Chapter II: Preface (1)

Stonehenge, Shaw, and others have at various times written exhaustive treatises on the dog, its care in health and sickness; and while there is no question but that they are invaluable to the owners of large kennels, I consider that they are too complex for the novice who owns but one or two dogs. They use very largely technical terms not thoroughly understood by the layman, while certain treatments prescribed are quite impracticable except where one has a kennel-man. Besides, I think not one of the above-named writers has ever told the _novice_ what to avoid in selecting a puppy or a grown dog, or what good points to insist upon. Recognizing all these facts, and recalling how I strove twenty years ago to find some work that would aid me in my search for knowledge of the dog, I have concluded to write a short treatise concerning its origin, uses, and all things pertaining to it, that will aid the reader in learning its good points, and bad ones too, the proper scale of “points” that go to make up the perfect specimen, the treatment in health and sickness, and such other data as may be of value to him. Experience as a successful breeder and owner, and having won many prizes largely through “condition,” confirms me in the belief that I may perhaps be able to help a fancier in purchasing the proper kind of dog, or, if he already has one, to aid him in keeping it in health, to know its value, and how to properly show it (if he is so inclined), so that its faults may be hidden to the greatest degree, while its good points may become more pronounced.

Perfection does not exist in either man or beast, so we will strive to select that specimen which has the fewest and least noticeable faults, remembering always that in the large breeds there are ten good little ones where there is one good large one.

If this work shall have aided any lover of the dog in any direction desired, it shall have done its work. If it shall have failed, the public will surely be lenient in its criticism of

THE AUTHOR.

THE BULLDOG (ENGLISH).

BEAVER BROOK SULTAN (formerly Rustic Sultan).]

ORIGIN.—As bull-baiting existed as far back as 1209, the bulldog _must_ have then existed, but its origin is unknown.

USES.—Formerly for baiting bulls, but of late years, since this “sport” has ceased to be indulged in, it is simply kept as a watchdog and for exhibition.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
General appearance 10
Skull 15
Stop 5
Eyes 5
Ears 5
Face 5
Chops 5
Mouth 5
Neck and chest 5
Shoulders 5
Body 5
Back 5
Tail 5
Fore legs and feet 5
Hind legs and feet 5
Size 5
Coat 5
---
Total 100

NOTE.—An asterisk denotes that the “scale of points, etc.,”
given are those adopted by the Specialty Club of that
particular breed; the other “scale of points, etc.,” are from
“Dogs of the British Isles” and Mr. Rawdon B. Lee.

GENERAL APPEARANCE.—The general appearance of the bulldog is that of a smooth-coated, thick-set, broad, powerful, and compact dog. Head massive, large in proportion to its size; face extremely short; muzzle broad, blunt, and inclined upward. Body short and well knit; limbs stout and muscular; hind quarters very high and strong, but lightly made in comparison with its heavy fore parts. The dog should convey the impression of determination, strength, and activity.

HEAD.—Very large, the larger the better; forehead flat, and skin about the head very loose, hanging in large wrinkles; frontal bones _very_ prominent, broad, square, and high, causing a deep, wide groove between the eyes, called the stop, which should be broad and deep and extend up the middle of the forehead. Eyes set low in skull, as far from the ears as possible, round, very dark, almost black, and showing no white when looking forward. Ears set high, small and thin, “rose-ear” preferred. Face short as possible, with skin deeply wrinkled; muzzle short, broad, turned upward, and very deep from corner of eye to corner of mouth. Nose very large, broad, and black, deeply set back, almost between the eyes; nostrils large, wide, and black, with well-defined straight line between them. Flews thick, broad, pendent, and very deep, hanging over lower jaw at sides (not in front). Teeth should show when mouth is closed; jaw broad, massive, square, and tusks wide apart; lower jaw projects in front of upper, and turns up, with six small front teeth between tusks in an even row. Teeth strong and large.

NECK.—Very deep, thick, and strong, well arched, with much loose skin at throat.

SHOULDERS.—Deep, broad, slanting, and muscular; chest wide and deep.

BACK.—Short and strong, very broad at shoulders, comparatively narrow at loins, and forming the “roach” or “wheel” back.

BODY.—Well ribbed, round, deep, with belly well tucked up.

TAIL.—Set on low, jutting out, and then turned downward, free from fringe or coarse hair, rather short than long, thick at root, but tapering to a fine point carried downward, and the dog should not be able to raise it above the back.

FORE LEGS.—Wide apart, very stout, strong, and straight; pasterns short, straight, and strong; fore feet straight; toes compact and thick; knuckles prominent and high.

HIND LEGS.—Large, muscular, longer in proportion than fore legs; hocks slightly bent; lower part of legs short.

COAT.—Fine, short, close, and smooth.

STIFLES.—Round, turned outward. On account of formation the dog walks with quick, short step, apparently skimming the ground.

COLORS (in order of merit).—If bright and pure of its sort, 1st, brindles, reds, white, with their varieties, as whole fawns, fallows, etc.; 2d, pied and mixed colors.

WEIGHT.—Fifty pounds.

THE BULLDOG (FRENCH).

MONSIEUR BOULOT.]

ORIGIN.—Nothing definite can be learned of this breed of dogs. Many exhibitors claim that it is little else than a diminutive English bulldog, bred originally in Brussels and later (about 1860) in France, with the exception that it has prick-ears and generally carries them erect, as that term indicates. Its weight should not be over 24 pounds, the lighter the better. In France the breed is fast becoming very popular among the _haut ton_, and promises to be well received here. As yet there is neither a scale of points for judging nor a club to foster the breed, so the reader will be obliged to consult the picture of Mr. G. N. Phelps’s winning dog, Monsieur Boulot, in order to form a correct idea as to its outline, etc. Its exceeding intelligence is greatly in favor of its becoming a popular breed of pet dogs. The extreme difficulty attending its breeding and rearing precludes the possibility of it ever becoming common. At present even ordinary specimens are held at long prices.

THE CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG.

PRIDE.]

ORIGIN.—Not known positively, but probably a cross between the two Labrador dogs that swam ashore from a sinking ship in Chesapeake Bay and the English water-spaniel.

USES.—Retrieving wild fowl from the water. There are three classes of these dogs: the otter, tawny, sedge-colored, with very short hair; the curly-haired and the straight-haired, each red brown; a white spot is not unusual.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Head 15
Neck 5
Shoulders 10
Chest 15
Size 5
Loins 10
Coat 15
Tail 5
Feet 10
Legs 10
---
Total 100

WEIGHT.—Dogs, 80 pounds; bitches, 65 pounds.

HEIGHT.—About 25 inches in dogs; 23 inches in bitches.

Measurements are as follows: from fore toe to top of back, 25 inches; tip of nose to base of head, 10 inches; girth of body, 33 inches; breast, 9 inches; around fore foot, 6 inches; around forearm below shoulder, 7 inches; between eyes, 2¼ inches; length of ears, 5 inches; from occiput to root of tail, 35 inches; tail, 16 inches long; around muzzle below eyes, 10 inches.

