Chapter I: Part 1

+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Transcriber's Note: Italicized words, phrases, etc. are | | surrounded by _underline characters_. Greek transliterations | | are surrounded by ~tildes~. Overlines indicating abbreviations | | are shown like this, D[=n]e, meaning a line over the letter n. | | Archaic spellings and hyphenation inconsistencies have been | | left as originally printed. | +----------------------------------------------------------------+

{397} NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

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"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.

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No. 182.] SATURDAY, APRIL 23. 1853. [Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.

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CONTENTS.

NOTES:-- Page
Poetical Epithets of the Nightingale, by Cuthbert
Bede, B.A. 397
On a Passage in Orosius, by E. Thomson 399
Notes on several Misunderstood Words, by Rev. W. R.
Arrowsmith 400
A Work on the Macrocosm 402
Dr. South's Latin Tract against Sherlock, by James
Crossley 402
Shakspeare Correspondence, by C. Mansfield Ingleby,
S. Singleton, &c. 403

MINOR NOTES:--Robert Weston--Sonnet on the Rev.
Joseph Blanco White--English and American Booksellers
--Odd Mistake--Thomas Shakspeare--Early Winters 404

QUERIES:--
Satirical Playing Cards, by T. J. Pettigrew 405
Movable Metal Types anno 1435, by George Stephens 405
Portraits at Brickwall House 406

MINOR QUERIES:--Christian Names--Lake of Geneva
--Clerical Portrait--Arms: Battle-axe--Bullinger's
Sermons--Gibbon's Library--Dr. Timothy Bright
--Townley MSS.--Order of St. John of Jerusalem
--Consecrated Roses, Swords, &c.--West, Kipling, and
Millbourne--Font Inscriptions--Welsh Genealogical
Queries--The Butler and his Man William--Longhi's
Portraits of Guidiccioni--Sir George Carr--Dean
Pratt--Portrait of Franklin--"Enquiry into the State
of the Union" 406

MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Bishop of Oxford
in 1164--Roman Inscription found at Battle Bridge--
Blow-shoppes--Bishop Hesketh--Form of Prayer for
Prisoners 409

REPLIES:--
Edmund Spenser, and Spensers, or Spencers, of Hurstwood,
by J. B. Spencer, &c. 410
Throwing old Shoes for Luck, by John Thrupp 411
Orkneys in Pawn 412
Hogarth's Pictures, by E. G. Ballard and W. D. Haggard 412
Phantom Bells and Lost Churches 413

PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES:--Photographic
Collodion--Filtering Collodion--Photographic Notes
--Colouring Collodion Pictures--Gutta Percha Baths 414

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Pilgrimages to the Holy
Land--"A Letter to a Convocation Man"--King
Robert Bruce's Coffin-plate--Eulenspiegel or Howleglas
--Sir Edwin Sadleir--Belfry Towers separate from
the Body of the Church--God's Marks--"The Whippiad"
--The Axe that beheaded Anne Boleyn, &c. 415

MISCELLANEOUS:--
Books and Odd Volumes wanted 417
Notices to Correspondents 418
Advertisements 418

* * * * *

NOTES.

POETICAL EPITHETS OF THE NIGHTINGALE.

Having lately been making some research among our British poets, as to the character of the nightingale's song, I was much struck with the great quantity and diversity of epithets that I found applied to the bird. The difference of opinion that has existed with regard to the quality of its song, has of course led the poetical adherents of either side to couple the nightingale's name with that very great variety of adjectives which I shall presently set down in a tabular form, with the names of the poetical sponsors attached thereto. And, in making this the subject of a Note, I am only opening up an old Query; for the character of the nightingale's song has often been a matter for discussion, not only for poets and scribblers, but even for great statesmen like Fox, who, amid all the anxieties of a political life, could yet find time to defend the nightingale from being a "most musical, most melancholy" bird.

Coleridge's onslaught upon this line, in his poem of "The Nightingale," must be well known to all lovers of poetry; and his re-christening of the bird by that epithet which Chaucer had before given it:

"'Tis the _merry_ nightingale,
That crowds, and hurries, and precipitates,
With fast thick warble, his delicious notes,
As he were fearful that an April night
Would be too short for him to utter forth
His love-chant, and disburthen his full soul
Of all its music!"

The fable of the nightingale's origin would, of course, in classical times, give the character of melancholy to its song; and it is rather remarkable that Æschylus makes Cassandra speak of the _happy_ chirp of the nightingale, and the Chorus to remark upon this as a further proof of her insanity. (Shakspeare makes Edgar say, "The _foul fiend_ haunted poor Tom in the voice of a nightingale."--_King Lear_, Act III. Sc. 6.)

Tennyson seems to be almost the only poet who has thoroughly recognised the great variety of epithets that may be applied to the nightingale's song, through the very opposite feelings which it {398} seems to possess the power to awaken. In his _Recollections of the Arabian Nights_, he says,--

"The living airs of middle night
Died round the Bulbul as he sung;
Not he; but something which possess'd
The darkness of the world, _delight_,
_Life_, _anguish_, _death_, _immortal love_,
Ceasing not, mingled, unrepress'd,
Apart from place, withholding time."

Again, in the _In Memoriam_:

"Wild bird! whose warble, liquid, sweet,
Rings Eden through the budded quicks,
Oh, tell me where the senses mix,
Oh, tell me where the passions meet,

"Whence radiate? _Fierce extremes_ employ
Thy spirit in the dusking leaf,
And _in the midmost heart of grief
Thy passion clasps a secret joy_."

With which compare these lines in _The Gardener's Daughter_:

"Yet might I tell of meetings, of farewells,--
Of that which came between, more sweet than each,
In whispers, like the whispers of the leaves
That tremble round a nightingale--_in sighs
Which perfect Joy, perplexed for utterance,
Stole from her sister Sorrow_."

