Chapter II: Part 2

_West, Kipling, and Millbourne._--In 1752 there was a firm of West and Kipling in Holborn: the Christian name of West was Thomas; and there is reason to believe that he had two sons, Francis and Thomas. A George Millbourne, Esq., of Spring Gardens, married a cousin of Thomas West, the partner of Kipling: these facts are referred to in the will of a lady proved A.D. 1764. Can any reader of "N. & Q." furnish me with materials or references from which I may gather information of these families of West and Millbourne? The smallest contribution will be thankfully received by

F. S.

_Font Inscriptions._--I would request the favour of any such of ancient date. A collection of them would be interesting. I can give three.

At Lullington, Somerset, on a Norman font, in characters of that date:

"In hoc Fontu sacro pereunt delicta lavacro."

At Bourn, Lincoln:

"Su[=p] o[=m]e no[=m] I H C est no[=m] q[=d]e."

At Melton Mowbray:

"Sancta Trinitas misere nobis."

H. T. ELLACOMBE.

_Welsh Genealogical Queries_.--Can JOHN AP WILLIAM AP JOHN (Vol. vii., p. 292.), or some other reader, enlighten me as to who the following personages were, or where a pedigree of them is to be found:

1. Gwladys, da. of Ithel ap Rhys ap Morgan, of Ewias ap Morgan Hîr
ap Testyn ap Gwrgant, of 4th royal tribe, who ma. Madog ap
Griffith.--Burke's _Landed Gentry_, "Hughes of Gwerclas."

2. Beatrix, da. of Eignion ap David ap Myles ap Griffith ap Owen,
lord of Bromfield; and Honet ap Jago ap Ydwall, prince of Wales, who
ma. William Belward, baron of Malpas.

3. Gwernwy, cousin of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, called prince of the 14th
royal tribe, whose grand-da. Hunydd ma. Meredith ap Bleddyn.--_V.
Burke_, as above.

4. Gwentlian, wife of the above Gwernwy, da. of Rhys ap Morgan.

5. Griffin, son of Wenovewyn, whose da. ma. Fulke Fitzwarine, a
baron, 1295--1314.--_V._ Burke's _Extinct Peerage_.

6. Gladys, da. of Rygwallon, prince of Wales, said by Sir Wm. Segar
to be wife of Walter FitzOther, ancestor of Lords Windsor; and what
authority is there for this match?--_V. Collins_, &c.

As these Queries are not of general interest, I inclose a stamped envelope for the answers.

E. H. Y.

_The Butler and his Man William._--These mythological personages, the grotesque creation of Mr. Grosvenor Bedford's fertile imagination, are frequently referred to and dilated on in the letters addressed to him by Southey (_Life of Southey_, by his Son, vol. ii. p. 335., &c.), when urging Mr. Bedford to write a Pantagruelian romance on their lives and adventures, which however was never accomplished. What therefore is the meaning of the following paragraph, which appears at the conclusion of the review of volume ii. of Southey's _Life_, contained in the _Gent.'s Mag._ for April, 1850, p. 359.?

"We will only add, that with respect to the _Butler_ mentioned at
p. 335., the editor seems but imperfectly informed. His portrait,
and that of his _man William_, are now hanging on the walls of our
study. His Life is on our table. He himself has long since returned
to the 'august abode' from which he came."

J. M. B.

Tunbridge Wells.

_Longhi's Portraits of Guidiccioni._--The Count Alessandro Cappi of Ravenna is about to publish an elaborate life of his fellow-townsman _Luca Longhi_, with very copious illustrations from that painter's works.

He has ransacked Italy in vain for a portrait of Monsignor Giovanni Guidiccioni, President of Romagna, painted by Luca Longhi in 1540. This portrait possesses more than ordinary interest, since (to use the words of Armenini, author of _Veri Precetti della Pittura_) "fu predicato per maraviglioso in Roma da Michelangelo Buonarrotti." Count Cappi, supposing that the picture may have found its way to England, hopes by the publication of this notice to discover its whereabouts. Any correspondent who shall be kind enough to furnish him, through this journal, with the desired information, may be assured of his "più vera riconoscenza."

W. G. C.

_Sir George Carr._--Wanted, pedigree and arms, wife's name and family, of Sir George Carr, who was joint clerk of the council of Munster from 1620 to 1663, or thereabouts. Sir George had two sons at least, William and Thomas; William was alive in 1673. Whom did he marry, and what family had he?

Y. S. M.

Dublin.

_Dean Pratt._--DR. HESSEY will feel obliged to any reader of "N. & Q." who can answer the following questions.

At what College of what University did Dr. Samuel Pratt, Dean of Rochester, receive his education, and by whom was he ordained?

He was born in 1658, left Merchant Taylors' school (where he passed his early years) in 1677, and was created D.D. by royal mandate, at Cambridge, in 1697, but no college is attached to his {409} name in the list of Cambridge graduates. Still, if he was of neither university, it seems difficult to account for his having had the successive preferments of Chaplain to the Princess of Denmark, Almoner to the Duke of Gloucester, Clerk of the Closet to the Queen, and in 1706 Dean of Rochester. He died in 1728, aged seventy-one.

Merchant Taylors'.

_Portrait of Franklin._--I have heard of a story to the effect that when Franklin left England, he presented a portrait of himself, by West, to Thurlow. I am exceedingly anxious to know if there is any foundation for this, as during the last week I saw in a shop near the chapel here, a portrait of the philosopher which I rather suspect to be the one alluded to.

H. G. D.

Knightsbridge.

"_Enquiry into the State of the Union._"--A book of much importance has fallen into my hands, entitled--

"An Enquiry into the State of the Union of Great Britain. The past
and present State of the public Revenues. By the _Wednesday's_ Club
in _Friday Street_. London: printed for A. and W. Bell, at the
Cross Keys, Cornhill; J. Watts, in Bow Street, Covent Garden: and
sold by B. Barker and C. King, in Westminster Hall; W. Mears and J.
Brown, without Temple Bar; and W. Taylor, in Paternoster Row.
1717."

