Chapter XI: Appendix: 1

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF TWO OF THE LANGUAGES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF CAPE YORK.

A few words procured at Cape York and Port Lihou are given in the Voyage of the Fly, and most of those which I have been able to identify belong to the language spoken by the Kowrarega tribe, inhabiting the Prince of Wales Islands, and frequently visiting Cape York.

For the materials composing the present Kowrarega Vocabulary, I am almost entirely indebted to Mrs. Thomson. Unfortunately, however, her total want of education prevented her from acquiring any idea of the construction of the language; nor could she always be made to understand the meaning of a question--however simple in its form--framed to elicit information on this point. Even by carefully sifting at leisure hours the mass of crude materials obtained from her and written down at each interview, day by day, I did not make sufficient progress in the grammar of the language to enable me to pursue the subject further, until her value as an authority had so far declined that it was prudent to reject it altogether. Nearly all the words originally procured from Mrs. Thomson were subsequently verified either by herself or by our Kowrarega visitors.

The Gudang Vocabulary was formed at Cape York, and the chief contributor to it was the black named Paida, mentioned above, to whom I latterly was able to make myself tolerably well understood upon most subjects, through the medium of the Kowrarega language, which he knew thoroughly. As several dialects are spoken at this place,* I took care to reject all such words as were not given me expressly as Gudang.

(*Footnote. Two examples will suffice to show the differences in the five languages which I have heard spoken at Cape York.

Dog = ing-godinya (Gudang and Yagulle), ngyomo (Kachialaiga), Inyomo (Induyamo), umai (Kowrarega).

Smoke = ekura (Gudang and Induyamo), rong-gura (Yagulle and Kachialaiga), tuo (Kowrarega).)

The following rules have been adopted in the Vocabularies:

[The vowels are sounded as follows:

a as in hard. a as in hat. e as in there. e as in bet. e as in French meme. i as in eel. i as in bit. o as in hole. o as in not. u as in cool. u as in cut. ai as in eye. ei not represented in English.]

G is always hard, as in get; ch soft, as in church.

The letters in italics are sometimes omitted.

The numbers appended to some words point out similarities and derivations.

...

1. NATURAL OBJECTS.*

(*Footnote. To form the plural of a noun or adjective, the rule appears to be to add le as a postfix, sometimes previously supplying a terminal vowel if required: Example: geta = hand becomes getale in the plural: kuku = foot, kukule: kutai = yam, kutaile: ipi = wife, ipile: kerne = lad undergoing a certain ceremony, kernele: makaow = mat, makaowle: bom = fruit of pandanus, bomale. There are exceptions however; mari = shell ornament, makes marurre in the plural: gul = canoe, gulai: tawpei = short, tawpeingh: all nouns ending in ra have the plural in re, as kowra = ear, kowrare and all ending in kai gain jille in the plural, as ipikai = woman, ipikaijille.

Regarding the allusion to a terminal vowel, it may be mentioned here that as most Kowrarega words end in a vowel, its absence when a vowel commences the following word is commonly owing to elision. Example: udzu umai = my dog becomes udz'umai. When the last consonant in a word is the same as the first in the following word, one of the letters is omitted. Example: apa pirung = soft ground becomes ap'irung. There are numerous other contractions, as ai for aidu = food: aiye for aiyewel = come here: mue utsem = the fire has gone out, for mue utsimem etc.)

COLUMN 1: ITEM NUMBER. COLUMN 2: ENGLISH. COLUMN 3: KOWRAREGA. COLUMN 4: GUDANG.

1 : Sky : je : -. 2 : Sun : gariga : inga. 3 : Cloud : dapar : otera. 4 : Cloud, heavy, cumulus : markei : -. 5 : Cloud, driving, scud : ras : -. 6 : Moon : kissuri : aikana. 7 : Moon, new : kainidung (634) : kichia. 8 : Moon, full : mullpal : ichara. 9 : Moonlight : kapi kissurri (612.6) : -. 10 : Star : titure : onbi, unbi. 11 : Star, falling : titure udzarizhe (10.745) : -. 12 : Star, morning : gariga titure (2.10) : -. 13 : Jupiter ? : dogei : -. 14 : Pleiades : kusali* : -.

(*Footnote. The frequency of words having different meanings may perhaps lead some to suppose that they may have originated in error on my part. Some have a figurative connexion as upu = a series of waterholes, also a blister; kusali = the constellation of the Pleiades, also a plant with bunches of seeds which become white and glittering by exposure to the sun: others have no obvious community of meaning, as ari = rain, also a louse; gi = laughter, also ripe, &tc.)

15 : Darkness, night : inur : yulpalga. 16 : Shadow, shade : yirada : moda. 17 : Wind : guba : alba. 18 : Rain : ari : apura. 19 : Rainbow : oripara : ung-gebanya. 20 : Dew : urma : -. 21 : Fog : wunu : -. 22 : Thunder : duyuma : wagel (526). 23 : Lightning : baguma : omba. 24 : Heat, steam : kaman : -. 25 : Sea : wur : -. 26 : Salt water : adabu : ung-onya. 27 : Saltwater creek : kassur : -. 28 : Saltwater swamp : gowada : gawata. 29 : Deep water : mal : -. 30 : Shoal water : gata : -. 31 : Wave : baow : -. 32 : Foam : tsika : -. 33 : High-water : wur pusakuradun (746) : -. 34 : Low-water : wur nuremizinghi : -. 35 : Tide, flood : wur kamizinghi : -. 36 : Tide, ebb : wur nurezinghi : -. 37 : Salt : - : ? bawa. 38 : Fresh water : nuki : epi. 39 : Spring : dana nuki (443) : -. 40 : Well, hole dug in ground : marama : akanya. 41 : Stream of fresh water : bubbu : epitaba (38). 42 : Stream, bed of : kassa : artaba. 43 : Chain of ponds : upu (529) : -. 44 : Land : laga (370) : -. 45 : Sand, sandy beach : butu : aigi. 46 : Island : kowra (455) : unbonya. 47 : Reef : madji : -. 48 : Flat, plain : bowa : -. 49 : Hill, wooded : pada : pada. 50 : Hill, stony : baradi (56) : -. 51 : Ground, soil : apa : ampa. 52 : Mud : barrudder : -. 53 : Mangrove swamp : tugga : -. 54 : Stone, rock : kula, kola : olpa. 55 : Cave, hole in rock : sakai : -. 56 : Any remarkable rock : adi : -. 57 : Cliff : thi : -. 58 : Sandstone : iba-eba : -. 59 : Quartz : us : elpowa. 60 : Pumice : maat : meta. 61 : Ochre, red : parma : anto. 62 : Ochre, yellow : daoma : -. 63 : Fire, wood : mue : yoko. 64 : Flame : buyeli : -. 65 : Smoke : tuo : ekora, ekura. 66 : Ashes : kunur : buro-buro. 67 : Charcoal : burker : onta. 68 : Path : yabu : alka. 69 : Summer, dry season : aibow : -. 70 : Winter, rainy season : kuki* : adara.

(*Footnote. Also applied to north-west wind then prevailing.)

71 : Spring and Autumn : malgui : -. 72 : Turtling season : sulangi : -.

a. MAMMALIA.

