter the contest, puts his armor on Patroclus, and the armor is lost; description of his new armor; he enters the fight; encounters Æneas, who escapes; kills Hector; delivers the body to Priam; death of. Acri'si-us (she-us), King of Argos. Acrop'olis, the Athenian; seizure of, by Cylon; by Pisistratus; by the Persians; famous structures of; its splendors in the time of Pericles; injury to, inflicted by the Venetians. Actæ'on, the fable of. Adme'tus, King of Pheræ. Æge'an Sea. Ægi'na, island of; war of, with Athens. Æ'gos-pot'ami. Defeat of Athenians at. Æmo'nia, same as Hæmonia, an early name of Thessaly. Æne'as, a Trojan hero, and subject of Virgil's Æne'id; wounded, and put to flight by Diomed; fights for the body of Patroclus; encounters Achilles, and is preserved by Neptune; account of his escape from Troy. Æne'id, the. Æo'lians, the; colonies of. Æ'olus, progenitor of the Æolians. ÆS'CHI-NES, the orator; prosecutes Demosthenes; exile of; oratory of. Extracts from: The Death of Darius; Oration against Ctesiphon. ÆS'CHYLUS, poet and tragedian. Life and works of. Extracts from: Punishment of Prometheus; Retributive justice of the gods; The taking of an oath; The name "Helen"; Beacon fires from Troy to Argos; Battle of Salamis; Murder of Agamemnon. Æscula'pius, god of the healing art. Shrine of. Æ'son, King of Iolcus. Æt'na, a city in Sicily, founded by Hiero. Æto'lia. Agamem'non, King of Mycenæ; commands the expedition against Troy; contends with Achilles; demands restoration of Helen; return to Greece and is murdered. Agamemnon, the. Extracts from. Aganip'pe, fountain of. Ag'athon, a tragedian. Agesan'dros, a Rhodian sculptor. Agesila'us, King of Sparta. Defeats the Persians at Sardis. A'gis, King of Sparta. Agrigen'tum, in Sicily. A'jax. Goes with the Greeks to Troy; fights for the body of Patroclus; his death. AKENSIDE, MARK.--Character of Solon; of Pisistratus, and his usurpation; Alcræs; Anacreon; Melpomene. ALAMANNI, LUIGI.--Flight of Xerxes. ALCÆ'US, a lyric poet.--Life and writings of. Extracts from: The spoils of war; Sappho. ALCÆ'US, of Messene.--Epigrams of, on Philip V. Alcestis, the. Alcibi'ades. Artifices of; retires to Sparta; intrigues of, against Athens; is condemned to death, but escapes; is recalled to Athens; is banished; death of. Alcin'o-us, King. Gardens of. "Al'ciphron, or the Minute Philosopher". ALC'MAN, a lyric poet.--Life and writings of. Alexander the Great. Quells revolt of the Grecian states; invades Asia; defeats Darius; further conquests of; feast of, at Persepolis; invades India; dies at Babylon; career, character, and burial of; wars that followed his death. Alexandria, in Egypt. Founded by Alexander. Alex'is, a comic poet. ALISON, ARCHIBALD.-Earthquake at Sparta, and Spartan heroism. Alphe'us, river. Legends of. A'mor, son of Venus, and god of love. Amphic'tyon, Amphicty'ones, and Amphictyon'ic Council. Amphip'olis, in Thrace. Amphis'sa, town of. Amy'clæ, town of. Anab'asis, the. ANAC'REON, a lyric poet.--Life and writings of. An'akim, a giant of Palestine. Anaxag'oras, the philosopher; attacks upon, at Athens; life, works, and death of. Anaximan'der, the philosopher. Anaxim'enes, the philosopher. Anchi'ses, father of Æne'as. Androm'a-che, wife of Hector. Lamentation of, over Hector's body. An'gelo, Michael. ANONYMOUS.--Tomb of Leonidas; Queen Archidamia. Antæ'us, son of Neptune and Terra. Encounter with Hercules. Antal'cidas, the peace of. Anthe'la, village of. ANTHON, CHARLES, LL.D.--Apelles and Protogenes. Antig'o-ne, the. Antig'onus, one of Alexander's generals; conquests and death of. Antig'onus II., a king of Macedon.--War of, with Phyrrus; becomes master of Greece, and death of. Antil'ochus (in the Iliad). Anti'ochus, King of Syria. ANTIP'ATER, of Sidon.