Chapter C: A. REED: I am the chairman of that committee and I could not report (1)

tomorrow so I will ask that if it is to be taken up by committee that a special committee be appointed.

THE PRESIDENT: It is Mr. W. C. Reed who is the chairman of that committee, to which committee was added C. A. Reed and R. L. McCoy.

PROFESSOR CLOSE: I would like to ask Mr. Reed if he is absolutely sure about the rule he has just quoted of the American Pomological Society, that a name cannot be changed. I don't remember that rule.

MR. REED: Mr. Taylor was the framer of that rule and in actual practice he has adhered to the first name used, and did at the time he was secretary of that society.

PROFESSOR CLOSE: Have you not in mind the rule that a name like Posey being given this variety no other variety can be given that same name. I think that is the rule you are thinking of.

MR. REED: No, but that is true too. You know we had the Sovereign pecan, and after that name had been established Mr. Taylor wrote up that variety for the yearbook, and the name had been changed then to the Texas Prolific, but he still retained the name of Sovereign for the reason that it had been called that before.

PROFESSOR CLOSE: It seems to me that an organization could change a name. I think the idea is a good one. Take the name Indiana. I think that name ought to be given to the very best seedling variety that is a native of that state. I don't know whether the Indiana is the best one or not, but it is now too late to change that. If it is not the best the name will have to stick to the variety to which it has been given, even if later on better varieties are found.

MR. MCCOY: I know there are some extremely fine pecans on the Illinois River because I have some samples of them, a good bit better than the ones we have, and I suggest that we reserve the name Illinois, which would be suggestive of both the river and the state, for one of them. I know the nuts are there and I think they are very fine. The Illinois River has more pecans on it than the Wabash.

DR. DEMING: I second the motion.

THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the matter of changing the names of these nuts as suggested by Dr. Smith, be referred to the committee on nomenclature, and that they be instructed to report tomorrow.

(Motion carried.)

THE PRESIDENT: We have with us this afternoon, the state entomologist, Mr. Baldwin, who knows many things of interest to nut growers, and we shall be glad to hear from him.

MR. BALDWIN: Mr. Chairman, and Members of the Nut Growers Association: I am wholly unprepared to make a talk before this association and must say I am not sufficiently familiar with nut culture to be able to tell you anything of interest along that line of work. Your discussion relative to the pollenization of plants was intensely interesting and clear. There is no use in trying to dodge the fact that every plant has a father and mother, and that father and mother also have fathers and mothers, the same as we have. The reason I am not just the same as you is because I have a different father and mother, and the reason I am not just the same as my brother is because the characteristics of the parent may show in one individual and not another. If your pecan trees should stand out in an isolated situation and pollenate themselves the individual nuts would not all be the same. We have peaches that come nearly true to name, and the same is true of the Snow apple that has been grown in the St. Lawrence valley for generations. The pollenization of budded and grafted fruit trees or nut trees is brought about, in my opinion, wholly by the surroundings or environment of that tree. The well known experiments of the Geneva Experiment Station have very satisfactorily proved that the variety does not change except in so far as the environment changes it. Of course there are some things in nature we do not understand as where very decided deviations, or wholly distinct varieties arise; but the general rule holds, that whenever you propagate trees, and get your buds from some variety having merits, those merits will be transferred to the trees that are budded or grafted, and will remain in them while the surrounding conditions remain the same, and changes in the fruit will be effected only by changes in the locations in which the trees grow.

I suppose that as I am the entomologist of this state you expected to hear some discussion of things of interest to you in this particular field, but I came wholly unprepared for that. In this state so far as the nut growers industry is concerned we have not done anything at all. There is a large field for work but I must confess I am wholly unprepared to give you a talk on this subject. Where I was raised, back in Pennsylvania, we have several well known bugs that the nut growers have to contend with, and they are especially abundant with the chestnut. That of course would not be of so much interest to the people of this state until the chestnut growing industry has developed more than at present. I am very glad to be with you and the discussions I have heard have been very interesting.

THE PRESIDENT: We are very glad to have heard from the state entomologist and we want his assistance. We are trying to steer away from bugs and we want his suggestions and help at any time.

We have a number of interesting people on the program yet this afternoon, but the chair is going to take the liberty of asking the president of the National Nut Growers Association, Dr. C. A. Van Duzee to talk to us on any subject that he cares to discuss. I know him well enough to know that anything he says will be good enough to hear: I know him personally, the most of you know him by reputation. He has some pictures here, and I shall take the liberty of passing them around for you to look at, and I am going to say that these are pictures it certainly does my heart good to see. They are pictures of his orchard down South. Just pass them around please.

