Chapter V: Part 5

_Zapus hudsonius acadicus_ as here understood is a relatively wide-ranging subspecies. Populations at the southern periphery of its range are difficult to separate from populations at the northern periphery of the range of _Z. h. americanus_. These two geographic races represent opposite extremes of a clinal gradient and, as would be expected, geographic intermediates are morphologically similar.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 156, distributed as follows:

MAINE: _Aroostock County_: _Madawaska_, 6 (MCZ). _Hancock County_: _Mount Desert Island_, 9 (6 MCZ, 3 UM). _Piscataquis County_: _Mount Katahdin_, 1 (USNM); Sebec Lake, 4 (USBS); _Katahdin Lake_, 1 (USBS). _Sagadahoc Co._: Small Point Beach, 1 (Clev. MNH). _Somerset County_: east branch Penobscot River, 2 (USBS). _Washington County_: Columbia Falls, 1 (USBS).

MASSACHUSETTS: _Essex County_: _Essex_, 4 (Clev. MNH); Wilmington, 4 (3 USBS, 1 USNM). _Worchester County_: _Lunenberg_, 2 (USBS); _1 mi. S Ayer_, 2 (MVZ); 2 mi. N Gilbertville, 1.

NEW BRUNSWICK: _Charlotte County_: _6 mi. N St. Andrews_, 2 (NMC); 5 mi. N St. Andrews, 4 (NMC). _Carleton County_: _Debec_, 1 (MVZ). _Gloucester County_: Dalhousie, 2 (MVZ); _Miramichi Road, 15 mi. from Bathurst_, 4 (NMC); _Youghall_, 3 (NMC). _Madawaska County_: Baker Lake, 2 (NMC); _9 mi. NE Edmundston_, 4 (NMC); 5 mi. N St. Leonard, 5 (NMC). _Victoria Co._: _Tobique Point_, 1 (AMNH). _York County_: _Queensbury_, 1 (USBS).

NEW HAMPSHIRE: _Carroll County_: _Intervale_, 1 (UM); _Ossipee_, 4 (3 USBS); _2 mi. S Ossipee_, 12 (2 USNM). _Coos County_: _Nathan Pond_, 1 (UM); Fabyans-Bretton Woods, Dartmouth Brook, 2 (UM); _Fabyans_, 1 (USNM); _3 mi. W Base Station_, 1; _Mt. Washington_, 1 (MVZ); _Pinkham Notch, 1900 ft._, 1 (USNM). _Grafton County_: _Franconia Notch, Profile Lake_, 1 (UM); Lebanon, 3 (UM). _Strafford Co._: _1 mi. E Durham_, 1 (UM).

NEW YORK: _Essex Co._: Keene Valley, 5 (MCZ); _Keene Heights_, 5 (MCZ); _Minerva, 1700 ft._, 1 (AMNH). _Herkimer County_: Northwood, 7 (AMNH). _Rensselaer Co._: Berlin, 8 (AMNH). _Schenectady County_: _Glenville_, 1 (USBS). _Warren County_: _Lake George_, 5 (USBS). _Washington County_: _Patterns Mills_, 1 (USBS).

NOVA SCOTIA: _Annapolis Co._: Bear River, 7 (NMC); _Lake Kedgemakooge_, 5 (UM); 2 mi. S Milford, 1 (AMNH). _Kings Co._: Black River Dist., 1 (NMC); _no exact locality_, 1 (NMC). _Shelburne County_: Doctors Cove, N Barrington Passage, 1 (NMC); _Barrington Passage_, 4 (NMC).

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: no exact locality, 1 (USBS).

QUEBEC: Ste. Anne des Monts, 1 (AMNH).

VERMONT: _Addison County_: Orwell, 1 (MCZ); _Lamville County_: Mt. Mansfield, 2 (USBS). _Windham County_: _Whitingham_, 2 (AMNH).

_Marginal records._--Quebec: Ste. Anne des Monts. New Brunswick: Dalhousie. Prince Edward Island. Nova Scotia: Black River District; Doctors Cove, N Barrington Passage. Maine: Columbia Falls; Small Point Beach. Massachusetts: Wilmington; 2 mi. N Gilbertville. New York: Berlin; North Wood; Keene Valley. Maine: E branch Penobscot River. New Brunswick: Baker Lake.

=Zapus hudsonius alascensis= Merriam

_Zapus hudsonius alascensis_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
2:223, July 15, 1897.

_Zapus hudsonius hudsonius_, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 24:37,
November 23, 1904.

_Type._--Male, adult, skin and skull, No. 73584, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Yakutat Bay, Alaska; obtained on July 5, 1895, by Clark P. Streator, original No. 4660.

_Range._--Alaska Peninsula, coastal section of mainland of southern and southeastern Alaska including Revillagigedo Island; also southwestern Yukon. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Canadian and Hudsonian.

_Description._--Size large; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Dresden Brown, sometimes darkened with black tipped hair usually with darker mid-dorsal area forming a band; sides lighter than back and from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Clay Color; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, frequently with a slight suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged and flecked on the inner surface with color of sides; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae broad and moderately inflated; pterygoid fossae relatively broad; incisive foramina relatively long, zygomata relatively long and broadly bowed; mastoid region relatively broad; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch relatively great; occipitonasal length relatively great.

_Comparisons._--From _Zapus hudsonius tenellus_, _Z. h. alascensis_ differs as follows: Size larger; upper parts darker, less ochraceous; sides duller, less ochraceous more tawny; incisive foramina averaging longer; mastoid region broader; occipitonasal length greater; zygomata wider-spreading and longer; condylobasal length averaging greater; auditory bullae less broadly rounded; and distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging greater.

For comparison with _Zapus hudsonius hudsonius_ see account of that subspecies.

_Remarks._--_Zapus hudsonius alascensis_ is a fairly well marked subspecies retaining most of its characters throughout its range. Variation is noted in specimens from the southwest end of Dezadeash Lake, 2400 ft., Yukon Territory, and seems to be the result of intergradation between _Zapus hudsonius hudsonius_ and _Z. h. alascensis_. These animals are like _Z. h. hudsonius_ in the shape of the auditory bullae but are otherwise more nearly like _Z. h. alascensis_ to which they are here assigned. Alaskan specimens from 7 mi. SSE Haines, and from a point 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines average slightly larger than _Z. h. alascensis_ in most measurements taken; however, in coloration they more nearly agree with _Z. h. alascensis_ than with _Z. h. hudsonius_ or _Z. h. tenellus_ the geographic ranges of which adjoin that of _Z. h. alascensis_.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 56, distributed as follows:

ALASKA: Cook Inlet, Tyonek, 1 (USBS); head Chalitna River, 2 (USBS); Lake Clark, 4 (USBS); east side Chilkat River, 100 ft., 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines, 8; Yakutat, 3 (USBS); Lake Iliamma, 1 (USBS); Lake Aleknagik, 1 (USBS); _Kokwok_, 1 (USBS); _Nushagak River_, 3 (USBS); _Chilkat Peninsula, 10 ft., 7 mi. SSE Haines_, 18; Nushagak, 3 (USBS); Chignik Bay, 1 (USBS); Portage Cove, Revillagigedo, 1 (MVZ); _Izembek Bay_, 1 (USBS); Frosty Peak, 1 (USBS).

BRITISH COLUMBIA: _west end Kelsall Lake, 2900 ft._, 1; Stonehouse Creek, 5-1/2 mi. W junction Stonehouse Creek and Kelsall River, 4.

YUKON: SW end Dezadeash Lake, 2400 ft., 2.

_Marginal records._--Alaska: Lake Aleknagik; head Chalitna River. Yukon: SW end Dezadeash Lake, 2400 ft. Alaska: E side Chilkat River, 100 ft., 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines; Portage Cove, Revillagigedo Island; Yakutat; Cook Inlet, Tyonek; Chignik Bay; Frosty Peak.

=Zapus hudsonius americanus= (Barton)

_Dipus americanus_ Barton, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 4:115, 1799.

_Jaculus americanus_ Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphibien, 23, 1830.

_Meriones microcephalus_ Harlan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 1,
1839, based on two specimens from "the farm of Mr. Beck, in
Philadelphia County, a few miles northeast of the city [=
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]."

_Jaculus hudsonius_, Baird, Repts. Expl. and Surv. 111, 8 (pt. 1):
433, July 14, 1858 (part--the part from Massachusetts, Connecticut,
New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania).