--Extracts from: The birthplace of Homer; Sappho; Desolation of Corinth; The painting of Venus rising from the sea. Antip'ater, one of Alexander's generals. Is given command of Macedon and Greece; suppresses a Spartan revolt; the Athenian revolt; is given part of Macedonia and Greece; death of. Antiph'anes, a comic poet. An'tiphon, orator and rhetorician. An'tium (an'she-um); a city of Italy. An'tonines, the. Treatment of Greece by. An'ytus, the accuser of Socrates. Apel'les, an Ionian painter; anecdote of. Aphrodi'te. (See Venus.) Apollo, the god of archery, etc.; aids the Trojans; character of; conflict of, with Python. Apollo Bel've-dere, statue of. Apollodo'rus, of Athens, a painter. Apollo'nia, town in Illyria. Ap'pius Claudius, the Roman consul. Arach'ne, tower of. Arbe'la. Battle of. Arca'dia and Arcadians. Arcadians assist Messenia; assist Thebes in war with Sparta. Archidami'a, Queen of Sparta. Archela'us, King of Macedon. Archida'mus, King of Sparta. Archil'ochus, lyric poet. Archime'des, the Syracusan; Cicero visits the tomb of. Architecture.--First period. Second period. Third period. Ar'chons. Institution of, in Athens. Areop'agus, or Hill of Mars. Court of; changes in power of. A'res (same as Mars). Arethu'sa, fountain of. A're-us, King of Sparta. Ar'gives, the. Ar'go, the ship. Argol'ic Gulf. Ar'golis. Argonau'tic expedition, the. Ar'gos, city of. Ari'on, the poet. Aristi'des, the Athenian general and statesman. At Marathon; rise of, in Athenian affairs; banishment of, and return to fight at Salamis; leadership and death of. Aristi'des, a painter. Aristoc'rates, King of Arcadia. Aristode'mus, one of the Heraclidæ. Aristogi'ton. Conspiracy of, against the Pisistratidæ, and death of; tribute to. Aristom'enes, a Messenian leader. ARISTOPH'ANES, the comic poet. Life and works of. Extracts from: The Wasps; Cleon the Demagogue; The Clouds; The Birds. Aristot'le, the philosopher. Life and works of. ARNOLD, EDWIN.--The Academia. Ar'ta, Gulf of. Artaba'nus, uncle of Xerxes. Artapher'nes, Persian governor of Lydia. Artaxerx'es Longim'anus. Artaxerxes Mne'mon. Ar'temis. (See Diana.) Artemis'ia (she-a), Queen of Carin. Artemis'ium. Naval conflict at. Arts. (See Literature.) As'cra. Birthplace of Hesiod. A'sius (a'she-us). A marshy place near the river Ca-ys'ter, in Asia Minor. Aso'pus, the river, in Bœotia. Aspa'sia (she-a). Attacks upon. Asty'anax, Hector's son. Fate of. A'te, goddess of revenge. Athe'na. (See Minerva.) Athenodo'rus, a Rhodian sculptor. Athens, and the Athenians; founding of the city; early history of; legislation of Draco and Solon; usurpation of Pisistratus; birth of democracy at; battle of Marathon; affairs of, under Aristides and Themistocles; war of, with Ægina, and settlement of; abandonment of city; successes of, at Artemisium and Salamis; at Platæa; empire of Athens; Athens rebuilt; affairs of, under Cimon; at battle of Eurymedon; jealousy of Sparta against; affairs of, under Pericles; changes in Constitution of; war of, with Sparta; reverses of, in Egypt, decline of, and thirty years' truce of, with Sparta; the "Age of Pericles"; war of, with Sparta; the plague at; violates the Peace of Nicias; Sicilian expedition of; war of, with Sparta, and revolt of allies; reverses and humiliation of; fall of Athens; the rule of the Tyrants; lead of, in intellectual progress; literature and art of; adornment of; glory of; alliance of, with Sparta; engages in the Sacred War; leads against Macedon; censured by Demosthenes; allies of, defeated by Philip; first open rupture with Macedon; alliance of, with Thebes, and defeat at Chæronea; revolt of, against Alexander; captured by Antigonus; late architecture, sculpture, and painting of; immortal influence of; the Duchy of Athens; captured by Turks and Venetians; revolution at, against Otho. A'thos, Mount, in Macedonia. Atos'sa, mother of Xerxes. Atri'dæ, the. A term meaning "sons of Atreus," and applied by Homer to Agamemnon and Menelaus. Attica. "Attic Wasp," the. Augustus, the Roman emperor. Au'lis, on the Euripus. Auso'nian, or Au'sones. An ancient race of Italy. Aver'nus, lake of.