Can any of your correspondents throw a light upon this _Wednesday's_ Club, in Friday Street? Was it a real club or fictitious?

By so doing you would greatly oblige me, and afford important information to this office.

JAMES A. DAVIES.

National Debt Office.

* * * * *

MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS.

_Bishop of Oxford in 1164._--Among the names of the bishops who signed the Constitutions of Clarendon I see "Bartholomeus Oxoniensis Episcopus." How is this signature accounted for? There are no other signatures of suffragan or inferior bishops attached.

W. FRASER.

Tor-Mohun.

[Clearly a misprint for Bartholomeus _Exoniensis_ Episcopus, the
celebrated Bartholomew Iscanus, the opponent of Thomas à Becket.
Our correspondent should have given the title of the work where he
found the signatures, as they are not appended to the
"Constitutions" in Matthew Paris, Spelman, or Wilkins.]

_Roman Inscription found at Battle Bridge._--I shall be very much obliged if any one of your numerous readers or correspondents will be so kind as to furnish me with an authentic copy of the inscription on the Roman stone which in July 1842 was found at Battle Bridge, St. Pancras, and also state where the original stone is to be seen. The account of the discovery of the stone is mentioned in a paragraph which appeared in _The Times_ newspaper of the 30th July, 1842, in the following manner:

"ANTIQUITIES DISCOVERED.--A Roman inscription has within these few
days past been discovered at Battle Bridge, otherwise, by an absurd
change of denomination, known as King's Cross, New Road, St.
Pancras. This discovery appears fully to justify the conjectures of
Stukeley and other antiquaries, that the great battle between the
Britons under Boadicea and the Romans under Suetonius Paulinus took
place at this spot. Faithful tradition, in the absence of all
decisive evidence, still pointed to the place by the appellation of
Battle Bridge. The inscription, which in parts is much obliterated,
bears distinctly the letters 'LEG. XX.' The writer of this notice
has not yet had an opportunity personally to examine it, but speaks
from the information of an antiquarian friend. The twentieth
legion, it is well known, was one of the four which came into
Britain in the reign of Claudius, and contributed to its
subjugation: the vexillation of this legion was in the army of
Suetonius Paulinus when he made that victorious stand in a
fortified pass, with a forest in his rear, against the insurgent
Britons. The position is sketched by Tacitus, and antiquaries well
know that on the high ground above Battle Bridge there are vestiges
of Roman works, and that the tract of land to the north was
formerly a forest. The veracity of the following passage of Tacitus
is therefore fully confirmed:--'Deligitque locum artis
faucibus, et a tergo sylva clausum; satis cognito, nihil hostium,
nisi in fronte, et apertam planitiem esse, sine metu insidiarum.'
He further tells us that the force of Suetonius was composed of
'Quartadecima legio cum _vexillariis vicessimariis_ et e proximis
auxiliares.'"

S. R.

[A sketch of this fragment of stone, discovered by Mr. E. B. Price,
is given in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for August, 1842, p. 144.]

_Blow-shoppes._--

"Wild bores, bulls, and falcons bredde there in times paste; now,
for lakke of woodde, blow-shoppes decay there."--Leland's _Itin._,
Hearne's edit., vol. vii. p. 42.

What is the meaning of _blow-shoppe_?

J. B.

[Leland appears to refer to blacksmiths' forges, which decayed for
lack of wood.]

_Bishop Hesketh_ (Vol. vii., p 209.).--There is evidently an error in your note respecting the death of Bishop Hesketh, but it is one common to all the lists of Manx bishops to which I have access. You state that he died in 1510: it is certain that he was living in 1520.

He was a son of Robert Hesketh, of Rufford, co. Lanc., and his brother Richard Hesketh, "learned in the lawe," and who is stated by Kimber to have been Attorney-General to King Hen. VIII., {410} by his will, dated 15th August, 1520, appointed his "trusty brethren Hugh, bishopp of Manne, and Thomas Hesketh, esquier," executors, and proceeded:

"I wyll that the said Bishopp shall haue a goblett of syluer w't a
couir, and my said brothir Thomas to haue a pouncid bool of syluer,
a counterpoynt, and a cordyn gemnete bedde w't the hangings, a
paire of fustyan blanketts, and a paire of shetys, and a fether
bedde that lyeth uppon the same bedde, for their labours."

So that the vacancy, if there really was any, between his death and the consecration of Bishop Stanley, is much less than is generally supposed.

H. A.

[Our authority for the date of Bishop Hesketh's death was Bishop
Hildesley's MS. list of the Manx bishops, which he presented to the
British Museum, and which appears to have been carefully compiled.
His words are, "Huan Hesketh died 1510, and was buried in his
cathedral of St. Germans in Peel." It is clear, however, there is
an error somewhere, which did not escape the notice of William
Cole, the Cambridge antiquary; for in his MS. Collections, vol.
xxvi. p. 24., he has the following entry:--"Huan Hesketh was living
13 Henry VIII., 1531, at which time Thomas Earl of Derby appointed,
among others, Sir Hugh Hesketh, Bishop of Man, to be one of his
executors. (See Collins's _Peerage_, vol. ii. p. 33.) Wolsey was
appointed supervisor of the will, and is in it called Lord
Chancellor: he was so made 1516, which proves that he was alive
after 1510. The will of Richard Hesketh, Esq.--to be buried in his
chapel at Rufford: executors, Hugh Hesketh, Bishop of Man, his
brother; and Thomas Hesketh, Esq.--was proved Nov. 13, 1520. (In
_Reg. Manwaring_, 3.) He continued bishop, I presume, forty-three
years, from 1487 to 1530. It is plain he was so thirty-four
years."]

_Form of Prayer for Prisoners._--

"It is not, perhaps, generally known, that we have a form of prayer
for prisoners, which is printed in the Irish Common Prayer-Book,
though not in ours. Mrs. Berkeley, in whose preface of prefaces to
her son's poems I first saw this mentioned, regrets the omission;
observing, that the very fine prayer for those under sentence of
death, might, being read by the children of the poor, at least keep
them from the gallows. The remark is just."--Southey's _Omniana_,
vol. i. p. 50.