73 : Tail of quadruped : koba : opo. 74 : Bat, large : sapur : -. 75 : Bat, young of : kugi : -. 76 : Bat, harpy : - : tumidumi. 77 : Bat, small : ararapa : mali. 78 : Native cat : - : kute. 79 : Dog : umai : ing-godinya. 80 : Bandicoot : - : walkundunya. 81 : Kangaroo : usur* : epama.

(*Footnote. The sounds of s and z are wanting in Gudang, and when occurring in a foreign language are represented by ch or ty. Example: The Kowrarega words usur = kangaroo, makutz = mouse, surka = megapodius, susu = breasts, if pronounced by a Gudang black are rendered by uchur, makutcha, tyurka, tyu-tyu.)

82 : Opossum : barit : -. 83 : Mouse : makutz : makutcha. 84 : Whale : bidu : -. 85 : Dugong : dung-ula : wattei. 86 : Dugong, tail of : sun-na (149) : -.

b. BIRDS.

87 : Bird, insect, shell, etc. : ure : wuroi. 88 : Wing : buta : ngaga. 89 : Tail : kupa-luba (478) : kopagoba. 90 : Quill : kai-kai : aikunya, eikunya. 91 : Down : palissa : -. 92 : Nest : padama : untinya (242). 93 : Egg (or of reptile) : kakuru (499) : achina (499). 94 : Eagle : agaleg : -. 95 : Eagle, quill of : baba* (418) : -.

(*Footnote. Literally the father (of feathers); it is much prized as an ornament both for the persan and to deck graves with.)

96 : Hawk : - : kartam. 97 : Owl : - : tuitru. 98 : Goatsucker : biya : ngoko. 99 : Laughing jackass : kowru : unbunya. 100 : Kingfisher, long-tailed : - : quatawur. 101 : Kingfisher, yellow-billed : - : poditti. 102 : Swamp pheasant : - : pura-pura. 103 : Swift : - : ebundyara. 104 : Parson-bird, thrush : - : weya. 105 : Bower-bird : - : yewinya. 106 : Dragoon-bird : - : eipura. 107 : Fork-tailed flycatcher : - : trokaru. 108 : Small thrush : - : chechurri. 109 : Rifle-bird : - : yagunya. 110 : Starling : - : muter. 111 : Wood swallow : - : kartaquiko. 112 : Small flycatcher : - : kopota. 113 : Sun-bird : - : teredirri. 114 : Many small birds : - : inchanya. 115 : Leather-head : quako : kakua. 116 : Black macaw : - : peuntu. 117 : Cockatoo : weama : aira. 118 : Cockatoo, crest of : yelai (493) : -. 119 : Parrot, blue mountain : kerissa : inbere. 120 : Parrot, rosella : - : wong-inya. 121 : Pigeon, white : gainowa : gainowa. 122 : Pigeon, green : waranis : belbucku. 123 : Dove, ground : ku-u-rug : kudrogo. 124 : Dove, green : - : waraba (257). 125 : Cassowary of New Guinea : sam (597) : -. 126 : Emu : - : nichulka. 127 : Brush turkey : raon : araunya. 128 : Megapodius : surka : utema. 129 : Megapodius, mound of : surka pada (49) : -. 130 : Quail : - : gururu. 131 : Native companion : aporega : aporega. 132 : Heron, night : - : wang-go. 133 : Heron, blue : karbai : -. 134 : Heron, white : krem : -. 135 : Godwit : - : ku-urri. 136 : Sandpiper : - : tyuri. 137 : Frigate-bird : - : owmer. 138 : Gull : keki : keake. 139 : Tern : - : chara. 140 : Teal : - : ropagama. 141 : White duck : diggi-diggi : -.

c. REPTILES.

142 : Turtle (general) : waru : waru. 143 : Turtle, soft eggs : oebada : -. 144 : Turtle, hawksbill : unao : -. 145 : Turtle, green : sulur : -. 146 : Turtle, logger-head : urza : -. 147 : Turtle, small kind : kidu : waru. 148 : Turtle, fore fin : puye : -. 149 : Turtle, hind fin : suna suro (86). 150 : Turtle, : belly atta : -. 151 : Turtle, back : agu : -. 152 : Tortoiseshell : todi : wanawa. 153 : Frog : kang-gu : kartakutta. 154 : Crocodile : ibara : -. 155 : Lizard, large : gang-ura : murunya. 156 : Lizard, middle-sized : - : rauntinya. 157 : Lizard, small : indyura : dudyuroko. 158 : Snake, brown : karomat : kanurra. 159 : Snake, black : piroan : -. 160 : Snake, green : - : wachi.

d. FISHES.

161 : Fish : wawpi : wawpi. 162 : Fin : - : merta. 163 : Tail : mabi : chana. 164 : Breast : pel : -. 165 : Gills : - : ananaji. 166 : Shark : beidum : wandi. 167 : Sting-ray : aona : waki. 168 : Pelates : dzaram : -. 169 : Diacope 8 lineata : tanigi : -. 170 : Scatophagus multifasciatus : karmoi : tora. 171 : Lethrinus : djaga, dyaga : -. 172 : Parrot-fish : bila : uburu. 173 : Mullet : piwer : -. 174 : Whiting (Silago) : kopuru (475 ?) : -. 175 : Flathead : - : tobu. 176 : Freshwater herring : wila : anburo. 177 : Toad-fish : badar (530): -. 178 : Sucking-fish : gapu : -.

e. INSECTS, ETC.

179 : Crab, blue : kowturri : paka. 180 : Crab, small : gurba : -. 181 : Crab, large : getalli : getalla. 182 : Crayfish : kayer : lang-gunya. 183 : Beetle, small : - : orona. 184 : Beetle, water : - : neke. 185 : Humble bee : - : boro. 186 : Honey* : utu : untere.

(*Footnote. This and the next are made by a small stingless bee which builds its nest in hollow trees.)

187 : Wax : yerka : alpanya. 188 : Small wasp : garur : elpiri. 189 : Ant-hill and ant : mugu : mong-go. 190 : Ant, bronzed : dupu (532) : -. 191 : Ant, small black : tumi : -. 192 : Ant, green : musu : eipunya. 193 : Ant, large red : kaguda. 194 : Ant, small, white, wood : - : benje. 195 : Cicada : edyena : intere. 196 : Fly : buli : wampa. 197 : Fly, horse (Haematopoda) : burugo : burogo. 198 : Mosquito : iwi : uma, oma. 199 : Butterfly : - : tewinya, tawinya. 200 : Grub in dead wood : oka : etimunya. 201 : Grub in living wood : tolo. 202 : Louse : ari (18) : ako. 203 : Scorpion : idi-idi, diwi : -. 204 : Spider : enti : tamburra. 205 : Worm : kurtur : -.

f. SHELLS, ETC.

206 : Cuttlefish : sug-gu : -. 207 : Barnacle on turtle : yetu : yetu. 208 : Clamshell (Tridacna) : miya : miya. 209 : Cyrena : akula : onti. 210 : Oyster : ita : umpeda. 211 : Sanguinolaria : tiki : teki. 212 : Fusus proboscidiferus : boa : mabur. 213 : Melon-shell : alopa : ang-kowa. 214 : Murex : - : weloro. 215 : Egg-cowrie : buboam : -. 216 : Olive : - : waraji. 217 : Ear-shell : - : tepur. 218 : Periwinkle, small : budi : budi. 219 : Periwinkle, large : - : yarawura. 220 : Natica : - : modul. 221 : Auricula judae : - : ngaanbamedi. 222 : Snail, large : - : tetuka. 223 : Snail, small : - : keno. 224 : Coral : yammar (branched) : wardyo-orge (massive).

g. VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS.