The Standard says nothing as to the dog’s conformation. The illustration, therefore, must be the guide.

THE COLLIE (ROUGH-COATED).

RUFFORD ORMONDE.]

ORIGIN.—It is among the oldest of known breeds of dogs, and probably came from India. Buffon, the great writer, considers it the _parent of all dogs_.

USES.—Attending flocks of sheep and herds of cattle.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Head and expression 15
Ears 10
Neck and shoulders 10
Legs and feet 15
Hind quarters 10
Back and loins 10
Tail 5
Coat with frill 20
Size 5
---
Total 100

GENERAL APPEARANCE.—A lithe, active dog, presenting an elegant, pleasing outline, and exhibiting strength, speed, and intelligence.

HEAD.—Moderately long, covered with short, soft hair; skull flat, moderately wide between the ears and tapering to the eyes; very little stop; skin on head very tightly drawn; muzzle of fair length, tapering to the nose, which should always be black; mouth a bit overshot. Eyes of fair size, not prominent, placed rather wide apart, almond-shaped, and set obliquely; they may be any shade of brown, the darker the better. Ears small, covered with short, soft hair, and carried semi-erect when at attention, at other times thrown back.

NECK.—Long, arched, and muscular; chest deep and narrow in front, but wide behind the shoulders.

BACK.—Short and level; shoulders oblique; loins rather long, slightly arched, and powerful.

LEGS.—Fore legs straight and muscular, with a fair amount of flat bone; hind legs sinewy; hind quarters drooping slightly, very long from hips to hocks; stifles well bent; hip bones rather wide and ragged, and hocks well bent; pasterns long, springy, and lighter in bone than rest of leg; feet with soles well padded, and the toes arched and compact.

TAIL.—Moderately long, carried low when quiet, gaily when excited, and almost straight when running.

COAT.—An important point. It should be abundant except on head and legs; the outer coat straight, hard, and rather stiff, the inner coat soft and furry and very dense, so as to make it difficult to find the skin; the frill very abundant; hair on tail very profuse, and on hips long and bushy; fore legs slightly feathered; hind legs below hocks smooth.

COLOR.—Immaterial.

HEIGHT.—Dogs, 21 to 24 inches; bitches, 2 inches less.

WEIGHT.—Dogs, 45 to 60 pounds; bitches, 40 to 50 pounds.

DEFECTS.—Domed skull; high-peaked, occipital bone; heavy, pendulous ears; full, soft eyes; heavy, feathered legs; short tail.

THE COLLIE (SMOOTH-COATED).

BEN.]

ORIGIN, USES, SCALE OF POINTS, etc., same as the rough collie, except in matter of coat, which should be hard, dense, and quite smooth.

THE DALMATIAN (COACH-DOG).

PERRY.]

ORIGIN.—Probably indigenous to Dalmatia, a province of Austria, but records of the sixteenth century describe such a dog as belonging to Spain. The latest authentic trace is to Denmark, where it was used for drawing carts. Resembles the pointer in form.

USES.—Simply to follow the coach or equestrian.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Head and eyes 10
Ears 5
Neck and shoulders 10
Body, back, chest, and loins 10
Legs and feet 15
Coat 5
Color and markings 30
Tail 5
Symmetry 10
---
Total 100

GENERAL APPEARANCE.—Strong, muscular, active; free from coarseness; capable of speed and great endurance.

HEAD.—Fair length; skull flat, broad between ears; moderate stop, and _not_ in straight line from occiput to nose; no wrinkles; muzzle long and powerful; lips clean cut, fitting jaws closely. Eyes moderately wide apart, medium size, round, bright. In black-spotted dogs eyes are dark; in livers, light or light brown (yellow). Rims around eyes black in black-spotted varieties, and brown in the liver-spotted ones, _never_ flesh-colored. Ears set on high, rather wide at base, tapering, carried close, thin, fine, _always_ spotted. Nose black in blacks, brown in livers.

NECK AND SHOULDERS.—Neck fairly long, arched, light, tapering, _not_ throaty; shoulders sloping and muscular.

BODY, BACK, CHEST, AND LOINS.—Chest very deep, not too wide; ribs well sprung, _never_ rounded; powerful back; loins strong and arched.

LEGS AND FEET.—Fore legs perfectly straight, strong in bone; elbows close to body; cat-footed, tough pads; hocks well let down. Nails in black-spotted ones are black and white; in liver-spotted, brown and white.

TAIL.—Not too long, tapering well to end, carried with slight curl upward, _never_ curled; the more profusely spotted, the better.

COAT.—Short, dense, hard, fine, sleek, and glossy, never woolly nor silky.

COLOR AND MARKINGS.—Ground color is _pure_ unmixed white. The spots of the black-spotted variety are black, in liver-spotted variety are brown; should not intermingle, but be distinct, and about size of ten-cent silver piece on body; on head, face, ears, legs, and tail, much smaller.

WEIGHT.—Dogs, 55 pounds; bitches, 50 pounds.

THE GREAT DANE.

MAJOR MCKINLEY II.]

ORIGIN.—Probably indigenous to Germany, where it was formerly known under the various names of Ulmer, German mastiff, and boarhound.

USES.—Companion and guard for foresters and gamekeepers, also for attacking the wild boar and other beasts.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
General appearance 3
Condition 3
Activity 5
Head 15
Neck 5
Chest 8
Back 8
Belly 4
Tail 4
Fore quarters 10
Hind quarters 10
Feet 8
Coat 4
Size (height) 13
---
Total 100

GENERAL APPEARANCE.—Large and muscular, strongly but elegantly built; movements easy and graceful; not so heavy as the mastiff, nor too much of the greyhound type.

HEAD.—Long, very little indentation between eyes; skull not too broad; muzzle broad, strong, and blunt; cheek muscles well developed; nose large, bridge arched; lips blunt, not hanging too much over the sides; lower jaw slightly projecting. Eyes small, round, deeply set, sharp expression. Ears small, greyhound-like, usually cropped.

NECK.—Rather long, strong and muscular, well arched, no dewlap.

CHEST.—Not too broad, very deep in brisket.

BACK.—Not too long; loins arched.

STERN.—Reaching to hocks, strong at root, ending fine with a slight curve; should _never_ curve over the back.

BELLY.—Well drawn up.

FORE QUARTERS.—Shoulders sloping; elbows well under, straight; legs heavy-boned, strong, and quite straight.

HIND QUARTERS.—Thighs muscular; hocks well let down, as in the greyhound.

FEET.—Large and round; toes well arched and close; nails very strong and curved.

HAIR.—Very short, hard, and close.

HEIGHT (minimum).—Dogs, 30 inches; bitches, 28 inches.

WEIGHT (minimum).—Dogs, 120 pounds; bitches, 100 pounds. Nothing under these should compete.