What Irish Common Prayer-Book is here meant? I have the books issued by the late Ecclesiastical History Society, but do not see the service among them. Could the prayer referred to be transferred to "N. & Q.;" or where is the said Irish Prayer-Book to be found?

THOMAS LAWRENCE.

Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

[The Book of Common Prayer according to the use of the Church of
Ireland, we believe, may frequently be met with. An edition in
folio, 1740, is in the British Museum, containing "The Form of
Prayer for the Visitation of Prisoners, treated upon by the
Archbishops and Bishops, and the rest of the Clergy of Ireland, and
agreed upon by Her Majesty's License in their Synod, holden at
Dublin in the Year 1711." We are inclined to think that Mrs.
Berkeley must have intended its beautiful exhortation--not the
prayer--for the use of the poor. See "N. & Q.," Vol. vi., p. 246.]

* * * * *

REPLIES.

EDMUND SPENSER, AND SPENSERS, OR SPENCERS, OF HURSTWOOD.

(Vol. vii., pp. 303. 362.)

Without entering on the question as to possible connexion of the poet with the family above mentioned, the discussion may be simplified by solving a difficulty suggested by CLIVIGER (p. 362.), arising from Hurstwood Hall (_another estate in Hurstwood_) having been possessed by Townley, and by explaining, 1st, The identity of the tenement once owned by Spencers; 2ndly, The seeming cause of Whitaker's silence; and, 3rdly, The certainty of possession by the Spencers.

I. The former estate of the Spencers in Hurstwood is a tenement which was purchased by the late Rev. John Hargreaves from the representatives of William Ormerod, of Foxstones, in Cliviger, in 1803, and which had been conveyed in 1690, by John Spencer, then of Marsden, to Oliver Ormerod of Hurstwood, and his son Laurence; the former of these being youngest son, by a second marriage, of Peter Ormerod of Ormerod, and co-executor of his will in 1650. So much for the locality.

II. As for Dr. Whitaker's silence, I know, from correspondence with him (1808-1816), that, from an irregularity in the Prerogative Office, he was not aware of this will, and uninformed as to this second marriage, or the connexion of this purchaser's family with the parent house; and I think it as probable that he was as unaware of the ancient possession of the purchased tenement by Spencers, as it is certain that this theory as to the connexion of the poet with it was _then_ unknown. If otherwise, he would doubtless have extended his scale, and included it.

III. As to the certainty of possession by Spencers, I have brief extracts from deeds as to this tenement as follows:--

1677. Indenture of covenants for a fine, between _John Spencer the elder_, and Oliver Ormerod of Cliviger, and note of fine.

1687. Will of same _John Spencer_, late of Hurstwood, mentioning possession of this tenement as the inheritance of his _great-grandfather_, _Edmund Spencer_.

1689. Family arrangements of _John Spencer_ (the son) as to same tenement, then in occupation of "Oliver Ormeroyde" before mentioned.

{411} 1690. Conveyance from _John Spencer_ to O. and L. O., as before mentioned.

In _Gentleman's Magazine_, August, 1842 (pp. 141, 142.), will be found numerous notices of these Spen_c_ers or Spen_s_ers, with identified localities from registers.

I think that this explanation will solve the difficulty suggested by CLIVIGER. On the main question I have not grounds sufficient for an opinion, but add a reference to _Gentleman's Magazine_, March, 1848, p. 286., for a _general objection_ by MR. CROSSLEY, President of the Chetham Society, who is well acquainted with the locality.

LANCASTRIENSIS.

I was about to address some photographic Queries to the correspondents of "N. & Q." when a note caught my attention relating to Edmund Spenser (in the Number dated March 26.). The Mr. F. F. Spenser mentioned therein was related to me, being my late father's half-brother. I regret to say that he died very suddenly at Manchester, Nov. 2, 1852. During his lifetime, he took much pains to clear up the doubts about the locality of the poet's retirement, and his relatives in the North; and has made out a very clear case, I imagine. On a visit to Yorkshire in 1851, I spent a few days with him, and took occasion to urge the necessity of arranging the mass of information he had accumulated on the subject; which I have no doubt he would have done, had not his sudden death occurred to prevent it. These facts may be of some interest to biographers of the poet, and with this object I have ventured to trouble you with this communication.

J. B. SPENCER.

11. Montpellier Road, Blackheath.

* * * * *

THROWING OLD SHOES FOR LUCK.

(Vol. ii., p. 196.; Vol. v., p. 413.; Vol. vii., pp. 193. 288.)

I do not know whether you will permit me to occupy a small portion of your valuable space in an attempt to suggest an origin of the custom of throwing an old shoe after a newly married bride.

Your correspondents assume that the old shoe was thrown after the bride _for luck_, and for luck only. I doubt whether it was so in its origin.

Among barbarous nations, all transfers of property, all assertions and relinquishments of rights of dominion, were marked by some external ceremony or rite; by which, in the absence of written documents, the memory of the vulgar might be impressed. When, among Scandinavian nations, land was bought or sold, a turf was delivered by the trader to the purchaser: and among the Jews, and probably among other oriental nations, a shoe answered the same purpose.

In Psalm lx., beginning with "O God, thou hast cast me off," there occurs the phrase, "Moab is my washpot, over Edom have I cast out my shoe." Immediately after it occurs the exclamation, "O God! who has cast us off!" A similar passage occurs in Psalm cix.

By this passage I understand the Psalmist to mean, that God would thoroughly cast off Edom, and cease to aid him in war or peace. This interpretation is consistent with the whole tenor of the Psalm.

The receiving of a shoe was an evidence and symbol of asserting or accepting dominion or ownership; the giving back a shoe, the symbol of rejecting or resigning it.

