Chapter C: S. G

* * * * * {601}

THE MARRIAGE RING.

(Vol. vii., p. 332.)

I cannot agree with the answer given, under the above reference, to the question of J. P.: "How did the use of the ring, in the marriage ceremony, originate?" The answer given is taken from Wheatly's _Rational Illustration_, &c., and is in substance this:--The ring anciently was a _seal_, and the delivery of this seal was a sign of confidence; and as a ceremony in marriage, its signification is, that the wife is admitted to the husband's counsels. From this argument, and the supposed proofs of it, I beg to dissent; and I conceive that Wheatly has not thrown any light upon the origin of this beautiful ceremony. To bear out his view, it would be necessary to prove that a signet ring had originally been used for the wedding ring--a matter of no slight difficulty, not to say impossibility.

What I take to be the real meaning of the ring as a part of the marriage ceremony, I will now give. It has a far higher meaning in the ceremony, and a more important duty to perform than merely to signify the admission of the wife into the counsels of the husband. Its office is to teach her the duty she owes to her husband, rather than the privilege of admission into his counsels. The ring is a preacher, to teach her lessons of holy wisdom referring to her state of life.

A ring, whenever used by the church, signifies, to use the words of liturgical writers, "integritatem fidei," the perfection of fidelity, and is "fidei sacramentum," the badge of fidelity. Its form, having no beginning and no end, is the emblem of eternity, constancy, integrity, fidelity, &c.; so that the wedding ring symbolises the eternal or entire fidelity the wife pledges to her husband, and she wears the ring as the badge of this fidelity. Its office, then, is to teach and perpetually remind her of the fidelity she owes to her husband, and swore to him at the marriage ceremony.

The wedding ring is to the wife precisely what the episcopal ring is to the bishop, and _vice versa_. The language used during the ceremony to the one is very similar to that used to the other, as the object of the ceremony and use of the ring is the same. A bishop's ring, as we read, signifies "integritatem fidei," _i. e._ that he should love as himself the church of God committed to him as his bride. When he receives the ring at his consecration, the words used are, "Accipe annulum, _fidei scilicet signaculum_, quatenus sponsam Dei, sanctum videlicet ecclesiam, intemerata fide ornatus illibate custodias:" (Receive the ring, the badge of fidelity, to the end that, adorned with inviolable fidelity you may guard without reproach the spouse of God, that is, His Holy Church).

Hence the office of the episcopal ring throws light upon the office of the wedding ring; and there can be no doubt whatever that its real meaning is, in the latter as in the former case, to signify the _eternal fidelity and constancy_ that should subsist between the married couple.

That this is the correct view of the meaning of the wedding ring is farther confirmed by the prayer used in blessing the ring: "Benedic, Domine, annulum hunc ... ut quae eum gestaverit, _fidelitatem integram_ suo sponso tenens, in pace et voluntate tua permaneat, acque in mutua charitate semper vivat."--_Rituale_, &c.

CYREP.

* * * * *

CANADA, ETC.

(Vol. vii., pp. 380. 504.)

My former Note on the origin of this name suggests a question, which, if you think it worthy of a place in "N. & Q.," may interest many besides myself, viz. At what period and by whom was that part of North America called Canada?

To the French it appears always to have been known as "La Nouvelle France." La Hontan, who quitted the country 1690, I think, calls it Canada. Lajitan certainly does, as well as many other old authors.

In a map of North America, date 1769, the tract bordering on the St. Lawrence, lately called Upper and Lower Canada, is designated "The Province of Quebec;" whilst the region to the northward, lying between it and Hudson's Bay, has the word Canada in much larger letters, as if a general name of the whole. That the name is slightly altered from an Indian word is probable, but not so that it was used by the Indians themselves, who, in the first place, were not in the habit of imposing general names on large districts, although they had significant ones for almost every locality; the former were usually denominated the land of the Iroquois, of the Hurons, &c., _i. e._ of the people dwelling, on, and in possession of it. Even allowing that the Indians may have had a general name for the country, it is very unlikely that one so unmeaning as "Kanata" would have been imposed upon it by a people whose nomenclature in every other case is so full of meaning.

Moreover, although the Mic-macs of Gaspe may have called themselves Canadians according to Lescarbot, yet we are told by Volney, that--

"The Canadian savages call themselves 'Metoktheniakes' (born of the
sun), without allowing themselves to be persuaded of the contrary by
the Black Robes," &c.--Vol. ii. p. 438.

The following, to the same purpose, is from the _Quarterly Review_, vol. iv. p. 463.:

"'Tapoy,' which we understand from good authority to be the generic
appellation by which the North American tribes distinguish themselves
from the whites," &c.

{602}

Now I should imagine both Lescarbot and Champlain, knowing nothing of the language, and probably having very bad interpreters, must have made a great mistake in supposing the Gaspesiens called themselves Canadians, for I have questioned several intelligent Mic-Macs on the subject, and they have invariably told me that they call themselves "Ulnookh" or "Elnouiek," "_Ninen elnouiek!--We are Men._" But Mic-mac? "O, Mic-mac all same as Ulnookh." The latter word strictly means Indian-man, and cannot be applied to a white. Mic-mac is the name of their tribe, and, they insist upon it, always has been. Again, Kanata is said to be an Iroquois word, and, consequently, not likely to have been in use amongst a tribe of the Lenape family, which the Mic-macs are. It does not appear that we have any authority for supposing the country was ever called Canada by the Indians themselves.