Babylon. Bacchus, god of vintage or wine; theatre of. Bel'i-des, a surname given to daughters of Belus. Beller'ophon, son of Glaucus. BENJAMIN, S. G. W.--Revolution against Otho. Bes'sus, satrap of Bactria. Bias, one of the Seven Sages. Birds, the. BLACKIE, J. STUART.--Value of Greek fables. Fancies of the Greek mind. Legend of Pandora. Prometheus. Story of Tantalus. The founding of Athens. Pythagoras. Legends of Marathon. Xerxes and the battle of Salamis. Bœo'tla. Boz-zar'ls, Marco.--Bravery and death of. Constantine Bozzaris, and Noto Bozzaris. Bras'idas, the Spartan. Brazen Age, the. British Quarterly Review.--The choice of Otho; and Greece under his rule. Bria're-us (or Bri'a-reus). BROUGHAM, LORD.--Demosthenes' Oration on the Crown. The style of Demosthenes. The doctrine of Plato. BROWNE, R. W.--Thucydides and Herodotus. Aristotle. BULWER, EDW. LYTTON.--Merits of a "Tyranny." The battle of Platæa, and importance of. Xerxes at Sardis. Earthquake, and revolt of Helots at Sparta. Changes in Athenian Constitution, Oratory of Pericles. The Drama. Adornment of Athens. BURLINGAME, EDW. L.--Roman treatment of Greece. BYRON, LORD.--Dodona. Parnassus. Allusions to Attica. The Corinthian rock. The Isles of Greece. The dead at Thermopylæ. Xerxes at Salamis. Deathless renown of Greek heroes. The Athenian prisoners at Syracuse. The revenge of Orestes. Alexander's career. Siege and fall of Corinth. Greece under Moslem rule. Views of Greek independence. Byzan'tium (she-um).

Cadmus, founder of Cadme'a. Cadmea, citadel of Thebes. Cal'amis, the sculptor. Calaure'a, island of. Callic'ra-tes, a Spartan soldier. Callicrates, an architect. Callicrat'i-das, a Spartan officer. Callim'achus, the Pol'emarch. CALLI'NUS, a lyric poet.--Writings of. Calli'o-pe, the goddess of epic poetry. CALLIS'TRATUS.--Tribute to Harmodius. Calyp'so, the nymph, island of. Cambunian mountains. CAMPBELL, THOMAS.--Music of the Spartans. Song of the Greeks. Battle of Navari'no. Can'dla, island of (Crete). Can'næ, in Apulia. Battle at. CANNING, GEORGE.--The Slavery of Greece. CANTON, WILLIAM.--Death of Anaxagoras. Capo d'Istria, Count. Capys, a Trojan. Carthaginians, the. Caspian Gates, the. Cassan'der, son of Antipater.--Master of Greece and Macedon; death of. Cassan'dra, daughter of Priam. Castalian Fount, the. Cat'ana, in Sicily. Cau'casus, Mount. Ca-ys'ter, the river, in Asia Minor. Ce'crops. Cecro'plan hill (Acropolis). Celts, the. Cephalo'nia, island of. Cephis'sus, the river. Ceraunian mountains. Ce'res, goddess of grain, etc. Chærone'a, in Bœotia; battle of. Chal'cis, in Euboea. Cha'os. Cha'res, a Rhodian sculptor. Cher'siphron, a Cretan architect. Story of. Chersone'sus. the Thracian. Chi'lo, one of the Seven Sages. Chion'i-des, a comic poet. Chi'os, island of. Choëph'oroe, the. Christianity in Greece. Chro'nos, or Saturn. Cicero, the Roman orator. Visits tomb of Archime'des. Cili'cia (she-a). Ci'mon (meaning Milti'a-des). Cimon, son of Miltiades, and an Athenian general and statesman; successes and rise of, at Athens; wins battle of Eurym'edon; aids Sparta; the fall and banishment of; recall of, expedition to Cyprus, and death of. Cithæ'ron, Mount. Ci'tium (she-um), in Cyprus. Clazom'enæ, on an island off the Dorian coast. CLE-AN'THES.--Hymn to Jupiter. Cle-ar'chus, a Spartan general. Cleo-bu'lus, one of the Seven Sages. Cle'on, the Athenian.--Causes the Mityleneans to be put to death; conduct and character of, and attacks upon, by Aristoph'anes. Cle'on of Lampsacus. Cleon'ymus of Sparta. Clouds, the. Clis'thenes (eze), last despot of Si'çyon. Clisthenes, founder of democracy at Athens; reforms of. Clytemnes'tra, wife of Agamemnon. Cocy'tus, the river. Codrington, Admiral. Co'drus, early King of Athens. Col'chis. COLERIDGE, HENRY N.