COLOR.—Various shades of gray, red, black, pure white, or white with patches of above colors; also brindles and mottled colors.

THE HOUND (BASSET).

ORIGIN.—Probably of French origin, yet closely allied to the dachshund, though larger and heavier in every particular.

USES.—Having a very keen nose, is used for the general purposes of the smaller hounds, viz., for rabbits.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Head, skull, eyes, muzzle, and flews 15
Ears 15
Neck, dewlap, chest, and shoulders 10
Fore legs and feet 15
Back, loins, and hind quarters 10
Stern 5
Coat and skin 10
Color and markings 15
Character and symmetry 5
---
Total 100

HEAD.—Closely resembling the bloodhound’s; long, narrow, heavy flews; occiput prominent; forehead wrinkled to the eyes, which should be kind and show the haw. Teeth small, and the protruding of the upper jaw is _not_ a fault. Ears so long that in hunting the dog treads on them, set low, hang loose in folds, ends curl inward, thin and velvety.

NECK.—Powerful, with heavy dewlaps; elbows _must not_ turn out; chest deep and full; body long and low.

LEGS AND FEET.—Fore legs short (about 4 inches), close-fitting to chest; massive paw, each toe standing out distinctly.

STIFLES.—Well bent; quarters muscular, giving the dog a barrel-like shape and a peculiar waddling gait.

STERN.—Coarse underneath, and carried hound fashion, i.e., carried gaily.

COAT.—Short, smooth, fine, and glossy; skin loose and elastic.

COLOR.—Black, white and tan, with black patches on back; also _sometimes_ hare-pied.

WEIGHT.—Thirty to forty-five pounds.

THE HOUND (BEAGLE).

FRANK FOREST.]

ORIGIN.—This breed seems to be little else than a diminutive foxhound; has long been in existence; probably one of the oldest of British dogs.

USES.—Hunting rabbits, and generally run in packs of five to ten couples; they are merry little fellows, sturdy and gamy, with a most musical tongue and a very keen nose.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Skull 5
Ears 15
Eyes 10
Muzzle, jaw, and lips 5
Neck 5
Shoulders and chest 10
Back and loins 15
Ribs 5
Fore legs and feet 10
Hips, thighs, and hind legs 10
Tail 5
Coat 5
---
Total 100

HEAD.—Skull moderately domed. Ears set on low, long and fine in leather, rather broad and rounded at tips, absence of all erectile power. Eyes full, prominent, rather wide apart, soft and lustrous. Muzzle medium length, squarely cut; stop well defined; jaws level; lips either free from or with moderate flews; nostrils large.

NECK AND THROAT.—Neck free in action, strong, yet not loaded; throat clean, free from folds of skin.

SHOULDERS AND CHEST.—Shoulders somewhat sloping, muscular, but not loaded; chest moderately broad and full.

BACK, LOINS, AND RIBS.—Back short and strong; loins broad and slightly arched; ribs well sprung.

FORE LEGS AND FEET.—Fore legs straight, plenty of bone; feet close, firm, either round or hare-like.

HIPS, THIGHS, AND HIND LEGS.—Hips muscular; stifles strong and well let down; hocks firm.

TAIL.—Carried gaily, well up, medium curve, and clothed with a decided brush.

HEIGHT.—Fifteen inches.

COLOR.—All hound colors admissible. (See Foxhound.)

DEFECTS.—Flat skull; short ears, set on too high, pointed at tips; eyes yellow or light color; muzzle snipy; thick, short neck; elbows out; knees knuckled over; long tail with “tea-pot” curve.

DISQUALIFICATIONS.—Eyes close together and terrier-like; thin rat-tail, with absence of brush; short, nappy coat.

THE HOUND (BLOODHOUND).

CHAMPION VICTOR.]

ORIGIN.—In Barbour’s “Bruce” (1489) we find the earliest mention of the bloodhound, where it is called the “sleuthhund.” However, little can be learned definitely of its origin.

USES.—Having scenting powers to a marvelous degree, it is used in trailing wounded deer, slaves, sheep-stealers, escaped convicts, etc.

DISPOSITION.—Contrary to general impressions, the modern bloodhound is of a most equable disposition, kind and gentle, and quite apt to be timid, excepting when on the trail; then it is extremely dangerous.

SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Head 15
Ears and eyes 10
Flews 5
Neck 5
Shoulders and chest 10
Back and ribs 10
Legs and feet 20
Color and coat 10
Stern 5
Symmetry 10
---
Total 100

HEAD.—This is the most distinguishable feature of the dog; it is domed, blunt at occiput; jaws very long and wide at nostrils, hollow and very lean at cheek; brows very prominent, and the general expression is grand and majestic; skin covering cheeks and forehead wrinkled to a wonderful degree.

EYES AND EARS.—Eyes hazel, rather small, deeply sunk, showing haw, which is deep red. This redness, some claim, is indicative of cross with mastiff, Gordon setter, or St. Bernard. Ears long, and will overlap when drawn over front of nose, hang close to cheek, _never_ inclined to be pricked; leather thin, covered with soft hair.

FLEWS.—Very long and pendent, falling below mouth.

NECK.—Long, so as to enable the dog to easily drop his nose to the ground; considerable dewlap.

CHEST AND SHOULDERS.—Chest wider than deep; shoulders sloping and muscular.

BACK AND BACK RIBS.—Wide and deep, the hips being wide or almost ragged.

LEGS AND FEET.—Legs _must_ be straight and muscular; feet as cat-like as possible.

COAT.—Short and hard on body, silky on ears and top of head.

COLOR.—Black and tan or tan only; the black extends to the back, sides, top of neck, and top of head; the tan should be of deep, rich red; there should be little or no white.

STERN.—Carried gaily in gentle curve, but not raised above back; lower side is fringed with hair.

DEFECT.—Absence of black.

THE HOUND (DACHSHUND).

FRITZ.]

ORIGIN.—The origin of this dog is lost in antiquity. A dog resembling it very closely is to be found on the monument of Thothmes III., 2000 B.C. The modern dog is essentially German.

USES.—Hunting rabbits and hares, tracking wounded animals and badgers.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Head and skull 12
Jaw 5
Legs and feet 20
Loins 8
Body 8½
Symmetry and quality 11
Ears 6½
Chest 7
Skin and coat 13
Stern 5
Color 4
---
Total 100

HEAD AND SKULL.—Long, level, narrow; peak well developed; no stop. Eyes intelligent and rather small; follow body in color. Ears long, broad, soft, set on low and well back, carried close to head. Jaws strong, level, square to the muzzle; canines recurvant.

CHEST.—Deep, narrow; breast-bone prominent.

LEGS AND FEET.—Fore legs very short, strong in bone, well crooked, not standing over; elbows well muscled, neither in nor out; feet large, round, strong, with thick pads and strong nails. Hind legs smaller in bone and higher; feet smaller. The dog must stand equally on all parts of the foot.

