Notes and Queries, Number 137, June 12, 1852

Chapter II: Act III (1)

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_Concerto_, by Carbonelli.
_Solo_ on the Arch-lute, by Signor Vebar.
_Song_, Mrs. Barbier.
_New Concerto_ on the Little Flute, composed by
Woodcock, and performed by Baston.
_Solo_, Signor Carbonelli.
_Finale._ _Concerto_ on Two Trumpets, by Grano and
others."

I should mention, that Signor Carbonelli was a celebrated violin player, and a favourite pupil of Corelli. He was brought over to this country by his patron, the first Duke of Rutland.

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

* * * * *

Minor Notes.

_Note for Mr. Worsaae._--At page 204. of _The Danes in England_, Mr. W. says:

"Towards Glasgow and Edinburgh the mountains are no longer called
'fell' and 'rigg.'"

The _Campsie Fells_, a fine range of hills within nine miles of Glasgow, are an exception. These hills are never spoken of by the natives of the strath except by the name of "fells" and the singularity of the name has often been remarked to the writer of this note, especially by visitors to the valley. Before being much acquainted with the deeds of the Vikings (except in the _general_), he had come to the conclusion that the name _must_ be Danish, from its similarity to "Fjeld," with which, in connexion with "Fiords," he had become familiar at a very early period.

BRUNO.

_Singular Epitaph._--The following epitaph occurs in Braunston churchyard, Northamptonshire:

"To the Memory of WILLIAM BORROWS, Died 1703.

"'Tis true I led a single life,
And Nare was married in my life,
For of that Seck (_sic_) I nare had none:
It is the Lord; his will be done."

CRANMORE.

_Largesse._--I heard this old word used the other day in Northamptonshire, by a servant who was leaving his employer, and who called upon one of his master's tradesmen to ask him for _largisse_, as he termed it. Certainly the peasants have preserved and handed down to the present time a vast number of old words, customs, and legends. It proves how much they owe to oral tuition.

A. B.

_Brogue and Fetch._--There are a certain set of words which have become naturalised in English, by those who speak it in Ireland; as, _amadan_, a fool; _brogue_, a shoe (Ir. _brog_); _palaver_, fine speaking, soft talk (Ir. _pi-labhradh_). These are all Irish words; but there are others which are not English, and yet it is hard to make them out Irish. _Brogue_, meaning a broad Irish accent, is an instance; _fetch_ is another:

"In Ireland (says Mr. Banim) a _fetch_ is the supernatural _fac-simile_
of some individual, which comes to assure to its original [or his
friend or relative] a happy longevity or immediate dissolution. If seen
in the morning, the one event is predicted; if in the evening, the
other."

_Taibhse_ (pr. _thaivshe_) is the Irish word, and perhaps _fetch_ might be derived from it by a sort of metathesis.

EIRIONNACH.

_Derivation of "Caul."_--

"Guianerius, cap. 36., _De Ægritud. Matr._, speaks of a silly, jealous
fellow, that, seeing his child new born, included in a _kell_ (meaning
a _caul_), thought sure a Franciscan, that used to come to his house,
was the father of it, it was so like the friar's _cowl_, and thereupon
threatened the friar to kill him!"--Burton's _Anatomy of Melancholy_,
part iii. sec. 3.

By this may we judge that _caul_ and _cowl_ are cognate? _Coif_ (Martial.), in Latin _Reticulum_; whence a lady's _reticule_.

B. B.

_"Pandecte," an entire Copy of the Bible._--Dr. Maitland, in his valuable essays on the _Dark Ages_, has drawn attention to this use of the word _Pandecte_, but was not at the time aware that it is so employed by any writer before Alcuin (p. 194. n. 9. ed. 1844). It will be found, however, in the following, extract from Bede's _Chronicon_ (in _Monument. Britan._, p. 101. A). The historian is speaking of certain presents which his abbot, Ceolfrith, was carrying with him on his pilgrimage to Rome, when death cut it short at Langres:

"Qui inter alia donaria quæ adferre disposuerat, misit ecclesiæ S.
Petri _pandectem_ a B. Hieronymo in Latinum ex Hebræo vel Græco fonte
translatum."

C. H.

St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge.

* * * * *

Queries.

BOY BISHOP AT ETON.

In Heywood's edition of the _Statutes of King's College, Cambridge, and Eton College_ (Longman, 1850), a MS. is quoted under the title of _Consuetudinarium vetus Scholæ Etoniensis_ (sic), Harl. MSS. 7044, p. 167. From a MS. in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

It is a sort of _Fasti Etonenses_, recording in somewhat quaint terms the old customs which were then traditionary in the school. In the month of November, according to this authority, "in die {558} Sti Hugonis Pontificis solebat Etonæ fieri electio Episcopi Nihilensis, sed consuetudo obsolevit."

Again, in the statutes as given by Mr. Heywood, p. 560., it is provided that on the Feast of St. Nicholas, but "nullatenus in festo Sanctorum Innocentium," the Episcopus puerorum Scholarium, who was to be elected from among the boys every year for the purpose, might celebrate all the divine offices except the "missæ secreta."

Can you, or any of your correspondents, inform me--

1st. What is the date of the MS. in question, with any further particulars of its history?

2nd. What is "Pope St. Hugo's Day," and whether it was in any way connected with the election of the boy bishop in other places as well as Eton?

3rd. Whether any reason can be assigned why Holy Innocents Day, being that on which the boy bishop was usually appointed, should have been expressly excluded by the founder.

L. C. B.

* * * * *

"¶ SPECULUM CHRISTIANORUM MULTA BONA CONTINENS."

I have a small black-letter tract which bears the above title: I am desirous of learning the author's name, and that of the printer, together with the date and place of its production. It extends from signature A 1 to G 8, and ends abruptly on the verso of G 8 without any colophon. On the verso of the title page is a small woodcut representing the Holy Dove hovering over the Virgin, who is surrounded by nine kneeling figures, all under a depressed arch, supported by two pillars whose shafts have a kind of chevron ornament worked on them, somewhat similar to the pillars of the crypt of Canterbury Cathedral. Perhaps if I give the title-page of this curious little tract in extenso, it will be more easily identified:

"¶ Speculum Christianorum multa bona continens. Primo modo.
¶ De preceptis dei
¶ De septem vitiis captalibus
¶ De septem virtutibus his contrariis
¶ De octo tabulis: c[=u] quibusd[=a] o[=r]onib' deuotissimis
¶ De modo se prepar[=a]di ad sacram[=e]tum eucharistie
¶ De effectu sacramenti
¶ De antichristo
¶ Expositio o[=r]onis d[=u]ice: cum quod[=a] bona notabili
¶ De Ramis. vii. vicior[=u] capitali[=u]: et eorum remediis
¶ De contentu mundi: cum aliis notabilibus."