_Zapus hudsonius_, Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. of the
territories, 2nd ser. No. 5:260, 1877 (part--the part from
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania); Preble,
N. Amer. Fauna, 15:17, August 8, 1899 (part--the part from
Peterboro and Waterville, New York, southeastern Massachusetts,
Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland,
North Carolina, and Ohio).

_Zapus hudsonius americanus_, Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool.
Club, 1:6, February 8, 1899; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:19,
August 8, 1899.

_Zapus hudsonius hardyi_, Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland
Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:165, September 11, 1942 (part--the part from
New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania).

_Zapus hudsonius brevipes_ Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland
Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:168, September 11, 1942, type from Bettsville,
Seneca County, Ohio.

_Zapus hudsonius rafinesquei_ Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ.
Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:169, September 11, 1942 (part--the
part from southeastern Ohio), type from Cat Run, extreme
southeastern Belmont County, Ohio.

_Type._--No type specimen designated. _Dipus americanus_ was characterized from jumping mice obtained by Barton near the Schuylkill River, a few miles from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

_Range._--Southeastern United States and lower peninsula of Michigan; east of central Indiana; from central New York and Massachusetts southward to northern Georgia. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Austroriparian (Lower Austral), Carolinian (Upper Austral), Alleghanian (Transition), and Canadian.

_Description._--Size small; back from near Light Ochraceous-Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black-tipped hair forming distinct dorsal band; sides bright, lighter than back from near Light Ochraceous-Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff; lateral line usually distinct and of color of sides; underparts white, sometimes with slight suffusion of color of sides; tail bicolored, brown to brownish-black above, yellowish-white to grayish-white below; ears narrowly edged and heavily flecked with color of sides; feet white to grayish-white above; skull short; braincase relatively narrow; incisive foramina relatively broad; skull relatively narrow across zygomata; interorbital region relatively broad; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch relatively short; auditory bullae relatively small.

_Comparisons._--Compared with _Zapus hudsonius canadensis_, _Z. h. americanus_ differs as follows: Smaller; paler (in a sense brighter because more ochraceous and less tawny); skull smaller; auditory bullae narrower, less inflated; incisive foramina relatively more bowed; condylobasal length averaging less.

From _Zapus hudsonius intermedius_, _Z. h. americanus_ differs as follows: Smaller; color brighter, more ochraceous, less yellow; braincase relatively narrower; auditory bullae usually smaller; incisive foramina broader; inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary usually with median projection; interorbital region averaging broader.

For comparison with _Zapus hudsonius acadicus_ see account of that subspecies.

_Remarks._--Intergradation with _Zapus hudsonius acadicus_ occurs in southeastern New York as indicated by a series of 25 specimens from Peterboro. They resemble _Z. h. acadicus_ in width of the mastoid region and relatively longer tooth-row, but in the size and shape of the auditory bullae, width of the pterygoid fossae, and lighter, brighter, color of the sides they are more nearly like _Z. h. americanus_ to which they are here referred.

Intergradation between _Z. h. americanus_ and _Z. h. acadicus_ is indicated also by specimens from Lawyersville and Schoharie, New York. In animals from both localities the length of the zygomata and the breadth of the mastoid region are more nearly as in _Z. h. acadicus_, but in size and shape of the auditory bullae, over-all length of the skull, color of the ears, and general color of the pelage they are more nearly like _Z. h. americanus_ to which they are here referred.

Specimens from western Pennsylvania, judged to be _Z. h. hudsonius_ by Preble (1899:17), and those from northwestern Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio, allocated to _Z. h. hardyi_ (= _acadicus_) by Bole and Moulthrop (1942:165), are more nearly like _Z. h. americanus_ in size and shape of the auditory bullae, short zygomata, relatively narrow mastoid region, and color of pelage.

Specimens from the lower peninsula of Michigan, northeastern Indiana, and northwestern Ohio, described by Bole and Moulthrop (_op. cit._:168) as belonging to a new subspecies (_Zapus hudsonius brevipes_), are to me indistinguishable from most specimens of _Z. h. americanus_. The characters which Bole and Moulthrop (_loc. cit._) ascribe to _Z. h. brevipes_--color bright Ochraceous-Buff, tail and hind feet short, and skull narrow--are also those of _Z. h. americanus_.

Specimens from various localities in southeastern Ohio, all within the range ascribed by Bole and Moulthrop (_op. cit._:169) to _Zapus hudsonius rafinesquei_, are indistinguishable from specimens of _Z. h. americanus_ from eastern Tennessee, West Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland. _Zapus hudsonius rafinesquei_ (at least that part from southeastern Ohio) is indistinguishable from _Z. h. americanus_ and therefore is synonymized under _Z. h. americanus_.

Specimens from Lagrange County, Indiana, show intergradation between _Zapus hudsonius intermedius_ and _Z. h. americanus_ in the color of the pelage but are more nearly like _Z. h. americanus_ to which they are here referred. One from Porter County, Indiana, is more nearly like _Z. h. intermedius_ in size and shape of the bullae and in breadth of the pterygoid fossae but in color and degree of lateral bowing of the zygomata is better placed with _Z. h. americanus_.

_Z. h. americanus_ is a wide ranging subspecies. Animals at the northern periphery of the range (lower peninsula of Michigan to the west and southeastern Massachusetts to the east) are largest and darkest; to the southward there is a progressive reduction in size and a change to a lighter, brighter color. Animals from Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina are more nearly average representatives of the subspecies than are those from the region of the type locality.

A jumping mouse allegedly of this subspecies has been recorded by Coleman (1941:91) from Caesars Head, 300 ft., South Carolina. This specimen and one from Athens, Georgia, provide the southeasternmost record-stations of occurrence for the species _Z. hudsonius_.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 318, distributed as follows:

CONNECTICUT: _Hartford County_: _Windsor_, 1 (USBS); _East Hartford_, 2 (MCZ). _Litchfield County_: Sharon, 3 (AMNH); _Macedonia Park_, 2 (AMNH). _Middlesex County_: _Clinton_, 1 (AMNH). _Windham County_: South Woodstock, 10 (AMNH); _Pomfret, near Hampton line_, 1.

GEORGIA: _Clarke Co._: Athens, 1 (USBS).

INDIANA: _Lagrange Co._: no exact locality, 2 (UM). _Porter Co._: Mineral Springs, 1 (FM); _no exact locality_, 1 (FM).

MARYLAND: _Anne Arundel County_: _Patuxent Research Refuge_, 1 (USBS). _Charles County_: _no exact locality_, 1 (USBS). _Garrett Co._: Finzel, 6 mi. N Frostburg, 1 (USBS). _Montgomery County_: _Sandy Springs_, 2 (USBS); _Kensington_, 1 (USNM); _Cabin John Bridge_, 2 (1 USBS; 1 USNM). _Prince Georges County_: _Laurel_, 8 (USNM); _Branchville_, 1 (USBS); _College Park_, 1. _Worchester County_: Assateague, 5 mi. S Ocean City, 1 (USBS).

MASSACHUSETTS: _Barnstable County_: _West Falmouth_, 1 (USBS). _Bristol County_: _Raynham_, 1 (Clev. MNH). _Dukes County_: _Martha's Vineyard_, 1 (USBS); _West Chop, Martha's Vineyard_, 1 (Clev. MNH). _Nantucket County_: _Nantucket Island_, 1 (USNM). _Plymouth County_: Middleboro, 1 (USNM); _Plymouth_, 1 (UM); _Marshfield_, 6 (USBS); _Wareham_, 3 (1 Clev. MNH; 2 UM).