SKIN AND COAT.—Skin thick, loose, supple, and in great quantity; coat dense, short, and strong.

LOINS.—Well arched, long, and muscular.

STERN.—Long and strong, flat at root, tapering to tip; hair on under side coarse; carried low except when excited.

BODY.—Length from back of head to root of tail two and a half times height at shoulder; fore ribs well sprung; back ribs very short.

COLOR.—Any color; nose to follow body color; _much_ white objectionable.

SYMMETRY AND QUALITY.—The dachshund should be long, low, and graceful, not cloddy.

WEIGHT.—Dogs, 21 pounds; bitches, 18 pounds.

THE HOUND (DEERHOUND).

LOCHIEL.]

ORIGIN.—Undoubtedly descended from the Irish wolfhound, though some claim it to be either a cross of foxhound and greyhound, or greyhound and bloodhound. It is first mentioned in 1528 as a distinct breed.

USES.—Hunting deer.

SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Head and skull 15
Eyes and ears 10
Neck and chest 10
Body 10
Thighs and hocks 12
Legs and feet 10
Coat 8
Stern 5
Color 5
Symmetry 15
---
Total 100

HEAD.—Skull resembles that of a coarse, large greyhound, long and wide between ears; stop very slight. Jaws long; teeth level and strong; nostrils open, but not very wide; cheeks muscular; bone under eye neither prominent nor hollow. Ears small, thin, carried a trifle higher than those of the greyhound, but should turn over at tips; pricked ears very objectionable; they should be thinly fringed with hair at edges only. Eyes full, and dark hazel, sometimes blue.

NECK.—Long enough to allow the dog to stoop to the scent at a fast pace.

CHEST AND SHOULDERS.—Chest deep rather than wide, resembling that of greyhound; girth of a full-size dog deerhound should be at least 2 inches greater than its height; shoulders long, oblique, and muscular.

BACK AND BACK RIBS.—Back should be powerful; a good loin should measure 25 or 26 inches; back ribs are often rather shallow, but they should be well sprung; loins arched, drooping to root of tail.

ELBOWS AND STIFLES.—Elbows well let down to give length to true arm, and quite straight; stifles wide apart, well bent.

SYMMETRY is essential to its position as a companionable dog.

QUALITY is also to be regarded as of great importance.

LEGS AND QUARTERS.—Great bone and muscle are essential; the bones must be well put together at knees and hocks, which should be long and well developed; quarters deep, but seldom wide, with considerable slope to tail.

FEET.—Well arched and cat-like.

COLOR AND COAT.—The colors are dark blue, fawn, grizzle, and brindle, the latter with more or less tint of blue; the fawn should have tips of ears dark; the grizzle generally has a decided tint of blue; white on breast or toes should not disqualify a dog. Coat is coarser on back than elsewhere, and many claim it should be intermediate between silk and wool, and not the coarse hair often met with. The whole body is clothed with a rough coat, sometimes amounting to shagginess; that of muzzle is longer in proportion than elsewhere, but the mustache should not be wiry, and should stand out in irregular tufts; there should be no approach to feather on legs, but their inside should be hairy.

TAIL.—Long and gently curved, without any twist, thinly clothed with hair only.

THE HOUND (AMERICAN FOXHOUND).

BIG STRIVE.]

ORIGIN.—A breed of dogs descended from the English species, but bred on lighter and finer lines. For uses and scale of points, see English Foxhound.

THE HOUND (ENGLISH FOXHOUND).

SONGSTER.]

ORIGIN.—A breed probably indigenous to Great Britain, and quite ancient too. Its absolute origin is unknown.

USES.—Hunting foxes and deer (giving tongue when in full chase); also in America for hounding deer, moose, and other large game.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Head 15
Neck 5
Shoulders 10
Chest and back ribs 10
Back and loins 10
Hind quarters 10
Elbows 5
Legs and feet 20
Color and coat 5
Stern 5
Symmetry 5
---
Total 100

HEAD.—Full size, but not heavy; brow pronounced, but not high; of good length, so girth will be 16 inches. Nose long and wide. Ears low set on and lying close to cheeks.

NECK.—Long and clean, without throatiness.

SHOULDERS.—Long, well muscled, sloping, and the true arm long and muscular.

CHEST AND BACK RIBS.—Girth of chest over 30 inches in 24-inch-tall hound; back ribs very deep.

BACK AND LOINS.—Very muscular; couplings wide even to raggedness, with slight arch of loins.

HIND QUARTERS.—Very strong, as great endurance is required; elbows set straight, neither in nor out.

LEGS AND FEET.—Legs as straight as gun-barrels and as strong; large size of bone at ankle all-important; feet round, cat-like, and strong.

COLOR AND COAT.—Color black tan and white, black and white, and various pies of white and the color of the hare and badger; coat dense, short, hard, and glossy.

STERN.—Generally arched, carried gaily over back, fringed with hair, and tapering to a point.

SYMMETRY considerable, and quality should be evident.

THE HOUND (ENGLISH GREYHOUND).

CHAMPION SPINAWAY.]

ORIGIN.—Beyond question the oldest breed of dogs known, as on the pyramids of Egypt, obelisks, and ancient carved columns it is found in bold relief, with the same outlines as shown in the above illustration. In its native state it is quite devoid of courage, so the bitches are bred to bulldogs, and that product, showing most greyhound form and bulldog character, is then bred to a greyhound dog, continuing this same last breeding until in the fifth generation we produce the dog of the present day, which has indomitable courage, wonderful speed and endurance, and is possessed of a desire to kill. The name “greyhound” is a corruption of “gazehound,” signifying that the dog hunts its quarry by sight and not by scent. In England and Italy none but the nobility were formerly allowed to own a greyhound, and the killing of one was then considered a felony.

USES.—Coursing hares and rabbits, and in addition, in our Western States, for killing foxes, coyotes, and wolves, though it is rarely able single-handed to kill the latter, on account of their size and ferocity.

SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Head and eyes 10
Neck 10
Chest and fore quarters 20
Loins and back ribs 15
Hind quarters 20
Feet 15
Coat 5
Tail 5
---
Total 100

HEAD.—Long and narrow, fairly large between the ears, well filled out before the eyes, little or no stop, jaws lean, and eyes bright and tolerably full. Ears small and folding down when at rest, but raised when animated. Teeth _must_ be strong, and mouth _level_.

NECK.—A trifle arched, and sufficiently long to enable the dog to easily pick up a hare when in full stride.

SHOULDERS.—Placed as obliquely as possible.

CHEST.—Fairly deep, and sufficiently wide to give free action to the heart and lungs.

FORE LEGS.—_Straight_, of good bone, and length from elbow to knee twice that from knee to ground.

FEET.—The cat-foot is considered best.

LOINS.—Strong, but not too broad; back powerful and somewhat arched.

HIND QUARTERS.—Very muscular; stifles strong and well bent; hocks well let down.