But the most singular proof that, I think, I have met with, concerning the diversity of opinion touching the song of the nightingale, is to be found in the following example. When Shelley (_Prometheus Unbound_) is describing the luxurious pleasures of the Grove of Daphne, he mentions (in some of the finest lines he has ever written) "the _voluptuous_ nightingales, sick with sweet love," to be among the great attractions of the place: while Dean Milman (_Martyrs of Antioch_), in describing the very same "dim, licentious Daphne," is particular in mention that everything there

"Ministers
_Voluptuous_ to man's transgressions"

(even including the "winds, and flowers, and waters"); everything, in short,

"_Save thou_, sweet _nightingale!_"

The question is indeed a case of "fierce extremes," as we may see by the following table of epithets, which are taken from the British poets only:

_Amorous._ Milton.
_Artless._ Drummond of Hawthornden.
_Attick_ ("Attica aedon"). Gray.
_Beautiful._ Mackay.
_Charmer._ Michael Drayton, Philip Ayres.
_Charming._ Sir Roger L'Estrange.
_Cheerful._ Philip Ayres.
_Complaining._ Shakspeare.
_Conqueror._ Ford
_Dainty._ Carshaw, Giles Fletcher.
_Darkling._ Milton.
_Dear._ Ben Jonson, Drummond of Hawthornden.
_Deep._ Mrs. Hemans.
_Delicious._ Crashaw, Coleridge.
_Doleful._ Shakspeare.
_Dusk._ Barry Cornwall.
_Enchanting._ Mrs. T. Welsh.
_Enthusiast._ Crashaw.
_Evening._ Chaucer.
_Ever-varying._ Wordsworth.
_Fervent._ Mrs. Hemans.
_Fond._ Moore.
_Forlorn._ Shakspeare, Darwin, Hood.
_Full-hearted._ Author of _The Naiad_ (1816).
_Full-throated._ Keats.
_Gentle._ _The Spanish Tragedy_, Dunbar (Laureate to James IV.
Scot.), Mrs Charlotte Smith.
_Good._ Chaucer, Ben Jonson.
_Gushing._ Campbell.
_Hapless._ Milton.
_Happy._ Keats, Mackay.
_Harmless._ Crashaw, Browne.
_Harmonious._ Browne.
_Heavenly._[1] Chaucer, Dryden, Wordsworth.
_Holy._ Campbell.
_Hopeful._ Crashaw.
_Immortal._ Keats.
_Joyful._ Moore.
_Joyous._ Keble.
_Lamenting._ Shakspeare, Michael Drayton, Drummond of Hawthornden.
_Light-foot._ Crashaw.
_Light-winged._ Keats.
_Liquid._ Milton, Bishop Heber, Tennyson.
_Listening._ Crashaw, Thomson.
_Little._ James I. Scot., Philip Ayres, Crashaw.
_Lone._ Beattie, Mrs. Hemans, Miss London, Mrs. Fanny Kemble, Milman.
_Lonely._ Countess of Winchilsea (1715), Barry Cornwall.
_Loud._ Shelley.
_Loved._ Mason.
_Lovely._ Bloomfield.
_Love-lorn._ Milton, Scott, Collins.
_Lowly._ Mrs. Thompson. {399}
_Lusty._ Chaucer.
_Melancholy._ Milton, Milman.
_Melodious._ Chris. Smart, Ld. Lyttelton, Southey.
_Merry._ _Red Book of Ossory_, fourteenth century (quoted in
"N. & Q.," Vol. ii., No. 54.), Chaucer, Dunbar, Coleridge.
_Minstrel._ Mrs. Charlotte Smith.
_Modest._ Keble.
_Mournful._ Shakspeare, Theo. Lee, Pope, Lord Thurlow, Byron.
_Musical._ Milton.
_Music-panting._ Shelley.
_New-abashed._[2]Chaucer.
_Night-warbling._ Milton, Milman.
_Pale._ Author of _Raffaelle and Fornarina_ (1826).
_Panting._ Crashaw.
_Passionate._ Lady E. S. Wortley.
_Pensive._ Mrs. Charlotte Smith.
_Piteous._ Ambrose Philips.
_Pity-pleading_ (used ironically). Coleridge.
_Plaintive._ Lord Lyttelton, Thomson, Keats, Hood.
_Pleasant._ An old but unknown author, quoted in Todd's
_Illustrations to Gower and Chaucer_, p. 291., ed. 1810.
_Poor._ Shakspeare, Ford.
_Rapt._ Hon. Julian Fane (1852).
_Ravished._ Lilly.
_Responsive._ Darwin.
_Restless._ T. Lovell Beddoes (in _The Bride's Tragedy_, 1822).
_Richly-toned._ Southey.
_Sad._ Milton, Giles Fletcher, Drummond of Hawthornden, Graves,
Darwin, Collins, Beattie, Byron, Mrs. Hemans, Mrs Fanny Kemble,
Hood, T. L. Beddoes.
_Shrill._ Chaucer, Crashaw.
_Silver-sounding._ Richard Barnfield.
_Single._[3] Southey.
_Skilled._ Ford.
_Sleepless._[4] Atherstone.
_Sober-suited._ Thomson.
_Soft._ Milton, James I. Scot., Crashaw, Mrs. Charlotte Smith, Byron.
_Solemn._ Milton, Otway, Graingle.
_Sole-sitting._ Thomson.
_Sorrowing._ Shakspeare.
_Soul-entrancing._ Bishop Heber.
_Supple._ Crashaw.
_Sweet._ Chaucer, James I. Scot., Milton, Spenser, Crashaw, Drummond,
Richard Barnfield, Ambrose Philips, Shelley, Cowper, Thomson,
Young, Darwin, Lord Lyttelton, Mrs. Charlotte Smith, Moore,
Coleridge, Wordsworth, L. E. L., Milman, Hood, Tennyson, P. J.
Bailey, Kenny, Hon. J. Fane.
_Sweetest._ Milton, Browne, Thomson, Turnbull, Beattie.
_Sweet-voiced._ Wither.
_Syren._ Crashaw.
_Tawny._ Cary.
_Tender._ Crashaw, Turnbull.
_Thrilling._ Hon. Mrs. Wrottesley (1847).
_Tuneful._ Dyer, Grainger.
_Unseen._ Byron.
_Vaunting._ Bloomfield.
_Voluptuous._ Shelley.
_Wakeful._ Milton, Coleridge.
_Wailing._ Miss Landon.
_Wandering._ Mrs. Charlotte Smith, Hon. Mrs. Wrottesley.
_Wanton._ Coleridge.
_Warbling._ Milton, Ford, Chris. Smart, Pope, Smollett, Lord
Lyttelton, Jos. Warton, Gray, Cowper.
_Welcome._ Wordsworth.
_Wild._ Moore, Tennyson, J. Westwood (1840).
_Wise._ Waller.
_Wondrous_. Mrs. Fanny Kemble.

In addition to these 109 epithets, others might be added of a fuller character; such as "Queen of all the quire" (Chaucer), "Night-music's king" (Richard Barnfield, 1549), "Angel of the spring" (Ben Jonson), "_Music's best seed-plot_" (Crashaw), "Best poet of the grove" (Thomson), "Sweet poet of the woods" (Mrs. Charlotte Smith), "Dryad of the trees" (Keats), "Sappho of the dell" (Hood); but the foregoing list of simple adjectives (which doubtless could be greatly increased by a more extended poetical reading) sufficiently demonstrates the popularity of the nightingale as a poetical embellishment, and would, perhaps, tend to prove that a greater diversity of epithets have been bestowed upon the nightingale than have been given to any other song-bird.

CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.

[Footnote 1: The epithets "heavenly," "holy," "solemn," &c., represent the nightingale's song, as spoken of by Keats, as the bird's "plaintive _anthem_;" by Mackay, as its

"_Hymn_ of gratitude and love;"

and by Moore also, in his account of the Vale of Cashmere, as

"The nightingale's _hymn_ from the Isle of Chenars."

In _A Proper New Boke of the Armony of Byrdes_ (quoted by Dibdin, _Top. Antiq._, iv. 381.), of unknown date, though probably before 1580, the nightingale is represented as singing its Te Deum:

"Tibi Cherubin
Et Seraphin
Full goodly she dyd chaunt,
With notes merely
Incessabile
Voce Proeclamant."]

[Footnote 2: Chaucer (_Troilus and Creseide_) imagines the nightingale to "stint" at the beginning of its song, and to be frightened at the least noise.]

[Footnote 3: This, and the epithets of "sole-sitting" and "unseen," refer to the nightingale's love of solitary seclusion.]

[Footnote 4:

"He slep no more than doth the nightingale."

Chaucer, _Cant. Pil._]

* * * * *

ON A PASSAGE IN OROSIUS.

In King Alfred's version of Orosius, book ii. chap. iv. p. 68., Barrington, we have an account of an unsuccessful attempt made by one of Cyrus the Great's officers to swim across a river "mid twam tyncenum," with two _tynkens_. What was a _tyncen_? That was the question nearly a hundred years ago, when Barrington was working out his translation; and the only answer to be found then was contained in the great dictionary published by Lye and Manning, but is not found now in Dr. Bosworth's second edition of his Dictionary: "Tynce, _a tench_."

How the Persian nobleman was to be supported by two little fishes, which were more likely to land their passenger at the bottom of the river than on the opposite bank, we are left to guess. But, before we proceed with the experiment, let us see that we have got the fishes. That tench was in the Gyndis we have no authority for denying; but, if its Anglian or Saxon name was such as the dictionary exhibits, we have no trace of it {400} in the text of Alfred; for under no form of declension, acknowledged in grammar, will _tynce_ ever give _tyncenum_. We have no need, then, to spend time in calculating the chance of success, when we have not the means of making the experiment.

As either _tync_ or _tynce_ would give _tyncum_, not _tyncenum_, the latter must come out of _tyncen_ (query, _tynkin_ or _tunkin_, a little tun, a barrel, or a cask?). Such was the form in which the question presented itself to my mind, upon my first examination of the passage three or four years ago, but which was given up without sufficient investigation, owing to an impression that if such had been the meaning, it was so simple and obvious that nobody could have missed it.

An emergency, which I need not explain here, has within these few days recalled my attention to the subject; and I have no reason to be ashamed, or to make a secret, of the result.

_Tyncen_, the diminutive of _tunne_, is not only a genuine Anglo-Saxon word, but the type of a class, of whose existence in that language no Saxonist, I may say no Teutonist, not even the perspicacious and indefatigable Jacob Grimm himself, seems to be aware. The word is exactly analogous to Ger. _tönnchen_, from _tonne_, and proves three things:--1. That our ancestors formed diminutives in _cen_, as well as their neighbours in _ken_, _kin_, _chen_; 2. That the radical vowel was modified: for _y_ is the _umlaut_ of _u_; 3. That these properties of the dialect were known to Alfred the Great when he added this curious statement to the narrative of Orosius.

E. THOMSON.

* * * * *

NOTES ON SEVERAL MISUNDERSTOOD WORDS.

(_Continued from_ p. 376.)

_Imperseverant_, undiscerning. This word I have never met with but twice,--in Shakspeare's _Cymbeline_, with the sense above given; and in Bishop Andrewes' Sermon preached before Queen Elizabeth at Hampton Court, A.D. 1594, in the sense of unenduring:

"For the Sodomites are an example of impenitent wilful sinners; and
Lot's wife of _imperseverant_ and relapsing righteous
persons."--_Library of Ang.-Cath. Theology_, vol. ii. p. 62.

_Perseverant_, discerning, and _persevers_, discerns, occur respectively at pp. 43. and 92. of Hawes's _Pastime of Pleasure_ (Percy Society's edition). The noun substantive _perseverance_=discernment is as common a word as any of the like length in the English language. To omit the examples that might be cited out of Hawes's _Pastime of Pleasure_, I will adduce a dozen other instances; and if those should not _be enough_ to justify my assertion, I will undertake to heap together two dozen more. Mr. Dyce, in his _Critique of Knight and Collier's Shakspeare_, rightly explains the meaning of the word in _Cymbeline_; and quotes an example of _perseverance_ from _The Widow_, to which the reader is referred. Mr. Dyce had, however, previously corrupted a passage in his edition of Rob. Greene's _Dramatic Works_, by substituting, "perceivance" for _perseverance_, the word in the original quarto of the _Pinner of Wakefield_, vol. ii. p. 184.:

"Why this is wondrous being blind of sight,
His deep _perseuerance_ should be such to know us."

I subjoin the promised dozen:

"For his dyet he was verie temperate, and a great enemie of excesse
and surfetting; and so carelesse of delicates, as though he had had
no _perseuerance_ in the tast of meates," &c.--"The Life of
Ariosto," Sir John Harington's Translation of _Orlando Furioso_, p.
418.

"In regarde whereof they are tyed vnto these duties: First by a
prudent, diligent, and faithfull care to obserue by what things the
state may be most benefited; and to haue _perseuerance_ where such
marchandize that the state most vseth and desireth may be had with
greatest ease," &c.--_The Trauailer_, by Thomas Palmer: London,
1606.

"There are certain kinds of frogs in Egypt, about the floud of
Nilus, that have this _percewerance_, that when by chance they
happen to come where a fish called Varus is, which is great a
murtherer and spoiler of frogs, they use to bear in their mouths
overthwart a long reed, which groweth about the banks of Nile; and
as this fish doth gape, thinking to feed upon the frog, the reed is
so long that by no means he can swallow the frog; and so they save
their lives."--"The Pilgrimage of Kings and Princes," chap. xliii.
p. 294. of Lloyd's _Marrow of History_, corrected and revised by R.
C., Master of Arts: London, 1653.

"This fashion of countinge the monthe endured to the ccccl yere of
the citie, and was kepte secrete among the byshops of theyr
religion tyl the time that C. Flauius, P. Sulpitius Auarrio, and P.
Sempronius Sophuilongus, then beinge Consuls, against the mynde of
the Senatours disclosed all their solemne feates, published th[=e]
in a table that euery man might haue perseuera[=u]ce of them."--_An
Abridgemente of the Notable Worke of Polidore Vergile, &c._, by
Thomas Langley, fol. xlii.