225 : Tree (general term) : prue : pure. 226 : Log : watur : -. 227 : Driftwood : bete : -. 228 : Touchwood* and its charcoal : kubi : -.

(*Footnote. The charcoal used for painting the body is made from this.)

229 : Small stick : saragi : cheragi. 230 : Bark : purur : rang-a. 231 : Branch : mang : -. 232 : Leaf : nissa : etrara. 233 : Flower : kowsur : erora. 234 : Seed : kawp : -. 235 : Root : quiku (433) : -. 236 : Root, of grass : - : nontya. 237 : Root, of a tree : - : yalida (493 ?). 238 : Seaweed : - : tawar. 239 : Seaweed (food of dugong) : - : purada. 240 : Mushroom : - : achari. 241 : Fern : - : ganda. 242 : Grass : burda : untinya (92). 243 : Grass, coarse : - : bagudda. 244 : Sugarcane : garu : -. 245 : Bamboo : marapi ? : marapi. 246 : Calladium esculentum : bua : -. 247 : Pandanus spiralis : gara : burwa. 248 : Pandanus, cluster of fruit : bom : -. 249 : Pandanus, fruit, singly : abul, abal : -. 250 : Pandanus, kernel : abul dan' (443) : -. 251 : Pandanus pedunculata : kowsar : quatyerra. 252 : Seaforthia palm, large : lulko : akarinya. 253 : Seaforthia palm, small : utu : -. 254 : Caryota palm : - : damaraba. 255 : Rattan : kuchi : -. 256 : Cabbage palm (Corypha) : muru, moro : watu (251 ?). 257 : Coconut : uraba : waraba. 258 : Sago palm of New Guinea : bisi : -. 259 : White lily (Crinum) : ? gurabi : korobo. 260 : Banana : - : katamurra. 261 : Hellenia coerulea* : - : kera-kera.

(*Footnote. The root of this is eaten raw.)

262 : Flag (Philydrum) : tagur : dyaimura. 263 : Rush : - : akomba. 264 : Rush, ? (with edible roots) : - : rewino. 265 : Sedge : - : opolga. 266 : Sedge : - : gwanda. 267 : Yam, wild (Dioscorea) : derabu : worng-ura. 268 : Yam, fibrous, (Dioscorea) : kutai : perut. 269 : Yam, (do.) : dawb : -. 270 : Yam, (do.) : sowar : -. 271 : Yam, purple (Convolvulus ?) : bizar : -. 272 : Yam, : sagu : -. 273 : Yam, (Convolvulus ?) : tapan : -. 274 : Sweet-potato : rugabu : -. 275 : Cane (Flagellaria) : buji : budya, bodya. 276 : Dracontium : - : epuanoma. 277 : Fig : - : atara. 278 : Fig, (with large edible fruit) : uguru. 279 : Fig : - : awida. 280 : She-oak (Casuarina) : gaibur : burbura. 281 : Cotton-tree (Cochlospermum) : - : paotu. 282 : Cotton-tree (Bombax) : wapada, goguta : wapada. 283 : Cotton-tree, cotton of : - : maye. 284 : Waterlily (Nymphaea) : ? rumbadi : rumbadi, rombadi. 285 : Wormia alata : - : maartitta. 286 : Cashew nut : dua : leara, liara. 287 : Grevillea : - : yuwurra. 288 : Parinarium : wibu : elari. 289 : Acacia : - : garragurra. 290 : Large bean* : kalapi, kulapi : umpira, umbera.

(*Footnote. Eaten with Biyu--the produce of a vine-like climber with legumes a foot in length.)

291 : Coral-tree (Erythrina) : - : pinura, penura. 292 : Abrus precatorius : timikapul : -. 293 : Blue pea-flower : - : waalkuda. 294 : Mimusops kaukii : ubur : wobar. 295 : Convolvulus (with edible roots) : chawur : atiar. 296 : Vitex macrophylla : - : oroida. 297 : Avicennia tomentosa ? : - : dyang-a. 298 : Scaevola koenigii : dela : dyara. 299 : Mangrove : taga : teang-gunya. 300 : Mangrove : - : korad-da. 301 : Mangrove : kuiyur : inchencheiya. 302 : Mangrove : biyu : biyu. 303 : Tea-tree (Melaleuca) : - : agura. 304 : Tea-tree (Melaleuca) : ubu, wobu : unera. 305 : Tea-tree (Melaleuca) : - : elembi. 306 : Tea-tree (Melaleuca) : - : adoya, aduya. 307 : Gumtree (Eucalyptus) : - : keru. 308 : Apple, red (Eugenia) : kuai : apiga, apega. 309 : Apple, white (Eugenia) : kupa : bang-gadi. 310 : Cherry (Eugenia) : - : arondyi. 311 : Sciadophyllum : - : lang-gula. 312 : Cedar (Cedrela) : - : kerum. 313 : Vine (Cissus) : - : mangko. 314 : Creeper* : wali : -.

(*Footnote. Used in making one kind of fishing line.)

315 : Heritiera* : meker : -.

(*Footnote. The leaf of this rolled up into a cylinder is used to distend the hole in the lobe of the ear.)

316 : Tree : passei* : -.

(*Footnote. Large tree with very light wood used for making outrigger floats and paddles.)

317 : Tree : - : ung-kunya. 318 : Tree : sira-sira* : -.

(*Footnote. The bark of this is made into large fishing lines.)

319 : Tree : koper : baguntinya. 320 : Resin : yirka* : -.

(*Footnote. Used in fixing the heads and joints of spears and throwing-sticks.)

321 : Bark of which daje is made : mae : -. 322 : Xerotes banksii : walchi : noyo, noyu. 323 : Tobacco : suguba : choka. 324 : Wood, hard, used for spears : - : era. 325 : Wood, soft, used for spears : - : mang-ga.

2. ARTICLES OF FOREIGN ORIGIN.

326 : Iron : turika : gere. 327 : Glass, bottle : talpura : talpura. 328 : Gun : tarika : tida. 329 : Axe : aga : aga. 330 : Clothes : dumawk : dumawk. 331 : Hat : - : walapa. 332 : Knife : gi, gi-turik : -.

3. UTENSILS, ORNAMENTS, WEAPONS, etc.

333 : Canoe : gul : ang-ganya. 334 : Bow : bua, buai : oimpa. 335 : Stern : menir : kona. 336 : Stern, ornaments of* : - : koikochupa.

(*Footnote. One central and two lateral poles ornamented with streamers and feathers.)

337 : Raised gunwale : bada (530) : bada. 338 : Platform : tamu : tamo. 339 : Netting : sari : chari. 340 : Outrigger poles : togo : togo. 341 : Outrigger float : sarima : charima. 342 : Outrigger float, pegs of : sarim' pati : -. 343 : Paddle : karaba : karaba. 344 : Mast : raba : mulgoburra. 345 : Poles of sails, etc. : suru : malela. 346 : Backstays : buzu : -. 347 : Backstays, grommets on : queada : -. 348 : Sail, mat of any kind : rab'waku (344) waku : abara. 349 : Rope, cable : uro : chichaluro. 350 : Stone for anchor : yadi : -. 351 : Women's covering : awash : -. 352 : Petticoat : daje : -. 353 : Petticoat, band of : wakaow : -. 354 : Petticoat, small : mue-daje : -. 355 : Petticoat, long : urge-daje, tabom : -. 356 : Nose-stick : guba : taiko. 357 : Round shell ornament* : mari : meri.