COL. VAN DUZEE: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I told your President the first thing when I got in this morning that I didn't care to have any place on the program; that I would be glad to talk at any time on any subject he wished me to, and do anything I could to help along. That puts me in bad to start with. As I have listened to the discussions of your meeting the thought has come to me that you are following along very much the same pathway that the southern nut growers traversed five or six or seven years ago. We are a little further along in the growing of nut orchards in the South, but you are certainly going to get along and be abreast of us in time. Perhaps I may be able to do more good if I confine myself to a few practical suggestions as to how I think nut orchards can best be produced. Those pictures represent an orchard which I have in southwestern Georgia and have grown under adverse conditions. The pictures show the culmination of years of earnest effort. They represent what I consider to be a very reasonable success from a practical standpoint. I am a farmer and the first thing I require of my farm is that it shall pay. I have no theories; I have no ideals but those which must stand that test. I am in farming to make it a success; it is my business and everything I do must stand that test. If it doesn't pay it is not successful. That orchard represents the culmination of years of study of the problem of how to grow a pecan orchard on my ranch. That bunch of hogs represents about one hundred and fifty we selected about three weeks ago to put in our early peanut patch down there to finish them up as pork, but it does not show my breeders or young stock. I could talk hogs to you until the cows come home. I set my mark a year ago last spring, after being twice wiped out by the cholera, I set my mark at fifty thousand pounds of meat from my orchard, and I want to say I have animals now in the orchard and in the peanut field together to make that and a little margin to the good. I expect our orchard will produce this year more than fifty thousand pounds of hams, bacon and lard. The reason I am talking about this is that I want to emphasize the fact that the growing of nut trees is a business proposition. I want to say, in passing, that I believe no better thing could happen to the people who live in America than that every man who owns land might plant a few nut trees. It is a notorious fact that the nut trees which do the best, and which make the most money for the man who plants them, are the ones planted in the garden and immediately about the home where the conditions are favorable for the best development. It is also true that all the successful pecan promotions that have been put over on the American people have been built upon the records of those individual trees, which were grown under the most favorable conditions. That is the source of all that magnificent literature, and all these people that have been inveigled into these promotions in the South are going to be disappointed. That orchard in the photographs is eight years of age, or will be this year, as it was planted seven years ago last February. It has never paid a dollar of profit. You won't find any literature on nut orcharding in the South that will convey any such impression as that. I do expect it to pay this fall a small margin of profit. I won't attempt to explain all that but will say that an orchard must be eight or ten years of age before you may expect or hope for a reasonable profit. After that it ought to pay well. It is well worth going after because it is one of the most legitimate, safe, satisfactory business opportunities we have ever found. I don't know anything that pleases me more as a business man than the growing of a large orchard of nut trees, and I assure you, gentlemen, you must bring to that orchard the same degree of skill, energy and patience that must be brought into any large business proposition to make it a success. My own idea is that the nut orchard is a legitimate part of the general farming operation. If you travel from one end to the other of this country you will see that it is covered with apple orchards. Small apple orchards were a part of the original farming operations. The fact that they have been neglected does not alter the situation at all. If the owners of those orchards had given them proper growing conditions, they would have been successful. In the same way I say the successful nut orchard is going to be a legitimate part of the general farming operation.