Among the Jews, the brother of a childless man was bound to marry his widow: or, at least, he "had the refusal of her," and the lady could not marry again till her husband's brother had formally rejected her. The ceremony by which this rejection was performed took place in open court, and is mentioned in Deut. xxv. If the brother publicly refused her, "she loosed his shoe from off his foot, and spat in his face;" or, as great Hebraists translate it, "spat before his face." _His_ giving up the shoe was a symbol that _he_ abandoned all dominion over her; and _her_ spitting before _him_ was a defiance, and an assertion of independence. This construction is in accordance with the opinions of Michaelis, as stated in his _Laws of Moses_, vol. ii. p. 31.

This practice is still further illustrated by the story of Ruth. Her nearest kinsman refused to marry her, and to redeem her inheritance: he was publicly called on so to do by Boaz, and as publicly refused. And the Bible adds, "as it was the custom in Israel concerning changing, that a man plucked off his shoe and delivered it to his neighbour," the kinsman plucked off his shoe and delivered it to Boaz as a public renunciation of Ruth, of all dominion over her, and of his right of pre-marriage.

These ceremonies were evidently not unknown to the early Christians. When the Emperor Wladimir made proposals of marriage to the daughter of Raguald, she refused him, saying, "That she would not take off her shoe to the son of a slave."

There is a passage in _Gregory of Tours_ (c. 20.) where, speaking of espousals, he says, "The bridegroom having given a ring to the fiancée, presents her with a shoe."

From Michelet's _Life of Luther_ we learn, that the great reformer was at the wedding of Jean Luffte. After supper, he conducted the bride to bed, and told the bridegroom that, according to common custom, he ought to be master in his own house _when_ his wife was not there: and for a symbol, he took off the husband's shoe, and put it upon the head of the bed--"afin qu'il prit ainsi la domination et gouvernement."

{412} I would suggest for the consideration of your correspondents that the throwing a shoe after a bride was a symbol of renunciation of dominion and authority over her by her father or guardian; and the receipt of the shoe by the bridegroom, even if accidental, was an omen that that authority was transferred to him.

JOHN THRUPP.

Surbiton.

* * * * *

ORKNEYS IN PAWN.

(Vol. vii., pp. 105. 183.)

That the Orkney and Zetland Islands were transferred by Denmark to Scotland in 1468, in pledge for payment of part of the dower of the Princess of Denmark, who was married to James III., King of Scotland, under right of redemption by Denmark, is an admitted historic fact; but it is asserted by the Scottish, and denied by the Danish historians, that Denmark renounced her right of redemption of these Islands. The question is fully discussed, with references to every work and passage treating of the matter, in the first introductory note to the edition of _The General Grievances and Oppressions of the Isles of Orkney and Shetland_, published at Edinburgh, 1836. And the writer of the note is led to the conclusion that there was no renunciation, and that Denmark still retains her right of redemption. Mr. Samuel Laing, in his _Journal of a Residence in Norway_, remarks, that the object of Torfæus' historical work, _Orcades, seu Rerum Orcadensium Historiæ libri tres_, compiled by the express command of Christian V., King of Denmark, was to vindicate the right of the Danish monarch to redeem the mortgage of the sovereignty of these islands; and he adds, that in 1804, Bonaparte, in a proclamation addressed to the army assembled at Boulogne for the invasion of England, descanted on the claim of Denmark to this portion of the British dominions. In a note he has the farther statement, that in 1549 an assessment for paying off the sum for which Orkney and Zetland were pledged was levied in Norway by Christian III. (_Vide_ Laing's _Norway_, 1837, pp. 352, 353.) From the preceding notice, it would appear, that Denmark never renounced her right of redemption, now merely a matter of antiquarian curiosity. And it is pertinent to mention, that the connexion of Orkney and Zetland was with Norway, not Denmark. I observe in the Catalogue of MSS., in the Cottonian Library in the British Museum (Titus C. VII. art. 71. f. 134.), "Notes on King of Denmark's Demand of the Orcades, 1587-8," which may throw some light on the matter.

In the historical sketch given by Broctuna, Kenneth II., King of Scotland, is said to have taken the Orkneys from the Picts A.D. 838; and that they remained attached to that kingdom till 1099, when Donald Bain, in recompense of aid given to him by Magnus, King of Norway, gifted all the Scotch isles, including the Orkneys, to Norway. This is not what is understood to be the history of Orkney.

In the middle of the ninth century, Harold Harfager, one of the reguli of Norway, subdued the other petty rulers, and made himself king of the whole country. The defeated party fled to Orkney, and other islands of the west: whence, betaking themselves to piracy, they returned to ravage the coast of Norway. Harold pursued them to their places of refuge, and conquered and colonised Orkney about A.D. 875. The Norwegians at that time destroyed or expelled the race then inhabiting these islands. They are supposed to have been Picts, and to have received Christianity at an earlier date, but it is doubtful if there were Christians in Orkney at that period: however, Depping says expressly, that Earl Segurd, the second Norwegian earl, expelled the Christians from these isles. I may remark, that the names of places in Orkney and Zetland are Norse, and bear descriptive and applicable meanings in that tongue; but hesitate to extend these names beyond the Norwegian colonisation, and to connect them with the Picts or other earlier inhabitants. No argument can be founded on the rude and miserable subterraneous buildings called Picts' houses, which, if they ever were habitations, or anything else than places of refuge, must have belonged to a people in a very low grade of civilisation. Be this as it may, Orkney and Zetland remained under the Norwegian dominion from the time of Harold Harfager till they were transferred to Scotland by the marriage treaty in 1468, a period of about six hundred years. What cannot easily be accounted for, is the discovery of two Orkney and Zetland deeds of the beginning of the fifteenth century prior to the transfer, written not in Norse, but in the Scottish language.

R. W.

* * * * *

HOGARTH'S PICTURES.

(Vol. vii., p. 339.)