It should be noted that this table of contents is by no means a fair representative of the subjects on which the pamphlet treats. On the verso of page E iii. is the following curious passage:--

"¶ Peccata britonum et causa depositionis eorum. Negligentia prelatorum
| rapina potent[=u] | cupiditas indic[=u] | rabies periuriorum |
inordinatus cultus vestimentorum: detestanda luxuria | omne pet[=m]
publicum & notorium clamat vindict[=a] ad deum. Sed precipue quattuor:
merces mercenarii, pct[=m] sodomiticum, homicidium, oppressio
innocenti[=u]. Heu heu heu quot clamores vindicte sunt nunc ante deum."

This passage is introduced without any farther connexion with the subjects under discussion, than the mere heading of the section gives it. Permit me to trouble you with one more extract, before I leave my Query in the hands of your readers:

"¶ De duabus scalis: una dirigente ad celum: et altera ad infernum.

¶ Scala ad celum ¶ Scala ad infernum
Perseverantia bona Desperatio
Patientia in adversis Obstinentia in peccatis
Obedi[=e]tia in preceptis Furor in adversis
Patientia in vita Iniusticia facti
C[=o]tritio et c[=o]fessi pet[=i] Odi[=u] boni et dilectio pet[=i]
Cognito tui Ignorantia
Caritas Mal[=i]cia."

On the recto of C vj.

Any information which some of your bibliographical correspondents may give concerning this little work, will be very acceptable.

W. SPARROW SIMPSON, B.A.

* * * * *

MASSACRE OF THE WELSH BARDS.

Barrington, in his _Observations upon the Statutes_, raises some historic doubts whether that massacre of the Welsh bards, upon which Gray founded his magnificent ode, actually occurred:--

"But", he says, "a manuscript history, written by Sir John Wynne of
Gwydir, authorises the supposed tradition of a massacre of the bards;
nor could the writer of that most admirable ode have made his bard so
warmly express, or his reader feel, the tyranny of Edward, if he had
not probably raised an indignation and fire in his own breast, and by
reading of other materials, which _I have not happened to meet with_."

Has the question of this real or pretended massacre been raised, or proved beyond doubt?

As to Gray requiring "materials" for his fancy, poets even of inferior genius contrive to weave a web out of airy nothings, and the liveliest description by an old Cymric bard of the slaughters of the thirteenth century, will not carry conviction of the truth of the narrative in the nineteenth.

H. T. H.

* * * * *

Minor Queries.

_Portrait of William Combe._--Lonsdale the portrait painter, in a letter dated January, 1826, addressed to a friend of Combe whilst living, says:

"I shall be much obliged if you will have the goodness to cause my
picture of the late Mr. Combe to be sent to me. Mr. C. borrowed the
picture of me to show to some friend, and kept it till his death."

{559}

Can any of the readers of "N. & Q." inform me in whose possession the portrait now is, and whether any engraving of Combe's portrait from that or any other picture is now to be obtained?

E. T.

_"Quod non fecerunt barbari," &c._--Who is the author of the epigram--

"Quod non fecerunt barbari, fecerunt Barbarini,"

which commemorates the destruction of the Coliseum at Rome, both by the barbarians who overran Italy about the middle of the fifth century, and, at a later period, by certain Popes of the family of the Barberini?

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

_Lines on English History_ (Vol. iii., p. 168.; Vol. v., p. 405.).--I shall be extremely obliged to MR. EDWARD CHARLTON to procure me, if he can, a copy of the above lines, and forward them, through Mr. Bell, to

AN ENGLISH MOTHER.

[We should also be most glad to receive from any correspondent who can
supply it, the _Metrical and Logical History_, asked for by our
lamented correspondent MÆRIS, which commences--

"William and William, and Henry and Stephen,
And Henry the Second to make the First even."
ED.]

_Windows._--It has been said that the dates of many houses may be ascertained by a comparison of the regulations of the window-tax with the windows. The tax occasioned a marked change of style by diminishing the number of windows. Then ingenuity was exerted to effect evasions by bays, bows, and double or treble windows. These again were successively met by alterations in the law. Could any one be induced to let in some light upon the subject by examining the acts of parliament, and illustrating the result by reference to examples in London houses?

C. T.

_Angel-beast; Cleek; Longtriloo._--Can you, or any of your readers, inform me what was the nature of the game at cards called _Angel-beast_, which was in vogue in the seventeenth century? Also, the game of _Cleek_; can it be a misprint of "Check?" Also, _Longtriloo_; is this an abbreviation of "Long three card loo?"

R. B.

_Royal Arms in Churches._--What is the origin of the common practice of putting up the royal arms in churches?

E. M.

Oxford.

"_Cease, rude Boreas._"--Can any of your correspondents tell me why the song, "Cease, rude Boreas," has been occasionally attributed to Falconer. I remember seeing this song appended to an old edition of the _Shipwreck_, with a prefatory remark stating that G. A. Stevens _could_ not have written it, as the moral of the verses was of too high an order for him. Occasionally the last stanza is omitted, on account of the sentiment being somewhat questionable; though it cannot be denied that the feelings there expressed are exactly those of a sailor. In a few copies another stanza of a very different tendency is inserted in its place; and at times I have seen the commencement of the third stanza altered thus:

"Now all you at home in safety,
Shelter'd from the howling storm,
Tasting joys by heaven vouchsaf'd ye,
Of our state vain notions form."

I should wish to obtain some information regarding the authors of these alterations, and when they first took place.

[Greek: Boreas].

_Pictorial Proverbs._--I have now lying open before me a small 12mo. book (binding modern) containing sixty-seven old prints (averaging in size 5¾ by 3¾ inch), but wanting a title-page. The subjects appear to be in the shape of pictorial proverbs; they are evidently very old, the distich before each plate is in Latin, which is again written in old German. The views in each background are places generally in Germany, and the names are written on the plate itself. In _one only_ plate I discover the name "M. Merian, fe" (Qy. Matts. Merian, or his daughter, of Frankfort?); and in some few others the following mark, "[ST]." All the plates _seem_ done by the same person.

