Chapter III: Part 3

_Behavior._--In reference to locomotion of _Z. princeps_, Davis (_loc. cit._) writes, "In rapid progression jumping mice move by a series of zigzag hops. One young of the year found in tall grass near Victor made horizontal leaps of approximately three feet. The zigzag course was difficult for me to follow, and I was led to wonder if this mode of locomotion were not advantageous to the mice in eluding animals that would do them harm." Hollister (1912:26) remarked that _princeps_, when startled, sometimes jumps five to six feet at a bound. Concerning the swimming ability of _Z. princeps_, Bailey (1936:233) quotes from Hollister's notes, "While I was walking around the grassy border of a small pond one jumped out at my feet and struck in the water like a frog, which at first it was thought to be, until it was seen swimming across the pond on the surface of the water ... he certainly handled himself as if perfectly at home and swam with little effort and great speed over the still surface of the pond." Davis (1939:334) obtained two individuals at Mill Creek, Idaho, in traps placed on artificial islands of stones in the middle of the creek where the water was about six inches deep. He speculated that the only way the mice could have reached the traps was by swimming. Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale (1930:531) record an individual which was seen hopping in the inch-deep water of a small stream at Lake Helen, California.

According to Hollister (1912:26) and Davis (1939:335), jumping mice are for the most part nocturnal, but occasionally they are seen by day in tall grass.

Little is recorded concerning the hibernation of _Z. princeps_. What data are available suggest that, starting in July, these animals accumulate a heavy layer of fat on the inside of the skin with especially large amounts in the inguinal region. By August or early September, animals are excessively fat, and the start of hibernation is dependent then upon the arrival of a heavy cold snap. Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale (1930:531), in their study of the vertebrates of the Lassen Peak region of California noted that the latest activity by these mice was September 13. As regards the time of onset of hibernation in Idaho, Davis (1939:336) states that, "I know of no records of capture later than September and infer that hibernation begins in that month or the next." Bailey (1932:227) writes that in New Mexico, animals obtained on September 20 were very fat, probably were ready to hibernate at the first cold wave, and had winter nests in burrows well underground.

_Enemies._--Bailey (_loc. cit._) lists hawks, owls, and weasels as natural predators on _Z. princeps_. Stanford (1931:362) records the garter snake (_Thamnophis_) as a predator of jumping mice. A large snake of this genus obtained by him regurgitated two jumping mice a few hours after its capture. Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale (1937:232) report that on Parker Creek, in California, H. C. Bryant frightened a weasel that dropped a freshly killed jumping mouse. Crowe (1943:407) reported _Cuterebra_ fly larvae in the inguinal region of a _Z. princeps_ obtained at Invermere, British Columbia. Several mice of this species taken at Moccasin Lake, 19 mi. W and 4 mi. N of Lander, 10,000 ft., Fremont County, Wyoming, were heavily infested with mites of the family Laelaptidae.

_Food._--In early September in central Utah, Moore (1928:154) found only a white, starchy, glutinous paste in stomachs of six _Z. princeps_ and only traces of a brown seed coat in a seventh. The main seeds eaten seemed to be from an introduced brome-grass which was abundant in the vicinity of capture. Bailey (1932:226) wrote of _Z. princeps_ in New Mexico, that "In feeding they cut down the tall grass, beginning at the bottom and cutting the stem at intervals as high as they can reach until the seed part of the grass is brought down." He (_op. cit._:227) remarked that the food was almost entirely seeds of grass and grasslike plants and that the stomach contents almost always were perfectly clean white dough from the shelled kernels of small seeds.

_Reproduction._--Females with embryos have been collected from late May to mid-July and lactating individuals until late August. Possibly there is only one litter per season as Davis (1939:336) suggests is the case in Idaho.

Embryos in 25 pregnant females averaged 5 (2-7). The mammae of the female are arranged in four pairs (two abdominal, one pectoral, and one inguinal).

_Z. princeps_ builds a grass nest on the ground which is placed under cover of vegetation or surface litter. Bailey (1932:227) writes that in New Mexico jumping mice of this species use fibers of grass to construct a ball-shaped nest. The nest usually has one opening but sometimes there are two. In the Ruby Mountains, of Nevada, Borell and Ellis (1934:37) found the globular nests of this mouse on the ground in tall grass.

=Zapus princeps cinereus= Hall

_Zapus princeps cinereus_ Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:7,
April 10, 1931.

_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 45422, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Pine Canyon, 6600 feet altitude, Raft River Mountains, 17 mi. northwest Kelton, Boxelder County, Utah; obtained on July 14, 1930, by Annie M. Alexander; original No. 689.

_Range._--Raft River Mt's in northwestern Utah and in isolated mountains in southern Idaho. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian.

_Description._--Size, medium; back with broad mid-dorsal band, varying from pale brown mixed with Pinkish-Buff to dark brown mixed with Warm Buff or Ochraceous-Buff; sides varying from near Pinkish-Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff; ventral surface white to base of hairs, not suffused with other color; tail bicolored, pale brown above and white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged with white or yellowish-white; upper teeth divergent anteriorly; auditory bullae small; skull relatively long; zygomata relatively weak and not widely bowed; nasals wide posteriorly; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow.

_Comparisons._--From _Zapus princeps nevadensis_, _Z. p. cinereus_ differs as follows: Size averaging smaller; entire coloration lighter; zygomata not so widely bowed; incisive foramina not so wide posteriorly; auditory bullae smaller; nasals wider posteriorly; pterygoid fossae narrower.

From _Zapus princeps idahoensis_, _Z. p. cinereus_ can be distinguished by: generally paler color; smaller auditory bullae; broader interorbital region; anteriorly diverging tooth-rows; narrower pterygoid fossae.

For comparison with _Zapus princeps utahensis_ see account of that subspecies.

_Remarks._--Davis (1939:343) writes that "since _cinereus_ was described from nine specimens, only two of which are near adult, one cannot place much value on the coloration ascribed to it by Hall (1931:7)." I examined the type series and found, as did Davis (_loc. cit._), that the type is much lighter and grayer than is a near adult paratype, which was obtained the same day; however, I do not concur with Davis (_loc. cit._) that specimens from Mt. Harrison, 10 mi. S Albion, Idaho, which are darker and much more ochraceous than the paratype, necessarily are more nearly typically colored. These individuals, judged by cranial characters, are more nearly typical of _cinereus_ but show intergradation with _Z. p. idahoensis_ in their darker and more ochraceous pelage.

Durrant (1952:387) found that the gray color of _Z. p. cinereus_ was not diagnostic in separating _Z. p. cinereus_ from _Z. p. utahensis_, because gray animals are also found in _Z. p. utahensis_. Specimens from Camp Tendoy, Pocatello, Idaho, are intermediate in color and in cranial characters as between _Z. p. idahoensis_ and _Z. p. cinereus_, but here are referred to _Z. p. cinereus_. Whitlow and Hall (1933:268) compared these individuals with specimens of _Z. p. princeps_ and _Z. p. cinereus_, finding them intermediate but in the aggregate of several differential characters better referred to the latter.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 35, distributed as follows:

IDAHO: _Bannock County_: Camp Tendoy, Pocatello, 2 (MVZ). _Cassia County_: Mt. Harrison, 10 mi. S Albion, 16 (MVZ).

UTAH: _Boxelder Co._: _south fork of George Creek, 5 mi. SE Yost, Raft River Mts., 6700 ft._, 1 (UU); _George Creek, 7 mi. SE Yost, Raft River Mts., 6500 ft._, 6 (UU); _Pine Canyon, 6600 ft., 17 mi. NW Kelton, Raft River Mts._, 8 (MVZ); Pine Creek, 3 mi. N Rosette, Raft River Mts., 6100 ft., 2 (UU).

_Marginal records._--Idaho: Camp Tendoy, Pocatello. Utah: Pine Creek, 3 mi. N Rosette, Raft River Mts., 6100 ft. Idaho: Mt. Harrison, 10 mi. S Albion.