"And some there be that thinke men toke occasion of God to make
ymages, whiche wylling to shewe to the grosse wyttes of men some
_perceiueraunce_ of hymselfe, toke on him the shape of man, as
Abraham sawe him and Jacob also."--_Id._, fol. lxi.

In this passage, as in others presently to be alleged, "notification" seems to be the drift of the word.

"Of this vnreuerent religi[=o], Mahomete, a noble ma[=n]e, borne in
Arabie, or, as some report, in Persie, was authour: and his father
was an heathen idolater, and his mother an Ismaelite; wherfore she
had more _perceuerance_ of the Hebrues law."--_Id._, fol. cxlii.

"Where all feelyng and _perseuer[=a]ce_ of euill is awaie, nothyng
there is euill or found a misse. As if a manne {401} be fallen into
a sound slepe, he feleth not the hardenesse or other incommoditie of
his cabon or couche."--"The Saiynges of Publius, No. 58.," _The
Precepts of Cato, &c., with Erasmus Annotations_: London, 1550.

"Wherfore both Philip and Alexander (if ye dead haue anie
_perceuerance_) woulde not that the rootes (rooters) out of them
and theyre issue, but rather that the punnishers of those traitors,
should enioye the kingdom of Macedone."--"The XVI Booke of
Justine," fol. 86., Golding's Translation of the _Abridgement of
the Historyes of Trojus Pompeius_: London, 1578.

"And morouer bycause his setting of vs here in this world is to
aduaunce vs aloft, that is, to witte to the heauenly life, whereof
he giueth vs some _perceyuerance_ and feeling afore hande."--Io.
Calvin. "Sermon XLI., on the Tenth Chap. of Job," p. 209.,
Golding's Translation: London, 1574.

"And so farre are wee off from being able to atteine to such
knowledge through our owne power, that we flee it as much as is
possible, and blindfold our own eyes, to the intent we might put
away all _perceyuerance_ and feeling of God's judgement from
vs."--_Id._, "Sermon XLII.," p. 218.

"For (as I haue touched already) God of his goodnesse doth not
vtterly barre vs from hauing any _perceyuerance_ at all of his
wisdome: but it behoueth vs to keepe measure."--_Id._, "Sermon
XLIII.," p. 219.

I shall not cite any more from Golding, but simply observe that the word occurs again and again in his translations. The remaining three examples exhibit the noun in a somewhat different sense, viz. "notification," or "means of discerning:"

"The time most apt in all the yeare, and affoording greatest
_perseuerance_ for the finding out of the heads of wells and
fountaines, are the moneths of August or September."--_The First
Booke of the Countrie Farme_, p. 8., by Stevens and Liebault,
translated by Svrflet, and edited by G. Markham: London, 1616.

"He may also gather some _perceiuerance_ by the other markes before
specified; that is to say, by the prints of his foote vpon the
grasse, by the carriages of his head, his dung, gate," &c.--_Id._,
booke vii. p. 685.

"And this lyfe to men is an high _perseveraunce_,
Or a lyght of faythe wherby they shall be saved."

"God's Promises," by John Bale; Dodsley's _Old Plays_ (Collier's
edition), vol. i. Part II. Act I.

By-the-bye, as a specimen of the value of this edition, take the following passage of this very play:

"O perfyght keye of David, and hygh scepture of the kyndred of
Jacob; whych openest and no man _speareth_, that speakest and no
man openeth."--Act VII. p. 40.

On the word _speareth_ the commentator treats his reader to a note; in which he informs him that _speareth_ means "asketh," and in proof of this cites one passage from Chaucer, and two from Douglas's _Virgil_. It might almost appear to be upbraiding the reader with stupidity to mention that _speareth_ signifieth "bolteth, shutteth;" and that "speaketh" is a misprint for _speareth_. This verb was a favourite with Bale. One word more closes my budget for the present.

_More_, a root. Still in use in Gloucestershire, once of frequent occurrence. To the examples alleged by Richardson, in his _Dictionary_, add the following:

"I se it by ensaunple
In somer tyme on trowes;
Ther some bowes ben leved,
And some bereth none,
There is a meschief in the _more_
Of swiche manere bowes."
_The Vision of Piers Ploughman_, edited by Thomas
Wright, vol. ii. p. 300.

At p. 302. you find the sentiment in Latin:

"Sicut cum videris arborem pallidam et marcidam, intelligis
quod _vitium habet in radice_"--"a meschief in the _more_."

The Glossary of the editor is silent.

"It is a ful trie tree, quod he,
Trewely to telle;
Mercy is the _more_ therof,
The myddul stok is ruthe;
The leves ben lele wordes,
The lawe of holy chirche;
The blosmes beth buxom speche,
And benigne lokynge;
Pacience hatte the pure tree," &c.
_Id._, vol. ii. p. 330.

"It groweth in a gardyn, quod he,
That God made hymselve,
Amyddes mannes body,
The _more_ is of that stokke,
Herte highte the herber,
That it inne groweth."
_Id._, vol. ii. p. 331.

There should not be any comma, or other stop, at body, because the sense is--"The root of that stock is amid man's body."

Mr. Wright's Glossary refers to these last two instances as follows:

"_More_ (A.-S.) 330, 331., the main or larger part, body (?)"

At p. 334. we meet with the word again:

"On o _more_ thei growed."

And again, at p. 416.:

"And bite a-two the _mores_."

May I, in passing, venture to inquire of the editor on what authority he explains _waselede_ (p. 476.) to be "the pret. of _waselen_ (A.-S.) to become dirty, dirty oneself?"

"This Troilus withouten rede or lore,
As man that hath his joies eke forlore,
Was waiting on his lady evermore,
As she that was sothfast croppe and _more_,
Of all his lust or joyes here tofore."
Chaucer's _Troilus and Creseide_, b.v.

{402} Afterwards, in the same book, a few stanzas further on, he joins "crop" and "root" together.

"Last of all, if these thinges auayle not the cure, I do commend
and allow above all the rest, that you take the iuyce of Celendine
rootes, making them cleane from the earth that doth vse to hang to
the _moores_."--_The Booke of Falconrie_, by George Turbervile,
1611, p. 236.

"Chiefely, if the _moare_ of vertue be not cropped, but dayly
rooted deepelyer."--_The Fyrste Booke of the Nobles or of
Nobilitye_, translated from Laurence Humfrey.