It is curious enough that as Canada was said to derive from an exclamation, "Aca nada!" so the capital has been made to take its name from another; "Quel bec!" cried one of Champlain's Norman followers, on beholding Cape Diamond. As in the former case, however, so in this, we have evidence of more probable sources of the name, which I will enumerate as briefly as possible. The first, and a very probable one, is the fact, that the strait between Quebec and St. Levi side of the river, was called in the Algonquin language "Quebeio," _i. e._ a narrowing,--a most descriptive appellation, for in ascending the river its breadth suddenly diminishes here from about two miles to fourteen or fifteen hundred yards from shore to shore.

The little river St. Charles, which flows into the St. Lawrence on the northern side of the promontory, is called in the Indian language (Algonquin?) Kabir or Koubac, significant of its tortuous course, and it is from this, according to La Potherie, that the city derives its name of Quebec.

Mr. Hawkins, in his _Picture of Quebec, &c., 1834_, denies the Indian origin of the word, since, as he says, there is no analogous sound to it in any of their languages; and he assumes a Norman origin for it on the strength of "Bec" being always used by the Normans to designate a promontory in the first place; and secondly, because the word Quebec is actually found upon a seal of the Earl of Suffolk, of historical celebrity temp. Hen. V. and VI., which Mr. Hawkins supposes to have been the name of some town, castle, or barony in Normandy.

Such are the pros and cons, upon which I do not presume to offer any opinion; only I would observe, that if there are no analogous sounds in the Indian languages, whence come Kennebec and other similar names?

A. C. M.

Exeter.

Surely in the "inscription on a seal (1420), in which the Earl of Suffolk is styled 'Domin_e_ [?] de Hamburg et de Quebec,'" the last word must be a misprint for _Lubec_, the sister city of Hamburg. MR. HAWKINS'S etymology seems to rest on no more substantial foundation than an error of the press in the work, whichever that may be, from which he quotes.

JAYDEE.

* * * * *

SELLING A WIFE.

(Vol. vii., p. 429.)

The popular idea that a man may legally dispose of his wife, by exposing her for sale in a public market, may not improbably have arisen from the correlation of the terms _buying_ and _selling_. Your correspondent V. T. STERNBERG need not be reminded how almost universal was the custom among ancient nations of purchasing wives; and he will admit that it appears natural that the commodity which has been obtained "per aes et libram"--to use the phrase of the old Roman law touching matrimony--is transferable to another for a similar consideration, whenever it may have become useless or disagreeable to its original purchaser. However this may be, the custom is ancient, and moreover appears to have obtained, to some extent, among the higher orders of society. Of this an instance may be found in Grimaldi's _Origines Genealogicae_, pp. 22, 23. (London, 1828, 4to.) The deed, by which the transaction was sought to be legalised, runs as follows:

"To all good Christians to whom this writ shall come, John de Camoys,
son and heir of Sir Ralph de Camoys, greeting: Know me to have
delivered, and yielded up of my own free will, to Sir William de
Paynel, Knight, my wife Margaret de Camoys, daughter and heiress of Sir
John de Gatesden; and likewise to have given and granted to the said
Sir William, and to have made over and quit-claimed all goods and
chattels which the said Margaret has or may have, or which I may claim
in her right; so that neither I, nor any one in my name, shall at any
time hereafter be able to claim any right to the said Margaret, or to
her goods and chattels, or their pertinents. And I consent and grant,
and by this writ declare, that the said Margaret shall abide and remain
with the said Sir William during his pleasure. In witness of which I
have placed my seal to this deed, before these witnesses: Thomas de
Depeston, John de Ferrings, William de Icombe, Henry le Biroun, Stephen
Chamberlayne, Walter le Blound, Gilbert de Batecumbe, Robert de Bosco,
and others."

This matter came under the cognisance of Parliament in 1302, when the grant was pronounced to be invalid.

Now, we may fondly believe that this transaction, which occurred five hundred and fifty years ago, was characteristic alone of that dark and distant period, and that no parallel can be found in modern {603} times (at least in a decent class of society, and recognised by legal sanction) to justify the lively French dramatists in seizing upon it as a trait of modern English manners. A transaction, however, came before the public eye a month or two ago, which, should you think the following record of it worth preservation as a "curiosity of legal experience," may lead your readers to a different conclusion:

"A young man, named W. C. Capas, was charged at the Public Office,
Birmingham, Jan. 31, 1853, with assaulting his wife. The latter, in
giving her evidence, stated that her husband was not living with her,
but was 'leased' to another female. Upon inquiry by the magistrate into
this novel species of contract, the document itself was produced in
court, and read. It ran as follows:

"'Memorandum of agreement made and entered into this second day of
October, in the year of our Lord 1852, between William Charles Capas,
of Charles-Henry Street, in the borough of Birmingham, in the county of
Warwick, carpenter, of the one part, and Emily Hickson, of Hurst
Street, Birmingham aforesaid, spinster, of the other part. Whereas the
said William Charles Capas and Emily Hickson have mutually agreed with
each other to live and reside together, and to mutually assist in
supporting and maintaining each other during the remainder of their
lives, and also to sign the agreement hereinafter contained to that
effect: now, therefore, it is hereby mutually agreed upon, by and
between the said William Charles Capas and Emily Hickson, that they the
said, &c., shall live and reside together during the remainder of their
lives, and that they shall mutually exert themselves by work and
labour, and by following all their business pursuits, to the best of
their abilities, skill, and understanding, and by advising and
assisting each other, for their mutual benefit and advantage, and also
to provide for themselves and each other the best supports and comforts
of life which their means and income may afford. And for the true and
faithful performance of this agreement, each of the said parties
bindeth himself and herself unto the other finally by this agreement,
as witness the hands of the said parties, this day and year first above
written."