=Zapus princeps curtatus= Hall

_Zapus princeps curtatus_ Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:7,
April 10, 1931.

_Zapus princeps oregonus_, Taylor, Univ. California Publ. Zool.,
7:281, June 24, 1911.

_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 7991, Mus. Vert. Zool.; head of Big Creek, 8000 feet altitude, Pine Forest Mountains, Humboldt County, Nevada; obtained on June 30, 1909, by Walter P. Taylor and C. H. Richardson, original No. 777 of W. P. T.

_Range._--Pine Forest Mt's, Humboldt County, Nevada. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian.

_Description._--Size medium; back pale near Light Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black hair forming dark dorsal band; sides lighter than back; lateral line faintly indicated; ventral surface white; tail bicolored, grayish-white to yellowish-white below and pale brown above; ears dark, edged with yellowish-white; feet grayish-white above; palatal bridge short; tooth-rows almost parallel; mastoid region of skull relatively narrow; incisive foramina wide posteriorly; narrow across zygomata; nasals relatively narrow posteriorly.

_Comparisons._--For comparison with _Zapus princeps oregonus_ see account of that subspecies.

_Remarks._--This jumping mouse, which was described from the Pine Forest Mountains, closely resembles _Zapus princeps oregonus_ but differs in lighter color, slightly smaller body, less divergent tooth-rows, shorter palate, and narrower skull across the mastoid region.

The Pine Forest Mountains are isolated from neighboring boreal regions by a belt of the Upper Sonoran Life-zone, which is inhospitable to _Zapus_; therefore, intergrades between _Z. p. oregonus_ and _Z. p. curtatus_ are not known and probably do not exist. Nevertheless, _Z. p. curtatus_ shows close affinity with _Z. p. oregonus_, as indicated by Taylor (1911:281), and I agree with Hall (1931:7) that the relationships of _Z. p. curtatus_ are best expressed by arranging it as a subspecies of _Zapus princeps_.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 18, all from Nevada, distributed as follows: _Humboldt County_: Pine Forest Mts.; Alder Creek, 6000 ft., 2 (MVZ); head of Big Creek, 8000 ft., 14 (MVZ); _Leonard Creek, 6500 ft._, 2 (MVZ); Meadow, 1 (MVZ).

_Marginal records._--Nevada: Pine Forest Mts., Alder Creek; Meadow.

=Zapus princeps idahoensis= Davis

_Zapus princeps idahoensis_ Davis, Jour. Mamm., 15:221, August 10,
1931.

_Jaculus hudsonius_, Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 6:61, April, 1874
(part--the part in Carbon County, Wyoming).

_Zapus hudsonius_, Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:72-73, July 30, 1891.

_Zapus princeps princeps_, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:22-23, August
8, 1899 (part).

_Type._--Male, adult, skin and skull; No. 54845, Mus. Vert. Zool.; 5 mi. E Warm Lake, 7000 ft., Valley County, Idaho; obtained on July 9, 1932, by Robert T. Orr; original No. 660.

_Range._--From Banff, Alberta, southward through extreme southwestern Alberta and extreme southwestern British Columbia, most of the panhandle of Idaho, Kamiak Butte in eastern Washington, western Montana, and western Wyoming (Green, Wind River and Absoroka ranges of the Rocky Mt's). See fig. 46.

_Description._--Size, medium; back from near Clay Color to near Warm Buff, usually overlaid with black hairs forming broad dorsal band; sides lighter than back; lateral line indistinct or wanting; belly pure white, occasionally faintly tinged with Ochraceous-Buff; tail indistinctly bicolored, tan to grayish-white below and pale brown above; hind feet grayish-white above; ears dark, edged with white or yellowish-white; postpalatal notch anterior to posterior border of last molars; proximal part of inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary relatively narrow and usually without enlarged median projection; auditory bullae well inflated; incisive foramina relatively narrow.

_Comparisons._--From _Zapus princeps kootenayensis_, _Z. p. idahoensis_ differs as follows: Size averaging larger; upper parts with greater suffusion of ochraceous, not grayish or dusty; skull larger; incisive foramina longer and relatively wider; zygomatic breadth averaging greater; nasals broader at tips; auditory bullae more inflated.

From _Zapus princeps oregonus_, _Z. p. idahoensis_ differs in: Size averaging smaller; upper parts generally more suffused with black hairs, on the average more yellowish with less ochraceous; skull smaller; incisive foramina narrower (breadth less, instead of more, than 52 per cent of length); palatal bridge shorter; zygomatic arch shorter; pterygoid fossae narrower.

From _Zapus princeps utahensis_, _Z. p. idahoensis_ can be distinguished by: Size less; color slightly darker; skull averaging smaller in zygomatic breadth, least interorbital constriction, and occipitonasal length; palate narrower; upper tooth-rows nearly parallel as opposed to diverging anteriorly.

From _Zapus princeps minor_, _Z. p. idahoensis_ differs in: Size larger; color of underparts less ochraceous; lateral line indistinct or wanting; skull averaging larger in all measurements taken except that the two subspecies are approximately same in least interorbital constriction, length of zygomatic arch, and distance from anterior face of incisors to postpalatal notch; nasals, in profile, straight instead of with proximal third depressed; postpalatal notch anterior to posterior face of last molar, instead of even with, or usually posterior to, same.

From _Zapus princeps saltator_, _Z. p. idahoensis_ differs as follows: Size averaging slightly larger; color darker, being less ochraceous and more yellow dorsally and laterally; auditory bullae more inflated; zygomatic arches less bowed laterally; incisive foramina narrower.

For comparison with _Zapus princeps princeps_ and _Zapus princeps cinereus_ see accounts of those subspecies.

_Remarks._--Intergradation occurs at almost all of the places where the range of _Z. p. idahoensis_ is known to touch that of any other geographic race. Nevertheless, each of the populations studied has characters which make this subspecies recognizable as a taxonomic unit, although its characters are not yet stabilized even in the central part of its range.

Among named subspecies of _Zapus princeps_, _Zapus p. idahoensis_ most closely resembles _Zapus princeps kootenayensis_, its nearest geographic neighbor to the north. Three specimens from 2 mi. NE Weippe, 3000 ft., Idaho, are best referred to _Z. p. idahoensis_ but show relationship to _Z. p. kootenayensis_ in size and shape of the tympanic bullae. The relationship of individuals from Idaho, here referred to _Z. p. idahoensis_, from Glidden Lakes, Enaville, Cascade Creek, and 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d'Alene, is discussed in the account of _Z. p. kootenayensis_. British Columbian specimens from Newgate and Crows Nest Pass, 4450 ft., as well as Albertan specimens from Crows Nest Pass and various places in Waterton Lake Park, resemble _Z. p. kootenayensis_ in color but cranially are more nearly like _Z. p. idahoensis_.

Intergradation with _Zapus princeps oregonus_ was noted by Davis (1939:340) in a specimen from Cedar Mountain in Idaho. I have not seen this individual which he referred to _Z. p. idahoensis_ but have seen a specimen from the N Fork of Potlatch River (15 mi. SE Cedar Mt.), which, in color, closely resembles _Z. p. oregonus_ but cranially (shape of incisive foramina, size, and inflation of auditory bullae) is more nearly like _Z. p. idahoensis_ to which it is referred. Davis (_loc. cit._) indicates that specimens from summit of Smith Mt., from 1 mi. N Bear Creek R. S., from 1/2 mi. E Black Lake, and from 3 mi. W Payette Lake, Idaho, are in an area of intergradation between _Z. p. oregonus_ and _Z. p. idahoensis_, but he referred them to _Z. p. idahoensis_ on the basis of cranial characters and length of hind foot. Seven specimens from Alturas Lake, 7000 ft., Idaho, were likewise so allocated by Davis (_loc. cit._). I concur with him and in addition refer the following intermediate individuals from Idaho to _Z. p. idahoensis_: New Meadow, 1; Warren, 1; Perkins Lake, 7000 ft., Sawtooth Nat'l Forest, 1; Prairie Creek, 12 mi. W Ketchum, 2400 ft., 3. All are more nearly like _Z. p. oregonus_ in color but cranially they show more resemblance to _Z. p. idahoensis_.