The next and last example from the "Second Booke" of this interesting little volume I will quote more at large:

"Aristotle mencioneth in his Politikes an horrible othe vsed in
certaine states, consistinge of the regimente of fewe nobles, in
maner thus: I will hate the people, and to my power persecute them.
Which is the _croppe_ and _more_ of al sedition. Yet too much
practised in oure liues. But what cause is there why a noble man
should eyther despise the people? or hate them? or wrong them?
What? know they not, no tiranny maye bee trusty? Nor how yll
gard[=e] of c[=o]tinuance, feare is? Further, no more may nobilitie
misse the people, then in man's body, the heade, the hande. For of
trueth, the common people are the handes of the nobles, sith them
selues bee handlesse. They labour and sweate for them, with
tillinge, saylinge, running, toylinge: by sea, by l[=a]d, with
h[=a]ds, w't feete, serue them. So as w'oute theyr seruice, they
nor eate, nor drink, nor are clothed, no nor liue. We reade in ye
taleteller Esope, a doue was saued by the helpe of an ant. A lyon
escaped by the benefit of a mowse. We rede agayne, that euen ants
haue theyr choler. And not altogether quite, the egle angered the
bytle bee."

The reader will notice in this citation another instance of the verb _miss_, to dispense with. I have now done for the present; but should the collation of sundry passages, to illustrate the meaning of a word, appear as agreeable to the laws of a sound philology, as conducive to the integrity of our ancient writers, and as instructive to the public as brainspun emendations, whether of a remote or modern date, which now-a-days are pouring in like a flood--to corrupt long recognised readings in our idolised poet Shakspeare, in order to make his phraseology square with the language of the times and his readers' capacities--I will not decline to continue endeavours such as the present essay exhibits with a view to stem and roll back the tide.

W. R. ARROWSMITH.

Broad Heath, Presteign, Herefordshire.

* * * * *

A WORK ON THE MACROCOSM.

I intended to have contributed a series of papers to "N. & Q." on the brute creation, on plants and flowers, &c.; and in a Note on the latter subject I promised to follow it up. However, as circumstances have changed my intentions, I think it may be well to mention that I have in hand a work on Macrocosm, or World of Nature around us, which shall be published in three separate parts or volumes. The first shall be devoted to the Brute Creation; the second shall be an Herbal, with a Calendar of dedicated Flowers prefixed; the third shall contain Chapters on the Mineral Kingdom: in the last I shall treat of the symbolism of stones, and the superstitions respecting them. I purpose in each case, as far as possible, to go to the fountain-head, and shall give copious extracts from such writers as St. Ildefonso of Toledo, St. Isidore of Seville, Vincent of Beauvais, St. Basil, Origen, Epiphanius, and the Christian Fathers.

As the work I have sketched out for myself will require time to mature, I shall publish very shortly a small volume, containing a breviary of the former, which will give some idea of the manner in which I shall treat the proposed subject.

Many correspondents of "N. & Q." have evinced great interest in the line I intend to enter upon. (See Vol. i., pp. 173. 457.; Vol. iv., p. 175.; Vol. vi., pp. 101. 272. 462. 518.) Their Queries have produced no satisfactory result. I myself made a Query in my "Chapter on Flowers," some months ago, respecting Catholic floral directories, and two works in particular, about which I was most anxious, and which were quoted in _The Catholic Florist_, London, 1851, and I have received no answer. Mr. Oakley, indeed, wrote to me to say that he "only edited it, and wrote a preface," and that he forwarded my Query "to the compiler:" the latter personage, however, has not favoured me with a reply.

In spite of all these discouragements, I have taken the step of bringing my contemplated work before the readers of "N. & Q.," and I shall gratefully acknowledge any communications relative to legends, folk-lore, superstitions, symbolism, &c. bearing on the subjects proposed. As I intend inserting a bibliographical list of the chief works which come under the scope of each volume, I might receive much valuable assistance on this point, especially as regards Oriental and other foreign books, which might escape my researches. As regards the brute creation, I have gotten, with the kind assistance of the editor of "N. & Q.," Hildrop's famous reply to Father Bougeant; and I have sent to Germany for Dr. Kraus's recent work on the subject.

EIRIONNACH.

* * * * *

DR. SOUTH'S LATIN TRACT AGAINST SHERLOCK.

None of South's compositions are more striking or characteristic than his two English tracts against Sherlock, his _Animadversions on Sherlock's Vindication of the Trinity_, 1693-94, 4to., {403} and his _Tritheism charged on Sherlock's new Notion of the Trinity_, 1694, 4to. For caustic wit and tremendous power of vituperation, I scarcely know any controversial works which surpass, or even equal them. South looked upon Sherlock with profound scorn as a Sciolist, and hated him most cordially as a heretic and a political renegade. He accordingly gives him no quarter, and seems determined to draw blood at every stroke. Mrs. Sherlock is of course not forgotten, and one of the happiest passages in the _Tritheism charged_ is the well-known humorous illustration of Socrates and Xantippe, p. 129. It is somewhat curious that, notwithstanding these two works of South have attracted so much notice, it seems to be quite unknown that he also published a Latin tract against Sherlock, in further continuation of the controversy, in which the attack is carried on with equal severity. The title of the tract in question is, _Decreti Oxoniensis Vindicatio in Tribus ad Modestum ejusdem examinatorem modestioribus Epistolis a Theologo Transmarino_. Excusa Anno Domini 1696, 4to., pp. 92. The tract, of which I have a copy, is anonymous, but it is ascribed to South in the following passages in _The Agreement of the Unitarians with the Catholic Church_, part i. 1697, 4to., which is included in vol. v. of the 4to. _Unitarian Tracts_, and evidently written by one who had full information on the subject. His expressions (p. 62.) are--"Dr. South, in his Latin Letters, under the name of a Transmarine Divine;" and a little further on, "Dr. South, in two (English) books by him written, and in three Latin letters, excepts against this (Sherlock's) explication of the Trinity." In confirmation of this ascription, I may observe that the Latin tract is contained in an extensive collection of the tracts in the Trinitarian Controversy formed by Dr. John Wallis, which I possess, and in which he has written the names of the authors of the various anonymous pieces. He took, as is well known, a leading part in the controversy, and published himself an anonymous pamphlet (not noticed by his biographers), also in defence of Oxford decrees. On the title-page of the Latin tract he has written "By Dr. South." I have likewise another copy in a volume which belonged to Stephen Nye, one of the ablest writers in the controversy, and who ascribes it in the list of contents in the fly-leaf, in his handwriting, to Dr. South. These grounds would appear to be sufficient to authorise our including this tract in the list of South's works, though, from the internal evidence of the tract itself alone, I should scarcely have felt justified in ascribing it to him.

JAS. CROSSLEY.

* * * * *

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

_Parallel Passages._--

"You leaden messengers,
That ride upon the violent wings of fire,
Fly with false aim; _move_ the _still-piecing_ air,
That sings with piercing,--do not touch my lord!"
_All's Well that Ends Well_, Act III. Sc. 2.