Here follow the signatures of the consenting parties. The girl Hickson was examined, and admitted that she had signed the document at the office of a Mr. Campbell, the _lawyer_(!) who prepared it, and that his charge for drawing up the same was, she believed, 1l. 15s. The latter promised her, at the same time, that if the wife of Capas gave her any annoyance he would put in that paper as evidence. The magistrates, considering the assault proved, fined Capas 2s. 6d., and "commented in very strong terms on the document which had that day been brought before them." (See _Birmingham Journal_, Jan. 5th, 1853.) Has a similar transaction come before the notice of your correspondents?

I may add that we are informed by the _Birmingham Argus_ for March, 1834, that in that month a man led his wife by a halter to Smithfield Market in that town, and there publicly offered her for sale.

WILLIAM BATES.

Birmingham.

* * * * *

ENOUGH.

(Vol. vii., p. 455.)

This word, when written or pronounced _enow_, is regarded as a plural, and relates to _number_. In this sense it is employed in Northampton and other Midland counties, and is found in old writers. If the word was always pronounced _enow_, it must be long since. The distinction above hinted at prevailed in Waller's time, and he conforms to it in the examples quoted. Butler, in _Hudibras_, has both:

"This b'ing professed we hope _enough_,
And now go on where we left off.'
Part i. canto 2. 44.

Again, line 1153. of the same canto:

"For though the body may creep through,
The hands in grate are _enough_;"

an apparent exception, but not really such. (See also canto 3. 117. 285., where it rhymes with "off," as also line 809. At line 739. it written _enow_, and rhymes with "blow.")

And again, 873:

"My loss of honour's great _enough_,
Thou needst not brand it with a scoff."

Other examples may be quoted from the same author.

In a song, written upon the Restoration of Charles II., we have the following:

"Were not contented, but grew rough,
As though they had not won _enough_."
_Loyal Arms_, vol. i. p. 244.

In the _Lamentable Tragedy of Cambises_, written early in the reign of Elizabeth, the word occurs:

"Gogs sides, knaves, seeing to fight ye be so rough,
Defend yourselves, for I will give ye bothe _inough_."

In _Lusty Juventus, a Morality_, temp. Edward VI., is the following:

"Call them Papistes, hipocrites, and joyning of the plough;
Face out the matter, and then good _ynough_."

Here certainly the distinction disappears, as in the next and last example from _Candlemas Day_, "Ao. Do. 1512," where Joseph is speaking:

"Take hym in your armys, Mary, I you pray,
And of your swete mylke let him sowke _inowe_,
Mawger Herowd and his grett fray:
And as your spouse, Mary, I shall go with you."

It would seem therefore, that this word has had its present pronunciation about three centuries. {604} Its derivation is directly from the Saxon _genoh_, but the root is found in many other languages, as the German, Dutch, Danish, &c.

B. H. C.

MR. WRIGHT supposes there has been a change in the pronunciation of this word, and inquires when it took place. Now, if my conjecture be correct, there may have been no change, and these are two words,--not one pronounced differently. Both the instances quoted by him are in conformity with my opinion, viz. that where the sense is "a sufficient _quantity_," either in substance, quality, or action, we should make use of _enough_; yet where a sufficient _number_ is intended, we should pronounce and write _enow_. I recollect (being a native of Suffolk) that I was laughed at by the boys of a school in a western county, nearly seventy years ago: but I was not then laughed out of my word, nor am I likely now to be argued out of it.

P.S.--I see that Johnson's _Dictionary_ gives the same statement about _enough_ and _enow_. This answer is therefore superfluous. Johnson gives numerous instances of the use of _enow_ from our best authors.

H. C. R.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

_Mr. Wilkinson's Mode of levelling Cameras._--As you have done me the honour to notice my simple invention for levelling cameras, which I have since had an opportunity of trying in the open air for a week, and find to succeed perfectly, I wish to correct some errors which appeared in the _Photographic Journal_, from which you copied my remarks, and which arose from the notes being taken down from my verbal observations. The first part is perfectly correct but after l. 9. col. 2. "N. & Q." (Vol. vii., p. 462.) it should read thus:

"The other perpendicular is then sought for; the back or front of the camera being raised or lowered until the thread cuts the perpendicular lines drawn upon the sides of the camera. By this means a perfectly horizontal plane is obtained, as true as with the best spirit-levels, and in less time. By tying three knots in the silk at twelve inches distance from the one bullet and from each other, we have a measure for stereoscopic pictures; and by making the thread thirty-nine inches and two-tenths long from one bullet to the centre of the other, we obtain a pendulum vibrating seconds, which is useful in talking portraits; as it will continue vibrating for ten minutes, if one bullet be merely hung over any point of suspension."

Thus we obtain a levelling instrument, a chronometer, and a measure of distances, at a cost considerably under one penny.