(*Footnote. Of the mother-of-pearl shell--worn by a string round the neck.)

358 : Small* : dibi-dibi : -.

(*Footnote. The top of a cone ground flat.)

359 : Necklace of cordage : soger : -. 360 : Necklace of reeds : - : anchi. 361 : Fillet (general term) : quik'uro (438, 349) : -. 362 : Fillet of mother-of-pearl : - : karakopo. 363 : Armlet, bracelet (general) : musuri : petu. 364 : Armlet, narrow : - : ungkinya. 365 : Armlet, broad : - : maiagu. 366 : Leg ornaments* : maka : puara.

(*Footnote. Circular, narrow and twisted--worn round the leg above the calf, from 5 to 30 together.

367 : Anklet : dana-kuk'uro (443, 438, 349) : -. 368 : Any painting on the body : menara : -. 369 : Camp, camping-place : mudu : -. 370 : Hut : laga (44) : eikuwa. 371 : Windbreak of bushes, etc. : maak : baalkulka. 372 : Basket : li, le : akomi. 373 : Basket, water : lulko (252) : rolko. 374 : Sticks for producing fire : salgai : -. 375 : Oven : ammai : yarte. 376 : Needle (of bone) : saka : -. 377 : Thread : ketal : -. 378 : Tobacco-pipe : suguba-marapi (323, 245) : marapi (245). 379 : Fishing line : ariga : -. 380 : Fish-hook : tudi, todi (152) : neang-gunya. 381 : Stick for digging : pottur : -. 382 : Spear (general) : kalaka : alka (68). 383 : Spear, plain (for fishing) : rada : ainti. 384 : Spear, large, barbed : tuna : tona. 385 : Spear, 3 or 4-headed : taku : tako. 386 : Throwing-stick : kobai : ekara. 387 : Shell handle : - : atara. 388 : Peg at top : kobai piti (386, 446) : ekar' eye (386, 446). 389 : Dugong peg : kuyur : -. 390 : Dugong shaft : wapu : -. 391 : Dugong line : amu : -. 392 : Bow : gugure : -. 393 : Arrow : terig : -. 394 : Gauntlet : kadik : kadik. 395 : Bamboo knife, large : upi : -. 396 : Bamboo knife, small : hupi : -. 397 : Cane loop : sringi : -. 398 : Stone-headed club : bagabogub : -. 399 : Drum : warup : warupa. 400 : Grave : kaga : -. 401 : Cairn of stones : agu : -.

4. MAN, RELATIONSHIP, ETC.

402 : Man, white, ghost : markai : umboypu. 403 : Man, black : garkai* : amma.

(*Footnote. From this is derived garkaije = a tribe, or collection of men, women, and children.)

404 : Man, a : turkekai : unbamo. 405 : Man, old : ke'turkekai (625, 405) : -. 406 : Man, young (until married) : kaowquiku (438) : -. 407 : Boy, male child : turkekai kaje (405, 412) : -. 408 : Woman : ipikai (431) : undamo. : - 409 : Woman, old : ke'ipikai (625, 408) : -. 410 : Woman, young (until married) : nerawkai : -. 411 : Girl, female child : ipikai kaje (408, 412) : -. 412 : Child : kaje : ang-gora, ung-kura. 413 : Infant : muggi' kaje (647, 412) : -. 414 : Son : netur kaje (412) : -. 415 : Grandchild : nep : -. 416 : Grandfather : bobata : bobata. 417 : Grandmother : kaieda : kaieda. 418 : Father (or his brother) : baba (addressing him) : epada. 419 : Father : tati* (speaking of him) : -.

(*Footnote. A father and his brothers are equally represented by this word: distinctive appellations according to age are indicated by prefixing the adjectives ke' = great and muggi' = small to tati.)

420 : Father's sister : rebata : -. 421 : Mother (or her sister) : amma (addressing her) : atinya. 422 : Mother (or her sister) : apu (speaking of her) : -. 423 : Mother brother : adoama : -. 424 : Brother, sister : barabata (if of one sex) : aigodinya elpowa, intyara. 425 : Brother, sister, addressing them : tukeap (if of different sexes) : -. 426 : Brother, sister, eldest : kukule. 427 : Brother, sister, second : quiquig. 428 : Brother, sister, third : dadaig. 429 : Brother, sister, fourth, or youngest : kutaig* : -.

(*Footnote. There may be several of this name at one time, distinguished by ke' and muggi.)

430 : Husband : allai : anba. 431 : Wife : ipi : onda. 432 : Father- or mother-in-law : ira : -. 433 : Namesake : nattam : -. 434 : Sweetheart : rugeiga : -. 435 : Friend, associate : keimagi : -. 436 : Term expressing affection : kawki (if male to female) : -. 437 : Term expressing affection : kami (if female to male) : -.

5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY, etc.

438 : Head : quiku : pada. 439 : Head, fore : paru : epunya. 440 : Head, top of : ? quai : -. 441 : Head, back of : quateya : -. 442 : Temples : daka : aintra. 443 : Eye : dana : dana. 444 : Eyelashes : samudana : chamudana. 445 : Eyebrow : beibassam : emeri. 446 : Nose, bill of bird : piti : eye. 447 : Nostrils : ngursaka, karabu (55) : eye'pandya (446, 817). 448 : Hole in septum : piti-tarte (446, 817) : -. 449 : Mouth : guda : angka. 450 : Lips : ira-guda : angka. 451 : Tongue : nai, nei : untara. 452 : Teeth : danga : ampo, ampu. 453 : Cheek : baga : baga. 454 : Chin, lower jaws : ibu : ebu. 455 : Ear : kowra (46) : ewunya, ewonya. 456 : Ear, holes in margin* : kowra tarte (46, 817) : ewunya' pandya (455, 817).

(*Footnote. Minute holes all round the margin of the ear, into which short pieces of stick, grass, etc. are stuck.)