If you can enlighten me as to the authorship of them, I shall feel much obliged.

H. S. S.

_Inscription on George Inn, Wansted._--Will you kindly give me information respecting the origin of the following inscription, which is affixed to the side of the George Inn at Wansted?--

"In memory of y^e cherry pey,
As cost half a guiney.
y^e 17 of July,
That day we had good cheer,
I hope to see it maney a year.
1752. DAVID JERSEY."

W. H. B.

_Learned Man referred to by Rogers._--Rogers, in his work on the Thirty-nine Articles, published 1607, writes as follows:--

"A certain learned man (speaking of the religion here then professed,
and writing unto the lords of our late queen's council) doth say 'He'
(meaning the papist his adversary, who charged our church with discord,
and disagreements about matters of religion), 'he ought' (saith he) 'if
he had been able, to have brought out the public confession and
articles of faith, agreed in K. Edward's time; and have showed any in
England, that, professing the gospel, dissenteth from the same.'"

I shall be much obliged to any of the readers of "N. & Q." who can inform me who was this "certain learned man."

C. C. C. C.

Corp. Chr. Coll., Camb.

{560}

_Mormonism and Spalding's Romance._--The extraordinary spread of Mormonism seems to stamp it as likely to prove a kind of second Mahometanism in the world's history. Under these circumstances the origin of the _Book of Mormon_ is of course a literary curiosity. In a clever pamphlet entitled _Mormonism Exposed_, by John Bowes (E. Ward, 54. Paternoster Row, London), at pp. 30, 31. an account of the history of the book of Mormon is given. Mr. Bowes quotes from _Mormonism Unveiled_, by E. D. Hoare, to the effect that a Mr. "John Spalding" affirms that his (now deceased) brother "Solomon Spalding" had written "_an historical romance_ of the first settlers in America, endeavoring to show that the American Indians are the descendants of Jews, or the lost tribes. It gave a detailed account of their journey from Jerusalem, by land and sea, till they arrived in America, under the command of NEPHI and LEHI; he also mentions the Lamanites." Mr. J. Spalding, it is said, on reading the _Book of Mormon_, "to his great surprise," found "nearly the same historical matter, names, &c., as they were in his brother's writings;" and further says "according to the best of my recollection and belief, it is the same as my brother Solomon wrote, with the exception of the religious matter." The latter is obviously taken from the Bible, with alterations and additions _ad libitum_.

Can any of your readers tell whether this romance of Solomon Spalding's was ever published; or whether it is still in existence, and accessible for reference, &c.?

C. H. D.

_Carrs or Calves._--In 1 Esdras v. 55. there occurs the word _carrs_. This is found in all copies of the Bible to which I have access, except one edited in the last century by a Mr. Butley, of Ch. Ch. Oxon, where _calves_ is read, and a note given from Josephus apparently in support of it. I should be glad to know whether there is any authority in the original for this alteration.

ERYX.

_Stoup._--There is a holy-water stoup, in good preservation, on the _exterior_ of the north wall (by the nave door) of the church of Houghton-le-Spring, Durham. What other examples are there of _exterior_ stoups? Their usual situation was _within_ either the porch or the church.

CUTHBERT BEDE.

_Casper Ziegler and the Diaconate._--There is a book in Latin with the following title:--_Casparis Ziegleri de Diaconis et Diaconissis Veteris Ecclesiæ Liber Commentarius._ Wittebergæ: Sumptibus Hæredum Jobi Wilhelmi Fingelii. Anno 1678.

What copies of this book are known to be extant? Would a translation of the whole, or selected parts, be useful at the present time, when attention is being called to the subject?

What particulars are known about the life, religion, &c. of the author? At the foot of the frontispiece are the following lines:--

"Omnis in hoc vultu vasti compendia juris,
Cæsarii, sacri, Saxonicique vides.
Non Divæ unius tam multum crede laborem,
Cujus vix umbram pingere possit homo."

Can any one give me the meaning of the last two lines? or information as to what other authors have treated on the subject of the Diaconate?

W. H.

_Inscription at Persepolis._--The following curious inscription I some years ago made a note of by copying it, but neglected to mark whence I obtained it. My extract stands thus--

_Arabic Inscription._

It is said this was found by Captain Barth, engraven on marble, among the ruins of Persepolis, and by him translated from the Arabic into Latin and English.

Query, What does it all mean?

THOMAS LAWRENCE.

Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

"_I do not know what the truth may be._"--Will some one tell me whence the lines--

"I do not know how the truth may be;
I tell the tale as told to me"?

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

_Twittens._--Are not the narrow passages in Brighton so called? and what is the meaning?

A. C.

_Clapper Gate._--Steps, with a gate above, into Bushy Park are so called; what is the meaning?

A. C.

_Jemmy._--When and why was sheep's head baptized with the name "Jemmy?" Does it apply to the entire sheep, or to the head only? I have heard of a "James's head" as a refinement of "Jemmy's head," which would make it seem as though the sheep was the "Jemmy."

SHIRLEY HIBBERD.

_Muffs worn by Gentlemen._--Whilst looking over Hogarth's works, I observed in two plates a {561} male figure wearing a muff; in the "Rake's Progress," pl. 4., and in the "Woman Swearing a Child." How long, and within what limits, did this fashion flourish?

W. SPARROW SIMPSON, B.A.

* * * * *

Replies.

ST. PATRICK.

(Vol. v., p. 520.)