The above will more fully explain to your correspondent [Phi]. (Vol. vii., p. 505.) my reasons for the length of thread stated; and with respect to the diagonal lines on the ground glass, it is not material what may be the distance of the principal object, whether six feet or six hundred: for if the cross lines, or any other lines drawn on the glass, cut the central object in the picture at any particular part--for example, the window of any particular house, or the branch of any tree,--then the camera may be removed to higher or lower ground, several feet or inches, to the right or to the left, and the same lines be made to cut the same objects, previously noted; the elevation will then be the same, which completes all that is required.

In most stereoscopic pictures, the distances are too wide. For a portrait, two inches and half to three inches, at nine or twelve feet distant, is enough; and for landscapes much less is required than is generally given, for no very great accuracy is necessary. Three feet, at three hundred yards, is quite enough; and four to six feet, at a mile, will do very well. Let experiment determine: for every photographer must learn his profession or amusement; there is no royal road to be depended on. But a small aperture, a quarter of an inch diameter, may be considered a good practical size for a lens of three and a quarter inches, depending on light and time: the smaller the aperture, the longer the time; and no rules can be given by any one who does not know the size and quality of the lenses employed. Every one can make a few trials for himself, and find it out; which will be more satisfactory than any instructions derived from books or correspondence. I obtain all the information I can from every source, then try, and judge for myself. At worst, you only spoil a few sheets of paper, and gain experience.

I perfectly agree with DR. DIAMOND, that it is much better not to wash the collodion pictures after developing; but pour on about one drachm of sat. sol. hypo. at once, and then, when clear, plenty of water; and let water rest on the surface for an hour or more, before setting on edge to dry.

HENRY WILKINSON.

_Collodion Negative._--Can you inform me how a collodion negative may be made? that is, how you can ensure the negative being always of a _dense enough character to print from_. This is rarely the case.

F. M.

_Developing Collodion Process._--I use to develope my collodion pictures M. Martin's plan, _i. e._ a solution of common copperas made a little acid with sulphuric acid. This answers very well and gives to the pictures, after they have been exposed an hour or two to the atmosphere, a silver-like appearance: but this copperas solution seems to destroy the _glass_ for using _a second time_, inasmuch as a haziness is cast upon the glass, and its former enamel seems lost, not to be regained even by using acids. The hyposulphite also seems to be affected by this manner of developing the {605} pictures after a short time, which is not the case with pyrogallic acid. The hypo., when thus affected with the copperas, appears also to throw a mist over the picture, which new hypo. does _not_. I should esteem it a favour if any of your numerous readers could inform me the cause of this.

A. A. P.

_An iodizing Difficulty._--May I request the favour, from some one of your numerous photographic correspondents, of a solution to the following apparent enigma, through the medium of "N. & Q."?

Being located in a neighbourhood where there is a scarcity of water in the summer months, I lately took advantage of a pool in a running stream, which ran at the bottom of the grounds of a friend, to soak my calotype papers in, subsequent to having brushed them over with the solution of iodide of silver, according to the process recommended by SIR W. NEWTON. One-half of the batch was removed in about two hours and a half, being beautifully clean, and of a nice light primrose colour; and in consequence of an unexpected call and detention longer than I had anticipated, the other half was left floating from two o'clock P.M. until seven or eight in the evening (nearly six hours), when, much to my chagrin, I found on their removal that they had all, more or less, become browned, or, rather, had taken on a dirty, deep, nankeen colour, those that had been first floated being decidedly the worst. I had previously thought that the papers _must_ be left _at least_ two and a half to three hours, a longer period having no other effect than that of softening the papers, or, at most, of allowing some slight portion of the iodide to fall off from their surface, whereas, from the above-described discoloration, an evident decomposition must have commenced, which I am quite at a loss to account for; neither can I conjecture what the chemical change can have been. I have several times before prepared good papers in trays filled with water from the same stream, but from the quantity running in the brook in the spring months, I never before have had the chance of floating them in the stream itself.

An explanation of the above difficulty from some obliging and better-informed photographist would be very thankfully received by

HENRY H. HELE.

Ashburton, Devon.

P.S.--The pool of water was well shaded, consequently not a ray of bright sunlight could possibly impinge on the papers while floating.

I have always understood that _pure_ iodide of silver was quite insensible to the action of light, or to any other chemical change, as far as the action of atmospheric air was concerned.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_Bishop Frampton_ (Vol. iii., p 261.).--For some account of this excellent man, see chapter xxxi. of Mr. Anderdon's _Life of Bishop Ken_, where are given some very interesting letters, that are printed from the MSS. in the possession of Dr. Williams, Warden of New College, Oxford. Frampton appears to have been at one time chaplain to the British Factory at Aleppo. Mandeville, in the Dedication prefixed to his _Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem_, makes honourable mention of him, and attributes the highly creditable character of the society to the influence of that incomparable instructor. When the funeral procession of Christian, Countess of Devonshire, halted at Leicester, on the way to Derby, a sermon was preached on the occasion by Frampton, who was then chaplain to the Earl of Elgin, the Countess's near relative. In sending these scraps, allow me to express the hope that MR. EVANS has not laid aside his intention of favouring us with a Life of Frampton.

E. H. A.

[We cordially join in the wish expressed by our correspondent, that the
Vicar of Shoreditch will before long favour us with the publication of
the manuscript life of this amiable prelate, written, we believe, by
his chaplain. It appears to us doubtful whether the bishop ever
published any of his sermons, from what he states in a letter given in
the Appendix to _The Life of John Kettlewell_. "I have often," he says,
"been in the pulpit, in season and out of season, and also bold and
honest enough there, God be praised; but never in the _printing-house_
yet; and believe I never shall be." The longest printed account of this
deprived bishop is given in Rudder's _History and Antiquities of
Gloucester_; and no doubt many particulars respecting him and other
Nonjurors may be found in the Rawlinson MSS. in the Bodleian Library.]