I want to talk to you a few minutes from a business standpoint. Suppose you want to plant an acre of nut trees, and you buy an acre of land, and you buy your trees and have them planted. Who is going to take care of them? You hire a man who knows about the care of trees. You couldn't afford to hire one who didn't, and you would expect him to put in part of his time some other way. If he didn't your investment would amount up to so much you couldn't make anything on the deal. I emphasize this fact because I believe you should make your nut orchard propositions large enough so that you could afford to hire the best men to handle them for you. If you can't do this there is another way which has been practiced a great deal in the South and which I hope to see practiced in this section. I have worked out a solution of the problem, which I believe is very promising, and it is this: Get enough men, for instance in the city of Evansville, who want nut orchards, to go out a few miles and buy a bunch of farms, and put those farms under the management of a man big enough to make them a success, then plant your orchard, and use the land for general farming operations as well. I could go on indefinitely along this line because it is inexhaustible. I think it is the keynote to success in growing nuts. You can't be successful without giving attention also to the things I talked about this morning. You have to analyze the root pasture and the soil. You have to observe from the time the trees are bought and delivered, and it requires the most careful attention. You can't hope to accomplish a thing like that until you do give it your most careful attention. If you have money of your own, or make your living in some other way while the trees are growing, and feel that you must delegate it to somebody else, associate with yourself other men and make the undertaking big enough so you can hire the very best talent the country affords. In this section of the country land I presume is worth a hundred to two hundred dollars an acre, and you have got to make it pay interest. I want to talk about the figures. The farmer or nut grower, who does not keep a set of books and can't tell you at the end of the year whether he has made enough money to pay off his bills and legitimate expenses, and allowing himself a compensation for the time energy and experience put in the business, is not successful, and I don't care to consider him, because he is not a farmer as I see him. You must keep your figures and know how you stand. Before I get to the photographs I want to go back to our convention at Chattanooga. I don't know whether there is anybody here that was at that meeting or not. I was third man on the program to respond to the address of welcome by the mayor of the city, and I was new in the nut game and new in the South. I went up there with this thought, "I will listen to the other fellows, and take my cue from them, and make a little bluff at doing the best I can under the circumstances." To make a long story short, when the president called on the other two men to respond they were not there and that left me with an audience of four or five hundred people to talk to and nothing much to say. I apologized to them for being unable to talk in a light way. I said, "I can't say anything unless it is in earnest; I have got to talk about something I am interested in." I went on to advocate this principle, and it is a principle I wish every man or woman in America would grasp and retain and put in execution today; that is that the calling of agriculture is the most honorable calling a man can follow, and it is up to us to inspire in the children of America the thought that such is the case, and help them in every way to go out into the field of agriculture and be successful farmers. That is what I want to say. I have no patience with the men who farm and are not successful business men, because they are the people that make life in the rural districts objectionable to the children, and are responsible for the children of the best blood in the country going into the turmoil of the city where it is largely lost. You have to pay interest on the land you use, and you have got to pay yourself a fair compensation for the brains and energy you use on it. I want to call your attention to one other thing. This farm I bought nine years ago from a man who had farmed it until it wasn't capable of producing enough income to enable him to keep it, and I undertook to build an orchard on that farm, and I have done it. Last October, where these hogs are grazing in the picture, I planted a crop of oats and I got forty bushels of oats to the acre the latter part of April. I then turned around and broke the land up and planted it in sweet potatoes, which are just maturing and the crop will run one hundred and fifty bushels to the acre. Don't forget that that is two crops grown and harvested in one year on the same land. I consider it the best treatment for the land. I pastured the oats last winter with the hogs, so I got a very material gain from the oats in that way, and as soon as my sweet potatoes are harvested I will turn the hogs back in and let them glean the field. It is a fact that we can make lots of pork on the gleanings of a sweet potato field. And besides that these trees, each one of them, will bring me four, to five, or six dollars' worth of nuts. That land cost me sixteen dollars an acre, and there is a net income of several dollars above the price of the land, and I presume there is an individual growth on each tree that increases its value at least four or five dollars worth of nuts. There you see I have several dollars' worth of nuts, the sweet potatoes and the oats all grown on the same land, besides the pasture for the hogs. Those things are possible to the man who will go into the growing of a nut orchard in a business way. I have other land adjoining this and I will also utilize it for these purposes and grow such crops as I can grow in the orchard, because when the nut crop is ready to gather, I must get the stock out. I keep my organization employed the whole year. I have the best superintendent I know of and I have to make his salary out of my business. I get the best tree man I know of and he also receives his compensation from the money I make in farming. Last year I extended my farming operations in order to make it possible for me to keep my organization running full speed three hundred days in the year. I am dwelling upon this line for this purpose. Don't let any promoters ever get his hooks into you or tell you things as we have had them told to us down there. Thousands and thousands of acres of pecan orchards have been planted without a thought of the things I am talking about. They have planted thousands of acres in Georgia; they have not any organization and the man in charge is inexperienced and they don't pay. Each year from the time I planted my orchard, and got it to the point where I could count on an orchard crop, it has increased in value, and today it is worth four or five dollars a tree above what it cost me. It is a magnificent business proposition. I am so in love with my work I could talk to you until the cows come home. I want to impress on the people of the Northern Nut Growers Association and their friends the one fact that in order to be successful in a commercial way you must go into it right. There is no short cut.

THE PRESIDENT: The next on the program will be an article by Mr. Olcott.

THE FUNCTION OF THE CLASS JOURNAL

RALPH T. OLCOTT, _Editor "American Nut Journal"_

In the multiplicity of publications one must distinguish, for his use, those which are for entertainment or general education and those which specialize. Class publications differ from trade or professional publications in that they are not confined in their appeal to the members of a trade or profession. The class publication is for that portion of the general public which is wholly, or to a certain degree, interested in the particular object to which it is devoted.