TAIL.—Rat-like, fine, long, and somewhat curved, and with little hair on it.

COLOR.—Greyhounds are of any color, parti or solid.

DISPOSITION.—Kind and amiable, rarely otherwise.

WEIGHT.—Dogs, 60 pounds; bitches, 50 pounds.

OBJECTIONABLE FEATURES.—Yellow or white eyes; prick-ears; dish-face; long, separated toes; lightness of bone; weak back; straight stifles; undershot or overshot.

THE HOUND (HARRIER).

ORIGIN.—Is little else than a small-sized English foxhound. By some considered to be cross of “Southern hound” and beagle.

USES.—Hunting the hare, sometimes foxes and deer.

SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Head 10
Neck 5
Shoulders 10
Chest and back ribs 10
Back and loins 10
Hind quarters 15
Elbows 5
Legs and feet 20
Color and coat 5
Stern 5
Symmetry 5
---
Total 100

The points are same as those of the English foxhound, except that the head is wider and heavier, nose longer and broader, ears set farther backward, not rounded.

HEIGHT.—Sixteen to twenty inches.

THE HOUND (ITALIAN GREYHOUND).

TRIXIE.]

ORIGIN.—Little is known of the origin of this breed beyond the fact that Italy and the south of France are supposed to be where it originated.

USES.—A purely pet dog, exceedingly delicate and fragile.

SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Head 15
Neck, ears, and eyes 15
Legs, feet, and fore quarters 10
Hind quarters 10
Tail and coat 10
Color 10
Symmetry 20
Size 10
---
Total 100

HEAD.—If possible should be like the English greyhound’s, but such formation is now rarely met with. In all recent exhibits the skull is more or less round, and face, though still pointed, is too short, with tendency to turn up.

NECK.—Long and elegant, resembling closely its larger congener.

EARS AND EYES.—Ears an exact counterpart of the English greyhound’s, though always somewhat enlarged in comparison with body. Eyes much larger proportionately, soft and languishing, but should never weep; color of iris is usually a dark brown.

LEGS, FEET, AND FORE QUARTERS.—Same as the greyhound’s.

HIND QUARTERS.—As with the last two paragraphs, the only difference lies in comparative value, the English dog’s points being estimated from the workmanlike view, while the Italian is regarded from an artistic standpoint.

TAIL.—Somewhat shorter than the English dog’s, but it _must_ be gently curved in same tobacco-pipe way, fine in bone, except at root, as well as free from hair.

COAT.—Short, soft, and silky.

COLOR.—Largely to be taken into consideration, and is consequently estimated at a high figure. Fawns are now far in the ascendant, and to no other color should the _full_ value be accorded. A small star on breast or white toe takes off a point or two, according to extent of white, but in _all_ cases toe-nails should be dark.

SYMMETRY.—Must be carefully estimated, as a want of elegance in detail or of combination in due proportion alike lowers the value of these points separately to a very low ebb. It is a high-stepping little aristocrat.

SIZE.—Bitch for modern successful exhibition should be little over 5 pounds, _nor should the dog exceed 7 or 7½ pounds_.

THE HOUND (OTTERHOUND).

ORIGIN.—Nothing positive is known about it, but probably a cross of Welsh harrier, “Southern hound,” and a terrier, though some say it is of bloodhound extraction. The breed is very old.

USES.—For hunting the otter and other water-animals.

SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Skull 10
Jaws 10
Eyes 5
Ears 10
Chest and shoulders 15
Body and loins 15
Legs and feet 10
Coat 10
Stern 5
Symmetry and strength 10
---
Total 100

GENERAL APPEARANCE.—Always excepting coat, it much resembles the bloodhound; it should be perfect in symmetry, strongly built, hard and enduring, with unfailing powers of scent and a natural antipathy to the game it is bred to pursue.

HEAD.—Large, broader in proportion than the bloodhound’s; forehead high; muzzle a fair length, and nostrils wide. Ears long, thin, and pendulous, fringed with hair.

NECK.—Not naturally long, and looks shorter than it really is from the abundance of hair on it.

SHOULDERS.—Slope well.

LEGS AND FEET.—Legs straight, and feet a good size; compact.

BACK.—Strong and wide; ribs, and particularly the back ribs, well let down.

THIGHS.—Big and firm, and hocks well let down.

STERN.—Well and thickly covered with hair, and carried well up, but not curled.

COLORS are generally grizzle or sandy, with black and tan more or less clearly defined.

THE HOUND (IRISH WOLFHOUND).

ORIGIN.—Lost in antiquity; considered by some to be the parent of the deerhound. Good specimens are rarely to be met with these days.

USES.—Hunting wolves, and frequently deer.

Description from Mr. Rawdon B. Lee’s “Modern Dogs” (Sporting).

GENERAL APPEARANCE.—Not so heavy or massive as the Great Dane, but more so than the deerhound, which in general type it should otherwise resemble. Of great size and commanding appearance; very muscular; strongly, though gracefully, built; movements easy and active; head and neck carried high; tail carried with upward sweep, with a slight curve toward the extremity.

HEAD.—Long; frontal bones of forehead very slightly raised, and very little indentation between eyes; skull not too broad; muzzle long and moderately pointed. Ears small and greyhound-like in carriage.

NECK.—Rather long, very strong and muscular, well arched, without dewlap or loose skin about throat.

CHEST.—Very deep; breast wide.

BACK.—Rather long than short; loins arched.

TAIL.—Long, slightly curved, moderate thickness, well covered with hair.

BELLY.—Well drawn up.

FORE QUARTERS.—Shoulders muscular, giving breadth of chest, set sloping; elbows well under, neither turned inward nor outward; forearm muscular; the whole leg strong and quite straight.

HIND QUARTERS.—Muscular thighs, and second thigh long and strong, as in greyhound; hocks well let down, turned neither in nor out.

FEET.—Moderately large and round, neither turned inward nor outward; toes well arched and closed; nails very strong, and curved.

HAIR.—Rough and hard on body, legs, and head; especially wiry and long over eyes and under jaw.

COLOR AND MARKINGS.—The colors are gray, brindle, red, black, pure white, fawn, or any color that appears in the deerhound.

HEIGHT AND WEIGHT.—Minimum height and weight of dogs is 31 inches and 120 pounds; of bitches, 28 inches and 90 pounds. Anything below this should be debarred from competition. Great size is the desideratum to be aimed at.

DEFECTS.—Too light or heavy a head; too highly arched frontal bone; large ears, and hanging flat to face; short neck; full dewlap; too narrow or too broad a chest; sunken, or hollow, or quite straight back; bent fore legs, overbent fetlocks, twisted feet, spreading toes; too curly a tail; weak hind quarters and a general want of muscle; too short in body.

THE HOUND (RUSSIAN WOLFHOUND).

OPTIMIST.]

ORIGIN.—The Russians do not seem to have an exact or even a clear idea as to the origin of this breed. It in all probability came from Persia, as it is more like the dog of that nation than it is like the deerhound. It is of the greyhound family, however.