Allowing himself to be led astray by such an untruthful guide as Ledwich, your correspondent E. M. R. thinks that "there seems to be very great doubt if St. Patrick ever existed in reality." Had E. M. R. sought for, he might have found evidences of Ireland's apostle's existence beginning with the very lifetime itself of that saint. 1st. We have a short work from St. Patrick's own pen, the _Confessio_, which the best critics have allowed to be genuine: it commences thus: "Ego Patricius peccator," &c. 2nd. A very old hymn, shown by Dr. O'Conor to have been written c. A.D. 540 (_Prol. in Rer. Hib. Vet. Script._, p. lxxxix.), tells us that: "Patricius prædicabat Scotis." (_Ib._, p. xciii.). 3rd. The Irish monk Adamnan, who died A.D. 704, that is, almost a half century before our Beda, in his _Life of St. Columba_, says: "Quidam proselytus Brito homo sanctus, sancti Patricii episcopi discipulus," &c. (_AA. SS. Junii_, t. ii. p. 197.). 4th. In the library of C. C. College, Cambridge, there is a MS. of the seventh century, containing the early Irish canons: "Synodus episcoporum id est Patricii, Auxillii, Issernini" (Nasmith's _Cat. C. C. C. C._, p. 318.). 5th. The Antiphonal, once belonging to the Irish Bangor, but now in the Ambrosian Library, Milan, a MS. of the end of the seventh or beginning of the eighth century, and published by Muratori, has a "hymnum Sancti Patricii magistri Scotorum" (Muratori, _Anecd._, t. iv. p. 89.). 6th. Cummian, writing about the Pascal question to the Abbot of Hy, A.D. 634, says: "Primum (cyclum) illum quem sanctus Patricius Papa noster tulit," &c. (_Vet. Epist. Hibernicarum Syl._, ed. Usserio, p. 21.). 7th. In the very old Litanies, once used, as it seems, by some church among the Britons living in this island beyond the reach of Anglo-Saxon control, we find invoked St. Patrick, along with SS. Brindane, Gildas, Paterne, Guinwaloc, Munna, Tutwal, German, and other lights of the Irish, as well as our ancient British church (ed. Mabillon, _Vet. Analect._, p. 168.). 8th. St. Gertrude, Abbess of Nivelle, died on the 17th March, A.D. 658; the writer of her life was her cotemporary, and he expressly mentions St. Patrick (_Vita S. Gertrudis_, ed. Mabillon. _AA. SS. O. B._, t. ii. p. 447.). 9th. Our own Beda _did_ insert St. Patrick's name in the Martyrology which he drew up (ed. Smith, _Bedæ Hist. Eccl._, p. 351.); and another far-famed countryman of ours, Alcuin, who, in some verses which he composed for being placed "Ad aram SS. Patricii et aliorum Scotorum," says:

"Patricius, Cheranus, Scotorum gloria gentis,
Atque Columbanus, Congallus, Adomnanus atque," &c.
_Opp._ ed. Frobenio, t. ii. p. 219.

10th. A liturgical MS. in the British Museum, Nero, A, II. fo. 35. b., which was first printed by Spelman, who calls it "codex vetustissimus" (_Concil._, i. 176.), speaks of St. Patrick as "archiepiscopus in Scotiis et Britanniis" (_Ib._, 177.). 11th. The celebrated monastery of St. Gall (an Irish saint) still possesses the fragment of what was once a missal, and written in the Irish character. This codex must have been older than the ninth century, for it is set down "inter libros Scottice scriptos" in a catalogue of the books belonging to that library, made in the ninth century. Among the saints enumerated in the canon of the mass is Patrick the bishop, "intercedentibus pro nobis beatis apostolis Petro et Paulo et Patricio æpiscopo" (see the fragment in _Appendix A to Cooper's Report_, p. 95.).

PYRRHO has had, and is likely always to have, followers in every age and country: Hardouin would not allow that Virgil ever lived, but stoutly held that the _Æneid_ was "a fardel of monkish fictions" put together during the middle ages: not "the bigoted Anglo-Saxons" of the eighth, but Dr. Ledwich of the eighteenth century, denied the existence of the great St. Patrick; a few weeks ago a correspondent of "N. & Q." asked "Is not the battle itself (of Waterloo) a myth?" (Vol. v., p. 396.); and last week, another tells us that "the saint (Patrick) certainly vanishes into 'an airy nothing,' if we are to credit the above authors" (Dr. Ledwich and Dr. Aikin).

Who the Aikin may be, or what the work of his which E. M. R. has brought forwards, I do not know; Ledwich's book now lies before me, and a more prejudiced writer I have never met with. I think, however, that from the above authorities it is clearly shown that, together with all the most learned of early and modern times, we are still warranted in treating St. Patrick "as a real actor in Irish ecclesiastical affairs."

D. ROCK.

Buckland.

_Sir James Ware--St. Patrick's Birth-place_ (Vol. v., p. 520.)--Permit me to correct your correspondent E. M. R., who, by a strange mistake, calls Sir James Ware "a Roman Catholic writer." He was a zealous member of the church of Ireland: E. M. R. will see a memoir of him in Harris's edition of Ware's _Writers of Ireland_.

With respect to the birth-place of St. Patrick, your correspondent may consult Colgan's _Trias Thaumaturga, Append. quinta ad vitas S. Patricii_, {562} cap. ii. p. 221. et seq.; also the Life of St. Patrick by Harris in his edition of Ware's _Bishops of Ireland_; and Dr. Lanigan's _Ecclesiastical History of Ireland_.

Ledwich was entirely unacquainted with the sources of Irish history, and is no authority.

Trin. Coll. Dublin.

* * * * *

NASHE'S "TERRORS OF THE NIGHT."

(Vol. v., p. 467.)

MR. EASTWOOD'S quotation from Nashe's _Terrors of the Night_ regarding the use of ale for the sacrament in Iceland, may have some light thrown upon it by the following passages from the Icelandic sages and the learned editors of the _Historic Memorials of Greenland_. We doubt if Nashe was correct in saying that ale was granted for that purpose by the Pope in preference to wine, on account of the "incessant frosts there;" for, in truth, the Icelanders of the present day, as well as in former times, have no difficulty in protecting liquids much more congealable, such as milk, from the winter's frost. The abundance of warm springs, and the volcanic fires throughout the island, render the temperature of the inhabited districts of Iceland much warmer in winter than would be supposed from its high northern latitude. The word "red emayle" no doubt means "red enamel," an apt simile enough, and well understood in the writer's days. We do not find any mention of "ale" ("öl") being ever used in Iceland for the celebration of the eucharist; but a wine seems to leave been prepared from the Crowberry (_Empetrum nigrum_), as is shown by the following extract from Bishop Paul's _Saga_, a nearly cotemporary history; for the _Saga_ in question is believed to have been written by Bishop Magnus Gissurson (1215-1237), who succeeded Bishop Paul in the see of Skalholt:--

"In Bishop Paul's days came Bishop John from Greenland to Iceland, and
remained during the winter in the eastern fiords; but afterwards he
journeyed late in Lent (_langaföstu_, long fast time) to Skalholt to
meet Bishop Paul, and he came there on Maunday Thursday
(Skírdegi-Skjærtorsdag), and these two bishops consecrated a large
store of Chrism, and had besides many confidential and learned
conversations. Bishop John taught the people to prepare wine from the
crowberry (krækiberium), as he himself had been instructed by King
Sverrer. But it so happened that the next summer few berries grew in
Iceland; but a man called Erick, who lived on a farm called
Snorrastade, near Skalholt, prepared a small quantity of the wine from
these berries, which succeeded well that summer."--Pp. 186, 187.