_Parochial Libraries_ (Vol. vi., p. 432; Vol. vii. _passim_).--At Dunblane the collection of books bequeathed by the amiable Leighton is still preserved. At All Saints, Newcastle-on-Tyne, I once saw, among some old books in the vestry, a small quarto volume of tracts, including Archbishop Laud's speech in the Star Chamber, at the censure of Bastwick, Burton, and Prynne. It had been presented by the Rev. E. Moise, M. A., many years lecturer of that church.

The old library at St. Nicholas, Newcastle-on-Tyne, contains many curious books and MSS., particularly the old Bible belonging to Hexham Abbey. This library was greatly augmented by the munificent bequest of the Rev. Dr. Thomlinson, rector of Whickham, prebendary of St. Paul's, and lecturer of St. Nicholas, who died at an advanced age, in 1748, leaving all his books to this church. In 1825 Archdeacon Bowyer presented a series of lending libraries--ninety-three in all--to the several parishes in the county of Northumberland. {606} They are in the custody of the incumbent for the time being. Lastly, there is a very valuable library at Bamburgh Castle, the bequest of Dr. Sharp: the books are allowed to circulate gratuitously amongst the clergy and respectable inhabitants of the adjoining neighbourhood.

E. H. A.

The Honourable Mrs. Dudleya North died in 1712. Her choice collection of books in oriental learning were "by her only surviving brother, the then Lord North and Grey, given to the parochial library at Rougham, in Norfolk, founded by the Hon. Roger North, Esq., for the use of the minister of that parish, and, under certain regulations and restrictions, of the neighbouring clergy also, for ever. Amongst these there is, in particular, one very neat pocket Hebrew Bible in 12mo., without points, with silver clasps to it, and bound in blue Turkey leather, in a case of the same materials, which she constantly carried to church with her.... In the first leaf of all the books that had been hers, when they were deposited in that library," was a Latin inscription, setting forth the names of the late owner, and of the donor of these books. (Ballard's _Memoirs of British Ladies_. 8vo. 1775, p. 286.)

ANON.

_Pierrepont_ (Vol. vii., p. 65.).--John Pierrepont, of Wadworth, near Doncaster, who died 1st July, 1653, is described on a brass plate to his memory, in the church at Wadworth, as "generosus." He was owner of the rectory and other property there. It appears from the register that he married, 18th April, 1609, Margaret, daughter and coheir of Michael Cocksonn, Gent., of Wadworth and Crookhill, and by her (who was buried 22nd July, 1620) he had

MARY (ultimately only daughter and heir), baptized at Wadworth, 27th July, 1612; married John Battie, of Wadworth, Gent., and had issue,

Francis Battie, of Wadworth, Gent., who died without issue, 1682;
having married Martha, daughter of Michael Fawkes, Esq., of Farnley.

Elizabeth, wife of John Cogan, of Hull.

Margaret, wife of William Stephens, Rector of Sutton, Bedfordshire.

FRANCES, bap. 1st July, and bur. Aug. 12, 1616.

JOHN, bap. 19th Aug., 1617; bur. Feb. 10, 1629-30.

GEORGE, bur. 26th Jan., 1631-2.

The arms on the memorial to John Pierrepont are--A lion rampant within eight roses in orle.

N.B.--By the _second_ wife of the above John Battie there was issue, now represented by William Battie Wrightson, Esq., M.P. of Cusworth.

C. J.

_Passage in Orosius_ (Vol. vii., pp. 399. 536.).--I cannot exactly subscribe to the three propositions of MR. E. THOMSON, which he deduces from his observations on "twam tyncenum" in Alfred's _Orosius_. In the first place, the sentence in which the word _tyncenum_ occurs is perfectly gratuitous on the part of Alfred, or whoever paraphrased Orosius in Anglo-Saxon. No such assertion appears in Orosius, so that we have no means of comparing it with the original.

The occurrence, as recounted by both Orosius and Herodotus, is attributed to a _horse_ (a sacred horse, Herod.), not to a _horseman_, _knight_, or _thane_. What is meant by the Anglo-Saxon text is, certainly, anything but clear, as it stands in Barrington's edition; and he himself confesses this, and does not admit it into his English translation.

Dr. Bosworth seems to have wisely omitted the word in the second edition of his dictionary; and Thorpe confesses he can make nothing of it, in his _Analecta_. We find no such word in Caedmon, Beowulf, or the _Saxon Chronicle_; and the only reference made by Dr. Bosworth, in his first edition, is to this very place in Alfred's _Orosius_, in which he seems to have followed Lye.

May it not have been an error in the earlier transcribers of the MS., and the real word have been _twentigum_, _i. e._ he ordered his thane to pass over the river _with twenty men_, since the thane, by himself, could have been but of little use on the other side the river? However this may be, the fact is not historical at all, and therefore, as respects history, is of little consequence.

JOHN ORMAN, M.A.

Cambridge.