MICHIGAN: _Alcona Co._: _2 mi. S Harrisville_, 2 (UM). _Allegan Co._: _near junction Swan Creek and Kalamazoo River_, 3 (UM). _Berrien Co._: _Warren Woods_, 2 (UM); _Three Oaks_, 1 (UM). _Charlevoix Co._: _Thumb Lake_, 1 (UM); _Section 1 Norwood Township_, 1 (UM); _Boyne Falls_, 12 (UM); _2 mi. S Boyne Falls_, 2 (UM). _Cheboygan Co._: Douglas Lake, 2 (UM). _Clinton Co._: _2 mi. SE DeWitt_, 1 (UM). _Emmet Co._: _Maple River, near Douglas Lake_, 1 (UM). _Huron Co._: _Rush Lake_, 1 (UM). _Kalamazoo Co._: _no exact locality_, 1 (UM). _Lake Co._: _1 mi. NW Chase_, 1 (UM). _Livingston Co._: _George Reserve, Pinckney_, 2 (UM); _Upper Whitewood Lake_, 1 (UM); _Whitmore Lake_, 1 (UM); _Portage Lake_, 3 (UM). _Mason Co._: 9 mi. N Ludington, 1 (UM). _Midland Co._: Sanford, 1 (UM). _Montmorency Co._: _T. 32N, R. 1E, Sec. 30_, 1 (UM). _Muskegon Co._: _4 mi. NW North Muskegon_, 2 (UM). _Oakland Co._: Bloomfield, 1 (UM); _no exact locality_, 1 (UM). _Otsego Co._: _Pigeon River_, 1 (UM); _T. 32N, R. 1W, Sec. 25_, 1 (UM); _Waters_, 1. _Roscommon Co._: _T. 24N, R. 2W, Sec. 2_, 1 (UM). _Shiawassee Co._: _1/2 mi. NE Byron_, 5 (UM); _1/4 mi. S Byron_, 2 (UM); _2 mi. SE Byron_, 1 (UM); _3 mi. SW Byron_, 1 (UM). _Van Buren Co._: _Van Auken Lake_, 1 (UM). _Washtenaw County_: _Whitmore Lake_, 1 (UM); _2 mi. W Cherry Hill_, 1 (UM); _Ann Arbor_, 7 (UM); _2 mi. E Ann Arbor_, 2 (UM); _Willow Run Village_, 1 (UM).

NEW JERSEY: _Bergen County_: Harrington Park, 1 (AMNH); _Englewood_, 1 (USNM). _Cape May County_: _Mays Landing_, 3 (Clev. MNH). _Morris County_: _Mendham_, 1 (AMNH). _Ocean County_: Tuckerton, 3 (USBS).

NEW YORK: _Broome Co._: _5 mi. N Binghamton_, 2 (USNM). _Cayuga County_: E Aurora, 1 (USBS). _Greene County_: Catskills, 4 (USNM); _Kaaterskill Junction_, 1 (USNM). _Madison County_: Peterboro, 25 (2 MCZ; 19 USNM; 4 Clev. MNH). _Nassau County_: Locust Grove, 3 (USNM). _Orange Co._: _Cranberry Pond, 840 ft., Highland_, 2 (USNM). _Otsego County_: _Lake Charlotte_, 1 (AMNH). _Queens County_: _Woodside, Long Island_, 1 (USNM); _near Forest Hills, Long Island_, 1 (AMNH); _Ray Nu Beach, Long Island_, 1 (USNM). _Rockland County_: _Tappan_, 1 (AMNH). _Schoharie County_: _Lawyersville_, 1 (AMNH); _Schoharie_, 1 (AMNH). _Suffolk County_: _Montauk Point, Long Island_, 8 (USBS). _Tioga County_: _Owego_, 1 (USBS). _Westchester Co._: _Bedford_, 1 (AMNH).

NORTH CAROLINA: _Buncombe County_: _Weaverville_, 1 (AMNH). _Cherokee Co._: Martin Creek, 2 (UM). _Mitchell County_: Roan Mountain, 2 (USBS). _Wake County_: Raleigh, 5 (3 USNM; 1 UM; 1 NCS).

OHIO: _Carroll Co._: Carrollton, 2 (UM). _Cuyahoga County_: _Big Creek, Brookside Park_, 1 (Clev. MNH); _Dover_, 1 (Clev. MNH); _Rocky River Metr. Park_, 3 (Clev. MNH); _North Olmstead_, 1 (Clev. MNH). _Erie Co._: _Milan_, 1 (Clev. MNH); _Mill Hollow, Vermilion River_, 1 (Clev. MNH). _Lake Co._: Holden Arboretum, 3 (Clev. MNH). _Meigs Co._: Portland Station, 1 (Clev. MNH). _Seneca Co._: _Bettsville_, 4 (Clev. MNH); Old Fort Seneca, 4 (Clev. MNH); _Corners_, 1 (Clev. MNH). _Wayne Co._: _Wooster_, 1 (UM); _Craighton_, 1 (UM).

PENNSYLVANIA: _Beaver Co._: _1 mi. NE Darlington_, 1 (CM); _2 mi. E Industry_, 1 (CM); _4 mi. E Frankfort_, 2 (CM). _Bedford Co._: _1 mi. NE Osterburg_, 1 (CM). _Berks Co._: _2 mi. W Strausstown_, 1 (USNM). _Bradford Co._: _2-1/2 mi. NNW Wyalusing_, 2 (CM). _Bucks Co._: 2 mi. N New Britain, 1 (CM). _Butler Co._: _Thorn Creek, 4 mi. S Butler_, 4 (CM); _2 mi. E Middle Lancaster_, 1 (CM); _Orphans Home, 2 mi. E Mars_, 2 (CM). _Cambria Co._: _2-1/2 mi. S Patton, 1750 ft._, 1 (CM); _5-1/2 mi. NE Ebensburg_, 1 (CM). _Centre Co._: 2, mi. E Snowshoe, 2 (CM). _Chester Co._: _2 mi. S West Chester_, 1 (CM). _Clinton Co._: _Tamarack, 9 mi. NNW Renovo_, 1 (CM). _Crawford Co._: _Pymatuning Lake_, 3 (Clev. MNH). _Erie Co._: _4-1/2 mi. SW_ [town of] _North East_; 2 (CM); _East Springfield_, 1 (CM). _Fulton Co._: _1-1/2 mi. NE Warfordsburg, 580 ft._, 1 (CM). _Huntington Co._: _6-1/2 mi. S Shade Gap_, 2 (CM). _Indiana Co._: _1/2 mi. E Indiana, 1320 ft._, 2 (CM). _Lebanon Co._: _1-1/2 mi. SE Cornwall, 800 ft._, 1 (CM). _Mercer Co._: _2-1/2 mi. W Mercer_, 2 (CM); _5 mi. S Mercer_, 1 (CM). _Monroe Co._: _Pocene Lake_, 1(CM). _Pike Co._: _Bruce Lake_, 1 (CM). _Potter Co._: _Woodcock Run, 7-1/2 mi. WSW Ulysses_, 2 (CM). _Sommerset County_: _4 mi. SW Somerset, 2100 ft._, 2 (CM); _New Lexington_, 1 (USBS). _Susquehanna Co._: 10 mi. NNW Montrose, 1 (CM). _Union Co._: _Glen Iron_, 2 (CM). _Warren Co._: Bensons Swamp, 5 mi. E Columbus, 1 (USNM); _Miles Run, 5 mi. NW Pittsfield_, 1 (CM); _1-1/2 mi. N Pittsfield_, 1 (CM); _2-1/2 mi. N Kinzua_, 2 (CM); _2 mi. N Kinzua_, 1 (CM).

TENNESSEE: _Carter Co._: 3 mi. SSW Roan Mountain (town), 2900 ft., 1 (UM).

VIRGINIA: _Amelia Co._: Amelia, 1 (UM). _Elizabeth City County_: Near Hampton, 2 (UM). _Fairfax County_: Fall Church, 4 (2 USNM; 2 USBS); _opposite Plummers Island, Maryland_, 1 (USNM). _Highland Co._: Laurel Park, 9 mi. NNW Monterey, 3100 ft., 4 (UM). _Nelson Co._: _no exact locality_, 5 (USNM). _Norfolk County_: _Deep Creek_, 1 (USBS). _Page Co._: _no exact locality_, 1 (USNM). _Smyth Co._: _Sugar Grove_, 1 (UM); _1/2 mi. E Konnarock, 2800 ft._, 1 (UM). _Washington Co._: Konnarock, 2900 ft., 1 (UM).

WASHINGTON D. C.: _Chevy Chase_, 1 (USBS); _no exact locality_, 4 (3 USNM; 1 USBS).

WEST VIRGINIA: _Monongalia Co._: Morgantown, 6.

_Marginal records._--Michigan: Douglas Lake; Bloomfield. New York: E Aurora; Peterboro; Catskills. Connecticut: Sharon; South Woodstock. Massachusetts: Middleboro. New Jersey: Tuckerton. Maryland: Assateague, 5 mi. S Ocean City. North Carolina: Raleigh. Georgia: Athens. Indiana: Mineral Springs. Michigan: 9 mi. N Ludington.

=Zapus hudsonius campestris= Preble

_Zapus hudsonius campestris_ Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:20, August
8, 1899.