--The poems of Homer. COLERIDGE, SAMUEL T.--Pythagore'an influences. COLLINS, MORTIMER.--Fable of Hercules and Antæ'us. Colonies, the Greek. In Asia Minor; history of, in Magna Groeca, etc.; in Sicily, Italy, Africa, etc. Col'ophon, in Ionia. Comedy. The Old; the New. COOK, REV. JOSEPH.--Progress in Modern Greece. Corcy'ra, or Corfu, island of. Corinna, a Bœotian poetess. Corinth, and the Corinthians; conquest of; despotisms of; war of, with Corcyra; aids Syracuse; destruction of; capture of, by the Turks. Corinthian Architecture. Corinthian Gulf, the. Corone'a, plains of. Athenian defeat at. Coumour'gi, Äl'i, the Turkish Grand Vizier. Successes of. Councils, the National. CRANCH, CHRISTOPHER P.--Temples at Pæstum. Cran'non, battle of. Crat'erus, one of Alexander's generals. Crati'nus, a comic poet. Creation, the. Account of. Cre'on. Cresphon'tes, of the Heraclidæ. Crete, island of; conquered by the Turks; revolution in. Cris'sa, town of. Crissæ'an plain. Cri'ti-as (cri'she-as), chief of the Thirty Tyrants. Croe'sus, King of Lydia. CROLY, GEORGE.--Pericles. Death of Pericles. Croto'na, in Italy. Crusaders, the. Courts of, in Greece. Ctes'iphon, who proposed a crown for Demosthenes. Cu'mæ, in Italy. Cumæ'an Sibyl, the. Myth of. CURTIUS, ERNST.--The Oration of Pericles. Retreat of the Ten Thousand. Pelopidas and Epaminondas. Cyc'la-des, the (islands). Cyc'lic poets, the. Cy'clops, or Cyclo'pes, the. Cy'lon, the Athenian. Cynoceph'alæ, In Thessaly. Battle of. Cyprian queen (Venus). Cyprus, Island of. Cyrena'ica, colony of. Cy-re'ne, colony of. Cyropoedi'a, the. Cyrus the Elder. Conquers Lydia. Cyrus the Younger. Cys'icus, Island of. Victory of Alcibiades at. Cyth'era, island of. Cytheræ'a, name given to Venus.

Damon and Pythias. Dan'a-ë, Lamentation of. Dan'a-i, the. Dan'a-us, founder of Argos. Dar'danus, son of Jupiter and Electra. Dari'us I. (Hystas'pes), King of Persia; dominion of; he suppresses the Ionic revolt; invades Greece; death of. Darius III., King of Persia. Defeated at Issus, and at Arbe'la; Flight and death of. De-iph'obus, a Trojan hero. De'lium, in Bœotia. Battle of. Del'phi, or Delphos. City, temple, and oracle of. De'los, island of; Confederacy of States at. Deme'ter. (See Ceres.) Deme'trius, son of Antigonus. Seizes the throne of Macedon. Demos'the-nes, the Athenian general. Captures Pylus; defeat and death of, at Syracuse. DEMOS'THE'NES, the orator; pious fraud of; measures against, at Athens, and attack upon, by Æschines; death of; oratory of.--Extracts from: The First Philippic. Oration on the Crown. Deuca'lion, son of Prometheus. Deluge of. Diana, or Ar'temis, temple to, at Ephesus. Die'bitsch, Marshal. Di'o-cles, of Syracuse. Diodo'rus, the historian. Diog'enes, the Cretan. DIOG'ENES LAER'TIUS.--Xenophon. Di'omed, a Greek hero in the Trojan war; valor of; fate of. Di'on, of Syracuse. Dionysian Festivals, the. Dionysius of Col'ophon, a painter. Dionysius the Elder, of Syracuse. Dionysius the Younger, of Syracuse. Dionysius, the Roman historian. Diopl'thes, the general. Dipoe'nus, the sculptor. Dis, a name given to Pluto. Dodo'na, city and temple of. Do'rians, the, migrations and colonies of. Dor'ic architecture. Do'ris. Do'rus, progenitor of the Dorians. Dra'co, the Athenian legislator. Drama, the. Before Peloponnesian wars; characterization of; influence of; the drama after Peloponnesian war. Dry'ads, or Dry'a-des, the. Wood-nymph. DRYDEN, JOHN.--Alexander's feast at Persep'olis.