"the elements,
Of whom your swords are tempered, may as well
_Wound_ the loud winds, or with bemock'd at stabs
Kill the _still-closing_ waters, as diminish
One dowle that's in my plume."
_The Tempest_, Act III. Sc. 3.

There can be little doubt that the clever corrector of MR. COLLIER'S folio had the last of these passages in view when he altered the word _move_ of the first, into _wound_ of the second: but in this instance he overshot the mark, in not perceiving the nice and subtle distinction which exists between them. The first implies possibility: the second impossibility.

In the second, the mention of, to "wound the loud wind, or kill the still-closing water," is to set forth the absurdness of the attempt; but in the first passage there is a direct injunction to a possible act: "Fly with false aim, move the still-piecing air." To say "_wound_ the still-piecing air" would be to direct to be done, in one passage, that which the other passage declares to be absurd to expect!

If it were necessary to disturb _move_ at all, the word _cleave_ would be, all to nothing, a better substitution than _wound_.

Whether the annotating of MR. COLLIER'S folio be a real or a pseudo-antique, it is impossible to deny that its executor must have been a clever, as he was certainly _a slashing_ hitter. It cannot, therefore, be wondered that he should sometimes reach the mark: but that these corrections should be received with that blind and superstitious faith, so strangely exacted for them, can scarcely be expected. Indeed, it is to be regretted that they have been introduced to the public with such an uncompromising claim to authority; as the natural repugnance against _enforced_ opinion may endanger the success of the few suggestive emendations, to be found amongst them, which are really new and valuable.

A. E. B.

Leeds.

P.S.--With reference to the above Note, which, although not before printed, has been for some time in the Editor's hands, I have observed in a Dublin paper of Saturday, April 9th, a very singular coincidence; viz. the recurrence of the self-same misprint corrected by Malone, but retained by Messrs. Collier and Knight in their respective editions of Shakspeare. Had the parallel expressions _still-closing_, _still-piecing_, which I have compared in the above paper, been noticed by these {404} editors, they would no more have hesitated in accepting Malone's correction than they would object to the same correction in the misprint I am about to point out; viz.

"Two planks were pointed out by the witnesses, viz. one with a knot
in it, and another which was piered with strips of wood,"
&c.--_Saunders's Newsletter_, April 9th, 3rd page, 1st col.

_The Passage in "King Henry VIII.," Act III. Sc. 2._ (Vol. vii., pp. 5. 111. 183.).--Is an old Shakspearian to talk rashly in "N. & Q." without being called to account? "If 'we can,'" says MR. SINGER, "'by no means part with _have_,' we must interpolate _been_ after it, to make it any way intelligible, to the marring of the verse." Now, besides the passage in the same scene--

----"my loyalty,
Which ever has, and ever shall be growing,"

pointed out by your Leeds correspondent, there is another equally in point in _All's Well that Ends Well_, Act II. Sc. 5., which, being in prose, settles the question as to whether the omission of the past participle after the auxiliary was customary in Shakspeare's time. It is Lafeu's farewell to Parolles:

"Farewell, Monsieur: I have spoken better of you, than you have or
will deserve at my hand; but we must do good against evil."

Either this is "unintelligible," and "we must interpolate" _deserved_, or (the only possible alternative) all three passages are free from MR. SINGER'S objection.

C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.

Birmingham.

_On a Passage in "Macbeth."_--Macbeth (Act I. Sc. 7.) says:

"I have no spur
To prick the sides of my intent, but only
Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself,
And falls on the other."

Should not the third line be--

"Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps _its sell_!"

_Sell_ is saddle (Latin, _sella_; French, _selle_), and is used by Spenser in this sense.

"O'erleaping _itself_" is manifest nonsense; whereas the whole passage has evident reference to horsemanship; and to "vault" is "to carry one's body cleverly over anything of a considerable height, resting one hand upon the thing itself,"--exactly the manner in which some persons mount a horse, resting one hand on the pommel of the saddle.

It would then be perfectly intelligible, thus--

"Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps its saddle (sell),
And falls on the other (side of the horse)."

Does MR. COLLIER'S "New Text," or any other old copy, prove this?

S. SINGLETON.

Greenwich.

* * * * *

MINOR NOTES.

_Robert Weston._--I copy the following from a letter of R. L. Kingston to Dr. Ducarel in Nichols's _Literary History_, vol. iii. p. 629.:

"Robert Weston was Lord of Manor of Kilmington in Devon, and
divided his estate among four daughters, reserving to the eldest
son the royalties of his courts. In his will or deed of settlement
is this clause:--'That the Abbot of Newnhams, near Axminster, had
nothing to do in the highway any further than to his land of
Studhays, and that he should stand without the court gate of his
land of Studhays, and take his right ear in his left hand, and put
his right arm next to his body under his left across, and so cast
his reap-hook from him; and so far he shall come.'"

BALLIOLENSIS.

_Sonnet on the Rev. Joseph Blanco White._--Some years ago, I copied the following sonnet from a newspaper. Can you say where it first made its appearance? After the annexed testimony of Coleridge, it is needless to say anything in its praise.

"SONNET ON THE REV. JOSEPH BLANCO WHITE.

Mysterious Night! When our first parent knew
Thee from report divine, and heard thy name,
Did he not tremble for this lovely frame,
This glorious canopy of light and blue?
Yet 'neath a curtain of translucent dew,
Bathed in the rays of the great setting flame,
Hesperus, with the host of heaven, came,
And lo! Creation widen'd in man's view.

Who could have thought such darkness lay conceal'd
Within thy beams, O Sun! Or who could find,
Whilst fly, and leaf, and insect, stood reveal'd,
That to such countless orbs thou mad'st us blind?
Why do we then shun death with anxious strife?
If light can thus deceive--wherefore not life?"

Coleridge is said to have pronounced this "The finest and most grandly conceived in our language; at least, it is only in Milton's and in Wordsworth's sonnets that I recollect any rival."

BALLIOLENSIS.

_English and American Booksellers._--It is rather curious to note, that whilst English booksellers are emulously vying with one another to publish editions of _Uncle Toms_, _Queechys_, _Wide Wide Worlds_, &c., they neglect to issue English works which the superior shrewdness of {405} Uncle Sam deems worthy of reprinting. Southey's _Chronicle of the Cid_, which was published by Longman in 1808, and not since printed in England, was brought out in a very handsome octavo form at Lowell, U. S., in 1846. And this, the "first American edition," as it is called on the title-page, can be readily procured from the booksellers in London; whereas the English original is not to be met with. In like manner, Macaulay's _Essays_ were collected and published first in America; and so with Praed's _Poems_, and many others. Uncle Sam has lately announced collections of Dr. Maginn's and De Quincey's scattered Essays, for which we owe him our most grateful acknowledgments.