What has been said with regard to class publications is probably understood in a general way, but a brief consideration of its bearing upon the nut industry may make the status of a nut journal clearer. Let us suppose that an industry has no publication devoted especially to it. It must then depend upon communications between individuals and upon annual meetings and their printed proceedings for its interchange of thought; for it is presumed that it will have a national or sectional organization. A very efficient organization with the means at hand to serve its members well can do a great deal to keep members in touch with each other and to advance the interests of the industry. Organization, of course, is essential; but without a periodical exponent there is lacking the advantage to all readers of general timely discussion, questions asked and answered, special articles, illustrations and the news relating exclusively to the industry--all of which makes the periodical a working tool, and its bound and indexed files an almost indispensable adjunct to the literature and reference storehouse of the field covered.

Not only to the individual, but also to the class association do these characteristics appeal with special force. For, unlike the trade journal, it goes out among the general public as a factor in the education of those who seek information of the special kind. In this way it is a means for extending the operation of the industry, and consequently of increasing the membership and influence of the association. And right here is a point which those who have been operating in the industry for some time should consider. If any portion of the general public is to receive through the class journal the information desired, there must of necessity appear in the journal from time to time statistical or other matter with which the experienced nut grower is familiar. To a considerable extent the novice may be referred to existing literature on a special subject; but not all of such literature is readily available. For instance, the _American Nut Journal_ has been carrying in each issue a summary of the figures showing the progress of the American nut industry. These figures have been seen repeatedly by experienced growers, but even for them they may prove convenient for reference; and certainly to the newcomer they should be interesting and valuable. Original matter, of course, must be the basis upon which the contents of a class publication are built. But an article, or a portion of an article, which has an important bearing on the specialty under consideration may often be reproduced in the class publication, even though it may have appeared elsewhere; for we are all too busy to read many publications, and the chief purpose of the class publication is to assemble from all sources that which particularly relates to the subject. In theory at least the class journal should be the storehouse to which in its bound and indexed form the subscriber may go for information on any phase of the special subject. That is a high and not altogether attainable ideal, but the nearer the journal approaches to that aim the more valuable will it be to its subscribers. It should at least record the sources of all information on its special subject, even if it cannot present it all.

What has here been said in outline regarding the function of the class journal will indicate to the nut grower the place the _American Nut Journal_ should occupy in the development of nut culture. It is unnecessary to say that co-operation between the editor and those in the industry is essential, and for that reason all should feel free to exchange views through this medium. Aside from the practical benefit it may be to the individual, it is a constant source of publicity for the organized effort represented in an association of nut growers--and it is through publicity that an industry develops.

To deserve the co-operation of all in the industry the management of the class publication representing it must determine what is the highest and largest function of the field which it serves and then strive in every legitimate way to promote that function.

To deserve the manifold advantages which such a publication affords it is incumbent upon those in the industry, on their part, to make it possible through their subscriptions and through their advertising to maintain such a medium. It is probable that if there were no such publication every loyal member of this association would gladly pledge ten cents a month provided some one could be found who would expend the time and effort to provide it. Just that opportunity has been presented, and it is a pleasure to say that many have appreciated it.

* * * * *

THE PRESIDENT: There is no one thing that would get results for you better than a good periodical. The Department of Agriculture issues bulletins but that department cannot go into the journal business, the business of publishing my opinion or someone else's opinion. The Department of Agriculture must confine itself to the summaries of facts, and that leaves a gap that must be filled in by some good periodical properly edited. It is with great pleasure that we see the _American Nut Journal_ which Mr. Olcott is putting out and attempting to give us the best he can get. The chair will be glad to hear any further suggestions on this subject.

_W. C. Reed_: I think we are very fortunate in having a journal of this kind, and having known Mr. Olcott for a number of years I know he is giving the people a good journal. I think it is customary in most instances for all trade organizations to have their journal, and I think in this case the Northern Nut Growers Association ought to adopt _The American Nut Journal_ as their official organ. I make that as a motion.

MR. MCCOY: I second the motion.

THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that we adopt _The American Nut Journal_ as the official organ of our association.

(Motion unanimously carried.)

THE PRESIDENT: Mr. W. C. Reed, you have something on the program and we will be glad to hear from you now.

MR. REED: I had prepared a short paper on top working the black walnut with the Persian or English walnut but I won't read the paper on account of the limited time, for there are others here we would rather hear from. Quite a number of you are going to Vincennes and you can ask questions there and understand it better than I can tell you here. However there may be some that can't go along, so any questions you want to ask at this time I will be glad to answer.

MR. POTTER: It will be impossible for me to go to Vincennes on Saturday as I have to go home tomorrow night. I would like to ask Mr. Reed if the method of grafting the pecan is the same as top working the black walnut?