In the eastern part of the range of _Z. p. idahoensis_, intergradation occurs with _Zapus princeps minor_, as at 15 mi. S Heath, N Fork Flat Willow Creek, Big Snowy Mt's, Montana. Specimens from there have the lateral line enlarged and the maximum seen in this species of Ochraceous color ventrally. The pterygoid fossae are large and the bullae are reduced as in _Z. p. minor_, but in the sum total of the characters the mice more closely resemble _Z. p. idahoensis_. At Lewistown, 7 mi. NE Judith Mt's, Lime Kiln Gulch, Montana, the animals are colored as are _Z. p. minor_ but cranially are like _Z. p. idahoensis_ to which they are referred. Specimens from the Highwood Mt's, Montana, also are intergrades; they have a relatively distinct lateral line as in _Z. p. minor_ but show no ventral suffusion of Ochraceous; they have large bullae, nasals that are straight in lateral profile and other cranial characters of _Z. p. idahoensis_ to which they are here referred.

A single specimen from Kamiak Butte, Whitman County, Washington, has been referred to _Z. p. idahoensis_ by Dalquest (1948:373). I have not seen this individual, but, on geographic grounds, it is likely to be of this subspecies.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 342, distributed as follows:

ALBERTA: Boom Creek, 5600 ft., 27 mi. W Banff, 2 (NMC); _Banff, Cascade Basin_, 2 (NMC); _Bryant Creek, Banff Park_, 1 (NMC); _Spray River, 7 mi. Cabin, Banff Park_, 3 (NMC); Crows Nest Pass, 2 (NMC); Waterton Lakes Park, 16 (NMC); _Linnets Pond, Waterton Lakes Park_, 4 (NMC); _Bertha Creek, Waterton Lakes Park_, 8 (NMC).

BRITISH COLUMBIA: Vermilion Crossing, Kootenay, 1 (ROM); Paradise Mine, 3 (PM); Crows Nest Pass, 4450 ft., 3 (NMC); Newgate, 10 (NMC).

IDAHO: _Adam Co._: 1/2 mi. E Black Lake, 6800 ft., 8; _summit of Smith Mtn., 7500 ft._, 9 (3 MVZ); 1 mi. N Bear Creek R. S., SW Slope Smith Mtn., 5400 ft., 13; New Meadows, 1 (USBS); _3 mi. W Payette, 5400 ft._, 4 (MVZ). _Blaine County_: _Perkins Lake, 7000 ft., Sawtooth Nat'l Forest_, 1; _Alturas Lake, 7000 ft._, 3 (MVZ); Prairie Creek, 12 mi. NW Ketchum, 2400 ft., 3. _Clearwater County_: 2 mi. NE Weippe, 3000 ft., 3 (MVZ). _Custer County_: Loon Creek R. S., 6000 ft., Challis Nat'l Forest, 2; _Head Pahsimeroi River_, 2 (MVZ); Mill Creek, 14 mi. WSW Challis, 8370 ft., 1 (MVZ). _Fremont County_: 7 mi. W West Yellowstone, 7000 ft., 3; _17 mi. E and 4 mi. N of Ashton, 6275 ft._, 9 (MVZ). _Idaho Co._: Packers Meadow, near state line, South Lobo Hot Springs, 5150 ft., 7 (USBS); _Warren_, 1 (USBS). _Kootenai Co._: 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d'Alene, 5; _Cascade Creek, 36 mi. E Coeur d'Alene, Coeur d'Alene Nat'l Forest_, 1 (USBS). _Latah Co._: N Fork Potlatch River, 1 (USBS). _Lemhi County_: Salmon River Mts., 3 (USBS). _Shoshone Co._: Enaville 1 (USBS); _Glidden Lakes, 5700 ft._, 4 (MVZ). _Valley County_: 5 mi. E Warm Lake, 7000 ft., 6 (MVZ); _5 mi. W Cape Horn, 7000 ft., Sawtooth Range_, 1 (MVZ).

MONTANA: _Beaverhead County_: Birch Creek, 18 mi. NE Dillon, 7100 ft., 14 (MVZ). _Carbon Co._: _Pryor Mts._, 1 (USBS); 2 mi. E Shriver, 6500 ft., 6 (MVZ). _Cascade Co._: Neihart, 1 (USBS). _Chouteau Co._: _Upper Muddy_, 1 (USBS); Highwood Mts., 2 (USBS). _Fergus Co._: Lime Kiln Gulch, 7 mi. NE Judith Mts., 3 (USBS); 15 mi. S Heath, N Fork Flat Willow Creek, 8 (USBS); _10 mi. W Tyler, N Fork Flat Willow Creek_, 1 (USBS); _Crystal Lake, 6000 ft., Big Snowy Mts._, 3 (UM). _Flathead Co._: Waterton Lake, 1 (USBS); _Crosley Lake, Glacier Nat'l Park_, 1 (USBS); Paola, 1 (USBS); _Summit_, 2 (USBS); _1 mi. W and 2 mi. S Summit, 5000 ft._, 12. _Gallatin Co._: 4 mi S Logan, Camas Creek, Big Belt Mts., 5 (USBS); Gallatin Gateway, 5 (SDM); west fork West Gallatin River, 6500 ft., 6 (USBS). _Glacier Co._: Babb, 1 (LMH); _2-1/2 mi. W and 1-1/2 mi. S Babb, 4700 ft._, 1; _Many Glaciers, 4900 ft., Glacier Nat'l Park_, 5 (MVZ); _6 mi. S St. Marys, 6500 ft._, 1; _St. Marys Lake_, 7 (USBS); _McDermit Lake_, 1 (USBS); Blackfoot Agency, 1 (USBS). _Golden Valley County_: _Swimming Woman Canyon, 3/4 mi. S Fergus County line, Big Snowy Mts._, 4 (UM). _Judith Basin Co._: _Little Belt Mts., Dry Wolf Creek, 20 mi. SW Stanford_, 4 (USBS); 13 mi. W Buffalo, 1 (USBS). _Madison Co._: 12 mi. SW Alder, Hinch Creek, Ruby Mts., 2 (USBS). _Meagher Co._: _16 mi. N White Sulphur Springs, Little Belt Mts._, 7 (USBS). _Park County_: _West Boulder Creek, 18 mi. SE Livingston_, 1 (USBS); Emigrant Gulch, 3 mi. SE Chico, 6500 ft., 4 (USBS); 2 mi. NE Cooke, 8000 ft., 22 (MVZ). _Ravalli County_: 3 mi. SW Florence, 3700 ft., 1; 6 mi. E Hamilton, 3700 ft., 1. _Sanders Co._: Prospect Creek, near Thompson, 1 (USBS). _Sweet Grass Co._: _near head of Big Timber Creek, 5200 ft., Crazy Mts._, 11 (USBS); Brannin Ranch, Sweet Grass Creek Canyon, 6 (UM); _Big Timber_, 1 (USBS). _Teton County_: 17-1/2 mi. W and 6-1/2 mi. N Agusta, 5100 ft., 2.