_Type._--Male, adult, No. 65872 U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Bear Lodge Mt's [Crook County], Wyoming; obtained on June 21, 1894, by B. H. Dutcher, original No. 600.

_Range._--Southeastern Montana, southwestern South Dakota, and northeastern Wyoming. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Transition.

_Description._--Size large; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black tipped hair forming distinct dorsal band; sides lighter than back, from near Ochraceous-Buff to near Yellow Ocher with black hair interspersed; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, usually with moderate suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged with Ochraceous-Buff; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae large, well inflated; incisive foramina long and usually truncate at posterior border; pterygoid fossae broad; zygomata relatively wide-spread and long; large medial projection on inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary; condylobasal length and occipitonasal length relatively great; mastoid region and palatal region relatively broad; interparietal bone usually broad.

_Comparisons._--From _Zapus hudsonius pallidus_, _Z. h. campestris_ differs as follows: Coloration darker (more black and yellow but less orange); averaging larger in all measurements taken except in least interorbital constriction and distance from incisors to postpalatal notch which are slightly larger and breadth across zygomatic arches which is same; zygomatic arch heavier; incisive foramina larger; interparietal bone broader.

Compared with _Zapus hudsonius intermedius_, _Z. h. campestris_ differs as follows: Coloration more tawny and ochraceous, less yellow; auditory bullae averaging larger, more inflated; condylobasal length averaging greater; zygomata averaging more wide-spread and longer; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging longer; mastoid region broader; incisive foramina longer and more truncate posteriorly.

From _Zapus hudsonius hudsonius_, _Z. h. campestris_ differs as follows: Size larger; color lighter, more ochraceous, less tawny; occipitonasal length averaging greater; mastoid region broader; zygomata averaging longer; zygomatic arch more widely bowed; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging longer; incisive foramina longer; auditory bullae broader, more inflated.

For comparison with _Zapus hudsonius preblei_ see account of that subspecies.

_Remarks._--Animals from the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming are thought of as most characteristic of this geographic race. Intergradation is noted with _Zapus hudsonius pallidus_ and is discussed in the account of that subspecies.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 66, distributed as follows:

MONTANA: _Big Horn County_: Rotten Grass Creek, north base Big Horn Mts., 2 (USBS); _Little Big Horn River, 2 mi. from Wyoming line_, 1 (USBS).

SOUTH DAKOTA: _Custer County_: _Custer_, 3 (USNM); Bull Springs, 6 (Clev. MNH); _Beaver Creek, Wind Cave Nat'l Park_, 1 (UM); Wind Cave Nat'l Park Game Ranch, Cold Spring Creek, Wind Cave Nat'l Park, 2 (UM); _Pennington County_: _Rapid Creek, 2 mi. W Pactola, 4800 ft._, 3 (UM); Castle Creek, R. 2E, T. 1N, 6500 ft., 3 (UM); Nelsons Place, 3 mi. SE Hill City, 6 (UM); _Palmer Gulch, 4 mi. SE Hill City_, 3 (UM); _Palmer Gulch_, 9 (FM); _no definite locality_, 4 (UM).

WYOMING: _Crook County_: Devils Tower, flood plain Belle Fourche River, 3350 ft., 1 (USBS); Bear Lodge Mts., 4 (USBS); _15 mi. N Sundance, Black Hills Nat'l Forest, 5500 ft._, 2; _3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft._, 17; _Sundance_, 2 (USBS). _Weston Co._: 1-1/2 mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft., 5.

_Marginal records._--Montana: Rotten Grass Creek, N base Big Horn Mts. South Dakota: Nelsons Place, 3 mi. SE Hill City; Wind Cave Nat'l Park Game Ranch, Cold Spring Creek. Wyoming: 1-1/2 mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft.

=Zapus hudsonius canadensis= (Davies)

_Dipus canadensis_ Davies, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 4:157, 1798.

_Zapus hudsonius hudsonius_, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:17, August
8, 1899 (part--the part from Ontario).

_Zapus hudsonius canadensis_, Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool.
Club, 1:5, February 8, 1899 (part--the part from Quebec); Anderson,
Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1941:35-37, July 14, 1942
(part--the part from Quebec excepting the Gaspé Peninsula).

_Zapus hudsonius ontarioensis_ Anderson, Ann. Rept. Provancher Soc.
Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1942:59, September 7, 1943, type from Pancake
Bay (Batchawana Bay) southeast end of Lake Superior, Algoma
District, about 40 miles northeast of Sault Ste-Marie, Ontario.

_Type._--No type specimen designated, subspecies characterized on the basis of two specimens obtained by Major General Thomas Davies within a few miles of the city of Quebec.

_Range._--Eastern Ontario and western Quebec from Hudson Bay southward to the Great Lakes and into northwestern New York. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian.

_Description._--Size medium; back from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon-Buff with admixture of black hair usually forming a dorsal band; sides from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon-Buff and lighter than back; lateral line usually distinct, and clear Cinnamon-Buff; belly white, sometimes with slight suffusion of Cinnamon-Buff mid-ventrally; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, sometimes flecked with color of the sides, edged with Cinnamon-Buff; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae large, relatively broad and flat; incisive foramina relatively short and narrow, widest posteriorly; zygomata not widely bowed outward; mastoid region relatively wide; frontal region well inflated; nasals relatively narrow, short, and parallel sided.

_Comparisons._--From _Zapus hudsonius hudsonius_, _Z. h. canadensis_ differs as follows: Upper parts generally dull averaging lighter, less black tipped hair; sides also lighter with less suffusion of dark hair; frontal region more inflated; mastoid region averaging broader; auditory bullae broader; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging slightly longer.

For comparison with _Zapus hudsonius acadicus_, _Zapus hudsonius ladas_, and _Zapus hudsonius americanus_ see accounts of those subspecies.

_Remarks._--Bole and Moulthrop (1942:165) refer 2 specimens from Elba, New York, to _Z. h. hardyi_ (= _acadicus_); they are more nearly like _Z. h. canadensis_ in size and shape of the auditory bullae and general color of the pelage. A specimen from Spectacle Pond, New York, has the narrow pterygoid fossae and relatively narrow auditory bullae of _Z. h. acadicus_ and the relatively short, narrow incisive foramina, inflated frontal region, and color of _Z. h. canadensis_ to which the specimen is here referred. Intergradation is noted also in animals from Schreiber, Ontario. They resemble _Zapus hudsonius hudsonius_ in their darker coloration and shape of auditory bullae but in the remainder of the characters studied resemble _Z. h. canadensis_ to which they are referred. Specimens from Notre Dame de la Dore and 1/2 mi. N Mistassini Post, Quebec, in size and shape of the auditory bullae and in width of the pterygoid fossae, closely approach _Z. h. ladas_ but in color, distinct dorsal band, and in narrower zygomata are all nearest _Z. h. canadensis_ to which subspecies they are here referred.

_Zapus hudsonius ontarioensis_ Anderson (1942:59) from eastern Ontario was based chiefly, in comparison with _Z. h. canadensis_, upon, "dorsal stripe less distinct and sides somewhat duller yellowish with more admixture of blackish hairs." Examination of 68 of the 69 specimens from the type locality shows that 58 are subadult and in subadult pelage. Individuals which are adult are indistinguishable in color of pelage and in cranial features from comparable material from southern Quebec. _Z. h. ontarioensis_ is, therefore, considered to be a synonym of _Z. h. canadensis_.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 123, distributed as follows:

NEW YORK: _Franklin Co._: Spectacle Pond, Brighton Township, 2 (AMNH). _Genesee Co._: Elba, 2 (Clev. MNH).

ONTARIO: Schreiber, 2 (NMC); Franz, 5 (MVZ); Pancake Bay, Algoma District, 68 (NMC); Maclennan, Algoma District, 3 (ROM); Cache Lake, Algonquin Park, 1 (MVZ); _Experimental Farm, Ottawa_, 1 (NMC); _Dows Swamp, Ottawa_, 1 (NMC); Apple Hill, 1 (NMC); Clear Lake, Arden, 1 (NMC); _Athens_, 1 (NMC); _Aurora_, 4 (Clev. MNH); Pattageville, Toronto, 1; _Lorne Park, Toronto_, 1 (NMC); _Credit_, 2 (NMC); Pickering, 1 (MVZ); _Preston_, 1 (NMC); St. Thomas, 1 (NMC).