MR. REED: Yes sir. Suppose this is a large tree twelve, eighteen or twenty inches in diameter. We cut the limbs back to where they are four or five inches in diameter and, supposing that we want to graft this limb here, we will cut it up here one or two feet because it is hard to cut limbs without their splitting. Sometimes they will split on both sides. For that reason we cut them high and then again, later, back to where we want to graft. We usually find it best to do the first cutting back along the latter part of February or first of March, and when it gets time to do our grafting we cut them off again about two inches so that we shall have fresh wood. We saw them with a fine tooth saw. We prefer to do our grafting from about the first to the tenth of May. We keep scions in cold storage. I think that is quite an advantage although I haven't tried the walnut in cold storage until this year and hadn't thought very much about it until the last few years: but we find the ones we were most successful with were the ones we had kept in cold storage.

PROFESSOR SMITH: What time were they cut?

MR. REED: In February, I think, but I think it would be much better if they were cut in November or early December, especially the walnut, and I shall do that this year. With the pecans I don't think it will make any difference.

PROFESSOR SMITH: What temperature in storage do you use?

Vice-President of the Northern Nut Growers Association]

MR. REED: Ordinary apple storage, thirty-two to thirty-eight, or freezing. This spring we grafted between the first and tenth of May; some of the trees were in full leaf. The sap was flowing very readily and they bled very freely, although the ones that had been cut back early would not bleed like the ones you cut when you are ready to graft. In grafting we used the wedge graft, splitting straight down and placing three or four scions on each limb three or four inches in diameter. However the method we like the best is the slip bark method, but we have had fairly good results with both methods. Of the trees we grafted this spring 60 to 75 per cent were grafted from cold storage scions. We used some that had not been in cold storage, and we didn't get them to grow. We wax the grafts thoroughly and cover them with paper sacks. We do not use any tying on the large limbs as we don't find it necessary. However, we have done more budding than grafting in top working large trees and I think it is a little surer, but we have been fairly successful with both. For budding we cut them back the same as if we were going to graft. We let the sprouts grow until about the middle of July or first or middle of August, and we have let them go as late as the first of September. Then they are ready for budding. We follow about the same method as has been demonstrated. In working large trees it is very important that you keep all cuts waxed thoroughly with grafting wax.

MR. MCCOY: Have you had this experience, that English walnuts will produce female blooms before they do the male blooms?

MR. REED: We haven't had them long enough to determine that clearly. We have eight trees and four of them produced pistillate blooms and we had to bring pollen to pollenize them.

MR. MCCOY: It is possible to have your sprouts almost where you want them by taking the sharp end of an old file and dressing the bark carefully. The buds are more apt to come there than anywhere.

MR. REED: We sometimes lose a good many shoots from storms. One tree was budded about three weeks ago and that storm about ten days ago broke every one of them.

MR. POMEROY: What time did you say to bud the black walnut?

MR. REED: About the first of August, from the middle of July to the middle of August, as a rule. We are budding some yet. That depends on the wood; do it when the wood is ripe enough. We are holding back on some now to get the wood ripe enough, and as fast as they get ripe enough we bud them. You can bud them late if you cut them back freely in the spring, smooth with the ground. Then your buds will take much more rapidly because you have the sap.

MR. MCCOY: Have you had the best success when you cut your trees back in the pruning season? In slip bark grafting there are two ways, you know. One is to wait until you are ready to graft and then cut back. Which do you think is the best?

MR. REED: In top working the large trees we had the best success cutting back early, that is in the nursery. We have never cut back any at the time we were ready to do the work.

MR. MCCOY: In other words you head off the sap flow?

MR. REED: Yes sir, we hold it back.

J. F. WILKINSON: Do you find it any advantage to cut your leaflets off before you bud?

MR. REED: I haven't tried that enough to know. When you were at our place some of them had been trimmed in full leaf and had dropped the leaf stalk, and some had been cut off three weeks and still didn't let loose. We can tell more next spring as I kept a record of that.

MR. POMEROY: How do you know when it is ripe enough?

MR. REED: I don't think a man lives who knows exactly. You have to use your own judgment. For instance, when bud wood colors up like this I would feel sure it was ripe enough. When it is green I am more afraid of it, although we have some good success with the green wood, but cold storage wood is still better.

DR. MORRIS: Professor Van Deman said the other day that in cutting bud wood at this time of year it is good to give the bud rest for two or three days. He cuts the scions and puts them in the ice house. That gives them rest and the buds start better and are firmer. Has anyone had experience with that way?