WYOMING: _Fremont County_: Moccasin Lake, 19 mi. W and 4 mi. N of Lander, 10,000 ft., 1; 23-1/2 mi. S and 5 mi. W Lander, 8600 ft., 4. _Park County_: 31-1/2 mi. N and 36 mi. W Cody, 6900 ft., 7; _28 mi. N and 30 mi. W Cody, 7200 ft._, 1; _16-1/4 mi. N and 17 mi. W Cody, 5625 ft._, 14; 2 mi. S and 42 mi. W Cody, 6400 ft., 5; 12 mi. W Wapiti, 6 (LMH); _25 mi. S and 28 mi. W Cody, 6350 ft._, 5. _Sublette County_: E end Island Lake, 10,600 ft., 3 mi. S Fremont Park, 1; _N side Halfmoon Lake, 7900 ft._, 3; _W end Halfmoon Lake, 7900 ft._, 2; _10 mi. NE Pinedale, 8000 ft._, 1; _5 mi. E and 8 mi. N Pinedale, 7500 ft._, 1; 3 mi. E and 5 mi. N Pinedale, 7500 ft., 4; 19 mi. W and 2 mi. S Big Piney, 7700 ft., 3.

_Marginal records._--Alberta: Boom Creek, 5600 ft., 27 mi. W Banff; Crows Nest Pass; Waterton Lakes Park. Montana: Highwood Mts.; 15 mi. S Heath, N Fork Flat Willow Creek; 2 mi. E Shriver, 6500 ft. Wyoming: 23-1/2 mi. S and 5-1/2 mi. W Lander, 8600 ft.; 10 mi. W and 2 mi. S Big Piney, 7700 ft. Idaho: 7 mi. W West Yellowstone, 7000 ft.; Prairie Creek, 12 mi. NW Ketchum, 2400 ft.; 5 mi. W Warm Lake, 7000 ft.; 1 mi. N Bear Creek R. S., SW slope Smith Mtn., 5400 ft.; N Fork Potlatch River; 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d'Alene. British Columbia: Newgate; Vermilion Crossing, Kootenay.

=Zapus princeps kootenayensis= Anderson

_Zapus princeps kootenayensis_ Anderson, Ann. Rept. Nat. Mus.
Canada for 1931:108, November 24, 1932.

_Zapus princeps princeps_, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:23, August 8,
1899 (part).

_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull, No. 10,020, Nat. Mus. Canada; near summit of Green Mountain, head of Murphy Creek, about 10 miles north of Rossland, West Kootenay district, British Columbia, at about, 6000 ft.; latitude 49° 13' north, longitude 117° 52' west; obtained on July 18, 1929, by R. M. Anderson, original No. 24.

_Range._--From Glacier in the Selkirk Range, British Columbia, south to 5 mi. W Cocolalla, Bonner County, Idaho, west and north to Sullivan Lake, Pend Oreille County, Washington; and northwestward to Manning Park on the eastern summit of the Cascade Range in British Columbia. See fig. 46.

_Description._--Size, medium; color moderately dark; upper parts noticeably dull and dusty; broad dorsal band of dull Ochraceous-Buff to near Warm Buff sprinkled with black hair to a varying degree, resulting in two color phases (dark has more black hair; Ochraceous phase or Warm Buff phase has more brown hair); sides paler than back owing to fewer black hairs; lateral line, when present, narrow and dull; ventral surface pure white; tail bicolored, pale brown above, yellowish-white to dull white below; ears dark with narrow white or yellowish-white edgings; feet white above; skull narrow across zygomata; incisive foramina narrow; bullae moderately inflated; nasals narrow at tips; postpalatal notch anterior to posterior face of last molars; braincase moderately narrow; zygomatic arch short.

_Comparisons._--From _Zapus princeps saltator_, _Z. p. kootenayensis_ differs as follows: Upper parts generally dull with less ochraceous; sides with more yellow, less ochraceous; lateral line wanting or not bright; skull averaging slightly smaller; incisive foramina smaller and narrower posteriorly; small medium projection on inferior ramus of the zygomatic process of maxillary frequently present instead of absent; pterygoid fossae shorter and narrower.

For comparison with _Zapus princeps idahoensis_ see account of that subspecies.

_Remarks._--This subspecies is paler and averages smaller than either of the subspecies with adjoining geographic ranges. There is intergradation with _Zapus princeps idahoensis_ in color, shape and size of incisive foramina, and in the shape of the nasals in Idaho-taken specimens from Glidden Lakes and Enaville. These individuals are thought to be _Z. p. idahoensis_. Specimens from the same state taken at Cascade Creek and 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d'Alene show intergradation in color, size and inflation of bullae, configuration of nasals, and shape of the vomer between _Zapus princeps idahoensis_ and _Z. p. kootenayensis_. The majority of characters studied show these animals to be referable to _Z. p. idahoensis_.

Specimens from Monashee Pass, 4000 ft., British Columbia, show relationship to _Zapus princeps saltator_ in the posteriorly wide incisive foramina, in the narrow vomer, and, in some individuals, in the increased amount of ochraceous, dorsally and laterally. The majority of characters studied show these animals to be referable to _Z. p. kootenayensis_.

The animals available from Glacier, British Columbia, are in color more nearly like _Z. p. saltator_ and cranially combine the characters of _Z. p. idahoensis_, _Z. p. saltator_, and _Z. p. kootenayensis_. The sum total of their characters places them with _Z. p. saltator_. Anderson (1932:108) remarks on the disparity of size between the two sexes of _Z. p. kootenayensis_, stating that females are considerably larger than males. I have examined most of the material used in the original description and find that animals of like age in the two sexes show no significant size difference. Anderson (_loc. cit._) seems to have compared young males with adult females.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 68, distributed as follows:

BRITISH COLUMBIA: Manning Park, 3 (PM); _Good Fellow Creek, Manning Park_, 1 (PM); _Mt. Beaver Valley, 6300 ft., Manning Park_, 1 (PM); _Timberline Valley, 6500 ft._, 3 (PM); _Allison Pass, 1 mi. E Manning Park_, 1 (PM); Monashee Pass, 4000 ft., 13 (PM); Hope-Princeton Summit, 5500 ft., 1 (NMC); _Hedley, Stirling Creek_, 1 (NMC); Anarchist Mts., 1 (PM); Fairview-Keremeos Summit, 5 (NMC); _Westbridge_, 2 (NMC); _Midway_, 2 (NMC); Green Mtn., near Rossland, 6000 ft., 12 (11 NMC, 1 MVZ); _Mt. Old Glory, 7000 ft., Rossland_, 5 (4 NMC, 1 MVZ); _Rossland, 5800 ft._, 12 (11 NMC, 1 MVZ); Camp 6, Meadow Creek, 7 mi. SE of Yahk, 1 (NMC).

IDAHO: _Bonner County_: 5 mi. W Cocolalla, 3500 ft., 2 (MVZ). _Boundary County_: 4 mi. W Meadow Creek, 3000 ft., 2 (MVZ).

_Marginal records._--British Columbia: Monashee Pass, 4000 ft.; Camp 6, Meadow Creek, 7 mi. SE Yahk. Idaho: 4 mi. W Meadow Creek, 3000 ft.; 5 mi. W Cocolalla, 3500 ft. British Columbia: Hope-Princeton Summit, 5500 ft.; Manning Park.

=Zapus princeps luteus= Miller

_Zapus luteus_, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24:253,
December 23, 1911.

_Zapus luteus australis_, Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
26:132, May 21, 1913. Type from Socorro, Socorro County,
New Mexico.

_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 133601, U. S. Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll., Espanola, 5000 ft., Rio Arriba Co., New Mexico; obtained on June 24, 1904, by McClure Surber, original No. 162.

_Range._--White Mt's of southern Apache County and northern Greenlee County, Arizona; in New Mexico, from the Sacramento Mt's, Otero County, northward to the San Juan Mt's, Rio Arriba County. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Lower Sonoran (1 individual), Upper Sonoran, Transition, and Canadian.