The numerous and interesting inquiries of AN AMATEUR respecting a catalogue of Hogarth's works has brought to my recollection the discovery of one of them, which I was so fortunate as to see in its original situation. About the year 1815 I was invited by a friend, who was an artist, to visit a small public-house in Leadenhall Street, to see a picture by Hogarth: it was "The Elephant," since, I believe, pulled down, being in a ruinous condition. In the tap-room, on the wall, almost obscured by the dirt and smoke, and grimed by the rubbing of numberless foul jackets, was an indisputable picture by the renowned Hogarth. It represented the meeting of the committee of the {413} South Sea Company, and doubtless the figures were all portraits. It was painted in his roughest manner; but every head was stamped with that character for which he stood unrivalled. I have since heard that, when the house was pulled down, this picture was sold as one of the lots, in the sale of furniture, and bought by a dealer. It was painted on the wall, like a fresco; and how to remove it was the difficulty. On sounding the wall it was found to be lath and plaster, with timber framework (the usual style of building in the reign of Elizabeth). It was therefore determined to cut it out in substance, which was accordingly performed; and by the help of chisels, thin crowbars, and other instruments, it was safely detached. The plaster was then removed from the back down to the priming, and the picture was backed with strong canvas. It was then cleaned from all its defilement, and, on being offered for sale at a good price, was bought by a nobleman, whose name I have not heard, and is now in his collection.

I do not know whether your correspondent has heard of Hogarth's portrait of Fielding. The story, as I have heard or read it, is as follows:--Hogarth and Garrick sitting together after dinner, Hogarth was lamenting there was no portrait of Fielding, when Garrick said, "I think I can make his face."--"Pray, try my dear Davy," said the other. Garrick then made the attempt, and so well did he succeed, that Hogarth immediately caught the likeness, and exclaimed with exultation, "Now I have him: keep still, my dear Davy." To work he went with pen and ink, and the likeness was finished by their mutual recollections. This sketch has been engraved from the original drawing, and is preserved among several original drawings and prints in the _illustrated_ copy of Lysons's _Environs_, vol. i. p. 544., in the King's Library, British Museum.

While I am writing about unnoticed pictures by what may be called _erratic_ artists, I may mention that in the parlour of the "King's Head," corner of New Road and Hampstead Road, on the panel of a cupboard, is a half-length of a farmer's boy, most probably the work of G. Morland, who visited this house on his way to Hampstead, and probably paid his score by painting this picture; which is well known to have been his usual way of paying such debts.

E. G. BALLARD.

Agreeably to the suggestion of AN AMATEUR, I beg to send you the following list of pictures, from a catalogue in my possession:

CATALOGUE of the Pictures and Prints, the property of the late Mrs.
Hogarth, deceased, sold by Mr. Greenwood, the Golden Head,
Leicester Square, Saturday, April 24, 1790.

_Pictures by Mr. Hogarth._

41. Two portraits of Ann and Mary Hogarth.
42. A daughter of Mr. Rich the comedian, finely coloured.
43. The original portrait of Sir James Thornhill.
44. The heads of six servants of Mr. Hogarth's family.
45. His own portrait--a head.
46. A ditto--a whole-length painting.
47. A ditto, Kit Kat, with the favourite dog, exceeding fine.
48. Two portraits of Lady Thornhill and Mrs. Hogarth.
49. The first sketch of the Rake's Progress.
50. A ditto of the altar of Bristol Church.
51. The Shrimp Girl--a sketch.
52. Sigismunda.
53. A historical sketch, by Sir James Thornhill.
54. Two sketches of Lady Pembroke and Mr. John Thornhill.
55. Three old pictures.
56. The bust of Sir Isaac Newton, terra cotta.
57. Ditto of Mr. Hogarth, by Roubilliac.
58. Ditto of the favourite dog, and cast of Mr. Hogarth's hand.

W. D. HAGGARD.

* * * * *

PHANTOM BELLS AND LOST CHURCHES.

(Vol. vii., pp. 128. 200. 328.)

In a little brochure entitled _Christmas, its History and Antiquity_, published by Slater, London, 1850, the writer says that--

"In Berkshire it is confidently asserted, that if any one watches
on Christmas Eve he will hear _subterranean bells_; and in the
mining districts the workmen declare that at this sacred season
high mass is performed with the greatest solemnity on that evening
in the mine which contains the most valuable lobe of ore, which is
supernaturally lighted up with candles in the most brilliant
manner, and the service changed by unseen choristers."--P. 46.

The poet Uhland has a beautiful poem entitled _Die Verlorne Kirche_. Lord Lindsay says:

"I subjoin, in illustration of the symbolism, and the peculiar
emotions born of Gothic architecture, _The Lost Church_ of the poet
Uhland, founded, I apprehend, on an ancient tradition of the
Sinaitic peninsula."--_Sketches of Christian Art._

I give the first stanza of his translation:

"Oft in the forest far one hears
A passing sound of distant bells;
Nor legends old, nor human wit,
Can tell us whence the music swells.
From the _Lost Church_ 'tis thought that soft
Faint ringing cometh on the wind:
Once many pilgrims trod the path,
But no one now the way can find."

See also _Das Versunkene Kloster_, by the same sweet poet, commencing:

"Ein Kloster ist versunken
Tief in den wilden See."

After Port Royal (in the West Indies) was submerged, at the close of the seventeenth century, sailors in those parts for many years had {414} stories of anchoring in the chimneys and steeples, and would declare they heard the church bells ringing beneath the water, agitated by the waves or spirits of the deep.

The case of the Round Towers seen in Lough Neagh, I need not bring forward, as no sound of bells has ever been heard from them.

There is one _lost church_ so famous as to occur to the mind of every reader, I mean that of the Ten Tribes of Israel. After the lapse of thousands of years, we have here an historical problem, which time, perhaps, will never solve. We have a less famous, but still most interesting, instance of a lost church in Greenland. Soon after the introduction of Christianity, about the year 1000, a number of churches and a monastery were erected along the east coast of Greenland, and a bishop was ordained for the spiritual guidance of the colony. For some four hundred years an intercourse was maintained between this colony and Norway and Denmark. In the year 1406 the last bishop was sent over to Greenland. Since then the colony _has not been heard of_. Many have been the attempts to recover this lost church of East Greenland, but hitherto in vain.