We confess that we are much inclined to agree with the learned Eggert Olafsen's doubts as to the practicability of manufacturing a wine, to suit at least our palates, from the acrid fruit of the _Empetrum nigrum_. It is said that Boerhaave, gives a receipt for this purpose, and we have accordingly found it in his forty-second _Process of the Elementa Chemiæ_, but this relates to the general mode of producing wine from fruits; and Olafsen (p. 172. vol. i.) tried it in vain with the crowberry when in Iceland in 1753. Still a species of subacid drink, such as still prepared from this fruit by the Icelanders, may have been dignified in olden times with the name of wine; but Olafsen was certainly in error when he stated that Bishop Paul brought over to Iceland, according to tradition, a native of the Canary Isles, to teach the art. The Canary Isles were not then (A.D. 1203) known to Europe.

About the year 1186 King Sverrer forbade the importation of wine into Bergen by the German traders, on account of the scenes of drunkenness and riot that ensued therefrom; and he is said to have turned his attention to the preparing of a home-made wine from the crowberry, as a substitute for the foreign liquors he had forbidden. The learned editors of the _Historic Memorials of Greenland_, in a note on the passage above quoted in Bishop Paul's _Saga_, remark, that this was probably the kind of wine which is traditionally said to have been used for the sacrament in Iceland when the true juice of the grape could not be obtained. Huidtfeldt, in his Chronicle, positively states that the Northmen in 1250 and 1290 sought and obtained permission from the Pope to use mead, "mjod" (mulsum), and other similar liquors, in the celebration of the sacrament, in consequence of the great scarcity of wine in those countries. The editors further state that "within our own times, during the disastrous war with England, it was proposed to employ wine made from bilberries for the same purpose in Iceland."

The Synod of Roeskilde, according to Pontoppidan, _Annal. Eccles. Dan._ ii. 329. and iii. 538., forbids the use of any liquor but pure wine in the sacrament in the following words:--

"Pastores sunt admoniti ad communionem uti, non _musto_ aut aliis
liquoribus illicitis, sed puro vino, juxta institutionem."

Lastly, in Rymer's _Foedera_, vol. x. p. 762., there is a petition from the Bishop of Skalholt to the English government in 1440, stating the depressed state of the commerce of Iceland at that period, and that no _wine, beer, or indeed any liquor_ except milk and water, was to be found in the country. Such was its wretched condition, that he expresses his fear, unless supplies were received from England, divine service, the celebration of the communion, and of baptism, would soon cease.

From this last document it would seem that _wine_ was no longer made in Iceland from the crowberry, and that the fermented juice of the {563} grape was deemed absolutely necessary by the bishop of that day for the celebration of the sacrament. We are not aware of any decree or bull of the court of Rome, by which any other liquor than that obtained from the grape was permitted to be used, as such would be entirely contrary to all the canons of the church, and the opinions of all her theologians.

EDWARD CHARLTON.

Newcastle-on-Tyne.

The following quotation bears upon your correspondent J. EASTWOOD's Query:--

"Gregorious episcopus, &c.
[Sigurdo archiepiscopo] Nidrosiensi.

Tuæ fraternitati quærenti, an deficienti in quibusdum ecclesiis
suffragancorum tuorum eucharistia propter frumenti penuriam simplex
oblata undecumque confecta populo, ut sub quadam decipiatur pietatis
specie, ac cervisiæ vel potus alius loco vini, cum vix aut nunquam
vinum reperiatur in illis partibus, sint tradenda, taliter respondemus,
quod neutrum est penitus faciendum, cum in hujus modi sacramento
visibilis panis de frumento et vini de uvis debeat esse forma in verbo
creatoris per sacerdotis ministerium consecrata, quod veritatem carnis
et sanguinis non est dubium continere, quamquam dari possit populo
panis simpliciter benedictus, prout in quibusdam partibus fieri
consuevit. Datum Viterbii v. Idus Maii, pontificatus nostri anno
undecimo." (A.D. 1237.)--_Diplomatarium Norvegicum_, p. 14.:
Christiania, 1847.

_Emayle_ is no doubt enamel, used for ice, or frozen wine. _Chevela_ is answered in the Query. I may add a letter from the same Pope to the same Archbishop on baptism in ale:--

"Cum, sicut ex tua relatione didicimus, nonnunquam propter aquæ
penuriam infantes terræ tuæ contingat in cervisia baptizari, tibi
tenore præsentium respondemus, quod cum secundum doctrinam evangelicam
oportet eos ex aqua et spiritu sancto renasci, non debent reputari rite
baptizati, qui in cervisia baptizantur. Datum Laterani, viii. Idus
Julii anno xv." (A.D. 1241.)--_Ibid._ p. 21.

The curious in this matter may find the practice of baptising in other liquids than water denounced in other countries, in other bulls, and even by councils.

DE CAMERA.

* * * * *

SERJEANT'S RINGS.

(Vol. v., pp. 92. 110. 181.)

I send you the mottoes adopted by serjeants and judges, taken from the Term Reports, being, with one exception, I believe, a perfect list from 1786 to the year 1832, when MR. COLMAN's list, in the 5th Volume of "N. & Q.," begins. That exception is Lord C. B. Richards, whose motto is not given. I have also made some additions to MR. COLMAN's list.