J. M. B.

Tunbridge Wells.

_Odd Mistake._--

"One of the houses on Mount Ephraim formerly belonged to _Judge
Jeffries_, a man who has rendered his name infamous in the annals
of history _by the cruelty and injustice he manifested in presiding
at the trial of King Charles I._"--_Descriptive Sketches of
Tunbridge Wells_, by John Britton, F.S.A., p. 59.

Voilà comment on fait l'histoire!

J. M. B.

Tunbridge Wells.

_Thomas Shakspeare._--In the year 1597 there resided in Lutterworth in Leicestershire, only distant from Stratford-upon-Avon, the birth-town of Shakspeare, a very few miles, one _Thomas Shakspeare_, who appears to have been employed by William Glover, of Hillendon in Northamptonshire, gentleman, as his agent to receive for him and give an acquittance for a considerable sum of money.

Having regard to the age in which this Thomas Shakspeare lived, coupled with his place of residence, is it not probable he was a relative of the great Bard?

CHARLECOTE.

_Early Winters._--I heard it mentioned, when in St. Petersburg very lately, that they have never had so early a commencement of winter as this last year since the French were at Moscow.

I find in accounts of the war, that the winter _commenced_ then (1812) on November 7, N. S., with deep snow. Last year (1852) it commenced at St. Petersburg on October 16, N. S., as noted in my diary, with snow, which has remained on the ground ever since, accompanied at times with _very_ severe frost.

Query: Can November 7, N. S., be the correct date? If it is, this last winter's commencement must be unprecedented; as I have always heard it remarked, that the winter began unusually early the year the French were at Moscow.

I may mention as a note, that by the last accounts from Russia, they say the ice in the Gulf of Finland was four and a half feet thick.

J. S. A.

Old Broad Street.

* * * * *

QUERIES.

SATIRICAL PLAYING CARDS.

I have lately been much interested in a pack of cards, complete (fifty-two) in their number and suits, engraved in the time of the Commonwealth at the Hague, and representing the chief personages and the principal events of that period. I have been able, by reference to historical authorities, and, in particular, to the Ballads and Broadsides in the British Museum, forming the collection presented to the nation by George III., to explain the whole pack, with the exception of two. These are "Parry, Father and Sonne," and "Simonias slandering the High Priest, to get his Place." The former simply represents two figures, without any thing to offer a clue to any event; the latter gives the representation of six Puritans, forming an assembly, who are being addressed by one of the body. I cannot find any notice of Simonias, or to whom such a name has been applied, in any of the Commonwealth tracts with which I am acquainted. Probably some of your readers can help me in this matter. Of these cards I can find no notice: they are not mentioned by Singer, and appear to have escaped the indefatigable research of Mr. Chatto. They were purchased at the Hague, more than thirty years since, for thirty-three guineas, and are exceedingly curious: indeed they form a bundle of Commonwealth tracts. All the principal persons of the time figure in some characteristic representation, and the private scandal is also recognised in them. Thus, Oliver is to be found under a strong conflict with Lady Lambert; Sir Harry Mildmay solicits a citizen's wife, for which his own corrects him; and he is also being beaten by a footboy,--which event is alluded to in Butler's _Posthumous Works_. General Lambert, of whom your pages have given some interesting information, is represented as "The Knight of the Golden Tulip," evidently in reference to his withdrawal with a pension to Holland, where he is known to have ardently cultivated flowers, and to have drawn them in a very superior manner. I hope this communication may enable me to complete my account of these cards, the explanation of which may probably throw light upon some of the stirring events of that extraordinary period of our history.

T. J. PETTIGREW.

Saville Row.

* * * * *

MOVABLE METAL TYPES ANNO 1435.

A vellum MS. has lately come into my possession, containing the Service for the Dead, Prayers, &c., with the tones for chanting, &c., in Latin, written for a German Order, apparently about the year 1430.

This tome, which is in small 4to., is very remarkable and valuable on account of the binding. This is red leather, stamped with double lines forming lozenges, and powdered with additional stamps, Or, a lion, a fleur-de-lys, an eagle, and a star. The whole is on the plain leather, without any gilding.

But in addition hereto, a full inscription runs along each back, at top and bottom and each side, stamped with _movable metal types_ applied by hand, {406} without gold, as is done by the bookbinder to this day in blind stamping.

The legend on the first back is as follows:

_At top._--"DIEZ . PUCHLE[=I]
_Continued to the right._--IST . S. . MARGRETEN .
_At the bottom._--SCHUEST . AB[=T] . ZU .
_Continued to the left._--S. . KATHERE[=I] . ZU . MUR."

That is,--

"Diez puchlein ist schwester Margreten, sehuest abtisse zu
Sankt Katherein zu Mur."

The legend on the last back is,--

_At top._--"NACH . CRIST .
_Continued to the right._--GEPURT . MCCCCXXXV .
_At bottom._--UVART . GEPUN
_Continued to the left._--D[=E] . DIEZ . PUCH ... K."

That is,--

"Nach Crist gepurt MCCCCXXXV uvart gepunden diez puch ... k."

The whole inscription will therefore be, in English,--

THIS BOOKLET
IS SISTER MARGARET'S,
SISTER-ABBESS AT
SAINT CATHERINE'S AT MUR.

AFTER CHRIST'S
BIRTH, 1435,
WAS BOUN-
DEN THIS BOOK ... K.

A letter or two is illegible, from the injury made by the clasp, before the last K. Both the clasps are torn away, perhaps from their having been of some precious metal. Has this K anything to do with Köster?

Can any particulars be given of the abbess, monastery, and town mentioned?

Is any other specimen of movable _metal_ types known of so early a date?

GEORGE STEPHENS.

Copenhagen.

* * * * *

PORTRAITS AT BRICKWALL HOUSE.

Among the pictures at Brickwall House, Northiam, Sussex, are the following portraits by artists whose names are not mentioned either in Bryan, or Pilkington, or Horace Walpole's notices of painters. I shall be thankful for any information respecting them.

1. A full-length portrait in oils (small size) on canvas (29 inches
by 24) of a gentleman seated, dressed in a handsome loose gown, red
slippers, and on his head a handsome, but very peculiar velvet cap;
on the ground, near him, a squirrel; and on a table by his side, a
ground plan of some fortification. "John Sommer _pinxit_, 1700."

N. B.--The late Capt. Marryatt, and subsequently another gentleman, guessed it to be a portrait of Wortley Montague from the peculiar dress; but the fortification would seem to indicate a military personage. The picture is well painted.