I could send you a Note on a cognate subject, but I fear it would occupy too much of your space,--that of _Happy Isles_, or _Islands of the Blessed_. The tradition respecting these happy isles is very wide-spread, and obtains amongst nearly every nation of the globe; it is, perhaps, a relic of a primeval tradition of Eden. Some have caught glimpses of these isles, and some more favoured mortals have even landed, and returned again with senses dazzled at the ravishing sights they have seen. But in every case after these rare favours, these mystic lands have remained invisible as before, and the way to them has been sought for in vain. Such are the tales told with reverent earnestness, and listened to with breathless interest, not only by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans of old, but by the Irishman, the Welshman, the Hindoo, and the Red Indian of to-day.

EIRIONNACH.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES.

_Photographic Collodion_ (Vol. vii., p. 314.).--In a former communication I pointed out the wide differences in the various manipulations prescribed for making the photographic _gun cotton_ by several photographers: differences most perplexing to persons of small leisure, and who are likely to lose half the opportunities of a photographic season, whilst puzzling over these diversities of proceeding. Suffer me now to entreat some one to whom all may look up (perhaps your kind and experienced correspondent DR. DIAMOND will do this service, so valuable to young photographers) to clear up the differences I will now "make a note of," viz. as to the amount of dry photographic gun cotton to be used in forming the prepared collodion.

On comparing various authors, and _reducing_ their directions to a standard of _one ounce of ether_, I find the following differences: viz., DR. DIAMOND (Vol. vi., p. 277.) prescribes _about_ three grains of gun cotton; Mr. Hennah (_Directions, &c._, p. 5.) about seven grains; the Count de Montizon (_Journ. of Phot. Soc._, p. 23.) eight grains; whilst Mr. Bingham (_Supplement to Phot. Manip._, p. 2.) directs about _thirty-four_ grains! in each case to a single ounce of ether.

These differences are too wide to come within even Mr. Archer's "long range," that "the proportions ... must depend entirely upon the strength and the thickness required ... the skill of the operator and the season of the year." (Archer's _Manual_, p. 17.)

COKELY.

_Filtering Collodion._--Count de Montizon, in his valuable paper on the collodion process, published in the second number of the _Journal of the Photographic Society_, objects to filtration on the ground that the silver solution is often injured by impurities contained in the paper. It may be worth while to state, that lime, and other impurities, may be removed by soaking the filter for a day or two, before it is used, in water acidulated with nitric acid; after which it should be washed with hot water and dried.

T. D. EATON.

_Photographic Notes_ (Vol. vii., p. 363.).--I wish to correct an error in my communication in "N. & Q." of April 9: in speaking of "a more _even_ film," I meant a film more _evenly sensitive_. I am sorry I have misled MR. SHADBOLT as to my meaning. I have very rarely any "spottings" in my pictures; but I always drop the plates once or twice into the bath, after the two minutes' immersion, to wash off any loose particles. I also drain off all I can of the nitrate of silver solution before placing the glass in the camera, and for three reasons:--1. Because it saves material; 2. Because the lower part of dark frame is kept free from liquid; 3. Because a "flowing sheet" of liquid must interfere somewhat with the passage of light to the film, and consequently with the sharpness of the picture. I think it is clear, from MR. SHADBOLT'S directions to MR. MERITT, that it is no very easy thing to cement a glass bath with marine glue.

J. L. SISSON.

_Colouring Collodion Pictures_ (Vol. vii., p. 388.).--In your impression of April 16, there is a typographical error of some importance relative to lifting the collodion in and out of the bath: "The plate, after being plunged in, should be allowed to repose quietly from twenty to thirty _minutes_," &c. This should be _seconds_. The error arose, in all {415} probability, from my having used the contractions 20" to 30".

It may appear somewhat droll for any one to answer a question on which he has _not_ had experience; but I beg to offer as a _suggestion_ to PHOTO, that if he wishes to use collodion pictures for the purpose of dissolving views, he should first copy them in the camera as transparent objects so as to _reverse_ the light and shade, then varnish them with DR. DIAMOND'S solution of amber in chloroform, when they will bear the application of transparent colours ground in varnish, such as are used for painting magic-lantern slides.

GEO. SHADBOLT.

_Gutta Percha Baths_ (Vol. vii., p. 314.).--In "N. & Q." for March 26, I ventured to recommend to H. HENDERSON gutta percha, as a material for nitrate of silver baths. I did this from a knowledge that hundreds of them were in use, but chiefly because I have found them answer so well. In the same Number the Editor gives MR. HENDERSON very opposite advice; and, had I seen his opinion before my notes appeared, I should certainly have kept them back. But it is, I think, a matter of some importance, especially to beginners, to have it settled, whether gutta percha has the effect of causing "unpleasant markings" in collodion pictures or not. With all due deference to the Editor's opinion, I do not believe that gutta percha baths are injurious to the finished picture. I have never any markings in my glass positives now, but what may be traced with certainty to some unevenness in the film or dirtiness on the glass. And I hope that the number of beginners who are using gutta percha baths, and who are troubled with these unpleasant markings (as all beginners are, whether they use glass or gutta percha), will not, without some very careful experiments, lay the fault upon the gutta percha. In the Number for April 2, the Editor thanks me for what he is pleased to call "the very beautiful specimen of _my skill_." This was a small glass positive, which I sent him in accordance with an offer of mine in a former note. Now, _that_ was rendered sensitive in a gutta percha bath, which I have had in use for months; and I think I may appeal to the Editor as to the absence of all unpleasant markings in it. Probably it may be a good plan for those who make the baths for themselves to adopt the following simple method of cleaning them at first. Fill the bath with water, changing it every day for a week or so. Then wash it with strong nitric acid, and wash once or twice afterwards. Always keep the nitrate of silver solution in the bath, with a cover over it. Never filter, unless there is a great deal of extraneous matter at the bottom. If glass baths are used, cemented together with sealing-wax, &c., I imagine they might be as objectionable as gutta percha. The number of inquiries for a diagram of my head-rest, &c., from all parts of the kingdom--Glasgow, Paisley, Manchester, Leicester, Leeds, Newcastle, Durham, &c. &c.--proves the very large number of photographic subscribers "N. & Q." possesses. I think, therefore, it cannot but prove useful to discuss in its pages the question of the advantage or disadvantage of gutta percha.