1786. G. Bond _Hæreditas a legibus._

1787. A. Thomson }
S. Le Blanc } _Reverentia legum._

1788. Lord Kenyon {
R. Clayton { _Quid leges sine moribus._

1794. S. Heywood }
J. Williams[1] } _Legum servi ut liberi._

1796. A. Palmer { _Evaganti froena licentiæ._

S. Shepherd _Legibus emendes._

1799. J. Vaughan { _Paribus se legibus
{ ambæ._

J. Lens }
J. Bayley } _Libertas sub rege pio._

1800. Sir J. Scott (Lord { _Rege incolumi mens
Eldon) { omnibus una._

A. Chambre { _Majorum instituta
tueri._

W. D. Best _Libertas in legibus._

R. Graham { _Et placitum læti componite
A. Onslow[2] { foedus._

1801. W. M. Praed { _Foederis æquas dicamus
{ leges._

1802. Sir E. Law (Lord { _Positis mitescunt sæcula
Ellenborough) { bellis._

1804. J. Mansfield _Serus in coelum redeas._

1805. T. M. Sutton[3] { _Hic ames dici pater
{ atque princeps._

1807. G. Wood { _Moribus ornes, legibus
{ emendes._

1808. W. Manley }
A. Pell } _Pro rege at lege._
W. Rough }

1809. R. H. Peckwell { _Traditum ab antiquis
W. Frere { servare._

1812. V. Gibbs _Leges juraque._

1813. H. Dampier _Consulta patrum._

J. S. Copley { _Studiis vigilare severis._

R. Dallas _Mos et lex._

1814. J. B. Bosanquet { _Antiquam exquisite
{ matrem._

1816. J. A. Park { _Qui leges juraque
{ servat._

C. Abbott (Ld. } _Labore._
Tenterden)

G. S. Holroyd { _Componere legibus
{ orbem._

J. Burrough _Legibus emendes._

J. Hullock { _Auspicium melioris
{ ævi._

1817. W. Firth { _Ung loi, ung roi, ung
{ foi._

W. Garrow _Fas et jura._

1818. W. Taddy _Mos et lex._

{564}
1819. J. Richardson _More majorum._

V. Lawes }
J. Cross } _Pro rege et lege._
T. D'Oyley }

1820. T. Peake _Æquâ lege._

1824. R. Gifford }
W. Alexander } _Secundis laboribus._

J. Littledale _Justitæ tenax._

W. St. J. Arabin }
T. Wilde (L. Truro) } _Regi regnoque fidelis._

S. Gaselee } _Bonis legibus, judiciis
R. Spankie } gravibus._

1827. T. Andrews }
H. Storks }
E. Lawes }
E. Ludlow } _More majorum._
H. A. Merewether }
W. O. Russell }
D. F. Jones }

J. Scriven }
H. J. Stephen } _Lex ratione probatur._
C. C. Bompas }

1828. J. Parke _Justitiæ tenax._

1829. E. Goulburn _Nulla retrorsum._

N. C. Tindal _Quid leges sine moribus._

W. Bolland _Regi regnoque fidelis._

1830. W. E. Taunton }
E. H. Alderson } _Nec temerè nec timidè._
J. Patteson }

_Omitted in List_, Vol. v., p. 181.

1833. T. N. Talfourd _Magna vis veritatis._

1841. J. V. Thompson _Nec ultrà nec citrà._

W. Wightman _Æquam servare mentem._

1842. C. Cresswell _Leges juraque._

1844. F. Pollock _Jussa capessere._

1850. Ld. Campbell _Justitiæ tenax._

J. Jervis _Venale nec auro._

_Errata._

1843. N. R. Clarke }
J. B. Byles } For metu_is_ read metu_it_.

1847. For E. _N._ Williams read E. _V._ Williams;
and for liber_e_ read liber_i_.

J. E.

[Footnote 1: In 1847 his son, Mr. Justice E. V. Williams, adopted the same motto.]

[Footnote 2: Vol. v. p. 92. The motto of the Onslow family, "Festina lente," is erroneously given as the serjeant's motto on his rings.]

[Footnote 3: Afterwards Lord Manners, Lord Chancellor of Ireland.]

* * * * *

THE OLD COUNTESS OF DESMOND.

(Vol. v., pp. 145. 323.)

In your Number of "N. & Q." of April 3rd, there are some curious and interesting remarks by the KNIGHT OF KERRY, respecting that wonder for length of days, the old Countess of Desmond, in which he gives the copy of an inscription on an ancient painting, stating that in the year 1614, and in the 140th year of her age, she appeared at the court of King James, to seek relief in consequence of the House of Desmond having been ruined by attainder. That this statement in the inscription is erroneous, can, I think, be proved by the following circumstances, which also seem to me to afford some light on the most obscure parts of the question.

I have at this moment before me a work, which has been for many years in the library of my husband (the Rev. E. A. Bray, the Vicar of this place), and highly prized by us both, namely, a most perfect and beautiful copy of Sir Walter Raleigh's _History of the World_, published in 1614. I here give the date from the engraved title-page, which is of an allegorical description:

"THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD."
"AT LONDON: PRINTED FOR WALTER BVRRE."
"1614."

In this volume, Chapter V. (of "the first Booke of the first Part"), page 66., "Of the long Lives of the Patriarchs, and some of _late memory_," after enumerating several celebrated persons who lived to great ages, Raleigh thus speaks of the old Countess:--

"I myself knew the old Countess of Desmond of Inchiquin, in Munster,
who lived in the yeare 1589, and many years since, who was married in
Edward IV.'s time, and held her joynture from all the Earls of Desmond
since then; and that this is true, all noblemen and gentlemen of
Munster can witnesse."

From this passage I think it can be shown, that the reader can draw no other inference than that the Countess of Desmond was dead at the time Sir Walter Raleigh wrote it. In his heading to the chapter he speaks of some of "_late memory_;" and the words "_many years since_" evidently mean that she lived many years _after_ 1589.[4] We do not know at what precise period the above passage was penned; but we learn from Sir Walter's Preface, that he composed this great and admirable work whilst a prisoner in the Tower (from which he was liberated in 1616). In that preface he speaks with deep feeling and regret for the loss of Prince Henry. He says _the Prince read part of the work_; and that he wrote it "for the service of that inestimable" youth. We know that Henry died in November, 1612. The passage, therefore, about the "old Countess," which occurs in a very early part of the book, there can be no doubt, was written before 1612, and the entire work published in 1614. If, therefore (as I think no one can doubt, from the manner in which it is worded), the old lady was dead when Sir Walter wrote about her, it is not possible she could have visited the court of King James in 1614.