457 : Ear, pendulous portion : muti : -. 458 : Throat : karta : nanu. 459 : Neck : mudul : yuro. 460 : Shoulder : dzogo : wondo, wontu. 461 : Armpit : narang-i : amunya, amonya. 462 : Upper arm : ? udu : enta, enda. 463 : Elbow : kudulo : yurtu. 464 : Forearm, wrist : udu : terapi. 465 : Hand, finger : geta : arta. 466 : Hand, back : kal : art'onto (465, 476). 467 : Hand, palm : wier : art'apa (465, 477). 468 : Thumb : kaba-geta : -. 469 : Nails (of fingers or toes) and claws of bird : tara : tetur. 470 : Chest : - : rondura. 471 : Breasts : susu : yong-o. 472 : Nipple : susu nur (471) : yong' ampo (471, 452). 473 : Milk : ikai : -. 474 : Belly : maita : -. 475 : Navel : kupar : kopurra. 476 : Back, upper part : kibu : onto. 477 : Back, lower part : kibu : apa. 478 : Hip : kupa : openya. 479 : Thigh : kapi : etena. 480 : Popliteal space : - : ilkanya. 481 : Knee : kulu, kolu : eng-go. 482 : Leg, ankle : tirra, ngar : utronya. 483 : Leg, calf : bru-madu (508) : -. 484 : Shinbone : bru-rida (507) : -. 485 : Foot, toes : kuku : oquarra. 486 : Foot, upper part : - : oquar' onto (485, 476). 487 : Foot, sole : saan : oquar' apa (485, 477). 488 : Heel : pokoko : omo. 489 : Toes : - : dyuro. 490 : Great toe : kei' kuku (625, 485) : -. 491 : Beard : yeta : yeta. 492 : Moustache : guda mageda (449) : yeta. 493 : Hair of head : yal : odye. 494 : Hair of body : - : ang-a. 495 : Hair of groin : mageda : nadula. 496 : Anus : - : opinya. 497 : Penis : ini : achanya. 498 : Scrotum : - : untonya, ngtonya. 499 : Testicles : kakuru : achina. 500 : Pudendum : mada : mon-na. 501 : Skin : purra : equora. 502 : Cicatrices : us : guri. 503 : Cicatrices on shoulder : - : kaimai. 504 : Cicatrices, horned, on breast : sadeo : chedow. 505 : Cicatrices, straight, on breast : - : rondro guri (470, 502). 506 : Cicatrices on belly : - : kopur guri (475, 502). 507 : Bone : rida : atira. 508 : Flesh : madu : egondi. 509 : Fat : idi-idi : bujer. 510 : Vein : kerer : kerur. 511 : Blood : kulka : etyunya. 512 : Heart : nganakapo : epa. 513 : Liver : sibu : -. 514 : Stomach : wera : -. 515 : Intestines : akur : elpe. 516 : Brain : - : urua. 517 : Skull : - : pad' atira (438, 507). 518 : Spine : garu rida (244, 507) : -. 519 : Collarbone : kalum rida (507) : kanulu. 520 : Lungs : saaka (55) : chaka. 521 : Saliva : mawcha : agai. 522 : Tears : nudi : -. 523 : Perspiration : murrag : -. 524 : Dung : - : on-na. 525 : Urine : - : ombo. 526 : Abscess, boil : gaima : oro. 527 : Pus : bagur : -. 528 : Snot, white of an egg : nurse : -. 529 : Blister : upu (43) : kodje. 530 : Sore : bada (337) : unti, anti. 531 : Bunions in old people : kowruta : -. 532 : Ague : dupu (190) : -. 533 : Toothache : dangakikire (452, 635) : -.

6. PRONOUNS.

534 : I, me : ngatu* ngai : eipana, yoba.

(*Footnote. These two sets of personal pronouns are not used indiscriminately, but the examples of their use which I collected are too few to generalize upon. However, ngatu and the three next under it, appear to be used only with a certain class of verbs of which an example is afforded by the sentence ngatu nudu matumina = I struck him; and the use of the second set of these pronouns is illustrated by ngai nue (not ngatu nudu) mulem', etc. = I told him, etc.)

535 : Thou, thee : ngidu ngi : untoba, doba. 536 : He, him : nudu nue : -. 537 : She, her : nadu na : -. 538 : We two, us two : albei : -. 539 : We, us : arri : aku. 540 : You two : ngipel (593) : -. 541 : You : ngi-tana : -. 542 : They two : pale : -. 543 : They : tana : inyaba. 544 : Me, my : ana* : -.

(*Footnote. I do not understand the EXACT meaning of this and the two next, so give an example of each; ana gamu lupeipa = my body is shaking (or I have the ague): aikeka mule = tell me: nu'abepa chena wir = give that to him.)

545 : For myself : ngai-aikeka : -. 546 : For himself : nu'abepa : -. 547 : For ourselves : albi nipa, arri nipa : -. 548 : For themselves : pale nipa, tane nipa : -. 549 : Who? : ngadu, nga : -. 550 : Whose? : nganu : -. 551 : What? : eimi : -. 552 : What? which? : mida : -. 553 : This : ina : -. 554 : This, these : nabing : -. 555 : That, those : chena : noba. 556 : Let us two, shall we two? : aba* : -.

(*Footnote. Example: aba nudu gasumeipa = let us two seize him.)

557 : Let us, shall we? : alpa* : -.

(*Footnote. Example: alpa pongeipa? = shall we sail?)

558 : Mine : ngow (if a male) udzu (if a female) : -. 559 : Thine : yinu : -. 560 : His : nunue : -. 561 : Her : nanue : -. 562 : Our (dual) : abane (566)* : -.

(*Footnote. Includes the person addressed: the mother speaking to the father of their child would say abane kaje = our child.)

563 : Our (dual) : albeine (538)* : -.

(*Footnote. Excludes the person addressed: in answer to kaje chena ngipeine? = is that your child? the father or mother, BOTH BEING PRESENT, and one pointing to the other, would say to a third person, albeine kaje = the child is ours. These forms are Polynesian also as I have since found recorded.)

564 : Our (plural) : arrien : -. 565 : Your (dual) : ngipeine (540) : -. 566 : Your (plural) : ngitanaman (541) (568) : -. 567 : Their (dual) : palaman (542) : -. 568 : Their (plural) : tanaman (543) : -.

7. NUMERALS.

569 : One : warapune (580) : epiamana. 570 : Two : quassur : elabaiu. 571 : Three : uquassur-warapune : dama*.

(*Footnote. After careful investigation I am inclined to think that the Gudang blacks have no words to express definite numbers beyond three. Dama is generally used for higher numbers, and occasionally unora.)

572 : Four : uquassur-uquassur : -. 573 : Five : uquassur-uquassur-warapune : -. 574 : Six : uquassur-warapune-uquassur-warapune : -. 575 : Seven : uquassur-warapune-uquassur-warapune-warapune : -. 576 : Eight : uquassur or ipel uquassur repeated 4 times : -.

8. ADJECTIVES.*

(*Footnote. The formation of many adjectives can be clearly traced: in fact, one of the most obvious features of the language--imperfectly as it is understood--is the facility with which many nouns may be converted into either adjectives or verbs. Thus, mapei = a bite, becomes mapeile = capable of biting, and is the root of the verb mapeipa = to bite. The positive adjunct leg, and its negative aige (802, 803), are also used to convert nouns into adjectives: the former follows the same rules as those before given for forming the plural: gizu = sharpness, becomes either gizule = sharp, or gizuge = blunt, literally: sharpness-possessing, or, possessing not : from nuki = water, we get the form nukile maram = the well contains water, or, nukegi maram = the well is dry: danagi = blind, literally means, eye-possessing not : as a further example, I may give, ipikai ajirge wap' ina badale mapeip = the shameless woman eats this sore-producing fish.)