J. L. SISSON.

Edingthorpe Rectory, North Walsham.

* * * * *

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.

_Pilgrimages to the Holy Land_ (Vol. v., p. 289.).--I beg to inform W. M. R. E. (Vol. vii., p. 341.) that, though I have never met with a printed copy of the "Itinerary to the Holy Land" of _Gabriele Capodilista_ (the Perugia edition of 1472, mentioned by Brunet, being undoubtedly a book of very great rarity, and perhaps the only one ever printed), I have in my possession a very beautiful manuscript of the work on vellum, which appears to have been presented by the author to the nuns of St. Bernardino of Padua. It is a small folio; and the first page is illuminated in a good Italian style of the fifteenth century. It is very well written in the Venetian dialect, and commences thus:

"Venerabilibus ac Devotissimis D[=n]e Abbatissæ et
Monialibus Ecclesiæ Sancti Bernardini de Padua salut[=e] in
D[=NO].--Ritrovandomi ne li tempi in questa mia opereta descripti,
Io Gabriel Capodelista Cavalier Padoano dal su[=m]o Idio inspirato
et dentro al mio cor concesso fermo proposito di vistare
personalmente el Sanctissimo loco di Jerusalem," &c.

This MS., which was formerly in the library of the Abbati Canonici, I purchased, with others, at Venice in 1835.

If W. M. R. E. has any wish to see it, and will communicate such wish to me through the medium of the publisher of "N. & Q.," I shall be happy to gratify his curiosity. I do not know whether there is any MS. of Capodilista's Itinerary in the British Museum.

W. SNEYD.

"_A Letter to a Convocation Man_" (Vol vii., p. 358.).--The authorship of the tract concerning which MR. FRASER inquires, is assigned to Sir Bartholomew Shower, not by the Bodleian Catalogue only, but also by Sir Walter Scott, in his edition of the Somers' _Tracts_ (vol. ix. p. 411.), as well as by Dr. Watt, in his _Bibliotheca Britannica_. The only authorities for ascribing it to Dr. Binckes which I have been able to discover, are Dr. Edmund Calamy, in his _Life and Times_ (vol. i. p. 397.), and the Rev. Thomas Lathbury, in his _History of the Convocation of the Church of England_ (p. 283.); but neither of those authors gives the source from which his information is {416} derived: and Mr. Lathbury, who appears perfectly unaware that the tract had ever been ascribed to Sir Bartholomew Shower, a lawyer, remarks: "It is worthy of observation that the author of the _letter_ professes to be a lawyer, though such was not the case, Dr. Binckes being a clergyman." Dr. Kennett also, in his _Ecclesiastical Synods_, p. 19., referred to by Mr. Lathbury, speaking of Archbishop Wake's reply, says: "I remember one little prejudice to it, that it was wrote by a divine, whereas the argument required an able lawyer; and the very writer of the _Letter to a Convocation Man_ suggesting himself to be of that profession, there was the greater equity, there should be the like council of one side as there had been of the other."--It has occurred to me that the mistake of assigning the tract to Dr. Binckes may possibly have been occasioned by the circumstance that another tract, with the following title, published in 1701, has the initials W. B. at the end of it,--_A Letter to a Convocation Man, by a Clergyman in the Country_. I have examined both tracts, and they are quite different, and leave no appearance of having proceeded from the same hand.

TYRO.

Dublin.

_King Robert Bruce's Coffin-plate_ (Vol vii., p. 356.) was a modern forgery, but not discovered to be so, of course, until after publication of the beautiful engraving of it in the _Transactions of the Scottish Society of Antiquaries_, which was made at the expense of, and presented to the Society by, the barons of the Exchequer.

I believe that a notice of the forgery was published in a subsequent volume.

W. C. TREVELYAN.

_Eulenspiegel or Howleglas_ (Vol. vii., p. 357.).--The following extract from my note-book may be of use:

"The German Rogue, or the Life and Merry Adventures, Cheats,
Stratagems, and Contrivances of Tiel Eulenspiegle.

'Let none Eulenspiegle's artifices blame,
For Rogues of every country are the same.'

London, printed in the year MDCCIX. The only copy of this edition I
ever saw was one which had formerly belonged to Ritson, and which I
purchased of Thomas Rodd, but afterwards relinquished to my old
friend Mr. Douce."

This copy, therefore, is no doubt now in the Bodleian. I have never heard of any other.

While on the subject of Eulenspiegel, I would call your correspondent's attention to some curious remarks on the Protestant and Romanist versions of it in the _Quarterly Review_, vol. xxi. p. 108.

I may also take this opportunity of informing him that a very cleverly illustrated edition of it was published by Scheible of Stuttgart in 1838, and that a passage in the _Hettlingischen Sassenchronik_ (Caspar Abel's Sammlung, p. 185.), written in 1455, goes to prove that Dyll Ulnspiegel, as the wag is styled in the Augsburgh edition of 1540, is no imaginary personage, inasmuch as under the date of 1350 the chronicler tells of a very grievous pestilence which raged through the whole world, and that "dosulfest sterff Ulenspeygel to Möllen."

I am unable to answer the Query respecting Murner's visit to England. The most complete account of his life and writings is, I believe, that prefixed by Scheible to his edition of Murner's _Narrenbeschwörung_, and his satirical dissertation _Ob der König von England ein Lügner sey, oder der Luther_.

WILLIAM J. THOMS.