Edinburgh Review. Courts of Crusaders. Eges'ta, in Sicily. E'lea, in Lucania. Eleatic philosophy. Elec'tra, the. Eleu'sis, and the Eleusinian Mysteries. Eleu'therre, in Attica. E'lis and E'leans. Elo'ra, temple of. Elora is a town in south-western Hindostan, noted for its splendid cave-temples, cut from a hill of red granite, black basalt, and quartz rock. Of these, that called "Paradise," to which reference is here made, is 100 feet high, 401 feet deep, and 185 feet in greatest breadth. It is "a perfect pantheon of the gods of India." Elysium, the. Ema'thia, or Macedon. En'nius. The Fate of Ajax. Eny'o, a war-goddess. E'os, The same as Aurora, a term applied to the eastern parts of the world. Epaminon'das, the Theban. Character of, and his successes against Sparta. Eph'esus. Ephi-al'tes. Epichar'mus. Epicu'rus, Life and works of. Epidau'rus, in Argolis. Epime'theus (thuse). Epi'rus. Er-ech'the-um, the. Erech'theus (thuse). Ere'tria. Erin'nys. (See Furies.) Euboe'a, island of. Euboe'an Sea. Eu'menes, Alexander's general. Eumen'i-des, the. Euphra'nor, a sculptor. Eu'polis, a comic poet. Eupom'pus, a Siçyonian painter. EURIP'IDES. Life and works of. Extracts from: The Greek Armament. Alcestis preparing for death. Euri'pus, or Euboean Sea. Euro'tas. Eurybi'ades, a Spartan general. Euryd'i-ce. Eurym'edon, in Pamphylia.

Farnese Bull, the. Sculpture of. Fates, the. FELTON, C. C., D.D.--Ionian language and culture, Unity of the Iliad. Works of Hesiod. Christianity in Greece. The Duchy of Athens. The Klephts. Festivals, the Grecian. FINLAY, GEORGE, LL.D.--The Revolt against Rome. Flamin'ius, Titus, Roman consul. Frogs, the. Furies, the. Future State, the. Greek views of.

Gan-y-me'de, Jove's cup-bearer. Gedro'sia (she-a), in Persia. Ge'la, in Sicily. Ge'lon, despot of Gela. Becomes despot of Syracuse; dynasty of, extinguished. GEM'INUS, TULLIUS.--Themistocles. George, Prince of Denmark. Is chosen King of Greece; progress of Greece under. Giants, the; battle with Jupiter. GILLIES, JOHN, LL.D.--Memorial to Miltiades. Aristophanes and Cleon. The works of Phidias. Gladiator, the Dying. GLADSTONE, WM. EWART.--The humanity of the gods. Glau'cus, a Trojan hero. Glaucus, a sculptor. Gods, the. Personifications and deifications of; moral characteristics of; deceptions of. Golden Age, the. Gor'gias, the Sophist. Gorgo'pis, lake, near Corinth. Goths, the. Overrun Greece. Government, forms of, and changes in. Graces, the. Grani'cus, the river. Battle at. GRAY, THOMAS.--Pindar. GROTE, GEORGE.--The Trojan war. The Cumæan Sibyl. Increase of power among Sicilian Greeks. The Seven Sages. Lesson from the fate of Miltiades. Transitions of tragedy. Aristophanes. The Sophists and Socrates. Demosthenes' first Philippic. The Influence of Phocion. Conquests of Alexander. The Oration on the Crown. Guiscard (ges-kar'), Robert. Conquests of. Gy'ges, the. Gylip'pus, a Spartan general. Gyth'e-um (or Gy-the'-nm), port of Sparta.