_Description._--Size, small; back near Ochraceous-Buff, having black hair interspersed; mid-dorsal band not always well marked; sides Ochraceous-Buff with fine admixture of black hair; lateral line blending with Ochraceous-Buff of sides, not distinct; ventral surface white to base of hairs, in some cases lightly suffused with color of sides; tail indistinctly bicolored, tan to grayish-white below and brown above; hind feet grayish-white above; ears brownish, narrowly edged with Ochraceous-Buff; skull small; antorbital foramina relatively large; interorbital region broad; inferior ramus of the zygomatic process of the maxillary broad, often with medial projection; incisive foramina narrow posteriorly becoming broadly rounded anteriorly; palatal bridge relatively long; pterygoid fossae narrow; zygomatic arches relatively robust; nasals tapering at each end.

_Comparisons._--From _Zapus princeps princeps_, _Z, p. luteus_ differs as follows: Size, smaller; color lighter, more Ochraceous-Buff; ears lighter, edged with Ochraceous-Buff as compared with white or yellowish-white; lateral line indistinct or wanting as opposed to distinct; dorsal stripe not well defined; interorbital region broader; antorbital foramina relatively larger; zygomatic arches more robust; nasals tapering at each end as opposed to parallel sided; auditory bullae smaller, less inflated.

_Remarks._--The characters of this subspecies are relatively stable throughout most of its geographic range. Hall and Davis (1934:56) remarked that their material from the White Mountains of Arizona answered precisely to Miller's original description (1911:253) of the species, and my examination of these and other specimens from that area indicates the same thing except that the specimens average slightly darker mid-dorsally than those from New Mexico.

_Zapus luteus australis_, based on a single individual taken in a riparian thicket along the Rio Grande at Socorro, New Mexico, is referable to _Z. p. luteus_. The diagnostic characters, referred to in the original description, are as follows: Small, slender, and very narrow skull; especially narrow braincase; slender rostrum; and light dentition. These are expressions of age, rather than of geographic variation, in that the individual is a subadult (young of the year). The color, which is paler than in adults of _Z. p. luteus_, is almost identical with that of a subadult (No. 205585 USBS) from Alpine, Arizona. I can see no basis for recognition of _Z. p. australis_ and the name, therefore, is placed as a synonym of _Z. p. luteus_.

Four specimens from 4 mi. NE El Rito, 7000 ft., New Mexico, show intergradation, in the shape of the nasals and incisive foramina, in the robustness of the zygomatic arch, and in the breadth of the braincase with a specimen of _Zapus princeps princeps_ from Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico. In color and in external measurements as well as in other cranial characters they closely agree with typical _Z. p. luteus_ and are here referred to the latter.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 49, distributed as follows:

ARIZONA: _Apache Co._: North Fork White River, White Mts., 24 (SDM); Alpine, 8500 ft., 6 (USBS); West Fork Black River, 7700 ft., 8 (MVZ); _Greenlee County_: Hannagan Creek, 8200 ft., 2 (MVZ).

NEW MEXICO: _Otero Co._: 12 mi. E Cloudcroft, 7500 ft., 2 (USBS). _Rio Arriba Co._: 4 mi. NE of El Rito, 7000 ft., 4; Espanola, 5000 ft., 2 (USBS). _Socorro Co._: Socorro, 1 (USBS).

_Marginal records._--New Mexico: 4 mi. N El Rito, 7000 ft.; Espanola, 5000 ft.; 12 mi. E Cloudcroft, 7500 ft. Arizona: Hannagan Creek, 8200 ft.; W. Fork Black River, 7700 ft.; N. Fork White River, White Mts. New Mexico: Socorro.

=Zapus princeps minor= Preble

_Zapus princeps minor_ Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:23, August 8,
1899.

_Zapus hudsonius campestris_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 49:117,
January 8, 1927 (part).

_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull, No. 73673, U. S. Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll., Wingard, near Carlton House, Saskatchewan; obtained on July 23, 1895, by J. Alden Loring, original No. 3123.

_Range._--Most of southern half of Saskatchewan and Alberta, northeastern Montana southeastward to Aweme, Manitoba, and Webster, South Dakota. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition, Hudsonian, and Canadian.

_Description._--Size, small; back dark, usually with a distinct mid-dorsal band of black mixed with Warm Buff; sides lighter, more yellowish, but always with an admixture of black hairs; lateral line distinct, near Ochraceous-Buff, ventral surface characteristically suffused with Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, grayish-white to yellowish-white below and pale brown above; hind feet grayish-white above; ears dark, edged with white or yellowish-white; skull small; postpalatal notch often anterior to posterior part of molars; inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary often with well developed medial projection; auditory bullae flattened; nasals narrower anteriorly and proximal third depressed; base of zygomatic process of squamosal broad.

_Comparisons._--From _Zapus princeps princeps_, _Z. p. minor_ differs as follows: Size averaging smaller in all measurements taken, except least interorbital constriction which is approximately the same; color dorsally and laterally more yellowish, less Ochraceous-Buff; ventrally greater suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff.

For comparison with _Zapus princeps idahoensis_ see account of that subspecies.

_Remarks._--This geographic race is notably stable and retains most of its diagnostic characters throughout nearly all parts of its range. Intergradation occurs with _Zapus princeps idahoensis_ at various localities in Montana, as is described in more detail in the account of _idahoensis_. Crowe (1943:406) gives evidence of intergradation between _Zapus princeps idahoensis_ and _Z. p. minor_ in specimens from Entrance in western Alberta. Crowe (_loc. cit._) described these individuals as intermediate in color (lateral line present, under parts washed with buff, sides and dorsal stripe rich in ochraceous), and in cranial characters (smaller skulls, anteriorly narrower nasals, shorter more deflected rostrum, and higher cranium); but he considered them closer to _Z. p. minor_.

A skin without skull from Kananaskis Valley, Alberta, shows intergradation between _Z. p. idahoensis_ and _Z. p. minor_. This individual is like _Z. p. idahoensis_ in dorsal and lateral coloring, but is nearer _Z. p. minor_ in ventral coloring and in the presence of a distinct lateral line. External measurements provide basis for tentatively assigning the skin to _Z. p. minor_.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 118, distributed as follows:

ALBERTA: 4 mi. N Marinville, 2; Blindman River, 1 (USBS); Camrose, 1 (ROM); Red Deer River, 1 (USBS); Didsbury, Little Red Deer River, 1 (ROM); Kananaskis Valley, 7000 ft., 1 (ROM); High River, 2 (ROM); Lodge Creek, 2 (NMC).

MANITOBA: Shoal Lake, 6 (NMC); Oak Lake, 4 (NMC); Aweme, 7 (6 ROM; 1 USBS).

MONTANA: _Chouteau County_: Eagle Creek, 25 mi. SE Big Sandy, 3 (UM). _Hill Co._: Fort Assiniboine, 1 (USBS); _Bear Paw Mt's, 20 mi. SE Fort Assiniboine_, 4 (USBS); _head Eagle Creek, Bear Paw Mt's_, 7 (UM). _Valley Co._: Glasgow, 1 (USBS).

NORTH DAKOTA: _Benson Co._: 4 mi. W Leeds, 1400 ft., 2; _2 mi. W Fort Totten, 1400 ft._, 13; Fort Totten, 4 (USBS). _Bottineau Co._: 4-8/10 mi. N Bottineau, 2100 ft., 2; _3-1/2 mi. N Bottineau, 1920 ft._, 2; _2-1/10 mi. N Bottineau, 1800 ft._, 3; _Bottineau_, 1 (USBS). _Dickey Co._: Oakes, 3 (USBS). _Grand Forks Co._: Larimore, 3 (USBS). _Montrail Co._: 6 mi. N Lostwood, 2 (USBS). _Nelson Co._: Stump Lake, 1 (USBS). _Richland Co._: _Lidgerwood_, 1 (USBS); 4 mi. S Blackner, (USBS). _Rolette Co._: St. John, 1 (USBS). _Sargent County_: _7-1/5 mi. E and 1-1/5 mi. S Oakes, 1200 ft._, 6; _3 mi. W Cayuga, 1000 ft._, 2. _Walsh Co._: Grafton, 2. _Ward Co._: _Minot_, 3 (CMNH). _Williams Co._: Grinnell, 2 (USBS); Buford, 2 (USBS).