QUEBEC: _Notre Dame de la Dore_, 3 (NMC); 1/2 mi. N Mistassini Post, 1 (NMC); Lake Albanel, 1 (NMC); St. Felicien, 3 (NMC); Valcartier, 8 (NMC); Kiamika Lake, 4 (NMC); _Ste. Veronique_, 2 (NMC); _Val Jalbert_, 2 (NMC); _St. Methode_, 1 (NMC).

_Marginal records._--Quebec: 1/2 mi. N Mistassini Post; Valcartier. New York: Spectacle Pond, Brighton Township; Elba. Ontario: St. Thomas; Pancake Bay, Algoma Dist.; Franz; Schreiber. Quebec: Kiamika Lake.

=Zapus hudsonius hudsonius= (Zimmerman)

_Dipus hudsonius_ Zimmerman, Geog. Geschichte d Menschen u.
vierfussigen Thiere, 2:358, 1780.

_Dipus labradorius_ Kerr, Animal Kingdom:276 (based on the Labrador
Jerboid Rat of Pennant, 1781--but Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:11,
August 8, 1899, states that the specimen came from Hudson Bay),
1792.

_Gerbillus canadensis_, Desmarest, Mammalogie, 2:321, 1822.

_Gerbillus labradorius_, Harlan, Fauna Amer., p. 157, 1825.

_Meriones labradorius_, Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1:144,
1829.

_Jaculus labradorius_ Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Saugthiere, 3:294,
1843.

_Zapus hudsonius hudsonius_, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:15, August
8, 1899 (part--the part from Northwest Territory, Ontario,
Michigan, northern Wisconsin and northern Minnesota).

_Zapus hudsonius alascensis_, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 19:38,
October 6, 1900.

_Type._--Type specimen not known to be in existence; from Hudson Bay, locality now considered to be Fort Severn, Ontario (see Anderson, 1942:37).

_Range._--Central Alaska southeastward to central Ontario, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and upper peninsula of Michigan. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Hudsonian, Canadian, and into Transition.

_Description._--Size medium; back dark, from near Tawny-Olive to near Cinnamon with heavy admixture of black hair forming dorsal band; sides lighter than back and from near Tawny-Olive to near Cinnamon, sometimes with admixture of black hair giving sides streaked appearance; lateral line usually distinct, clear Ochraceous-Buff; underparts white, sometimes with slight suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brown to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, usually edged with ochraceous; feet grayish-white above; incisive foramina relatively short and broadly rounded; zygomata relatively short; braincase relatively broad; auditory bullae flat, long, and relatively broad; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow; nasals relatively broad and short.

_Comparisons._--From _Zapus hudsonius alascensis_, _Z. h. hudsonius_ differs as follows: upper parts generally darker, more black tipped hair; sides darker with greater suffusion of dark hair; lateral line brighter, more distinct; size averaging smaller; zygomatic arches less bowed outward; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch shorter; zygomata shorter; occipitonasal length less; mastoid region narrower.

From _Zapus hudsonius intermedius_, _Z. h. hudsonius_ differs in: color darker, more tawny dorsally; sides averaging darker, more black-tipped hairs; size averaging larger; braincase averaging broader; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging slightly shorter; zygomata averaging longer; mastoid region averaging broader; incisive foramina averaging shorter.

From _Zapus hudsonius tenellus_, _Z. h. hudsonius_ differs as follows: upper parts averaging darker; tail averaging shorter; condylobasal length averaging more; braincase averaging broader; auditory bullae broader and less inflated; interparietal averaging broader; incisive foramina more broadly rounded and averaging longer.

For comparison with _Zapus hudsonius canadensis_ and _Zapus hudsonius campestris_ see accounts of those subspecies.

_Remarks._--Preble (1899:16) had available for study five specimens of _Zapus hudsonius hudsonius_ from Hudson Bay. Four were preserved in alcohol and one as an incomplete skin (prepared from an alcoholic specimen). All were unreliable for comparative purposes owing to the effects of the preservative. Preble, therefore, (_loc. cit._) selected as a fairly typical sample a series of specimens from Tower, St. Louis County, Minnesota; these formed the basis of comparison between _Z. h. hudsonius_ and other subspecies of _Zapus hudsonius_. Now that additional material (well prepared skins and skulls) is available from the Hudson Bay region and from other localities in northern and western Canada it is evident that the specimens from Tower, although here considered to be _Z. h. hudsonius_, are not typical _Z. h. hudsonius_ but are intergrades between _hudsonius_ and specimens of _Zapus hudsonius intermedius_. Comparisons made in the present account are based on specimens from the vicinity of Hudson Bay (Fort Severen, Ontario, York Factory, Shamatawa River, and Robinson Portage, Manitoba). These individuals are considered typical of this subspecies. With these new data available the range of _Z. h. hudsonius_ is now understood to include all of the region from eastern Alaska to the northern parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.

Intergradation between _Zapus hudsonius canadensis_ and _Z. h. hudsonius_ is noted in specimens from 30 mi. NE Port Arthur and also in those from Silver Islet, Thunder Cape, Ontario. These individuals resemble _Z. h. canadensis_ in size and shape of the auditory bullae and in the shape of the nasals, but in their darker coloration, broadly rounded incisive foramina, and relatively narrow pterygoid fossae they are more nearly like _Z. h. hudsonius_ to which they are here referred.

Specimens from Minaki, Ontario, are tending toward _Zapus hudsonius intermedius_ in lighter coloration but in the size and shape of the auditory bulla, size and shape of the incisive foramina, and in the width of the pterygoid fossae they are more nearly like _Z. h. hudsonius_ to which they are here referred. Specimens from various localities in Menominee County, Michigan, are like _Z. h. intermedius_ in shape of the incisive foramina and shape of the postpalatal notch, but in color of pelage, size and shape of the auditory bullae, and breadth of the pterygoid fossae they closely resemble _Z. h. hudsonius_.

In Wisconsin, intergradation occurs in color and in cranial characters in specimens from Mercer, Solon Spring, and in a single individual from Basswood Lake. All these specimens, however, are best referable to _Z. h. hudsonius_.

Specimens from one mile southwest of Fairbanks and from Fairbanks, Alaska, show intergradation with _Zapus hudsonius alascensis_ in coloration (more brown, less black), but in small size, short, broadly rounded incisive foramina, and in size and shape of the auditory bullae are nearest to _Z. h. hudsonius_ to which they are here assigned.

Intergradation with _Zapus hudsonius alascensis_ is noted also in specimens from McIntyre Creek, Yukon. They are like _Z. h. alascensis_ in the size and shape of the auditory bullae and in the more elongate incisive foramina, but in the coloration, size of the pterygoid fossae, and breadth of the braincase are more nearly like _Z. h. hudsonius_ and are here referred to this geographic race.

In British Columbia, in specimens from 1 mi. NW junction of Irons Creek and Laird River as well as in those from Hot Springs, 3 mi. WNW junction of Trout River and Laird River, and in those from 1/4 mi. S of the junction of the same rivers, three way intergradation occurs. These animals are like _Zapus hudsonius alascensis_ in color and in length of tail. They agree with _Zapus hudsonius tenellus_ in shape of nasals. In degree of inflation of auditory bullae, in length and width of incisive foramina, and in shape of pterygoid fossae they are as in _Z. h. hudsonius_ to which they are here assigned.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 230, distributed as follows:

ALASKA: Fairbanks, 1 (USNM); _1 mi. SW Fairbanks, 440 ft._, 1.

ALBERTA: Conibear Lake, Wood Buffalo Park, 1 (NMC); Assineau River, 1920 ft., 10 mi. E and 1 mi. N Kinuso, 1; Mountain Rapid, Athabasca River, 1 (USBS); _Brule Rapid, Athabasca River_, 1 (USBS); _25 mi. above Pelican Rapid, Athabasca River_, 1 (USBS); Lac la Nonne, 7 (NMC); _Swift Current, Athabasca River_, 1 (USBS); _junction Lac la Biche River and Athabasca River_, 1 (USBS); 30 mi. above Athabasca Landing, Athabasca River, 1 (USBS).

BRITISH COLUMBIA: 1 mi. NW junction Irons Creek and Laird River, 3; Hot Springs, 3 mi. WNW junction Trout River and Laird River, 1; _1/4 mi. S junction Trout River and Laird River_, 1.