As Raleigh says "I myself knew the old Countess {565} of Desmond," and plainly declares that she was married in the time of Edward IV., it is most probable that he received this account from herself at all events, when he so strongly appeals to the witness of "all the noblemen and gentlemen of Munster" for the truth of his statement, it is most unlikely he would have written thus merely on common or casual report. The KNIGHT OF KERRY says, "There are statements in existence of 1464 being the year of her birth." This is most probably the correct date, which is perfectly consistent with Raleigh's account of her marriage in the reign of Edward IV. It is likely she married very young. There is every probability that Raleigh was well acquainted with the "old Countess" when he was in Ireland, and acted so gallant a part against the rebels in that country. Early in the spring of 1581, upon the Earl of Ormond leaving Ireland, Captain Raleigh (for he was then only such), with Sir William Morgan and another gentleman, received a commission to succeed the Earl for a time in his government in _Munster_ (the old lady's county), and he spent the summer there of that year. It may be further remarked, that the then Earl of Desmond and _Sir John Desmond_ are among the rebels, and that therefore the House of Desmond did suffer by attainder _in the reign of Elizabeth_;[5] and more likely was it that the aged Countess should sue at the Court of Elizabeth for relief, than twenty years after at that of Jas. I.

If she came to England in 1589, Sir Walter Raleigh might have seen her in her pilgrimage to his royal mistress in that year, as in _that year_ (the next after the defeat of the Spanish Armada, in which glorious service he bore a distinguished part), among other honours conferred upon him, was that of being appointed one of the gentlemen of her Majesty's Privy Chamber. In 1614 Raleigh was a prisoner in the Tower; and very improbable is it that, even had she been living at that date and in England, the old Countess would there have paid him a visit, to thank him for his mention of her in his _History of the World_. And, finally, had she really been alive when he wrote it, he might have referred to the lady herself, as a proof of what he said about her being true, instead of referring to "all the noblemen and gentlemen in Munster."

As the KNIGHT OF KERRY has expressed a wish to receive the opinions of your readers who take an interest in the subject, I venture to offer the foregoing remarks, in consequence of having the very valuable copy of Raleigh's great work in our possession, and shall be happy if the few observations I have made may be in any respect acceptable to him or to your readers.

ANNA ELIZA BRAY.

The Vicarage, Tavistock, Devon.

[Footnote 4: In his _History of the World_, Raleigh frequently uses the word _since_ as we use the word _after_.]

[Footnote 5: See Stow's _Annales of England_, p. 1217.]

In a "Life of Old Parr," _Harl. Misc._, vol. vii. p. 79., are the following lines about the old Countess, which may perhaps interest some of your readers:

"Sir Walter Raleigh, a most learned knight,
Doth of an Irish Countess (Desmond) write,
Of sevenscore years of age; he with her spake;
The Lord St. Albans doth more mention make,
That she was married in fourth Edward's reign;
Thrice shed her teeth, which three times came again."

At the bottom of the page is a note by Oldys, but it probably contains nothing new to your correspondents who have so diligently investigated this matter. He quotes however some remarks of Archbishop Usher on this subject, which I do not remember to have seen noticed in your pages.

ERICA.

The KNIGHT OF KERRY, in his very interesting letter, infers that if the old Countess of Desmond was only eight or nine years old at the death of Edward IV., she therefore could not have been married during the reign of that monarch. Was it not, however, a not uncommon custom, at that period, for royal and noble infants to be given in marriage at quite as early an age as eight or nine, whenever it suited the views, political or otherwise, of their parents or guardians?

C. E. D.

* * * * *

A FEW THINGS ABOUT RICHARD BAXTER.

(Vol. v., p. 481.)

Your correspondent MR. BEALBY mentions that in his visit to Kidderminster in 1836, he was shown the house in the High Street in which Richard Baxter is said to have resided: a few more particulars on the subject may prove interesting.

It was a three storied, high gabled house, with low ceilinged rooms, lighted by long ranges of casement. The exterior of the house displayed a goodly proportion of wood-work, and appeared to be much in its original condition. No garden or extra-ground was attached to it, another street (Swan Street) running immediately at its back. Three or four years since the house fell before the march of modern improvements, and none of its old features can now be recognised. At the time of these alterations, the house was tenanted by a shoemaker. An ascent of four or five steps led into the shop, the long low window of which, projecting somewhat over the pavement, was tiled above, and supported underneath by wooden pillars. These also served to mark the boundary allotted to the display of the handiwork of the basketmaker who plied his trade in the capacious cellar underneath the shop.

Of course MR. BEALBY, while prosecuting in Kidderminster his inquiries about Baxter, visited Caldwall Castle (close to the town), once the {566} residence of Sir Ralph Clare, Baxter's sturdy opponent. In an old map of the town, the castle is represented as having eight towers; but only one of these now remains, which is attached to a modern house. The tower is octagonal, built of red sandstone, of massive proportions, and is in good preservation. It contains two rooms lighted N. and S.; a turret staircase; and a groin-roofed cellar, level with the ground, and with an exterior door. From this cellar an underground passage is said to extend to St. Mary's Church, about a quarter of a mile distant. Sir Ralph Clare was buried in St. Mary's, opposite to where Baxter's pulpit then stood. The flat stone that covers his grave has once again been restored to the light by the removal of the cumbrous sleeping-box that concealed it,--thanks to the judicious alterations now being carried on by the present vicar; alterations very different to those "beautifyings" of 1786, in which Baxter's pulpit was sold as worthless lumber. (Vide "N. & Q.,", Vol. v., p. 363.)

The Registers preserved in the vestry of St. Mary's attest the careful neatness of Baxter in his official entries. The headings of the different months are printed, and, in some cases, ornamented after the missal style. Many of the burials are set down as those of "valliant souldiers," who fell in the frequent skirmishes of those troublous times.

The row of elms on the south walk of the churchyard is said to have been planted in Baxter's time,--perhaps by his own hand.

If MR. BEALBY would like a copy of my etching of Baxter's pulpit (referred to at p. 363.), and would leave his address with the Publisher of "N. & Q.," I should be happy to forward one to him.

CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.

* * * * *

ST. BOTULPH.

(Vol. v., pp. 396. 475.)

As no one has hitherto answered the inquiries of A. B. touching St. Botulph, I beg to forward you the following Notes. The earliest mention of him will be found in the _Saxon Chronicle_, at the year 654. He is said to have then commenced the building of a minster at _Ycean-ho_. The statement is repeated by Florence of Worcester, who writes the name of St. Botulph's convent _Ikanho_. Its locality is thus pointed out by Leland, _Itinerary_, i. 31, 32. ed. Hearne:--

"Some hold opinion that est of Lincoln were 2 suburbs, one toward S.
Beges, a late [of late] a cell of S. Mari abbay at York; the which
place I take be _Icanno_, wher was an house of monkes in S. Botolphes
tyme, and of this speketh Bede[?]. It is scant half a mile from the
minster."