577 : Afraid : akan : -. 578 : Alive : danaleg (443, 804) : anading. 579 : All, the whole : muro : -. 580 : Another : wara (569) : inyana. 581 : Ashamed : ajiran (823) : -. 582 : Bad, ugly : wate : -. 583 : Bad-smelling : wate ganule(826) : -. 584 : Bad-tasted : wate mitale (827) : -. 585 : Bald : guele : -. 586 : Bent : balbai : -. 587 : Bitter : tera : -. 588 : Black : kubi-kubi thung (228, 629) : -. 589 : Blind : danagi (443, 804) beagi (when addressing one blind) : -. 590 : Bloody : kulkale (511) : -. 591 : Blunt : dugung, gizuge (824) : -. 592 : Boiling : zurana : -. 593 : Both : ipal, ipel : -. 594 : Blue : mal-tha gamule (29) : -. 595 : Cold : sumai : -. 596 : Cooked : giung (641, 629) : -. 597 : Cylindrical : sam (125) : -. 598 : Dead : uma : etora, etolma. 599 : Deaf : wate kowrare (582, 455) : -. 600 : Dirty : tumitalle (812) : -. 601 : Drowned : sarupa : -. 602 : Dry, dried up : watang : -. 603 : Dumb : keigalein : -. 604 : Faced, pretty : kape parure (612, 439) : -. 605 : Faced, ugly : wate parure (582, 439) : -. 606 : Female : madale (500) : -. 607 : First : kul : -. 608 : Flat : attang : -. 609 : Flooded : budaman : ankgera. 610 : Forbidden, as food : adzar : -. 611 : Forious, vindictive : kerketale (806) : -. 612 : Good, pretty : kape : -. 613 : Good, perfect : min-na : -. 614 : Gorged : kekedi : murko. 615 : Greedy : ubile (816) : -. 616 : Green* : nis-thung (232, 629) : -.

(*Footnote. There are two forms of each adjective denoting colour, except grey and white. Thus, black is rendered either kubi-kubi thung, or, kubi-kubi tha gamule, both meaning like, or, the colour of the charcoal procured from kubi-kubi = touchwood. Blue, green, and red, are denoted by compounds signifying resemblance to deep water, a leaf, and blood, respectively.)

617 : Grey, any light tint : miakula : -. 618 : Half, part of : tapi : -. 619 : Heavy : mapule (828) : -. 620 : Hollow : muile (685) : -. 621 : How many? : mida kubi (694) : -. 622 : Hungry : weragi (514) : awora, awura. 623 : Itchy : gamuji (807 ?) : -. 624 : Lame : wate ngarare (582, 482) : -. 625 : Large, very : keinga* : intonya.

(*Footnote. Generally used in its contracted form, as ke or kei : it is also employed as a prefix to denote the superlative degree: thus, ke' kamanale = very warm.)

626 : Last : wagel (22) : -. 627 : Left : kida : etamuna. 628 : Light : turong : -. 629 : Like, the same as : thung* : -.

(*Footnote. As an example of one of the modes of using this, I find, gariga thung = like the sun, or, as bright as if daylight.

630 : Long, high, tall : kulalle, kotalle : -. 631 : Male : inile (497) : -. 632 : Many, plenty : putage, kubi : -. 633 : Noisy : nurile (822) : -. 634 : New, little used : kaining : -. 635 : Painful : kikire : -. 636 : Pregnant : maitaleg (474) : netari. 637 : Putrid : utzai : -. 638 : Quiet : nurage (822, 804) : -. 639 : Red : kulk-thung (511, 629) : -. 640 : Right : mina : metagoma. 641 : Ripe : gi : -. 642 : Rotten, full of holes : - : opera. 643 : Sharp : gizule (824, 802) : ung-garung-gare. 644 : Short, low : tawpei : -. 645 : Sick : soka, sali* : -.

(*Footnote. These two words appear to have the same meaning, but are used differently: sok' atchin = sali mizzi, and both express having been sick.)

646 : Silent : arage* : -.

(*Footnote. Arage atzir = become silent, hold your tongue.)

647 : Small, a few, a portion of : muggingh : embowa. 648 : Soft, spongy, swampy : pirung : -. 649 : Sore-producing : badalle (530, 802) : -. 650 : Sorry : watekum : -. 651 : Sour : terari : -. 652 : Stony : kulalle (54, 802) : -. 653 : Sweet-smelling : kape ganule (612, 826) : -. 654 : Sweet-tasted : g'ru tha mitalle (244, 827) : -. 655 : Thirsty : nuk' enei (38) : -. 656 : Unable : karaweg : -. 657 : Unripe, uncooked : kobaris : -. 658 : Wanton : danule : -. 659 : Warm : kamanalle : imandinya. 660 : Wet : uleig, urge : -. 661 : White : uru : -. 662 : Withered : raji : -. 663 : Worn, old from use : kulbang : -.

9. ADVERBS, ETC.

664 : Now, immediately : kaibu : -. 665 : Presently, by-and-bye : tuma-tuma : -. 666 : To-morrow : batteingh : achunya. 667 : Two or three days hence : bang-al : ayere. 668 : A week (or so) hence : mata bang-al (675) : -. 669 : Yesterday : ngul : -. 670 : Two or three days ago : kul : narama. 671 : A week (or so) ago : mata kul (675) : -. 672 : A long time ago : korrekida* : -.

(*Footnote. Also denotes duration of time, and is = for a long time; it may also be used as an adjective, as, korrekida gul ina = this is a very old canoe.)

673 : Quickly : tari : -. 674 : Slowly : taregi (674, 804) : -. 675 : Constantly, always, only, still : mata* : -

(*Footnote. Expresses a continuance of the action: gul mata pongeipa = the canoe is still under sail.)

676 : Morning : muggi' batteingh : -. 677 : About noon : kei gariga (625, 2) : -. 678 : Afternoon : kut : -. 679 : Hereabouts : kareki : -. 680 : Here : ina* : -. 681 : There : chena* : -.

(*Footnote. Both are also pronouns: perhaps, when translated as adverbs, the term equivalent to place is omitted, rendering ina = (in) this (place) and chena = (in) that (place.))

682 : Above, upwards : nakareipa : -. 683 : Below, downwards : malupa (29) : -. 684 : Below, (a very long way) : kara malupa : -. 685 : Inside : muye : -. 686 : Thus, in this manner : keda : keda. 687 : A long way off : kapi taig : -. 688 : Near, close to : logi : -. 689 : Again : laka : -. 690 : Completely, into pieces, etc. : palge : -. 691 : Well, much, etc. : purke : -. 692 : Where? : anaga : -. 693 : Why? : mipa : -. 694 : How, in what manner? : mida : -. 695 : Yes : wa, ua : ia. 696 : No : long-a, giure : untamo. 697 : Don't : wan-nur,* maige (804) : -.

(*Footnote. I suspect, from the termination, that this is the present tense of the imperative mood of some verb = to do, to perform, etc.)

698 : Stop! enough! : china : -. 699 : Exclamation of surprise : ka! ka! ka! : -. 700 : Exclamation to arrest attention : qualli! qualli! (= I say!) : -. 701 : Exclamation of pity : igur (= poor thing!) : -. 702 : And* : ia.

(*Footnote. Example: uleip' Aburdia, Salallaia, Wagelia, Mania = Aburde and Salalle and Wagel and Manu are approaching.)

10. VERBS.*

(*Footnote. After tabulating 100 Kowrarega verbs in all the different forms in which they had occurred to me, I yet failed in arriving at a knowledge of their mode of formation, owing to the deficiency of data on one hand, and the presence of some apparently defective and irregular verbs on the other. Still some of the results are worth recording. Leaving out the consideration of the irregular verbs, I can speak with certainty of only two Moods, the Indicative and the Subjunctive, of the Present and the Past (probably really further divisible) Tenses of the former, and the Present of the latter. As an example I may give the verb to strike, of which the root is assumed to be matum = a stroke.