MANITOBA: York Factory, 2 (USBS); Shamatawa River, 1 (USBS); Oxford House, 15 (USBS); _Robinson Portage_, 4 (USBS); _Echamamish_, 1 (USBS); Norway House, 1 (USBS); _Swan River_, 1 (NMC); Bird, 1 (NMC); _Aimie Lake_, 2 (NMC); Albert's Lake, Flin Flon, 2 (NMC); Portage La Prairie Prov., Delta, 1 (UM).

MACKENZIE DISTRICT: Fort Resolution, 3 (USBS); Fort Smith, 3 (USBS).

MICHIGAN: _Chippewa Co._: Marquette Nat'l Forest, 4; _no exact locality_, 2. _Gogebic Co._: Mud Lake, 1/4 mi. SE Thousand Island Lake, 2. _Keweenaw Co._: Lake Manganese, 1 mi. SSE Copper Harbor, 5 (UM); _2-1/5 mi. SE Copper Harbor_, 8 (UM); _5 mi. E Eagle Harbor_, 6 (UM); _E end Lake Upson_, 3 (UM); _Bete Grise_, 5 (UM). _Marquette County_: Michigamme, 3 (2 USBS). _Menominee Co._: _8 mi. N Hermansville_, 6 (UM); _6 mi. NW Banat_, 8 (UM); _5 mi. SW Banat_, 8 (UM); _8 mi. SW Banat_, 2 (UM); _7 mi. E Stephenson_, 3 (UM); _8 mi. WSW Stephenson_, 2 (UM); _10 mi. W Stephenson_, 2 (UM); _13 mi. WSW Stephenson_, 2 (UM); 5 mi. N Menominee, 2 (UM).

MINNESOTA: _Lake Co._: Splitrock River, 2 (UM); _St. Louis County_: Tower, 27 (USBS).

ONTARIO: Fort Severn, Kenora District, 6 (ROM); Minaki, 7 (MVZ); _30 mi. NE Port Arthur_, 6 (UM); Silver Islet, Thunder Bay District, 4 (NMC); _20 mi. SW Fort Williams_, 3 (UM); _20 mi. SE Fort Williams_, 1 (UM).

SASKATCHEWAN: Emma Lake, 3 (ROM).

WISCONSIN: _Bayfield County_: _Herbster_, 4 (USBS); Brinks Camp, Washburn, 1 (AMNH); _Basswood Lake, 10 mi. SE Iron River_, 1 (USBS). _Douglas County_: Solon Springs, 9 (USBS). _Forest County_: Crandon, 1 (USBS). _Iron County_: Mercer, 2 (USBS). _Oneida County_: _Crescent Lake_, 2 (USBS). _Vilas County_: _Mamie Lake_, 2 (USBS); _Lake St. Germain_, 9 (USBS).

YUKON: Lake Lebarge, 3 (USBS); Forks of MacMillian River, 1 (USBS); McIntyre Creek, 2250 ft., 3 mi. NW Whitehorse, 4.

_Marginal records._--Alaska: Fairbanks. MacKenzie: Ft. Resolution. Manitoba: York Factory. Ontario: Fort Severn, Kenora District; Silver Islet, Thunder Bay Dist. Michigan: Marquette Nat'l Forest; 5 mi. N Menominee. Wisconsin: Crandon; Solon Springs. Minnesota: Tower. Manitoba: Portage la Prairie Prov., Delta. Saskatchewan: Emma Lake. Alberta: 30 mi. above Athabasca Landing, Athabasca River; Lac la Nonne. British Columbia: 1 mi. NW junction Irons Creek and Laird River. Yukon: McIntyre Creek, 2250 ft., 3 mi. NW Whitehorse; Lake Lebarge.

=Zapus hudsonius intermedius= new subspecies

_Type._--Male, adult, No. 83400, Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.; Ridgeway, Winneshiek County, Iowa; obtained on July 22, 1939, by S. A. Hoslett, original No. 517.

_Range._--Eastern Montana, North Dakota, probably northern South Dakota, all but northern parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, southwestern Indiana, and western Kentucky. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Upper Austral (Upper Sonoran and Carolinian) and Transition (Alleghanian and Transition).

_Description._--Size medium; back from near Warm Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of hair tipped with black or dark brown usually forming distinct, broad, dorsal band; sides lighter, from near Warm Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff with sparse mixture of dark-tipped hairs; lateral line often poorly marked but when present of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, sometimes with slight suffusion of color of sides; tail bicolored, grayish-brown to brownish-black above, white to grayish-white or yellowish-white below; ears dark, narrowly edged with color of sides; feet white to grayish-white above; tail relatively short; lateral margins of nasals parallel; auditory bullae relatively short, broadly rounded, and moderately inflated; incisive foramina relatively long and narrow; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow; zygomata relatively long; inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary frequently lacking a median projection.

_Comparisons._--From _Zapus hudsonius pallidus_, _Z. h. intermedius_ differs as follows: Coloration duller, not so bright, more yellow or buff and less bright Ochraceous-Buff; interorbital region averaging narrower; incisive foramina averaging longer and narrower; condylobasal length averaging greater; braincase averaging broader; mastoid region averaging broader.

For comparisons with _Zapus hudsonius hudsonius_, _Zapus hudsonius campestris_, and _Zapus hudsonius americanus_ see accounts of those subspecies.

_Remarks._--_Zapus hudsonius intermedius_ has a large geographic range. There is some variation detectable when individuals from widely separate localities are compared, but where there is much variation it is obviously the result of intergradation. All characters differentiating _Z. h. intermedius_ from any contiguous subspecies are not present in every specimen even in the type series. Nevertheless, a certain series of cranial characters (narrow incisive foramina, short rounded auditory bullae, parallel lateral margins of nasals and narrow pterygoid fossae) is diagnostic.

Animals obtained from extreme southwestern Indiana and from eastern Illinois approach _Z. h. americanus_ in color and in shape of the incisive foramina, but in the shape of the nasals, width of the pterygoid fossae and breadth of the zygomata are most nearly like _Z. h. intermedius_ to which they are here referred. Specimens from Lake and Kane counties, Illinois, also show affinity with _Z. h. americanus_ in color, but cranially are most nearly like _Z. h. intermedius_ and are assigned to that subspecies.

Two specimens from southern Illinois (Perry County) are intergrades between _Z. h. pallidus_ and _Z. h. intermedius_. Cockrum and Baker (1950:3) mentioned that these individuals showed evidence of intergradation with _Z. h. pallidus_ in color of the pelage and the breadth of the least interorbital constriction. In other characters the specimens are most nearly like _Z. h. intermedius_ to which they are here referred. Animals from Lyon County, Iowa, also show intergradation between _Z. h. pallidus_ and _Z. h. intermedius_. These individuals are most nearly like _Z. h. pallidus_ in interorbital breadth of the skull but in other characters agree with _Z. h. intermedius_ and, therefore, are referred to that subspecies.

Intergradation between _Z. h. campestris_ and _Z. h. intermedius_ is noted in a specimen from 7 mi. NE Glendive, Montana. This individual has the larger, broader, auditory bullae and more widely bowed incisive foramina of _Z. h. campestris_, but in color, in smaller external size, and in the majority of cranial characters it is best referred to _Z. h. intermedius_.

Specimens from the north-central periphery of the geographic range of _Z. h. intermedius_ (northern Minnesota and Wisconsin) on the average are darker, have longer auditory bullae, wider bowed incisive foramina, and (some specimens) a slightly wider pterygoid fossa than is normal in more southern populations. This deviation from the norm is interpreted as intergradation between _Z. h. hudsonius_ and _Z. h. intermedius_. Individuals from Burnett, Price, and Oconto counties, Wisconsin, and those from Cass and southern Clearwater counties, Minnesota, show such intergradation but are here considered to be _Z. h. intermedius_.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 199, distributed as follows:

ILLINOIS: _Coles Co._: Fox Ridge State Park, 1 (UIM). _Fulton Co._: _1/2 mi. N Norris_, 2 (UIM); _3 mi. N Canton_, 1 (UIM); _2-1/2 mi. N Canton_, 2 (UIM); _2 mi. NW Canton_, 3 (UIM); 2 mi. W Canton, 1 (UIM); _3 mi. SW Monterey_, 1 (UIM). _Jo Daviess Co._: _near Galen_, 3 (FM). _Kane Co._: Sugar Grove, 1 (Chic. AS). _Lake Co._: Fox Lake, 4 (FM); _Pistake Bay_, 1 (FM). _Perry Co._: 6 mi. S Pinckneyville (near Pyatt), 2 (SITC). _Vermilion Co._: _Kickapoo State Park_, 2 (UIM); Jordan Creek, 3 mi. NE Fairmont, 5 (UIM).