USES.—Attacking wolves and foxes, though it can rarely single-handed kill the former.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Head and muzzle 15
Eyes and ears 10
Neck and chest 10
Back and loins 15
Ribs 5
Thighs and hocks 10
Legs and feet 10
Stern 5
Coat 5
General symmetry 15
---
Total 100

HEAD.—Generally very long, and lean throughout; flat, narrow skull; stop hardly perceptible; long snout. Nose black, and frequently Roman. Eyes dark, expressive, oblong. Ears small; thin leather; set on high; tips almost touching when thrown back.

NECK.—Not too short, nor rising straight.

SHOULDERS.—Clean and sloping.

CHEST.—Somewhat narrow, but not hollow.

BACK.—Rather bony, and free from any hollow; well arched in male, but level and broad in female; loins broad and drooping; ribs deep, not so well sprung as in the greyhound, reaching to elbow.

FORE LEGS.—Lean and straight.

HIND LEGS.—Somewhat under body when standing still; not straight; stifles only slightly bent; legs not too far apart; pasterns short.

FEET.—Long toes, closely joined; nails short and strong; feet covered with fur like a hare.

COAT.—Long, soft, silky.

TAIL.—Long and sickle-shaped.

COLOR.—Any color.

HEIGHT AND WEIGHT.—Height for a dog, from 28 to 31 inches at shoulder; bitch, about 2 inches less. The male should be shorter in body than the female. Weight: dog, 75 to 100 pounds; bitch, 60 to 75 pounds.

THE MASTIFF.

ORIGIN.—Its origin is purely conjectural. It certainly is a dog of the British Isles, as at the time of Cæsar it was in existence there.

USES.—A grand, awe-inspiring dog; an excellent guardian, courageous and most companionable.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Shape of skull 10
Girth of skull 10
Ears—carriage and size 5
Muzzle—bluntness, breadth, depth, lips, color
(each 3 points) 15
Neck 4
Breadth of breast 4
Loins and back 4
Girth of chest 4
Shoulders 4
Length 4
Thighs 3
Stern 3
Legs 3
Feet 2
Size, height, and general appearance of bulk 15
Coat 5
Fawns, dark ears and muzzle, or brindle
with dark ears and muzzle 5
---
Total 100

GENERAL CHARACTER.—Large, massive, powerful, symmetrical, and well knit; a combination of grandeur and good nature, courage and docility.

HEAD.—Square when viewed from any point; breadth greatly to be desired, and should be in ratio to length of the whole head and face as 2 to 3.

BODY.—Massive, broad, deep, long, powerfully built; legs wide apart, squarely set; muscles sharply defined; size a great desideratum if combined with quality; height of less importance than substance.

SKULL.—Broad between ears; forehead flat, wrinkled; muscles of temples and cheeks well developed; arch across skull a rounded, flattened curve, and a depression up center of forehead.

FACE OR MUZZLE.—Short, broad under eyes, keeping nearly parallel in width to end of nose; blunt, cut off square, thus forming a right angle with upper line of face, of great depth from point of nose to under jaw; under jaw broad to end. Teeth powerful, wide apart; incisors level, or the lower projecting beyond the upper, but never sufficiently so as to become visible when mouth is closed. Length of muzzle to whole head and face as 1 to 3; circumference of muzzle (between eyes and nose) to that of head (before the ears) as 3 to 5. Ears small, thin, wide apart, set on high, flat, and close to cheeks when in repose. Eyes small, wide apart, divided by at least the space of two eyes; stop well marked, but not too abrupt; color hazel brown, the darker the better, showing no haw. Nose broad, with widely spreading nostrils; flat (not pointed nor turned up). Lips slightly pendulous.

NECK.—Slightly arched, moderately long, very muscular.

CHEST.—Wide, deep, well let down; ribs arched and well rounded; false ribs deep and well set back to hips.

SHOULDER AND ARM.—Slightly sloping, heavy and muscular.

FORE LEGS AND FEET.—Straight, strong, set wide apart; bones very large; elbows square; pasterns upright. Feet large and round; toes well arched up; nails black.

BACK, LOINS, AND FLANKS.—Wide and muscular; flat and very wide in a bitch, slightly arched in a dog.

HIND QUARTERS AND THIGHS.—Broad, wide, muscular; well-developed second thighs; stifles straight; hocks bent, wide apart, and squarely set when standing or walking; feet round and _without_ dew-claws.

TAIL.—Put on high up, reaching to hocks, or a little below; wide at root, tapering; hanging straight in repose, but forming a curve with end pointing upward, but not over the back, when the dog is excited.

COAT.—Short and close-lying, not too fine over shoulders, neck, and back.

COLOR.—Apricot or silver fawn, or dark fawn-brindle; muzzle, ears, and nose should be black, with black round the orbits and extending upward between them. Fawns and brindles without dark points, reds without black muzzle, and pies, award no points for color.

WEIGHT.—Dogs 27 inches should weigh 120 pounds.

THE MEXICAN HAIRLESS.

ME TOO.]

ORIGIN.—One of the oldest of known breeds, being found nearly all over the world, but best known as coming from Mexico, where its origin is unknown.

USES.—A pet dog.

DESCRIPTION.—A smart-looking sort of terrier of some kind, with perhaps a bit of greyhound blood in it. There is no scale of points, nor is there any club organized to foster the breed. It is entirely devoid of hair, except sometimes a tuft or crest on its head and a few straggling hairs on various parts of the body. It is a lively little fellow, mostly of a brown color, and, though devoid of hair, can stand the cold very well. It has a rounded body, a bit cobby in appearance, with somewhat of a terrier head. Weight is about 15 pounds.

THE NEWFOUNDLAND.

ORIGIN.—Indigenous to Newfoundland, from which it takes its name. This dog is probably a cross of some of the European dogs, some writers claiming that it shows the blood of both the St. Bernard and the water-spaniel.

USES.—A good companion, and a water-dog as well.

* No Scale of Points adopted.

HEAD.—Broad, massive, flat on skull; occipital bone well developed; no decided stop. Muzzle short, clean cut, and rather square in shape.

COAT.—Flat, dense, of coarsish texture, oily.

BODY.—Well ribbed up; broad back; neck strong, and muscular loins.

FORE LEGS.—Straight, muscular; elbows well let down, and feather all over.

HIND QUARTERS AND LEGS.—Hind quarters very strong; free action of legs, which should have little feather. Dew-claws should be removed.

CHEST.—Deep, fairly broad, well covered with hair, but no frill.

BONE.—Massive, but not giving a heavy appearance.

FEET.—Large; splayed or turned-out feet objectionable.

TAIL.—Moderate length (to hocks); well covered with long hair, but no flag; in repose it should hang downward with a curve at end. Tails with kinks in them or carried over the back are objectionable.

EARS.—Small, set well back, square with the skull, close to head, and covered with short hair; no fringe.