MR. DORR: There is another question I want to ask. If we want to experiment with the processes that have been suggested here, shouldn't Evansville have a place where we can store scions? We should have an ice house. Some of us who don't have shoes, haven't any ice house. I worked in South Carolina one time and made this discovery, and it almost made me weak. The great majority of farmers in South Carolina are men who make fifty dollars a year; they cultivate three acres and own a mule in partnership with two or three other men. Suppose some enthusiast like this man plants an orchard there. What inducement has he for that kind of work? The dream I have had here for Evansville, which is my home, is to bring some of that kind of work into the high schools.

MR. WHITE: In regard to the point brought out by Dr. Morris about cold storage bud wood, I believe that it is better for being chilled. We have found it hastens the callous. The same theory has been borne out by the work of the Department of Agriculture in propagating the blueberry. They found it would not callous and form roots unless they chilled it. Isn't that right, Mr. Close?

PROFFESSOR CLOSE: I don't remember that.

MR. WHITE: I think all wood must be frozen or chilled, or put in cold storage, before it will take well. I found that by putting scions in cold storage they callous much more readily. Where the temperature is near the freezing point walnut and pecan wood will callous more readily. On some that I took out on the 31st of July I had written the names, and the callous had formed until we could scarcely read the names. In a week or ten days the callous was around them. On new wood, it would take twice as long.

PROFESSOR SMITH: If they had calloused in cold storage was it because they had been too warm?

MR. WHITE: No sir. If you will take a tree that you want to set out and cover the roots until you can set it out, you will find the callous forming no matter if the ground is frozen hard.

PROFESSOR SMITH: You mean a tree planted in the fall?

MR. WHITE: Yes sir.

MR. POMEROY: Where one had no cold storage what would he do?

THE PRESIDENT: If you haven't cold storage, such as Evansville affords, and have an ice house you can use that. It is very important to pack the scions in excelsior and sawdust and be sure there is very slight moisture, and to paper line your boxes. Colonel Sober keeps chestnut scions by standing them on end in cans. He fills in with a thin layer of sawdust, punches holes for them to breathe, puts a lid on and sets them in the ice house and says they keep splendidly.

PROFESSOR SMITH: In an ordinary ice house?

THE PRESIDENT: Yes sir.

COLONEL SOBER: I have kept them that way for two years.

MR. WHITE: Dr. Morris will tell you the next best thing if you haven't cold storage.

DR. MORRIS: We use a method I got from Professor Craig, the way he kept his for many years. His plan was to set a plain wooden box very smoothly on the ground, smooth off the ground so the box would set evenly on all sides, then pack in a layer of perhaps half an inch of fine leaves like black locust leaves, and on that he would put a single layer of scions, then, more leaves and scions.

MR. MOSELEY: If you have an ordinary ice box, would that be cold enough to put the buds in?

DR. MORRIS: I think that would be plenty cold enough. I know of a man in Maryland that has been using that for a number of years.

THE SECRETARY: Do you wax the ends?

DR. MORRIS: Sometimes I do, and sometimes I don't.

THE PRESIDENT: You couldn't keep your scions all the time in an ice box, could you?

DR. MORRIS: No, not for any length of time, but just for a few days you could, in an ordinary refrigerator.

THE PRESIDENT: When you cut your scions in the winter for future use, you should keep them down pretty close to freezing. I used scions in Maryland this spring cut last February in this locality. We put them in cold storage and kept them there until April. Then they were taken out and shipped to me in Washington. They arrived in perfect condition and I took them to a big green house across the street and put them in a long box and set them up in the big refrigerator where they kept their buds. I had these within two inches of a thousand pounds of ice and the Green River proceeded to grow within two weeks. You have to keep them in cold storage. It is so cheap, however, in Evansville that there is no excuse not to keep them in perfect condition. These cold storage people here, Holt & Brandon, are very fine people. We have kept very large amounts of bud wood there and their charges have been very small.

Before we get through I want to call your attention to the rest of the program. Immediately after adjournment there will be automobiles waiting to take all who want to go sight seeing in Evansville. This is by the courtesy of the Evansville Business Association. I want especially again to call your attention to the lecture tonight by Mr. C. A. Reed, and for fear that those here may have an idea that it will be strictly technical I wish to say that he will avoid technicalities as far as possible. He has one of the finest collections of lantern slides I have ever seen. He will take you to the walnut regions of California and to nut regions all over the United States. Any questions asked him will be cheerfully answered but I would suggest that unless there is something extremely important, you reserve your questions until the conclusion of his talk and not interrupt unnecessarily because there are a great many slides to get through with. Those of you who are here, come tonight and bring your friends, bring the ladies and children and everybody else, because it will be interesting and educative generally. Do not forget that we leave in the morning at 7:15, not 16, nor 26; that car will leave at 7:15 and if you will be there on time we can got together on the car. We will now adjourn until 8 o'clock.