_Sir Edwin Sadleir_ (Vol. vii., p. 357.).--Sir Edwin Sadleir, of Temple Dinsley, in the county of Hertford, Bart., was the third son of Sir Edwin Sadleir (created a baronet by Charles II.), by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Walter Walker, Knt., LL.D. His elder brothers having died in infancy, he succeeded, on his father's death in 1672, to his honour and estates, and subsequently married Mary, daughter and coheiress of John Lorymer, citizen and apothecary of London, and widow of William Croone, M.D. This lady founded the algebra lectures at Cambridge, and also lectures in the College of Physicians and the Royal Society. (See Chauncy's _Historical Antiquities of Hertfordshire_, folio edit., 397, or 8vo. edit., ii. 179, 180.; Ward's _Lives of the Gresham Professors_, 322. 325.; Sir Ralph Sadler's _State Papers_, ii. 610.; Weld's _History of the Royal Society_, i. 289.) In the Sadler State Papers, Sir Edwin Sadleir is stated to have died 30th September, 1706: but that was the date of Lady Sadleir's death; and, according to Ward, Sir Edwin Sadleir survived her. He died without issue, and thereupon the baronetcy became extinct.

C. H. COOPER.

Cambridge.

_Belfry Towers separate from the Body of the Church_ (Vol. vii., p. 333.).--The tower of the parish church of Llangyfelach, in Glamorganshire, is raised at some little distance from the building. In the legends of the place, this is accounted for by a belief that the devil, in his desire to prevent the erection of the church, carried off a portion of it as often as it was commenced; and that he was at length only defeated by the two parts being built separate.

SELEUCUS.

In addition to the bell towers unconnected with the church, noticed in "N. & Q." (Vol. vii., p. 333.), I beg to call the attention of J. S. A. to those of Woburn in Bedfordshire, and Henllan in Denbighshire. The tower of the former church stands at six yards distance from it, and is a small square building with large buttresses and four pinnacles: it {417} looks picturesque, from being entirely covered with ivy. The tower, or rather the steeple, at Henllan, near Denbigh, is still more remarkable, from its being built on the top of a hill, and looking down upon the church, which stands in the valley at its foot.

CAMBRENSIS.

_God's Marks_ (Vol. vii., p. 134.).--These are probably the "yellow spots" frequently spoken of in old writings, as appearing on the finger-nails, the hands, and elsewhere, before death. (See Brand's _Popular Ant._, vol. iii. p. 177., Bohn's edit.) In Denmark they were known under the name _Döding-knib_ (dead man's nips, ghost-pinches), and tokened the approaching end of some friend or kinsman. Another Danish name was _Dödninge-pletter_ (dead man's spots); and in Holberg's _Peder Paars_ (book i. song, 4.) _Dödning-knæp_. See S. Aspach, _Dissertatio de Variis Superstitionibus_, 4to., Hafniæ, 1697, p. 7., who says they are of scorbutic origin; and F. Oldenburg, _Om Gjenfærd ellen Gjengangere_, 8vo., Kjöbenhavn, 1818, p. 23.

GEORGE STEPHENS.

Copenhagen.

"_The Whippiad_" (Vol. vii., p. 393.).--The mention of _The Whippiad_ by B. N. C. brought to my recollection a MS. copy of that satire in this library, and now lying before me, with the autograph of "Snelson, Trin. Coll. Oxon., 1802." There are notes appended to this copy of the verses, and not knowing where to look in _Blackwood's Magazine_ for the satire, or having a copy at hand in order to ascertain if the notes are printed there also, or whether they are only to be found in the MS., perhaps your correspondent B. N. C. will have the goodness to state if the printed copy has notes, because, if there are none, I would copy out for the "N. & Q." those that are written in the MS., as no doubt they would be found interesting and curious by all who value whatever fell from the pen of the highly-gifted Reginald Heber.

Perhaps the notes may be the elucidations of some college cotemporary, and not written by Heber.

J. M.

Sir R. Taylor's Library, Oxford.

_The Axe that beheaded Anne Boleyn_ (Vol. vii., p. 332.).--In Britton and Brayley's _Memoirs of the Tower of London_, they mention (in describing the Spanish Armoury) the axe which tradition says beheaded Anne Boleyn and the Earl of Essex; but a foot-note is added from Stow's _Chronicle_, stating that the _hangman_ cut off the head of Anne with one stroke of his _sword_.

THOS. LAWRENCE.

Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

_Palindromical Lines_ (Vol. vii., pp. 178. 366.).--Besides the _habitats_ already given for the Greek inscription on a font, I have notes of the like at Melton Mowbray; St. Mary's, Nottingham; in the private chapel at Longley Castle; and at Hadleigh. At this last place, it is noted in a church book to be taken out of Gregory Nazienzen (but I never could find it), and a reference is made to Jeremy Taylor's _Great Exemplar_, "Discourse on Baptism," p. 120. sect. 17.

It may be worth noticing that this Gregory was, for a short time, in the fourth century, bishop of Constantinople; and in the Moslemised cathedral of St. Sophia, in that city, according to Grelot, quoted in Collier's _Dictionary_, the same words--with the difference that "sin" is put in the plural, _sic_:

"~NIPSON ANOMÊMATA MÊ MONAN OPSIN~"--

were written in letters of gold over the place at the entrance of the church, between two porphyry pillars, where stood two urns of marble filled with water, the use of which, when it was a Christian temple, must be well known. The Turks now use them for holding drinking water, and have probably done so since the time when the church was turned into a mosque, after the conquest of Constantinople by Mahomet II., in the fifteenth century. What could induce ZEUS (p. 366.) to call this inscription "sotadic?" It may more fitly be called holy.

H. T. ELLACOMBE.

Clyst St. George.

These lines also are to be found on the marble basins for containing holy water, in one of the churches at Paris.

W. C. TREVELYAN.

The Greek inscription mentioned by Jeremy Taylor is on the font in Rufford Church.

H. A.

_Heuristisch_ (Vol. vii., p. 237.).--In reply to H. B. C. of the U. U. Club, I beg to give the explanation of the word _heuristisch_, with its cognate terms, from Heyse's _Allgemeines Fremdwörterbuch_, 10th edition, Hanover, 1848:

"Heuréka, gr. (von heuriskein, finden), ich hab' es gefunden,
gefunden! Heuristik, _f._ die Erfindungskunst; _heuristisch_,
erfindungskünstlich, erfinderisch; heuristische Methode,
entwickelnde Lehrart, welche den Schüler zum Selbstfinden der
Lehrsätze anleitet."

J. M.

Oxford.

* * * * *

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