The same writer has informed us (viii. 68.) that St. Botulph died in Icanno (15 Kal. Jun.), and that the monastery was soon afterwards destroyed by the Scandinavian vikings. The authority on which this latter statement will be found to rest is a "Life of St. Botulph," written or embellished by John Capgrave, and included in his _Nova Legenda Angliæ_. I have now before me a fine copy of the work (Lond. 1516); but very few of the events in which St. Botulph is there said to have played a part belong to the sphere of history. We learn that Botulphus and Adulphus were two noble brothers, who in early life were sent into "Old Saxony" to be instructed in monastic learning. Botulph there became acquainted with two sisters of an English king, named Ethelmund ("regis australium Anglorum"), who, at their wish, allotted to the monk a piece of barren ground, on which to build a convent ("locum quendam incultum et ab hominibus desertum Ykanho vocatum.") Like other marshy spots, in which the _ignis fatuus_ abounded, it was thought to be infested by malignant spirits. These were soon, however, put to flight ("edito crucis signo"), and a convent, on the model of the house in which St. Botulph had been reared, was planted in the midst of their domain. It perished under Edmund (941-946); but the relics of St. Botulph, which had been enshrined in his own foundation, were preserved, and afterwards translated, in the time of Edgar (959-975), through the efforts of St. Ethelwold. The head was sent to Ely, and the body equally apportioned to the royal cabinet of relics and the abbey church of Thorne. The closing passage is as follows:

"In libro ecclesie Sancti Botulphi juxta Aldersgate Londo[=n] habetur
quæ pars corporis Sancti Botulphi per bone memorie regem Edwardum
ecclesie B. Petri Westmonasterii est collata. Eodem etiam tempore, ut
in quibusdam locis scriptum inveni, per eundem monachum, jubente
episcopo Ethelwoldo, translata sunt apud Thornense monasterium ossa
Benedicti Biscop, abbatis venerabilis Wermuthensis, nutritoris Bede
presbiteri. Construxit autem Sanctus Ethelwoldus non longe a monasterio
Thornensi, in loco ubi _beata virgo Christi Toua inclusa_ fuerat,
lapideam ecclesiolam delicatissimis cameratam cancellulis et duplici
area tribus dedicatam altaribus permodicis, undique usque ad eius muros
vallatam arboribus diversi generis. Sedem ibi heremiticam, si
permisisset Deus, sibi delegit."

Is there any other notice of this female solitary?

C. H.

St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge.

[Leland notices this female solitary. St. Tova, or Tona, was a Saxon
saint, to whose memory a fair chapel, called Thoveham, or Thona, half a
mile from the abbey, was consecrated; and at this place was the oratory
of the Heremites. Lelandi _Collectanea_, vol. i. p. 28.; Willis'
_Mitred Abbies_, vol. i. p. 187.--ED.]

The earliest mention found of this saint is in the _Saxon Chronicle_, under the year 654, when he began to build his minster at Ycean-ho, probably Boston or Botulph's-town in Lincolnshire. His {567} life was first put into regular form by Fulcard, a monk of Thorney, who was made abbot of that monastery in 1068. Fulcard tells us in his preface what his materials were:

"Reperta sunt quædam in veteribus libris vitiose descripta, quædam ab
ipso præcipuo præsuli in privilegiis ejusdem coenobii sunt breviter
annotata, cætera ex relatione veterum ut ab antiquioribus sunt eis
exhibita."

An early MS. of this life is in the Harleian collection, No. 3097. It was printed (somewhat curtailed) by Capgrave in the _Legenda Nova_, and seems to have furnished all that our antiquaries know about St. Botulph. Camden indeed refers to _Bede_, iv. 3., as containing some mention of him; but I can find no such passage, and I believe that Botulph is nowhere mentioned in the _Historia Anglorum_. The remains of Botulph were taken up in the days of King Edgar, and his head was allotted to Ely, while the rest of his bones were divided between the abbeys of Thorney and Westminster. The cause of his extended popularity it is difficult to discover. His fame even passed over to Denmark, and an office is allotted to him in the Sleswick Breviary, _Britannia Sacra_, vol. i. p. 370. It has been surmised that he was a patron saint of seamen, and that his name indicates this character, _i. e._ boat-help! See Allen's _History of Lincoln_, vol. i. p. 245. His brother Adulf was made Bishop of Trajectum, probably Utrecht. Your correspondents may be referred to Capgrave; to Leland, _Collectanea_, vol. i. p. 217., and vol. iii. p. 33.; and to Ellis's _Monasticon_, vol. ii. p. 596., and vol. vi. p. 1621. St. Botulph's day is the 17th of June.

C. W. G.

* * * * *

SIR RICHARD POLE, THE FATHER OF CARDINAL POLE.

(Vol. v., pp. 105. 163.)

Without presuming to contravene the high authorities quoted by J. G. N. on the pedigree of Sir Richard Pole, the father of the celebrated Cardinal Pole, I am inclined to the belief that he descended from a common ancestor with the Cheshire family of "Poole," as suggested by your correspondent I. J. H. H. Wotton[6] says, in his pedigree of "Poole, baronets of Poole" (from whom, by the way, the _Poles_ of Shute collaterally derived):

"Robert Pull, _alias_ Poole, _alias_ De la Poole, lord of Barretspoole,
8 Edw. I., by Elizabeth, dau. to Hugh Raby, had issue _Reginald_ and
others. Reginald had issue James, who died 1 Edw. II., leaving Robert
de Pull, his son and heir, who m., 2 Rich. II., the dau. and heir of
Thomas de Capenhurst. Sir John de Pull, Knight, his son, lived 8 Hen.
IV. and 3 Hen. V., and was father of Sir John _Poole_, of Poole, in
Wirrall, living about 19 Rich. II., who by a dau. of ---- Mainwaring,
of Peover, had issue, 1. Sir Thomas Poole, Knight, lord of Poole and
Capenhurst, 35 Hen. VI. 2. Robert Poole, who left posterity. 3. _Sir
Richard Poole, Knight_, who had progeny; and 4. James, grandfather to
John Poole, of Stratford in Essex."

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Notes and Queries, Number 137, June 12, 1852Chapter II: Act III (1)

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