_Pugna Porcorum_ (Vol. vii., p. 528.).--The author of this poem, as is generally believed (though its production has also been assigned to Gilbertus Cognatus or Cousin), was Joannes Leo Placentius, or Placentinus, of whom the following account is given in the _Biographie Universelle_:

"Jean-Leo Placentius ou Le Plaisant, n'est connu que comme l'auteur
d'un petit poeme _tautogramme_, genre de composition qui ne peut offrir
que le frivole merite de la difficulte vaincue. Ne a Saint Trond, au
pays de Liege, il fit ses etudes a Bois-le-Duc, dans l'ecole des
Hieronomytes; embrassa la vie religieuse, au commencement du seizieme
siecle, dans l'ordre des Dominicains, et fut envoye a Louvain pour y
faire son cours de theologie. Les autres circonstances de sa vie sont
ignorees; et ce n'est que par conjecture qu'on place sa mort a l'annee
1548. On peut consulter sur cet ecrivain, la _Bibl. Belgica_ de
Foppens, et les _Scriptores ordin. Praedicator._ des PP. Quetif et
Echard."

[Greek: Alieus].

Dublin.

This production appears to have been merely designed as a display of the writer's skill. Dr. Brown notices it in his _Philosophy of the Mind_, lect. 36; and Ebert: "PORCIUS, _Pugna Porcorum_, per P. Porcium, Poetam (J. Leonem), without {607} place, 1530, 8vo., 8 leaves. Printed in Italics, and probably at Cologne or in Holland." He enumerates several other editions, the last of which is that of Walch, 1786.

B. H. C.

_Oaken Tombs and Effigies_ (Vol. vii., p. 528.).--These are rare. Three of the latter exist at Little Horkesley, Essex. Two are figures of cross-legged knights in chain armour and surcoats: one is a female figure wimpled. They are supposed by Suckling to represent members of the Horkesley family, who held that manor from 1210 to 1322.

Another instance is the effigy of a cross-legged knight in chain mail at Danbury in the same county. An account of these will be found in vol. iii. of Weale's _Architectural Papers_.

At Ashwell, Rutland, is an effigy in wood of a cross-legged knight, also in chain mail, if I remember rightly. It is not quite evident, from the description in Weale's book, whether there are three effigies at Danbury or only one. Of the same material is the figure of Isabella of Angouleme at Fontevrault. A catalogue of these wooden effigies would be interesting.

CHEVERELLS.

_Bowyer Bible_ (Vol. vii., _passim_).--Relative to the history and various possessors of this curious Bible, I find the following notice in _The Times_, Oct. 14, 1840:

"There is at present, in the possession of Mrs. Parker of Golden
Square, a copy of Macklin's Bible in forty-five large volumes,
illustrated with nearly 7000 engravings from the age of Michael Angelo
to that of Reynolds and West. The work also contains about 200 original
drawings or vignettes by Loutherbourg.

"The prints and etchings include the works of Raffaelle, Marc Antonio,
Albert Durer, Callot, Rembrandt, and other masters, consisting of
representations of nearly every fact, circumstance, and object
mentioned in the Holy Scriptures. There are, moreover, designs of
trees, plants, flowers, quadrupeds, birds, fishes, and insects; such
as, besides fossils, have been adduced in proof of the universal
Deluge. The most authentic Scripture atlasses are bound up with the
volumes. The Bible was the property of the late Mr. Bowyer the
publisher, who collected and arranged the engravings, etchings, and
drawings at great expense and labour; and he is said to have been
engaged for upwards of thirty years in rendering it perfect. It was
insured at the Albion Insurance Office for 3000l."

In the British Museum are several large works, particularly British topography, illustrated in a similar manner, and which thus contain materials of the rarest and most valuable description. Of these I would only at present mention Salmon's _Hertfordshire_ illustrated by Baskerville, and Lysons's _Environs_, in the King's Library. A long list of such valuable works might be furnished from the Museum catalogues.

One of the most laborious collectors of curious prints of every kind was John Bagford, whose voluminous collections are amongst the Harleian MSS. in many folio volumes, in which will be found illustrations of topography to be met with nowhere else.

E. G. BALLARD.

_Longevity_ (Vol. vii., pp. 358. 504.).--Our friend A. J. is certainly not one of the "remnant of true believers." By way of aiding in the crusade to convert him to the faith, I hereunder quote a couple of instances, "within the age of registers," which I trust will in some degree satisfy his pagan incredulity. The parish registers of the township of Church Minshull, in Cheshire, begin in 1561, and in the portion for the year 1649 appears the following:

"Thomas Damme, of Leighton, buried the 26th of February, being of the
age of seven score and fourteen."

This entry was made under the "Puritan dispensation," when the parish scribe was at any rate supposed to be an "oracle of truth." Here, however, is another instance, culled from the Register of Burials for the parish of Frodsham, also in Cheshire:

"1512/3. Feb. 12. Thomas Hough, cujus aetas CXLI."

And again, on the very next day after--

"---- Feb. 13. Randle Wall, aetas 104."

I have met with other instances, but those now enumerated will probably suffice for my present purpose.

T. HUGHES.

Chester.

John Locke, baptized 17th December, 1716, in the parish of Coney Weston, was buried in Larling parish, county of Norfolk, 21st July, 1823. He is registered as 110 years of age. He and his family always said that he was three years old when he was baptized. I saw and conversed with him in Jan. 1823.

F. W. J.

_Lady Anne Gray_ (Vol. vii., p. 501.).--Referring to Sir John Harington's poem, I do not find that the Christian name of the Lady Gray is set down at all; the words of the stanza are,--

"First doth she give to _Grey_,
The falcon's curtesse kind."