EYES.—Small, dark brown, deeply set, but showing no haw; wide apart.

COLOR.—Jet black; a tinge of bronze or splash of white on chest and toes _not_ objectionable.

HEIGHT AND WEIGHT.—Average height is 27 inches for dog, and 25 inches for bitch; weight, 100 and 85 pounds respectively.

DEFECTS.—Slack loins and cow-hocked.

THE POINTER.

KING OF KENT.]

ORIGIN.—The dog originally came from Spain, was imported into Great Britain, and undergoing many changes, no doubt by crossing with the foxhound, is to-day a vast improvement on the parent stock.

USES.—Hunting all kinds of game-birds.

SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Skull 10
Nose 10
Ears, eyes, and lips 4
Neck 6
Shoulders and chest 15
Hind quarters and stifles 15
Legs, elbows, and hocks 12
Feet 8
Tail 5
Coat 3
Color 5
Symmetry and quality 7
---
Total 100

Brains, nose, and speed make the pointer. The countenance should be lively and intelligent.

HEAD.—Large, flat; stop well defined, and with a depression running from stop to occiput. The head should not be heavy, as this indicates coarseness and an unreliable disposition. A full development of occipital bone is indispensable. Nose large, long, broad (black in all except lemons and whites, when it should be deep flesh color), deep enough to make it “square”-muzzled; nostrils large and open. Ears moderately long, filbert-shaped, and lying flat; set low; leather thin and flexible; coverings silky. Eyes medium size, not set wide apart, and of the various shades of brown, varying with color of coat. Lips full; not thick nor pendulous.

NECK.—Arched, round, firm, and not too short; _no tendency_ to throatiness; _no_ dewlap.

SHOULDERS.—Long, sloping, and powerful.

CHEST.—Deep, with narrow sternum, sloping backward to a well-tucked-up abdomen; ribs moderately sprung, _not flat_.

HIND QUARTERS.—Loins should be broad and slightly arched; hips thick, strong, and muscular; stifles are generally straight, but should be well bent.

LEGS.—Good legs are most essential; front legs should be straight and strong, hind legs well crooked, and both should be covered with strong, compact muscles, well developed; the elbow- and hock-joints should be hinged long and set straight with sides of body.

FEET.—With surface enough to sustain the weight, but not too large; round and cat-like; pads full and tough; nails short and thick, with plenty of hair between toes.

TAIL.—Set on well up, and should taper to a decided point; the straighter it is, the better. It should be carried low, and the action should be free.

COAT.—Fairly dense, and not too soft.

COLOR.—Liver and white, black and white, orange and white, whole black, or whole liver, this being the order of preference.

THE POMERANIAN.

ORIGIN.—Pomerania, on the Baltic Sea, is probably its home; it may, however, have come from the arctic regions, as it closely resembles the Samoyeds and Eskimo dogs.

USES.—A pet dog.

* SCALE OF POINTS.

Value.
Head 10
Muzzle 5
Ears and eyes 5
Shoulders 5
Chest 5
Loins 10
Legs 10
Feet 10
Coat 15
Color 15
Tail 5
Symmetry 5
---
Total 100

HEAD.—Resembles greatly that of collie, being even more tapering and fox-like; a slight furrow down middle of forehead, and more brow than in that dog; very prominent occiput; muzzle collie-like; nose black at tip, even in perfectly white specimens; also a slight tendency in upper teeth to be overshot.

EARS AND EYES.—Ears perfectly pricked, small, and neat in shape. Eyes large, dark brown, and set obliquely, close together.

SHOULDERS.—Oblique.

CHEST.—Generally round, with back ribs shallow.

LOINS.—Frequently defective from shallow back ribs.

LEGS.—Straight, muscular, with elbows well let down; good, strong stifles; clean hocks.

FEET.—Small, round, cat-like; thin, and unfit for road-work.

COAT.—Like very coarse fur, with under coat furry also; face is bare of hair.

COLOR.—Jet black without white; pure white is allowable, also red.

TAIL.—Carried over back on one side (left); heavily feathered.

SYMMETRY.—Of the spitz style.

WEIGHT.—Limit, 20 pounds; 7 pounds preferred.

THE POODLE (BLACK, CURLY-COATED).

CHAMPION MILO.]

ORIGIN.—There is little doubt but that the poodle of to-day finds its origin in the old “water-dog” of France, where it was not only used for retrieving wounded water-fowl, but for swimming-contests, when the hind parts were clipped or shaven in order to give freer action to the legs.

USES.—A very bright, intelligent companion, and a good retriever.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Head, muzzle, and eyes 20
Neck and chest 5
Back and loins 10
Legs and feet 15
Stern 5
Coat 20
Color 10
Symmetry 15
---
Total 100

GENERAL APPEARANCE.—Strong, active, intelligent, cobby in build, and perfectly coated with close curls or long “cords.”

HEAD.—Long; skull large, wide between the eyes, slight peak; parts over eyes well arched; the whole covered with curls or cords. Muzzle long (not snipy), slightly tapering, not too deep; stop well defined. Teeth level and strong; black roof of mouth preferable. Eyes medium size, dark, bright, and set at right angles with the line of face. Nose large, perfectly black; wide-open nostrils. Ears very long, close to cheek, low set, and well covered with ringlets or curls.

NECK.—Very strong, admitting head to be carried high.

CHEST.—Fairly deep, but not too wide, well covered with muscles.

LEGS.—Fore legs perfectly straight, and not so long as to be leggy; hind legs muscular, well bent, with hocks low down.

FEET.—Strong, slightly spread, standing well on toes; nails black; pads large and hard.

BACK.—Fair length; well-ribbed-up body; loins strong and muscular.

TAIL.—Carried at angle of 45 degrees, with long ringlets or cords. Preferable length, 3 to 5 inches.

COAT.—If corded, cords should be thick and strong, hanging in long, ropy cords. If curly, the curls close, thick, and of silky texture.

WEIGHT.—From 40 to 60 pounds.

Only three colors are admitted, black, white, and red, and they should be without mixture.

THE POODLE (BLACK, CORDED).

TELL.]

For origin, uses, scale of points, etc., see The Poodle (Black, Curly-coated).

THE POODLE (WHITE-AND-RED).

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Same as the black poodle, _except_:

EYES.—Yellow or light blue, free from black rims around eyelids.

NOSE.—Red or liver color.

NAILS.—Red or pink.

BACK.—Spots on back should be red or liver, and the entire body free from black ticks.

THE PUG (FAWN).

HAUGHTY MADGE.]

ORIGIN.—It is generally conceded that this breed is a cross between the fawn-colored, smooth English terrier and the jet-black Chinese terrier. Vero Shaw _et al._ concede this point.

USES.—Purely a pet dog, with a fair amount of intelligence.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Symmetry 10
Size 5
Condition 5
Body 10
Legs and feet 10
Head 5
Muzzle 5
Ears 5
Eyes 10
Mask 5
Wrinkles 5
Tail 5
Trace 5
Coat 5
Color 5
Carriage 5
---
Total 100

GENERAL APPEARANCE.—Square and cobby.