* * * * *

Meeting re-convened at 8:00 P. M.

THE PRESIDENT: The first thing on the program will be an invitation to join the association. For the purposes of our organization we need members, and we especially need anyone who has any interest whatever in nut culture. The membership of persons joining now will expire on the 31st day of December, 1914; the membership dues are $2 per year, which includes a copy of the annual report. By joining now you get this report and the three preceding ones.

PROFESSOR CLOSE: Mr. Chairman, may I say something regarding the annual report?

THE PRESIDENT: We will be glad to hear you, Professor Close.

PROFESSOR CLOSE: It seems to me that those who pay dues for 1914 ought to receive the report of the meeting for 1914 no matter when it is printed, even if it is not for three or four months after the end of the calendar year. In that way the reports will match the calendar year; that is they are the reports for the year that the meeting was held and the papers and discussions took place, and this one should be known as the report for 1914. That is the way we run them in the other societies and it seems to me there would be no confusion at all if it were managed in that way.

THE PRESIDENT: The chair very heartily agrees with that suggestion and thinks that should be the practice of the society. The chair would be very glad to entertain a motion to make that the rule.

PROFESSOR CLOSE: I should be glad to make the motion that the proceedings of the meeting of each calendar year be reported as of that calendar year and distributed to the members who pay dues for that calendar year.

(Seconded and carried unanimously.)

THE PRESIDENT: Are there any other candidates for admission to this society? If so, hold up your hands and our distinguished secretary will visit you immediately. Are there any committee reports?

W. C. REED: The committee on nomenclature desires to report as follows:

Voted on the Smith and Potter resolution to recommend changing the
name of the Busseron pecan to Vincennes; Posey pecan to Wabash;
Buttrick pecan to Illinois. It was the opinion of the committee
that the other names of pecans had been established by the
Department of Agriculture by printing in the year book, and that it
was not advisable to change them.

We recommend, as advisable for members introducing new varieties,
to confer with the committee on nomenclature before listing new
names.

Signed. W. C. REED,
W. C. DEMING,
R. L. MCCOY,
R. T. MORRIS,
C. A. REED.

A MEMBER: I move the adoption of this report.

A MEMBER: I second the motion.

THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the report of the committee on nomenclature be adopted. Are you ready for the question? All in favor of the motion make it known in the usual way. It is unanimously carried that we adopt this report. Are there any other committee reports?

PROFESSOR CLOSE: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: The committee on exhibits has not had a very arduous duty, because we can't have at this time of year very extensive exhibits. But what we have are very interesting. Mr. W. C. Reed has an exhibit of English walnuts, hickory nuts and hardy almonds. You have all noticed the exhibits he has in the glass case. That is very instructive and is put up in such a way that it can be carried from place to place. He also has some photographs of trees. Mr. Wilkinson has an exhibit of fruiting limbs of shagbark hickory and pecans, and various seedlings. To some of us some of those things are almost new. Colonel Sober has an exhibit of grafted chestnut trees. He also has the burrs and in glass jars he has the nuts. Then there is quite an exhibit of the native varieties made by our president, which is very fine. There are also some persimmons. I think, everything considered, the society is to be congratulated upon the quality of the exhibits even though the quantity is not so very great.

THE PRESIDENT: If there is no objection the report of the committee on exhibits will be adopted. The report is adopted. Are there any further committee reports?

MR. POTTER: The committee on resolutions reports as follows:

_Resolved_, That we extend our thanks to the Mayor and the Citizens
of Evansville, Indiana, for the courteous entertainment they have
favored us with, and for the excellent facilities that they have
placed at our disposal.

_Second_--That we extend to the Evansville Business Association,
and to the members thereof, our deep appreciation of their
entertainment and courteous treatment that they have extended to
our association.

_Third_--That we extend our deep appreciation and gratitude to Hon.
T. P. Littlepage, our president, and Dr. W. C. Deming, our
secretary, for their untiring and valuable services in behalf of
this association.

_Fourth_--That we express the thanks of the association to its
members and others who have attended this meeting, and helped to
make it a success.

_Fifth_--That we especially extend our thanks and appreciation to
Mr. C. A. Reed of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D.
C., and to Col. C. K. Sober, for their excellent lectures and
special work in behalf of this association at this meeting.

_Sixth_--That we express our most sincere thanks and appreciation
to J. F. Wilkinson, for his courteous treatment and entertainment
of this association at his home.