INDIANA: _Owen Co._: La Fayette, 1 (USNM). _Parks Co._: Turkey Run State Park, 2 (1 UM; 1 UIM). _Posey Co._: Hovey Lake, 1 (UM); New Harmony, 2 (Clev. MNH); no exact locality, 2 (UM). _Sullivan Co._: no exact locality, 1 (UM).

IOWA: _Dickinson Co._: _Camp Forester, E Okeboji Lake_, 3 (ISC). _Emmet Co._: Fort Defiance State Park, 1 (ISC). _Hamilton Co._: _Little Wall Lake, Jewell_, 6 (ISC). _Ida Co._: Arthur, 1 (ISC). _Lyon Co._: Elgin Township, Sec. 35, 2 (ISC); _Riverside Township, Sec. 28_, 1 (ISC). _Palo Alto Co._: _Ruthven_, 1 (ISC). _Sioux Co._: Ireton, 1 (UM). _Story Co._: Ames, 1 (ISC). _Winneshiek Co._: Decorah, 3 (UM); _Ridgeway_, 11 (UM); Conover, 3 (UM).

KENTUCKY: _Lyon Co._: no exact locality, 1 (USNM).

MONTANA: _Dawson Co._: Yellowstone River, 7 mi. NE Glendive, 2000 ft., 1 (MVZ).

MINNESOTA: _Cass County_: _Cass Lake_, 7 (USBS). _Clearwater Co._: Itasca Park, Biological Station, 5 (UM). _Grant Co._: 3 mi. NW Barrett, 1 (UM). _Jackson Co._: 4 mi. E Heron Lake, 1 (UM). _Ottertail Co._: _5 mi. NW Vergas_, 8 (UM); _4 mi. NW Ashley, 1430 ft._, 2. _Ramsey Co._: St. Paul, 1 (UM). _Sherburne County_: Elk River, 23 (2 UM; 6 MVZ; 3 USBS). _Winona County_: La Crescent, 3 (USBS).

NORTH DAKOTA: _Cass County_: Fargo, 1 (USBS). _Dickey County_: _Ludden_, 1 (USBS); Ellendale, 1 (USBS). _Kidder County_: _Pettibone_, 3 (Chic. AS). _La Moure County_: _La Moure_, 1 (USBS). _Oliver County_: Fort Clark, 3 (USBS). _Pembina County_: Pembina, 2 (USNM). _Ramsey County_: Devils Lake, 3 (USBS). _Ramson County_: _Lisbon_, 1 (USBS). _Richland County_: _Wahpeton_, 2 (USBS); _5 mi. NE Fairmont, Sioux River_, 5 (USBS); Blackner, 2 (USBS). _Rolette County_: Fish Lake, 2 (USBS). _Sioux County_: Cannon Ball, 4 (USBS). _Williams Co._: Grinnell, 2 (USBS).

WISCONSIN: _Burnett County_: Danbury, 1 (USBS). _Chippewa County_: _Holcombe_, 3 (USBS). _Clark County_: _Withee_, 4 (USBS); _Worden Township_, 2 (USBS). _Crawford County_: Lynxville, 1 (USBS). _Dane Co._: _Madison_, 2 (OHIO). _Dodge Co._: _Horicorn Refuge_, 2 (USBS). _Juneau County_: _Mather_, 1 (USBS). _Marathon Co._: _Rib Hill_, 8 (USBS). _Oconto County_: Lakewood, 1 (USBS). _Portage County_: Stevens Point, 3 (USBS). _Price County_: Ogema, 2 (USBS). _Rock County_: Milton, 1 (USBS). _Sauk County_: _Devils Lake_, 1 (USBS). _Sheboygan County_: 8 mi. SW Mellen, 1 (USBS); _Elkhart Lake_, 1 (USBS). _Walworth County_: _Delavan, Fosters Bridge_, 1 (USBS); _Turtle Lake_, 1 (USBS). _Wood Co._: _Thorp Township_, 2 (AMNH); _Hewett Township_, 4 (AMNH).

_Marginal records._--North Dakota: Fish Lake; Pembina. Wisconsin: Danbury; Ogema; Lakewood. Illinois: Fox Lake. Indiana: La Fayette; New Harmony. Illinois: 6 mi. S Pinckneyville (near Pyatt). Iowa: Ames; Arthur; Ireton. Montana: Yellowstone River, 7 mi. NE Glendive, 2000 ft. North Dakota: Grinnell.

=Zapus hudsonius ladas= Bangs

_Zapus hudsonius ladas_ Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:10,
February 28, 1899.

_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 4169, E. A. and O. Bangs Coll. (now in Mus. Comp. Zool.); Rigoulette, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador; obtained on July 18, 1895, by C. H. Goldthwaite.

_Range._--Eastern Quebec north of Gulf of St. Lawrence, Labrador, and Newfoundland. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Canadian and Hudsonian.

_Description._--Size medium; back relatively dark, near Ochraceous-Tawny with admixture of black-tipped hair; dorsal band relatively wide but not sharply defined against color of sides; side lighter than back, from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Cinnamon and lined with black-tipped hair; lateral line distinct of clear Cinnamon-Buff or Light Ochraceous-Buff; underparts white, often suffused with Ochraceous-Buff; tail distinctly bicolored, dark brown to black above and yellowish-white to grayish-white below; ears dark, usually flecked with Tawny Ochraceous and edged with ochraceous; feet grayish-white above; incisive foramina relatively short and broad; pterygoid fossae relatively broad; auditory bullae broad and well inflated; mastoid region relatively broad; zygomata relatively short; inferior arm of zygomatic process of maxillary relatively broad.

_Comparison._--From _Zapus hudsonius acadicus_, which _Z. h. ladas_ closely resembles, it differs in: Color darker, dorsal band much less distinct, underparts more frequently suffused with Ochraceous-Buff; auditory bullae relatively broader and more inflated; pterygoid fossae broader; zygomata averaging shorter; incisive foramina relatively shorter; inferior arm of zygomatic process of maxillary relatively broader.

From _Zapus hudsonius canadensis_, _Z. h. ladas_ differs as follows: Color darker, more richly tawny, dorsal band less distinct; auditory bullae relatively shorter, more inflated; pterygoid fossae averaging broader; zygomata averaging broader; incisive foramina averaging longer.

_Remarks._--This subspecies retains all of its diagnostic characters throughout nearly all parts of its geographic range. Specimens from Nova Scotia are like _Z. h. ladas_ in their darker color and less distinct dorsal band, but in the remainder of their characters they are distinct and best referable to _Z. h. acadicus_.

_Zapus h. ladas_, with its relatively large size, poorly defined dorsal band, and broad, well inflated auditory bullae, is one of the better marked subspecies of the species _Zapus hudsonius_.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 41, distributed as follows:

LABRADOR: Mahkovik, 1 (USNM); Etagaulet Bay, Lake Melvikl, 2 (USNM); 3 mi. above mouth of Naskaupi River, 1 (USNM); _Northwest River_, 6, (USNM); Cartwright, 1 (USBS); Muskrat Falls, Hamilton River, 1 (USNM); Hamilton River, Flour Lake, 3 (USNM); Hawke Harbor, 4 (USNM); Goose Bay, 3 (USNM); _Niger Sound, Islet Bay_, 1 (USNM); Red Bay, 5 (USNM); _Mecklenburg Harbor_, 2 (USNM); _Mary Harbor_, 1 (USNM).

NEWFOUNDLAND: Hare Harbor, 3 (USNM).

_Quebec_: northwest Ungava, 1 (NMC); Moise Bay, 5 (NMC); Trout Lake, near Moise Bay, 1 (NMC).

_Marginal records._--Labrador: Mahkovik; Red Bay. Newfoundland: Hare Harbor. Quebec: Trout Lake, near Moise Bay; northwest Ungava.

=Zapus hudsonius pallidus= Cockrum and Baker

_Zapus hudsonius pallidus_ Cockrum and Baker, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 63:1, April 26, 1950.

_Jaculus hudsonius_, Baird, Repts. Expl. and Surv. 111, 8
(pt. 1):433, July 14, 1858 (part--the part from Platte River,
Nebraska, and Cass County, Missouri).