SASKATCHEWAN: Wingard, near Carlton House, 2 (USBS); Fort Carlton, 1 (MVZ); Indian Head, 2 (USBS); Cypress Hills, N Maple Creek, 18 (NMC); _Battle Creek_, 1 (NMC).

SOUTH DAKOTA: _Day Co._: Webster, 1 (Chic. AS).

_Marginal records._--Saskatchewan: Wingard, near Carlton House; Fort Carlton. Manitoba: Shoal Lake; Aweme. North Dakota: Larimore; 4 mi. S Blackner. South Dakota: Webster. North Dakota: Oakes; Grinnell. Montana: Eagle Creek, 25 mi. SE Big Sandy. Alberta: High River; Kananaskis Valley, 2000 ft.; Red Deer River; Blindman River; 4 mi. N Marinville.

=Zapus princeps oregonus= Preble

_Zapus princeps oregonus_ Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:24, August 8,
1899.

_Zapus major_ Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:24, August 8, 1899, type
from Warner Mt's, Lake County, Oregon.

_Zapus princeps major_, Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:10,
April 10, 1931.

_Zapus nevadensis_ Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:25, August 8, 1899,
type from Ruby Mt's, Elko County, Nevada.

_Zapus princeps nevadensis_, Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool.,
37:10, April 10, 1931.

_Zapus princeps palatinus_ Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool.,
37:8, April 10, 1931, type from Wisconsin Creek, 7800 ft.,
Toyabe Mt's, Nye County, Nevada.

_Zapus princeps princeps_, Anthony, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
33:17, March 17, 1913.

_Type._--Male, adult, skin and skull; No. 78156, U. S. Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll.; Elgin, Blue Mountains, Union Co., Oregon; obtained on May 29, 1896, by Edward A. Preble, original No. 959.

_Range._--Southeastern Washington, eastern Oregon east of Cascades, northeastern California, central and northeastern Nevada, and southwestern Idaho. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian.

_Description._--Size large; back from near Light Ochraceous-Buff to near Cinnamon-Buff, usually overlaid with black hairs forming broad dorsal band, which in some individuals is almost black; sides lighter than back, from near Light Pinkish-Cinnamon to near Cinnamon-Buff and Ochraceous-Buff, often with black hairs interspersed; lateral line faintly marked or wanting; belly pure white; tail bicolored, grayish-brown above and grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged with color of sides; palatal bridge long; interorbital region broad; inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary usually with median projection; auditory bullae relatively small; incisive foramina greatly enlarged posteriorly; tooth-rows divergent anteriorly; nasals narrow posteriorly.

_Comparisons._--From _Zapus princeps curtatus_, _Z. p. oregonus_ differs as follows: Size averaging larger; upper parts darker; tooth-rows more divergent anteriorly; palatal bridge longer; mastoid region broader; incisive foramina relatively wider posteriorly.

For comparisons with _Zapus princeps cinereus_, _Zapus princeps pacificus_ and _Zapus princeps idahoensis_ see accounts of those subspecies.

_Remarks._--The coloration in _Z. p. oregonus_ varies somewhat from north to south. In the northern part of the range the average coloration of the upper parts is darker with more ochraceous on the sides. To the southward the upper parts are progressively paler and the sides are near Light Pinkish-Cinnamon. Because of this variation of color, and because of the small samples available to workers in the past, three populations of this subspecies have been named as distinct. However, with the large amount of additional material now available, the supposed diagnostic characters of these "forms" prove to be within the range of individual variations of each of several populations of which large samples are available.

_Zapus major_ Preble (1899:24) was described as having zygomata short, palate broad and long, incisive foramina large and elliptical, and color dark. Some specimens of _Z. p. oregonus_, from nearly all parts of its geographic range, show these same characters. Resemblances in anteriorly divergent tooth-rows, broad interorbital region, small auditory bullae, and posteriorly narrow nasals, are additional reasons for placing _Z. major_ as a synonym of _Z. p. oregonus_.

_Zapus nevadensis_ Preble (1899:25), here considered a synonym of _Z. p. oregonus_, was described as having: auditory bullae small, posterior border of the palate usually convex anteriorly, palatal bridge long, and color pale. These characters, however, are within the range of individual variation of _Zapus p. oregonus_. Similarities such as tooth-rows diverging anteriorly, nasals narrow posteriorly, interorbital region broad, and incisive foramina enlarged posteriorly are added reasons for placing _Z. nevadensis_ as a synonym of _Z. p. oregonus_.

_Zapus princeps palatinus_ Hall (1931:8) was described as having: palatal bridge long, incisive foramina wide posteriorly, posterior border of palate straight or convex posteriorly, and color pale. These characteristics are to be found in some individuals in most populations of _Z. p. oregonus_. Additional well marked cranial similarities, such as small auditory bullae, broad interorbital region, and nasals narrow posteriorly offer additional evidence as to the close relationship of _Z. p. palatinus_ and _Z. p. oregonus_. Hall (_loc. cit._), with a small sample available to him for comparative purposes (14 specimens of _Z. p. palatinus_ and 12 specimens of _Z. p. nevadensis_), was impressed by the condition of the palate in _Z. p. palatinus_ and wrote: "the generally straight, or even posteriorly convex, posterior border of the palate seems to be unique among described forms of _Zapus_. The name _palatinus_ is given in allusion to this structural feature." With more than 300 specimens of _Z. p. oregonus_ available for study I find that a straight or posteriorly convex posterior border of the palate occurs in more than 50 per cent of the individuals examined. Specimens displaying this described palatal condition are known from all parts of the range of _Z. p. oregonus_, but do occur in a higher percentage of specimens in the area ascribed by Hall (_loc. cit._) to the range of _Z. p. palatinus_.

Intergradation with _Zapus princeps idahoensis_ and _Zapus princeps cinereus_ is discussed in the accounts of those subspecies.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 340, distributed as follows:

CALIFORNIA: _Modoc Co._: Buck Creek R. S., 1 (CAS); _Willow Ranch_, 4 (CAS); _Sugar Hill, 5000 ft._, 1 (MVZ); _Goose Lake Meadows, near Sugar Hill_, 4 (MVZ); _Parker Creek, Warner Mts., 5500 ft._, 18 (MVZ); _Dry Creek, Warner Mts., 4800 ft._, 3 (MVZ) _east face Warner Peak, Warner Mts., 8700 ft._, 1 (MVZ); _5 mi. NW Eagle Peak, 7000 ft._, 5 (MVZ); Lassen Creek, 1 (SDM); _Happy Camp_, 1 (CAS).

IDAHO: _Boise Co._: Bald Mtn. R. S., Boise Nat'l Forest, 10 mi. S. Idaho City, 7400 ft., 2 (USBS). _Elmore Co._: Trail Creek, Boise Nat'l Forest, 2 (USBS). _Washington County_: 1 mi. NE Heath, SW Slope Cuddy Mtn., 4000 ft., 20 (5 MVZ).

NEVADA: _Elko County_: _6 mi. SW Mountain City, Cobb Creek, 6500-6550 ft._, 44 (MVZ); _summit between heads of Copper and Coon creeks, Jarbidge Mts._, 18 (9 MVZ); _head of Ackler Creek, 6800 ft._, 2: Steel Creek, 7000 ft., 11 (4 MVZ); _summit of Secret Pass, 6200 ft._, 8; _south fork Long Creek, 7830 ft._, 4; Harrison Pass R. S., Green Mtn., Canyon, 6050 ft., 12. _Eureka County_: 4 mi. S Tonkin, Denay Creek, Roberts Mt's, 1 (MVZ). _Humboldt County_: _Martin Creek R. S._, 1 (MVZ); 13 mi. N Paradise Valley, 6700 ft., 19 (MVZ). _Lander County_: Kingston R. S., 7500 ft., 4 (MVZ). _Nye County_: Wisconsin Creek, 7000 ft., 12 (MVZ). _White Pine County_: Willow Creek, 2 mi. S Elko County line, Ruby Mts., 6500 ft., 24 (2 MVZ).