Indicative Present : nudu ngatu : matumeipa = I am striking him. Indicative Perfect : nudu ngatu : matnmina = I struck him. Indicative Future : nudu ngatu : matumeipakai = I shall strike him. Imperative Present : nudu ngidu : matumur = strike him.

Assuming a root to each, I find 94 of the verbs under examination to agree in having the present tense of the indicative terminating in pa: of these 70 end in aipa, 14 in ipa, 6 in epa, and 1 in aipa.

The perfect tense (setting aside some inexplicable irregularities) exhibits a great variety of terminations for the formation of which no rule can yet be given: these are an, ana, ani; in, ina, ima: em, ema; eima, eiun; and un.

The future tense alone is perfectly regular; it is simply formed by adding kai to the present.

The present tense of the imperative mood in those verbs having the present of the indicative ending in ipa terminates (with one exception in i) in ir: in the others the terminations of this tense are ur (the most frequent); ar (the next in order of frequency), ara, ari; ada, eada; e, eio, eir, erur; and o.

After all I am inclined to suppose that the Kowrarega verb, although apparently complicated, is of simple construction; and that its various modifications are caused by the mere addition to its root of various particles, the exact meaning of which (with one exception) is yet unknown. That exception is the particle aige or ge (804) the mode of employment of which is shown by the following examples :

Wawp' yinu ngai purteipaige = I am not eating your fish. Wawp' yinu ngai purteiunaige = I did not eat your fish. Wawp' yinu ngai purteipakaige = I shall not eat your fish. Wawp' nanu ngi purtaige = Don't eat his fish.

A few examples may be given in illustration of the preceding remarks.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH. COLUMN 2: PRESENT. COLUMN 3: PAST. COLUMN 4: FUTURE. COLUMN 5: IMPERATIVE.

Eat : purteipa : purteiun : purteipakai : purtar. Bite : mapeipa : mapana : mapeipakai : mapur. Take away : meipa : mani : meipakai : mari. Tell : mulepa : mulem : mulepakai : muleada. Lie down : yuneipa : yunum : yuneipakai : yunur. Leave behind : yuneipa : yunem : yuneipakai : yunur. Shoot : uteipa : utun : uteipakai : utur. Enter : uteipa : utema : uteipakai : uterur.)

703 : Word implying motion : ngapa* : -.

(*Footnote. This is a word which from the variety of its modes of application long puzzled me. Careful examination of sentences in which it occurred led to the following results. 1. It may be used as an independent word to denote motion towards the speaker, the pronoun which would otherwise be required being omitted. Example: adur = go out, but ngap' adur = come out (towards the speaker), lak' ngapa = to come again, to return. 2. It is also used as a postfix to denote motion towards the object to which it is joined. Example: laga' p'(ngapa) aiyewel = come to the hut, mue' pa teir = throw it into the fire. 3. It is used in a third sense. Example: wawpi 'pa = to go fishing, kaba 'pa = to go to a dance. 4. It is often used as an equivalent to give me, the hand being held out at the same time, Example: ngapa = let it come to me.)

704 : Bail : salpumeipa : -. 705 : Be affected with : ameipa* : -.

(*Footnote. Apparently a contraction of ana and meipa. Example: ana kobaki ameipa = (literally) me cough affects, or I have a cough. The word mizzi, the exact meaning of which is unknown to me, is also used to express the same thing. Example: quiku kikire ana mizzi = I have a sick head, or a headache.)

706 : Become : atzipa : -. 707 : Bite : mapeipa : -. 708 : Bore a hole : tartepaleipa (817, 722) : -. 709 : Break (as a stick) : tideipa aterumbanya. 710 : Break wind backwards : - : penyaka. 711 : Build (as a hut) : mideipa (369 ?) : -. 712 : Bury, plant, sow : maramateipa (40, 791) : -. 713 : Call for : tureipa : untandurra. 714 : Carry, hold : ang-eipa : -. 715 : Choose, select : yapepa : -. 716 : Climb : waleipa : oquagamurra. 717 : Come here : pateipa, aiyewel : -. 718 : Come, approach : uleipa : impebino. 719 : Cook : gia paleipa (641 ?) : -. 720 : Copulate : lameipa : erorunya. 721 : Cover over : abeipa : -. 722 : Crush, pound with a stone : paleipa : akelgurra. 723 : Cry, howl like a dog : maierchipa : rong-gung-ga-murra. 724 : Cut : labaipa : utedung-gurra. 725 : Dance : kaba mineipa (811) : unchigulkamurra. 726 : Die : dadeipa : -. 727 : Dig : pideipa : -. 728 : Dive : penneipa : -. 729 : Dream : piki lalkeipa* (813, 755) : -.

(*Footnote. The pronoun ana is always used with this. Example: ana piki lalkar = I had a dream.)

730 : Drink : wanipa : ung-gen-ga. 731 : Drown : delupeipa : -. 732 : Dry up : wata' pateipa (602) : -. 733 : Eat : purteipa, pratipa : atedurra. 734 : Enter (going out of sight) : uteipa : -. 735 : Fall down : pudeipa : -. 736 : Fill (with solids) : wangepa : -. 737 : Fill (with fluids) : maleipa (29) : -. 738 : Find : imeipa : angkanya. 739 : Finish (men's work) : min' atzipa (613, 706) : -. 740 : Finish (women's work) : palpagipa : -. 741 : Feces, to void : - : anabichung-ar. 742 : Forget : kekochipa : -. 743 : Get up : winipa : amamung-i. 744 : Give : pibeipa, wiepa* : utera.

(*Footnote. Ana is used with pibeipa only; the exact meaning of both is to bestow, or cause the transfer of ownership; the actual HANDING OVER of anything would be asked for by ngapa = let it come here, holding out the hand at the same time, but this last may presume merely inspection or temporary use of the article.)

745 : Go away : udzaripa : einpira. 746 : Go out, perforate : adeipa : -. 747 : Go out (as a fire) : utsimeipa : -. 748 : Hear, understand : krangipa : -. 749 : Hide, conceal : muye teipa (685, 791) : -. 750 : Jump, leap : katapulgipa : ralkagamurra. 751 : Kick : kukuna mapeipa (485, 707) : -. 752 : Kill : dadeima matameipa (598, 786) : -. 753 : Laugh : gi waleipa (819) : ung-garung-gari. 754 : Leave behind : yuneipa : -. 755 : Lie : lalkeipa (820) : -. 756 : Lie down : yuneipa : -. 757 : Make (men's work) : tatureipa : -. 758 : Make (women's work) : umeipa : -. 759 : Make a fire : muekemeipa : -. 760 : Paddle : karaba tapeipa (343, 787) : untyendyurra : -. 761 : Pull, drag : yuteipa : -. 762 : Rain : ari pudeipa (18, 735) : -. 763 : Return : mang-epa : -. 764 : Rise (as the sun) daneipa : -. 765 : Run* : - : ringa.

(*Footnote. In Kowrarega, the action of running is expressed by the adverb tari = quickly, and the verb uleipa = to approach: Example: ngapa tari uleipa expresses quick motion TOWARDS the speaker, and tari uleipa quick motion FROM the speaker.)

766 : Sail : pong-eipa : reng-gamurra. 767 : Scold : ideipa : inyamung-urra. 768 : Scrape hands* : getapudeipa (465, 735) : -.

(*Footnote. A mode of salutation practised throughout Torres Strait, and occasionally at Cape York.)