I find in the pedigrees, British Museum, a "Lady Anne Grey" (daughter to John Lord Grey of Pirgo, brother to Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk) _married_ to "Henry Denny of Waltham," father to the Earl of Norwich of that name. She was his first wife, and dying without issue, he married again "Lady Honora Grey, daughter of Lord Grey de Wilton;" but I scarce think this Lady Anne Grey could have been the maid of honour to the princess. The number of Greys of different stocks and branches at that period, are beyond counting or distinguishing from each other, and yet the fall of a queen's maid of honour should be {608} easily traceable. Isabella Markham, one of the six ladies, married Sir John Harington himself.

On referring to Lodge's _Illustrations_, I find the Lord John Grey one of those noblemen appointed to attend Queen Elizabeth on her _entree_ from Hatfield to London on her accession, so that his daughter may well have been one of her maids of honour; yet from comparison of dates I think she can scarce have been the wife of Henry Denny.

A. B. R.

Belmont.

_Sir John Fleming_ (Vol. vii., p. 356.).--If CARET can obtain access to the pedigree of the Flemings of Rydal Hall, Westmoreland, I anticipate he will find that this Sir John was the third son of Sir Michael le Fleming, who came over at the instance of Baldwin, Earl of Flanders, to assist King William in his conquest of England. I may add that the Rydal family, honoured with a baronetcy, Oct. 4, 1704, bear for their arms--"Gules, a fret argent."

T. HUGHES.

Chester.

_Life_ (Vol. vii., p. 429.).--Campbell, in his lines entitled _A Dream_, writes:

"Hast thou felt, poor self-deceiver!
Life's career so void of pain,
As to wish its fitful fever
New begun again?"

Though everybody knows the line--

"After life's fitful fever he sleeps well"--

I think Campbell might have acknowledged his adoption of the words by marking them, and might have improved his own lines (with all deference be it said) if he had written--

"Hast thou felt, poor self-deceiver!
_Thy_ career so void of pain,
As to wish 'life's fitful fever'
New begun again?"

F. JAMES.

"I would not live my days over again if I could command them by a wish,
for the snares of life are greater than the fears of death." (Penn's
father, the Admiral.)

Penn himself said, that if he had to live his life over again, he could serve God, his neighbour, and himself better than he had done. Considering the history of the father and son's respective lives (and of those I before alluded to), though the latter's remarks may appear presumptuous, which showed the most _wisdom_ is an open question. Does not H. C. K.'s professional experience enable him to give a more certain opinion of ordinary men's feelings than is expressed in "I fear not?"

A. C.

_Family of Kelway_ (Vol. vii., p. 529.).--In reply to the Query as to this family in "N. & Q." of May 28, I beg to mention that in MS. F. 9. in the Heraldic MSS. in Queen's College library, Oxford, is a pedigree of the family of Kelway of Shereborne, co. Dorset, and White Parish, Wilts.

The arms are beautifully tricked. There is a bordure engrailed to the Kelway coat. With it are these quarterings: 2, a leopard's face g. entre five birds close s., three in chief, two in base. 3, az. a camel statant arg. Crest, on a wreath arg. and g. a cock arg. crested, beaked, wattled, az.

D. P.

_Sir G. Browne, Bart._ (Vol. vii., p. 528.).--The particulars given by NEWBURY, while introducing his Query, are extremely vague and inaccurate. In the first place, the individual he styles _Sir_ George Browne, _Bart._, was in reality simple George Browne, _Esq._, of Caversham, Oxon, and Wickham, Kent. This gentleman, who would have been a valuable acquisition to any nascent colony, married Elizabeth (_not_ Eleanor), second daughter of Sir Richard Blount, of Maple Durham, and had by her nineteen children, pretty evenly divided as to sex: for I read that of the daughters, three at least died young; other three became nuns and one married ---- Yates, Esq., a Berkshire gentleman. Of the sons, three, as NEWBURY relates, fell gloriously fighting for Charles, their sovereign. Neither of these latter were married: indeed, the only sons who ventured at all into the bonds of wedlock were George, the heir, and John, a younger brother. George married Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Francis Englefield, Knt., a Popish recusant, and left two daughters, his co-heiresses. John, his brother, created a baronet May 19th, 1665, married Mrs. Bradley, a widow, and had issue three sons and three daughters. The sons, Anthony, John, and George, inherited the baronetcy in succession, the two former dying bachelors: the third son, Sir George, married his sister-in-law, Gertrude Morley, and left three sons, the first of whom, Sir John, succeeded his father; and with him the baronetcy became dormant, if not indeed extinct.

T. HUGHES.

Chester.

_Americanisms, so called_ (Vol. vi., p. 554.; Vol. vii., p. 51.).--Thurley Bottom, near Great Marlow, dear to "the Fancy," may be added to the list of J. S.'s.