OREGON: _Baker Co._: East Pine Creek, 2-1/2 mi. NE Cornucopia, 6 (USBS); McEwen, 2 (USBS); _Bourne_, 7 (USBS). _Clackamas County_: _Marks Creek, 12 mi. N of Howard_, 2 (USBS); Howard, 2 (USBS). _Crook County_: _Ochoco R. S., 4000 ft._, 4 (MVZ). _Grant Co._: _Austin_, 2 (USBS); _Cold Spring, 4900 ft., 8 mi. E Austin_, 4 (MVZ); Beech Creek, 1 (USBS); _Strawberry Mts._, 6 (USBS); _north fork Malheur River, 21 mi. SE Prairie City, 5000 ft._, 21 (MVZ). _Harney Co._: 10 mi. N. Harney, 1 (USBS); _Steen Mts., Keiger Gorge, 6900 ft._, 6 (USBS); Diamond, 4300 ft., 2 (USBS). _Jefferson Co._: Foley Creek, 12 mi. E Hay Creek, 1 (USBS). _Klamath Co._: Fort Klamath, 1 (USBS). _Lake Co._: Silver Creek, 7000 ft., Yamsey Mts., 1 (USBS); _2 mi. E Lakeview, 5200 ft._, 3 (MVZ). _Malheur Co._: Jordan Valley, 4200 ft., 1 (USBS). _Umatilla Co._: Meacham, 1 (USBS). _Union County_: Elgin, 2 (USBS). _Wallowa Co._: Paradise, 10 mi. N Horse Creek, 7000 ft., 1 (USBS); _Minam Lake_, 1 (USBS); _16 mi. S and 3 mi. E Lostine, 5500 ft._, 9 (MVZ); _west fork Wallowa River, 5000 ft., 2-1/2 mi. above Wallowa Lake_, 1 (FM); _near Wallowa Lake, 4500 ft._, 3 (FM). _Wheeler County_: 11 mi. W and 7 mi. S Mitchell, 4850 ft., 20 (MVZ).

WASHINGTON: _Asotin Co._: Anatone, 3300 ft., 1 (USBS). _Columbia County_: Twin Buttes, 25 mi. SE Dayton, Blue Mts., 2 (MVZ); _Stayawhile Spring, 5150 ft._, 4 (MVZ).

_Marginal records._--Washington: Anatone, 3300 ft. Oregon: East Pine Creek, 2-1/2 mi. NE Cornucopia. Idaho: 1 mi. NE Heath, SW slope Cuddy Mtn., 4000 ft.; Bald Mtn., R. S., Boise Nat'l Forest, 10 mi. S. Idaho City, 7400 ft.; Trail Creek, Boise Nat'l Forest. Nevada: Harrison Pass R. S., Ruby Mts.; Steel Creek, 7000 ft.; Wisconsin Creek, 7000 ft.; 13 mi. N Paradise Valley, 6700 ft. California: Lassen Creek; Buck Creek R. S. Oregon: Fort Klamath; Howard; Meacham. Washington: Twin Buttes, 25 mi. SE Dayton, Blue Mts.

=Zapus princeps pacificus= Merriam

_Zapus pacificus_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:104,
April 26, 1897; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:30, August 8, 1899.

_Jaculus hudsonius_, Baird, Repts. Expl. and Surv. 111 8
(pt. 1):433, July 14, 1858 (part--the part from Canoe Creek,
California).

_Zapus alleni_ Elliot, Field Columbian Mus., publ. 27, zool. ser.,
1:212, April 19, 1898, type from Pyramid Peak, Lake Tahoe, El
Dorado County, California.

_Zapus trinotatus alleni_, Elliot, Field Columbian Mus. Publ. 91,
zool. ser., 3:315, July 5, 1904; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:27,
August 8, 1899.

_Zapus pacificus alleni_, Howell, Univ. California Publ. Zool.,
21:232, May 20, 1920.

_Zapus trinotatus pacificus_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 55:233,
August 29, 1936.

_Zapus princeps alleni_, Hall, Mammals of Nevada; Univ. California
Press, Berkeley, California, 579, July 1, 1946.

_Type._--Male, subadult, skin and skull, No. 80445, U. S. Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll.; Prospect, Rogue River Valley, Jackson Co., Oregon; obtained on August 29, 1896, by Edward A. Preble, original No. 1454.

_Range._--Sierra Nevada Mt's, from Kern Peak, Tulare County, California, northeastward to Mt. Rose, Washoe County, Nevada, then northwestward through the Trinity and Salmon mountains, California, to the upper Rogue River Valley, Oregon, thence southwestward to South Yolla Bolly Mt'n, Tehama County, California. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition, Canadian, and Hudsonian.

_Description._--Size medium; color bright; back near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black hair forming dark dorsal band; sides bright Ochraceous-Buff with fine admixture of black hair; lateral line blending with color of sides or wanting or indistinct; ventral surface white; tail bicolored, grayish-brown above, yellowish-white below, in some specimens with white tip; feet grayish-white above; ears dark, edged with Ochraceous Buff; braincase relatively narrow; incisive foramina relatively short; pterygoid fossae usually broad; proximal part of inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary broad; postpalatal notch usually broadly rounded; auditory bullae relatively small and flattened; nasals parallel sided; maxillary tooth-row short; interorbital region moderately broad.

_Comparison._--From _Zapus princeps oregonus_, _Z. p. pacificus_ differs in being brighter in all pigmented areas; more ochraceous and less yellow laterally; dorsally more ochraceous and less black; size averaging smaller; maxillary tooth-rows shorter; auditory bullae less inflated and smaller; interorbital region averaging narrower; palatal bridge averaging shorter; incisive foramina shorter and posteriorly narrower; nasals parallel rather than narrowed posteriorly.

_Remarks._--Original describers considered both _Z. pacificus_ and _Z. alleni_ as specifically distinct from _Z. trinotatus_. Merriam (1897a:104) named _Z. pacificus_ and gave the following diagnostic characters: short rostrum and nasals; small auditory bullae; basioccipital broad between bullae. Elliot (1898:212) named _Z. alleni_ and ascribed to it the following diagnostic characters: cranium long and narrow; nasals same breadth for entire length; palate wide; pterygoid fossae wide posteriorly; auditory bullae small; basisphenoid and basioccipital wide; upper tooth-rows short. Preble (1899:27) considered _Z. alleni_ to be a subspecies of the species _Z. trinotatus_, remarking that the skulls are similar to those of _Z. trinotatus_ but smaller with much smaller bullae; in coloration the animals are lighter above and without fulvous below. Preble remarked that the skull of _Z. alleni_ differs so greatly from that of _Z. montanus_ that comparison was not required. Preble (_op. cit._:30) treated _Z. pacificus_ as a full species. Howell (1920:233) considered _Z. pacificus_ and _Z. alleni_ to be subspecies of _Z. pacificus_. Howell (_loc. cit._) pointed out size, cranial, and color similarities between the two, and remarked that _pacificus_ is clearly distinct from _Z. montanus_, its nearest geographic neighbor. Hall (1946:578) arranged _Z. alleni_ as a subspecies of _Z. princeps_, although not on grounds wholly satisfactory to him because actual intergrades between _alleni_ and neighboring races of _princeps_ were not available.

I here consider _Z. alleni_ to be synonymous with _Z. pacificus_; the latter is a subspecies of _Z. princeps_. Certain diagnostic characters, such as the shape and size of the os penis, the diameter and pigment pattern of the hair, the over-all proportions of the skull, and the size and shape of the teeth indicate that _alleni_ and _princeps_ belong to the same species, even though animals from intermediate geographic areas are not available to show actual intergradation.