SIZE AND CONDITION.—The weight is from 12 to 15 pounds, and the dog should be shown with bones well covered and muscles well developed.

BODY.—Short and cobby; chest wide; ribs well sprung.

LEGS.—Strong, straight, of moderate length, and well under body.

FEET.—Between style of cat- and harefoot, well-split-up toes, and _black nails_.

MUZZLE.—Short, square, blunt, but not upturned.

HEAD.—Large, round, _not apple-headed_, with _no_ indentation of the skull. Eyes dark, very large, bold and prominent, soft and solicitous in expression, lustrous, and when excited full of fire. Ears thin, small, and soft. The button-ear is preferred to the rose-ear.

MARKINGS.—Clearly defined: the muzzle or mask, ears, moles on cheeks, thumb-marks or diamond on forehead, and back trace should be as black as possible.

MASK.—Black; the more defined, the better.

WRINKLES.—Deep and large.

TAIL.—Curled lightly as possible over hip. The double curl is perfection.

COAT.—Fine, smooth, soft, short, glossy, _neither hard nor woolly_.

COLOR.—Silver or apricot fawn. Each should be very decided, so as to make a contrast between color and trace.

DEFECTS.—Long-legged or short-legged.

THE PUG (BLACK).

ORIGIN.—Beyond question a dog of Chinese origin, as Lady Brassey brought several specimens from there to London, and other travelers have seen them there.

USES.—A pet dog only.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Same in all respects as for the fawn pug, excepting that the coat should be pure black and entirely free from white.

THE RETRIEVER (BLACK, CURLY-COATED).

ORIGIN.—The breed is about fifty years old, and probably is a cross of the old English or Irish water-spaniel with setter, collie, or Newfoundland.

USES.—Retrieving wounded game and birds.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Skull 10
Nose and jaws 10
Ears and eyes 5
Neck 5
Loins and back 10
Quarters and stifles 5
Shoulders 6
Chest 4
Legs, knees, and hocks 5
Feet 5
Tail 5
Texture of coat and bareness
of face 15
Color 5
Symmetry and temperament 10
---
Total 100

GENERAL APPEARANCE.—A strong, smart dog, moderately low on leg, active, lively, and intelligent.

HEAD.—Long and narrow for length. Ears rather small, set low, carried close to head, covered with short curls. Jaws long, strong, free from lippiness. Nose black, with wide-open nostrils. Eyes dark, rather large, showing good temper. Pug eye objectionable.

COAT.—A mass of short, crisp curls from occiput to point of tail; a saddleback or patch of uncurled hair behind shoulders.

COLOR.—Black or liver; a white patch on chest penalizing.

NECK.—Long, graceful, muscular, free from throatiness.

SHOULDERS.—_Very_ deep, muscular, obliquely placed; chest not too wide, but deep; body rather short, well ribbed, and muscular.

LEGS AND FEET.—Fore legs straight, bone plenty; not too long, well set under body. Feet round, compact; toes well arched.

LOINS.—Powerful and deep.

TAIL.—Carried pretty straight, and covered with short curls.

WEIGHT.—Dogs, 55 to 68 pounds; bitches, 5 pounds less.

THE RETRIEVER (BLACK, FLAT- OR WAVY-COATED).

ORIGIN AND USES same as the black, curly-coated variety.

SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Skull 10
Nose and jaws 10
Ears and eyes 5
Neck 5
Loins and back 10
Quarters and stifles 10
Shoulders 6
Chest 4
Legs, knees, and hocks 10
Feet 5
Tail 5
Coat 5
Color 5
Symmetry and temperament 10
---
Total 100

HEAD.—Bone at top wide and flat, with furrow down middle; brows not pronounced. Ears small, set low, carried close to head (not hound-like), covered with short hair. Eyes medium size, dark, mild, and intelligent. Nose wide; nostrils open. Jaws strong and long. Teeth level.

NECK.—Long enough to allow dog to stoop when trailing; loins and back wide, deep, and strong.

QUARTERS AND STIFLES.—Muscular quarters, with nicely turned stifles.

SHOULDERS AND CHEST.—Shoulders long, sloping; chest deep and broad; ribs well sprung.

LEGS AND FEET.—Legs strong, long, and muscular, clean, and free from lumber; knees broad; hocks well developed and clean. Feet rather large, compact, with well-arched toes; soles thick and strong.

TAIL.—Bushy (not feathery); carried gaily, but not over back.

COAT.—Not so short as the pointer’s, close, thick, and straight as possible.

COLOR.—Rich black, free from rustiness and white.

SYMMETRY.—Highly valued, likewise evidence of good temper.

WEIGHT.—Dogs, 50 to 70 pounds; bitches smaller.

THE ST. BERNARD (ROUGH-COATED).

ORIGIN.—This is a point of great uncertainty, as the monks of St. Bernard are utterly unable to throw any light on the subject. According to tradition, however, the race sprang from a cross of a bitch of Denmark of the bulldog species, and the mastiff (shepherd-dog) of the Pyrenees. The size comes from the Denmark dog, and the sense of smell from the mastiff. The St. Bernard was first imported into England in 1815.

USES.—An invaluable house-dog, guardian, and companion. Used on the Swiss mountains by the monks to find and succor lost travelers.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value.
Head, ears, and eyes 25
Expression and character 15
Neck, shoulders, and chest 10
Body 15
Stern 5
Legs and feet 10
Coat 10
Color and markings 10
---
Total 100

HEAD.—Large, massive, the circumference twice the length; short from stop to tip of nose; full below eye; square muzzle; great depth from eye to lower jaw. Lips deep, not too pendulous. Stop abrupt, well defined, and straight to end of nose. Skull broad, rounded at top, _not_ domed; prominent brow. Ears medium size, close to cheek, strong at base, heavily feathered. Eyes rather small, deep set, dark, not too close together; lower eyelid drooping, showing haw. Nose large, black; well-developed nostrils. Teeth level.

EXPRESSION.—Denoting benevolence, dignity, and intelligence.

NECK.—Lengthy, muscular, slightly arched; dewlap developed.

SHOULDERS AND CHEST.—Shoulders broad, sloping; chest wide and deep.

BODY.—Level back, slightly arched over loins; ribs well rounded; loins wide and muscular.

TAIL.—Set on rather high; long, bushy; carried low in repose, slightly above _line_ of back when in motion.

LEGS AND FEET.—Fore legs perfectly straight, strong. Hind legs heavy in bone, well bent at hocks; thighs muscular. Feet compact and large; well-arched toes.

SIZE.—Dogs, 30 inches at shoulder; bitches, 27 inches (the taller, the better, if proportioned well). General outline suggests great power and endurance.

COAT.—Dense, flat, rather full around neck; thighs not too heavily feathered.