_Seventh_--Be it further _resolved_, that we especially thank each
and every individual member of this association, for their
attendance at this meeting, and for their earnest efforts and
interest in behalf of the same, in helping to make this meeting a
success in every way, and making it the most enthusiastic meeting
that has ever been held by this association, and we thank any and
all members for any special work or research that has been carried
on by said member in behalf of this association, as disclosed by
this meeting.

_Eighth--Resolved_, That we extend to Mr. W. C. Reed our sincere
thanks for his kind invitation to the members of the association to
be his guests at his home in Vincennes, Indiana, on Saturday,
August 22d, 1914.

Signed. W. O. POTTER,
H. R. WEBER,
J. RUSSELL SMITH.

THE PRESIDENT: If there are no objections, the report of the committee on resolutions will be adopted. It is so ordered. The next thing on the program will be the lecture and lantern slides by Mr. C. A. Reed.

* * * * *

Meeting called to order at Enterprise, on Friday, August 21, at 10:30 A. M.

THE PRESIDENT: I want the records to show that this meeting convened in Enterprise, Luce Township, Spencer County, Indiana, where the members of the Northern Nut Growers Association visited and studied the native Ohio River pecan trees, and I want to hear the opinions of the different visitors. The state entomologist, Mr. Baldwin, will please express himself upon the native pecan trees on the Ohio River.

MR. BALDWIN: My remarks will be so brief it will not be necessary for me to go forward. I don't know that it is necessary for me to mention the fact that I have never lived in and very seldom visited, localities where pecans grow in this state and cannot, therefore, express an authoritative opinion as to the merits and demerits of the pecan trees in this section. It is noticeable that the trees are more free from insects and fungus trouble than trees in many places. Mr. Simpson, who has had considerable experience in the South, called my attention to a very destructive pest that does not exist here in numbers sufficient to be destructive, as it is in Florida, but he is of the opinion that it was introduced into that section from this section.

MR. PRESIDENT: What is it?

MR. BALDWIN: Mr. Simpson says--I didn't see any of the insects, and probably you couldn't identify it without labor,--but Mr. Simpson says there are two broods and the second brood is now at work. This certainly is a good field for work for the entomologist. Of course the same thing would hold true with this insect that is true of others; when a new species is introduced into a country where it has not heretofore existed, where the natural parasites are not found, it is more destructive than where the natural parasites exist. That point is illustrated very well by the moths that are so very destructive in New England, and don't do very much damage in the countries from which they come. From my observations on other native nut trees I was greatly impressed with the abundance of nuts that some of the native trees bear here. I am sorry I am not able to talk about something that would be more interesting to those interested in pecans and other nuts.

THE CHAIRMAN: I should be glad to have our secretary put in the record a few of his observations.

DR. DEMING: Mr. Littlepage has been talking to us about these pecans since we started this organization, and has long promised to show us these trees. We can't get any idea of such trees without seeing them. We have had many word pictures of them but I had not been able to form any idea of how great they are. They have a beautiful outline as we see it silhouetted against the sky, and every evidence of being trees that bear lots of nuts, which is the kind of trees we are all looking for. We don't have the pecan tree in the North as a native at all. There are a few in New England, a few scattered here and there, but none bearing. I have heard of a pecan not far from my home, possibly twenty-five miles, that does not bear. I have seen in the city of Hartford a pecan tree that was nine feet and three inches in circumference and ninety feet high, of unknown origin, but not bearing. The nut tree that grows best through our part of the country is the shagbark hickory. It is very much like the pecan tree here, but never grows to anything like its size, is not nearly so beautiful a tree and I don't believe it bears as heavily. I think the average hickory nuts there are very much inferior to the average pecan here. We also haven't the black walnut there as a native. That is I have never seen it native though it probably was originally so in parts of the country. However, when planted it grows to a very large size, and makes a magnificent tree. About ten miles from my house is the largest in the state. We have lots of butternuts over the country but no nut tree that compares in beauty and usefulness with the pecan here.

THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Smith should be able to size up the situation and give us some of his impressions. I want to get them in the record.

DR. SMITH: Gentlemen, I don't see how anybody can live by these trees here and not realize that they are a source of fortune. I can't understand how men can look at them every year, gather and sell the nuts and not realize that they are a source of livelihood. I just measured a big tree in a tobacco field down the road that was thirteen feet and eleven inches in circumference, that had a sixty foot reach, and was about one hundred and twenty-five feet high. We measured another, that had a sixty-six foot reach and they were all bending down with fruit. It was marvelous and they were certainly giving us their evidence that the thing for us to do is to go ahead and reproduce them.

THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Van Duzee, tell us your impressions of these trees.