769 : Scratch, pinch : musiteipa : -. 770 : See, look after, watch : yaweipa : -. 771 : Sew : tarpeipa : belkagur. 772 : Shake : lupeipa : -. 773 : Sharpen : gizu paleipa (824, 722) : -. 774 : Shave : piniteipa : angkarung-gurra (449, 450). 775 : Shoot (with gun or bow) : uteipa : -. 776 : Seize, press, squeeze : gasumeipa : gipaburra. 777 : Sing : sagul piyepa (818) : -. 778 : Sleep : ute-ipa (825) : eremadin. 779 : Smoke : suguba wanipa (323, 730) : -. 780 : Sit down : tanureipa : engka. 781 : Speak, tell : mulepa : ekalkamurra. 782 : Spear, sting : pageipa : -. 783 : Stand : kadi (irregular) : -. 784 : Stand up : kadi tanure (783) : -. 785 : Steal : krameipa : -. 786 : Strike : matumeipa : untondunya. 787 : Swim : tapeipa : rolma, rulma. 788 : Take away : meipa : -. 789 : Tear : ladeipa : -. 790 : Thirst : nukineipa (655) : -. 791 : Throw into : teipa : umpanya. 792 : Tie : kunumeipa : -. 793 : Touch : tareipa : abeang-gang-urra. 794 : Turn over : tarteipa : -. 795 : Unloose, untie : ideipa : -. 796 : Waken : welmeipa : -. 797 : Wash : garwulgeipa : -. 798 : Water, make : ing-uje (irregular) : -. 799 : Wound : umaliza matumeipa (598, 786) : -. 800 : Wrap round, coil, twist : nureipa : -.

11. MISCELLANEOUS.

801 : Affix expressing article spoken of : dza* : -.

(*Footnote. Example: Nabi'dza = this thing.)

802 : Affix expressing possession : leg* : -.

(*Footnote. Leg or le, is to be possessed of, and, when used independently, is placed after the noun which it refers to: ngai 'quassur daje leg = I have two petticoats; ngi kutai leg? = have you (any) yams?)

803 : ---- : ki* : -.

(*Footnote. The meaning of this is to a certain extent doubtful; however it enforces an affirmation: Example: ina muggi' ki = this is VERY little : it is frequently used after pronouns: Example: arri ki kabspakai = we SHALL go to the dance.)

804 : Affix of negation : aige* : -.

(*Footnote. Being the negative of leg, or le, as formerly stated, aige, or ge = to have not: Example: ngai kalak' aige = I have no spears; nga ajir'ge = she has no shame.)

805 : Any small article : zapu (fish-hook, etc.) : -. 806 : Anger, rage : kerket : -. 807 : Body of any creature : gamu : -. 808 : Cold : sumein : ekanba (? to shiver). 809 : Cough : kobaki : ulgene. 810 : Crack : pis : -. 811 : Dance : kaba : -. 812 : Dirt : tumit : -. 813 : Dream : piki : -. 814 : Dust in the eye : - : lopicha. 815 : Food : aidu* : -.

(*Footnote. As examples of various forms of this word, I may give, ana pibur aidu = give me (some) food: ina aio? = is this eatable? ai = it is eatable.)

816 : Greediness : ubi : -. 817 : Hole : tarte : apandya. 818 : Joke : sagul : -. 819 : Laughter : gi (641) : -. 820 : Lie : lalkai : -. 821 : Name : nel : -. 822 : Noise : nur : -. 823 : Shame : ajir : -. 824 : Sharpness : gizu : -. 825 : Sleep : ute : -. 826 : Smell : ganu : -. 827 : Taste : mita : -. 828 : Weight : mapu : -.

12. NAMES OF PERSONS.

Males, Number 1 : Piaquai : Paida. Males, Number 2 : Manu : Tumagugu. Males, Number 3 : Wagel (626) : Waga. Males, Number 4 : Salalle : Kuri. Males, Number 5 : Boruto : Chamida (444). Males, Number 6 : Gabua : Puroma. Females, Number 1 : Aburde : Mamulla. Females, Number 2 : Seibai : Ganulle. Females, Number 3 : Yeza : Baki.

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NATIVE NAMES OF PLACES IN TORRES STRAIT AND NEIGHBOURHOOD OF CAPE YORK.

Mount Adolphus Island : Morilaga. Mount Adolphus Hill : Begunkutche. Small island to northward : Quiquichaga. Island North-West from Mount Adolphus, larger : Wagilwane. Island North-West from Mount Adolphus, smaller : Budye. Rock South-East from ditto : Akoine. Rock a : Kolapitchum. The Brothers : Kurobi. North Brother : Tarakar. Albany Island : Pabaju. Albany Island, north point : Tarung-i. Bush Island : Marte. Tree Island : Moebamunne. North-East Point of Albany Island : Tolodinya. Albany Rock : Manurre. Albany Rock, islet East by South : Takunya. Albany Rock, South-East : Eikoa. York Island (Cape York) : Wamilag. Eborac Island : Dyara. Mount Bremer : Charua. Evans Point : Maodinya. Sextant Rock : Delua. Beach at Evans Bay : Podaga. Bramble Hill : Duyemil-pada. South-East point of Evans Bay : Chechuri. Ida Island : Robumo. Beach East from Mew River : Paiera. Beach East from Mew River, hill behind : Pochinya. Bishop Point : Qualulga. Osnaburg Point : Kalalurri. Beach West from Cape York : Eintrang-o. Islet West by South : Purang-i. Peak Point : Karubowra. Possession Island : Bedanug. Woody Island, larger : Kei' Yellubi. Woody Island, smaller : Muggi' Yellubi. Entrance Island : Juna. Entrance Island, islet to North-West : Cheruko. Entrance Island, islet to West-South-West : Pipa. Islet on East side of Port Lihou : Tarilug. Islet off Port Lihou : Dumaralug. West Prince of Wales Island : Muralug. Cape Cornwall and neighbourhood : Morurpure. Beach on West side of Port Lihou : Daaka. Creek opposite Pipa and vicinity : Yet. Beach on North-East side of Muralug : Marin. Thursday Island : Gealug. Black Rock : Gi'omanalug. Green Island : Piwer. Goode Island : Peilalug. Goode Island, rocks on reef near this : Ipile. Hammond Island : Keiriri. Hammond Island, Rock : Adi. Friday Island : Weibene. East Prince of Wales Island : Narupai. Horned Hill : Dyugubai. Wednesday Island : Mowrurra. Strait Island, larger : Kei Kudulug. Strait Island, smaller : Muggi Kudulug. Travers Island : Mukunaba. Double Island : Nellgi. Mount Ernest : Nagir. Mount Ernest, islet next this : Pinakar. Pole Island : Getullai. Burke Island : Suaraji. Banks Island, high portion : Mua. Banks Island, low : Ita. Mulgrave Island : Badu. Hawkesbury Island : Warara. Tobin, or North Possession Island : Kulbi. Sue Island : Waraber. Murray Island, largest : Mer. Murray Island, middle : Dowar. Murray Island, smallest : Wayer. Darnley Island : Errub. Nepean Island : Eddugor. Stephens Island : Ugar. Campbell Island : Zapker. Dalrymple Island : Dzamud. Keats Island : Umagur. York Island, larger : Massid. York Island, smaller : Kudala. Bourke Isles, westernmost : Owrid. Bourke Isles, northernmost : Purem.

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