_Zapus hudsonius_, Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. of the
Territories, 2nd ser. No. 5:260, 1877 (part--the part from Platte
River, Nebraska).

_Zapus hudsonius campestris_ Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:20, August
8, 1899 (part--the part from Columbus in Nebraska and Jackson
County in Missouri).

_Type._--Male, adult, No. 22953, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; NW corner sec. 4, T. 12S, R. 20E, 5-1/2 mi. N, 1-3/4 mi. E Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas; obtained on May 4, 1948, by E. Lendell Cockrum and Rollin H. Baker, original No. 916 of Cockrum.

_Range._--Southern South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, and northeastern Oklahoma. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Upper Austral (Upper Sonoran and Carolinian).

_Description._--Size small; back near Cinnamon-Buff with admixture of dark-tipped hair forming distinct, broad, dorsal band; sides bright Cinnamon-Buff with sparse mixture of dark-tipped hair; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Cinnamon-Buff; belly white, sometimes with suffusion of color of sides, tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, narrowly edged with color of sides; feet white to grayish-white above; mastoid region relatively narrow; maxillary tooth-row relatively short; zygomata relatively short; zygomatic arch relatively broad; interorbital region relatively broad; auditory bullae relatively small and narrow; lateral margins of nasals not constricted posteriorly.

_Comparisons._--From _Zapus hudsonius preblei_, _Z. h. pallidus_ differs as follows: Coloration brighter and richer, more buff, less black; zygomatic arch more broadly bowed; condylobasal length averaging less; braincase narrower; interorbital region broader; incisive foramina shorter.

For comparisons with _Zapus hudsonius pallidus_ and _Zapus hudsonius intermedius_ see accounts of those subspecies.

_Remarks._--The characters that distinguish this jumping mouse from neighboring kinds are relatively stable throughout most of its geographic range. _Zapus hudsonius pallidus_ is one of the best defined subspecies of _Z. hudsonius_.

One specimen from Batesland, South Dakota, is referred to _Z. h. pallidus_ but shows evidence of intergradation with _Zapus hudsonius campestris_ in the shape of the nasals, incisive foramina, and in breadth of the zygomatic arch. An animal from 3 mi. NE Ponca, Nebraska, is intermediate between _Z. h. pallidus_ and _Zapus hudsonius intermedius_ in size and shape of the auditory bullae and in the breadth of the pterygoid fossae, but since this individual shows more resemblance to _Z. h. pallidus_ in coloration and in the majority of cranial characters it is here referred to _Z. h. pallidus_. Specimens from Beemer, Nebraska, show an intergrading tendency toward _Zapus hudsonius intermedius_ in the reduced lateral bowing of the zygomatic arch and in shorter zygomata. Since these individuals resemble _Z. h. pallidus_ in the majority of characters they are referred to that race. An individual of _Z. h. pallidus_ from Pevely, Missouri, is to some extent an intergrade with _Z. h. intermedius_ of neighboring southern Illinois. Two individuals of _Z. h. pallidus_ from Mohawk Park, Oklahoma, are darker dorsally than, but otherwise similar to, specimens from the type locality.

_Zapus hudsonius pallidus_ seems to be the terminus of a cline; this is a southward trend toward smaller size and lighter, brighter color. There is a similar clinal tendency in the jumping mice in eastern North America, and _Z. h. americanus_ from North Carolina, pronouncedly resembles _Z. h. pallidus_ from Kansas.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 44, distributed as follows:

KANSAS: _Brown Co._: Horton, 1. _Douglas Co._: Sec. 8, T. 123, R. 20E, 5-1/2 mi. N, 1-3/4 mi. E Lawrence, 10; _5 mi. N and 1-1/2 mi. E Lawrence_, 3; _Robinson Farm, 5 mi. N and 3 mi. E Lawrence_, 2; _4 mi. N, 2-1/2 mi. E Lawrence_, 1; Lakeview, 2; _7-1/2 mi. SW Lawrence_, 1. _Greenwood Co._: 1/2 mi. S Hamilton, 1.

MISSOURI: _Cole Co._: Jefferson City, 2 (MO). _Jackson Co._: _no exact locality_, 1 (USBS). _Jefferson County_: Pevely, 1 (USBS).

NEBRASKA: _Blaine Co._: _Dismal River, at Thomas-Blaine County line_, 1 (NGFP). _Boyd Co._: 2 mi. E and 15 mi. S Spencer, 1. _Buffalo Co._: Platte Meadows, Kearney, 1 (HM). _Butler Co._: 5 mi E Rising City, 1. _Cherry Co._: Niobrara River, 18 mi. NW Kennedy, 1; Ballard Marsh, 20 mi. S Valentine, 1 (JKJ); _Pony Lake Headquarters, Valentine Nat'l Wildlife Refuge_, 1 (JKJ). _Colfax Co._: _2 mi. S Schuyler_, 1 (JKJ). _Cuming County_: Beemer, 4 (USBS). _Dixon Co._: 3 mi. NE Ponca, 1. _Platte County_: _Columbus_, 1 (USBS). _Richardson Co._: 5 mi. SE Rulo, 1 (NGFP).

OKLAHOMA: _Tulsa Co._: Mohawk Park, 2 (UM).

SOUTH DAKOTA: _Bennett Co._: Batesland, 1 (FM).

_Marginal records._--South Dakota: Batesland. Nebraska: 3 mi. NE Ponca; Beemer; 5 mi. SE Rulo. Missouri: Pevely. Oklahoma: Mohawk Park. Kansas: 1/2 mi. S Hamilton. Nebraska: Platte Meadows, Kearney; Ballard Marsh, 20 mi. S Valentine; Niobrara River, 18 mi. NW Kennedy.

=Zapus hudsonius preblei= new subspecies

_Type._--Male, adult, No. 73085, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Loveland, Larimer County, Colorado; obtained on July 23, 1895, by E. A. Preble, original No. 435.

_Range._--Southeastern Wyoming and north-central Colorado. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Transition.

_Description._--Size medium; color dull, back from near Clay Color to near Tawny-Olive with admixture of black hair forming poorly defined dorsal band; sides lighter than back from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon-Buff; lateral line distinct and clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, sometimes with faint wash of clear Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to light brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, narrowly edged with color of sides; feet grayish-white above; incisive foramina relatively narrow and elongate; auditory bullae moderately inflated; pterygoid fossae relatively broad; postpalatal notch broadly rounded; interorbital region relatively narrow; zygomatic arch not widely bowed; frontal region well inflated; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch relatively short.

_Comparisons._--Among named subspecies, _Zapus hudsonius preblei_ most closely resembles _Z. h. campestris_. From topotypes of _Z. h. campestris_, _Z. h. preblei_ differs as follows: Upper parts generally dull, averaging lighter, less black-tipped hair; dorsal band less distinct; sides duller; averaging smaller in most cranial measurements taken; least interorbital constriction narrower; auditory bullae smaller, less well inflated; incisive foramina narrower, not truncate posteriorly; frontal region usually more inflated.

From _Zapus hudsonius pallidus_, _Z. h. preblei_ differs as follows: Upper parts generally duller (less ochraceous); dorsal band less distinct; sides paler (not bright Ochraceous-Buff); zygomatic arch less widely bowed; least interorbital constriction narrower; occipitonasal length averaging greater; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging less; incisive foramina longer, proportionally less widely bowed; auditory bullae longer; pterygoid fossae averaging broader.

_Remarks._--No evidence of intergradation with any other geographic race was noted. To the east the range of _Z. h. preblei_ is separated from that of _Z. h. pallidus_ (western Kansas and southwestern Nebraska), by several hundred miles of mixed and short grass prairie. Much of this area is unsuitable to jumping mice but local marshy places might be inhabited. Much territory inhospitable to _Zapus_ intervenes also between the ranges of _Z. h. preblei_ and _Z. h. campestris_. This area (northern Platte, Goshen, eastern Converse, Niobrara, and southern Weston counties, Wyoming) is chiefly rolling hills and short grass prairie and, like that to the east, is only locally suitable for _Zapus_. If jumping mice do occur in suitable places in these intervening areas it is to be expected that they will show intergradation between the subspecies concerned.

_Zapus hudsonius preblei_, on the basis of 11 specimens, agrees most closely in size and color with _Z. h. campestris_; there is much less resemblance between _Z. h. preblei_ and _Z. h. pallidus_.

An adult from Springhill, 12 mi. N Laramie Peak, is typically _Z. h. preblei_ as is one from Cheyenne.