2. A half-length portrait in oils (small size) on canvas (20-1/2
inches by 17), of an old lady seated; a landscape in the background.
A highly finished and excellent picture; the lace in her cap is most
elaborate. "T. Vander Wilt, 1701."

N. B.--I conclude this is the artist's name, though possibly it may be the subject's.

3. A pair of portraits (Kit Kat size), of John Knight of Slapton,
Northamptonshire, aged seventy-two; and Catherine his wife, aged
thirty-seven. "Lucas Whittonus _pinxit_, 1736."

N. B.--Inferior portraits by some provincial artist. I conclude Lucas is the surname, and Whittonus indicates his locality; if so, what place?

Whilst on this subject, I would add another Query respecting a picture in this house: a very highly finished portrait (small size) by Terburgh, of a gentleman standing, in black gown, long brown wig, and a book on a table by him. "Andries de Græff. Obiit lxxiii., MDCLXXIIII."

Can you tell me anything about this old gentleman?

T. F.

* * * * *

MINOR QUERIES.

_Christian Names._--Can any of your correspondents inform me when it became a common practice to have more than one Christian name? Lord Coke says (_Co. Litt. 3 a_):

"And regularly it is requisite that the purchaser be named by the
name of baptism and his surname, and that special heed be taken to
the name of baptism; _for that a man cannot have two names of
baptism as he may have divers surnames._"

And further on he says:

"If a man be baptized by the name of Thomas, and after, at his
confirmation by the bishop, he is named John, he may purchase by
the name of his confirmation.... And this doth agree with our
ancient books, where it is holden that a man may have divers names
at divers times, _but not divers Christian names_."

It appears, then, that during the first half of the seventeenth century a man could not have two Christian names.

Also, at what period did the custom arise of using as Christian names words which are properly surnames?

ERICAS.

_Lake of Geneva._--The chronicler Marius (in the second volume of _Dom Bouquet_) mentions that, in the reign of the sons of Clotaire, an earthquake or landslip, in the valley of the Upper Rhone, enlarged the Lemannus, or Genevese Lake, by thirty miles of length and twenty of breadth, destroying towns and villages. Montfaucon, in his _Monumens de la Monarchie_, i. p. 63., {407} states that the Lake of Geneva was formed on this occasion: absurdly, unless he means that upon this occasion its limits were extended to Geneva, having previously terminated further east. What vestiges of this catastrophe are now perceptible?

A. N.

_Clerical Portrait._--May I request the assistance of "N. & Q." in discovering the name of a reverend person whose portrait I have recently met with in my parish? The individual from whom I procured it could give me no other history of it, but that he had bought it at the sale of the effects of a respectable pawnbroker in the village many years ago.

Afterwards I learned from another resident in the parish that he well remembered visiting the shop of the same broker, in company with another gentleman still living, when this identical portrait was the subject of conversation, and the broker went into his private room and brought out a book, conceived to be a magazine, from which he read a description of the person of whom this was the portrait, to the following effect, viz., "That he was born of obscure parentage in the parish of Glemham, Suffolk; that he was sent to school, and afterwards became a great man and a dignitary of the church, if not a bishop; and became so wealthy that he gave a large sum for the repairs of Norwich Cathedral."

These are the only particulars which I have yet ascertained as to the portrait, for neither of the gentlemen who were present at this transaction with the broker, though they agree in the circumstances which I have above narrated, can remember _the name_ of my great unknown.

I look, however, with confidence to the wide range of your correspondents, and hope to receive some clue which may guide me to the wished-for discovery.

The portrait is an oil painting, a fine full florid face, with a long wig of black curly hair resting on the shoulders, gown and band, date probably from Queen Anne to George II.

J. T. A.

_Arms: Battle-axe._--With some quarterings of Welsh arms in Bisham (Marlow) of Hobey, is one of three battle-axes. The same appear near Denbigh, supposed taken in with a L. R. from Vaughan. Query, What family or families bore three battle-axes?

A. C.

_Bullinger's Sermons._--Will some of your correspondents kindly give me some information regarding a volume of sermons by Henry Bullinger, which I have reason to believe is of rather rare occurrence? It is _Festorum dierum Domini et Servatoris nostri Jesu Christi Sermones Ecclesiastici: Heinrycho Bullingero, Authore._ There is a vignette, short preface (on title-page), with a Scripture motto, Matt. xvii. Date is, "Tiguri apud Christoph. Froschoverum a. MDLVIII." I believe there is a copy in the University Library, Cambridge.

ENIVRI.

Monkstown, Dublin.

_Gibbon's Library._--Matthews, in his _Diary of an Invalid_, says, when visiting Gibbon's house at Lausanne, "His library still remains; but it is buried and lost to the world. It is the property of Mr. Beckford, and lies locked up in an uninhabited house at Lausanne" (1st edit. 1820, p. 319.). This was written about 1817. Was the library ever transferred to Fonthill or to Bath, or does it still remain at Lausanne?

J. H. M.

_Dr. Timothy Bright._--Can any of your correspondents inform me whether this gentleman, author of a _Treatise on Melancholy_, an edition of Fox's _Martyrs_, &c., was an ancestor of the Rev. Henry Bright, prebend of Worcester Cathedral, and instructor of Samuel Butler, author of _Hudibras_?

H. A. B.

_Townley MSS._--I request to know, where are the Townley MSS.?* They are quoted by Nicolas in the Scope and Grosvenor Rolls? Also, where are the MSS. often referred to in the _History of the House of Yvery_ as then penes the Earl of Egmont; and also a folio of Pedigrees by Camden Russet?

H. T. ELLACOMBE.

[* For a notice of the Townley MSS., see "N. & Q.," Vol. iv., p.
103.]

_Order of St. John of Jerusalem._--1. Who were the members of the British Language of St. John of Jerusalem, when Elizabeth took away their property?

2. What members of the British Language were present when, in 1546, the English commander Upton attacked and defeated the famous Corsair Dragut at Tarschien in Malta? Also, what members of it were present when the Chevalier Repton, Grand Prior of England in 1551, was killed, after signally defeating the Turks in another attack which they made on the island?

3. What became of the records of the Language?

N.B.--Some of them, belonging to the Irish branch of it, were lately bought of a Jew by a private gentleman in the Grand Duchy of Baden. They are supposed to have been deposited for security at Heidersheim near Fribourg, which was the chief seat of the German Language of the Order.

R. L. P.

Wartensee, Lake of Constance.

_Consecrated Roses, Swords, &c._--Where will any account be found of the origin of the custom, which has long prevailed at Rome, of the Pope's blessing, on the eve at certain festivals, roses and {408} other articles, and which were afterwards frequently presented to sovereigns and potentates as tokens of friendship and amity?

G.