The diagnostic characters referred to in the original description of _Z. alleni_, as given earlier in this account, agree with characters of specimens of _Z. p. pacificus_. Howell (1920:233) remarks that, in coloration and length of foot, typical _alleni_ differs but slightly from _pacificus_. Howell (_loc. cit._) noted, as I also have, that there are slight cranial differences in specimens from various parts of the range of _Z. p. pacificus_; these variations are somewhat clinal in nature, cranial dimensions showing a slight increase from south to north. The largest animals occur in western Tehama, Trinity, and Siskiyou counties, California. Samples from various localities in Jackson County, Oregon, are slightly smaller than these, but are larger than specimens from the southern Sierra Nevada.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 264, distributed as follows:

CALIFORNIA: _Alpine County_: _Carson River, 1/4 mi. SW Woodfords, 5700 ft._, 3 (MVZ); _Diamond Valley, 5500 ft., 1 mi. SE Woodfords_, 6 (MVZ); _Faith Valley_, 1 (MVZ). _El Dorado County_: _Glen Alpine Creek, near Fallen Leaf Lake, 6600 ft._, 8 (MVZ); _1 mi. W Fyffe_, 1 (MVZ); _Fresno County_: _Hume_, 1 (MVZ). _Mariposa County_: _Chinquapin, 6700 ft., Yosemite Nat'l Park_, 12 (MVZ); _E fork Indian Canyon, 7300 ft._, 8 (MVZ); _Merced Grove, Big Trees_, 7 (MVZ); _1 mi. E Merced Lake_, 5 (MVZ); _near Mono Meadow, Yosemite Nat'l Park_, 4 (MVZ); _near Mt. Hoffman, 8100 ft., Yosemite Nat'l Park_, 5 (MVZ); _Porcupine Flat, 8100 ft., Yosemite Nat'l Park_, 9 (MVZ); _Yosemite Creek, Yosemite Valley_, 7 (MVZ); foot Yosemite Falls, Yosemite Nat'l Park, 8 (MVZ). _Mono County_: _Walker Lake, 8000 ft._, 5 (MVZ); _Swager Canyon, 7800 ft._, 3; Mono Lake P. O. 6500 ft., 4 (MVZ). _Placer Co._: Truckee River, Squaw Creek, 1 (SDM); _W bank Truckee River_, 1 (MVZ). _Plumas County_: Rich Gulch, 3850 ft., 11 mi. W and 8 mi. N Quincy, 2 (MVZ). _Shasta County_: Warner Creek, 8000 ft., Lassen Peak, 6 (MVZ). _Siskiyou Co._: _Donomore Meadow, 5800 ft., 15 mi. W Hilt_, 7 (MVZ); Poker Flat, 5000 ft., 12 mi. NW Happy Camp, 7 (MVZ); Little Shasta, 1 (USBS); Siskiyou Mts., 6000 ft., 2 (USBS); _Sisson_, 1 (SDM); _Mt. Shasta, 6500 ft._, 6 (MVZ). _Salmon River Divide_, 2 (MVZ); _S fork Salmon River, 5000 ft._, 7 (MVZ). _Tehama County_: _2 mi. W Black Butte, on Lassen Rd., 6800 ft._, 5 (MVZ); _2 mi. E Mineral, 5200 ft._, 2 (MVZ); 2 mi. S Yolla Bolly Mtn., 11 (MVZ). _Trinity Co._: _N fork Coffee Creek, 4500 ft._, 34 (MVZ); Canyon Creek, 4 (USBS); 8 mi. NE Hyampon, 2900 ft., 1 (MVZ); _3 mi. NNW Mad River Bridge, 2900 ft., South Fork Mtn._, 5 (MVZ); _1-1/2 mi. N Mad River Bridge, 3000 ft., South Fork Mtn._, 6 (MVZ); _1 mi. SW North Yolla Bolly Mtn._, 14 (11 MVZ); _1/2 mi. S South Yolla Bolly Mtn._, 3 (MVZ). _Tulare County_: _Jordan Hot Springs, Sierra Nevada Mts., 6700 ft._, 9 (MVZ); _Sherman Creek, Sequoia Nat'l Park_, 1 (MVZ); _Tokopah Valley, 7000 ft., Sequoia Nat'l Park_, 1 (MVZ); 2 mi. E Kern Peak, 9300 ft., Sierra Nevada Mts., 1 (MVZ). _Tuolumne County_: _head Lyle Canyon, Yosemite Nat'l Park, 10,000 ft._, 9 (MVZ); _Tuolumne Meadows, 8600 ft., Yosemite Nat'l Park_, 1 (MVZ).

NEVADA: _Douglas County_: 1/2 mi. E Zephyr Cove, Lake Tahoe, 6400 ft., 1 (MVZ). _Ormsby County_: _S end Marlette Lake, 8000 ft._, 2 (MVZ); _1/2 mi. S Marlette Lake, 8150 ft._, 3 (MVZ). _Washoe County_: _1/2 mi. S Mt Rose, 9500 ft._, 3 (2 MVZ); 3 mi. S Mt. Rose, 8500 ft., 3 (MVZ).

OREGON: _Jackson Co._: Prospect, 3 (2 USBS, 1 MVZ); _W slope Grizzly Peak, 4600 ft._, 1 (USBS); _Siskiyou_, 1 (USBS); Longs Camp, N base Ashland Peak, 3300 ft., 1 (USBS).

_Marginal records._--Oregon: Prospect. Nevada: 3 mi. S Mt. Rose, 8500 ft.; 1/2 mi. E Zephyr Cove, Lake Tahoe, 6400 ft. California: Mono Lake P. O., 6500 ft.; 2 mi. E Kern Peak, 9300 ft., Sierra Nevada Mts.; Rich Gulch, 3850 ft., 11 mi. W and 8 mi. N Quincy; Warner Creek, 8000 ft., Lassen Peak; 2 mi. S Yolla Bolly Mtn.; 8 mi. NE Hyampon, 2900 ft.; Siskiyou Mts., 6000 ft.; Poker Flat, 5000 ft., 12 mi. NW Happy Camp.

=Zapus princeps princeps= J. A. Allen

_Zapus princeps_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:71-72,
April 28, 1893; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:23, August 8, 1899.

_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 5260/4140, Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist.; Florida, La Plata County, Colorado; obtained on June
27, 1892, by Charles P. Rowley.

_Range._--Sierra Madre, Medicine Bow, Laramie, and Big Horn mountains of Wyoming southward through Colorado into the Taos and San Juan mountains in northern New Mexico. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition, Canadian and Hudsonian.

_Description._--Size, medium; back dark usually with broad mid-dorsal band of black mixed with Warm Buff or Ochraceous-Buff; sides light (Warm Buff) but varying to Ochraceous-Buff, always with admixture of black hair; lateral line distinct and broad, varying from Light Ochraceous-Buff to Ochraceous-Buff; ventral surface white to base of hairs, frequently suffused with Ochraceous-Buff; tail indistinctly bicolored, tan to grayish-white below and pale brown above; hind feet grayish-white above; ears edged with white or yellowish-white; skull medium; large medial projection on inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary; palate moderately long; postpalatal notch usually broadly rounded and posterior to posterior part of last molar; proximal part of inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary broad; pterygoid fossae broad; auditory bullae moderately inflated.

_Comparisons._--From _Zapus princeps luteus_, _Z. p. princeps_ differs as follows: Total length, tail and hind foot longer; color darker, being less ochraceous; ears darker, edged with white or yellowish-white instead of Ochraceous-Buff; lateral line more distinct; skull larger, except least interorbital breadth which is smaller; auditory bullae larger, more inflated; pterygoid fossae larger; incisive foramina broader, longer, and posteriorly more truncate; nasals broader, tapering less distally.