F. JAMES.

_Sir Gilbert Gerard_ (Vol. v., pp. 511. 571.; Vol. vi., p. 441.).--Sir Gilbert Gerard, Master of the Rolls temp. Queen Elizabeth, died on the 4th of February, and was interred on the 6th of March, 1592 (Old Style), in Ashley Church, in Staffordshire. The style most probably led Dugdale into the error noticed by your learned correspondent MR. FOSS, in his last communication to "N. & Q.," relative to the probate of Sir Gilbert Gerard's will. I beg to forward you an extract taken from the Parish Register of Ashley, which, {609} it will be seen, not only records the burial, but likewise, rather unusually, the precise day of his death, a little more than a month intervening between the two events, which possibly might be accounted for. On a careful examination of Sir Gilbert's tomb, I did not find (which agrees with Dugdale) any epitaph thereon,--a somewhat remarkable circumstance, inasmuch as Sir Thomas Gerard (Sir Gilbert Gerard's eldest son and heir, who was created Baron Gerard, of Gerard's Bromley, where his father had built a splendid mansion, a view of which is in Plot's _History of Staffordshire_, page 103., not a vestige of which beyond the gateway is now standing) is said by the Staffordshire historians to have erected a monument to the memory of his father at great expense; a drawing of which is given by Garner in his _Natural History of Staffordshire_, p. 120., with a copious description of the tomb.

_Extract. Annus 1592._

"4 Die Februarii mortuus est Gilbert Gerard, Miles, et Custos
Rotulorium Serenissimae Reginae Elizabethae; et sepultus 6 die Martii
sequentis."

T. W. JONES.

Nantwich.

_Tombstone in Churchyard._--_Arms: Battle-axe_ (Vol. vii., pp. 331. 390. 407. 560.).--It appears that I may conclude that 1600 is the oldest _legible_ date on a tombstone inscription. That of 1601 is cut in relief round the edge of a long free-stone slab, raised on a course of two or three bricks, and is in Henllan, near Denbigh.

The battle-axes (three in fesse) are on the wall over it. I am obliged to J. D. S.; but in both my cases the arms appear as connected with Welsh families; but it is the above that I want to identify.

A. C.

A correspondent asks for instances of dates on tombstones earlier than 1601. I know of one, at Moore Church in the county of Meath, within five miles of Drogheda. It is as early as 1597; the letters, instead of being sunk, are in relief. I subjoin a copy of the inscription:

"HERE VNDER LIETH THE
BODY OF DAME IENET
SARSFELD, LADY DOWAGER
OF DONSANY, WHO DIED THE
XXII OF FEBRVARY, AN. DNI.
1597."

M. E.

Dublin.

_Thomas Gage_ (Vol. vi., p. 291.).--Thomas Gage (formerly a Dominican friar, and author of the _English American_, 1648--as I saw the work entitled--subsequently a Puritan preacher), is, I imagine, identical with Thomas Gage, minister of the Gospel at Deal in Kent, whom your correspondent A. B. R. inquires about, p. 291. If so, he became chaplain to Lord Fairfax, and, according to Macaulay, was not unlikely to have married some dependent connexion of that family.

E. C. G.

_Marriage in High Life_ (Vol. vi., p. 359.).--I have often heard a similar story, from an old relation of mine with whom I lived when a girl; and she had heard it from her father,--which would carry the time of its occurrence back to the date 1740, named by your correspondent. My informant's father knew the parties, and I have repeatedly heard the name of the bridegroom; but whether Wilbraham or Swetenham, I do not now remember. Both Wilbrahams and Swetenhams are old Cheshire families, and have intermarried. I am almost certain a Wilbraham was the hero of the story. I have had the house pointed out to me where he lived, and it was not above a couple of hours' drive from Chester, whither we were going in the old-fashioned way of carriage-conveyance. I am sure he was not a peer, though, if a Wilbraham, he might be related to the late (first) Lord Skelmersdale.

There is one other little circumstance, which the reference to those former times has reminded me of,--the pronunciation of the word _obliged_ (as in the Prologue to the _Satires_, where Pope says:

"By flatterers besieged,
And so obliging that he ne'er obliged),

which the old lady that I have referred to, maintained was the proper pronunciation for _obleege_, to confer a favour; whereas the harsher sound, to _oblige_, was discriminatively reserved for the equivalent, to compel. She was a well-educated woman, and had associated with the good society of London in her youth; and she always complained of the want of taste and judgment shown by the younger generation, in pronouncing the same word, with two distinct meanings, alike in both cases.

E. C. G.

_Eulenspiegel_ (Vol. vii., p. 557.).--The German verses under MR. CAMPKIN'S portrait of Eulenspiegel, rendered into English prose, mean:

"Look here at Eulenspiegel: his portrait makes thee laugh.
What wouldst thou do, if thou couldst see the jester himself?
But Till is a picture and mirror of this world.
He left many a brother behind. We are great fools
In thinking that we are the greatest sages:
Therefore laugh at thyself, as this sheet represents thyself."

From the orthography, I do not think that the lines are much anterior to the beginning of the eighteenth century. The names of the artist will be the safest guides for discovering the date of the print.

[alpha]. {610}

"_Wanderings of Memory_" (Vol. vii., p. 527.).--The author of _Wanderings of Memory_, published by subscription at Lincoln in 1815, 12mo. pp. 151., was a young man "in his apprenticeship," of the name of A. G. Jewitt. He dedicates the book to his father, Mr. Arthur Jewitt, Kimberworth School, Yorkshire. Nearly the whole of the embellishments were engraved by a younger brother of the author, "who at the time had not attained his sixteenth year, and who had not the opportunity of profiting by any regular instructions."

There are some good lines in the poem, but not enough to rescue it from that fate which poetical mediocrity is irreversibly doomed to.

JAS. CROSSLEY.

* * * * *

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

The reputation which Mr. Finlay has acquired by his _History of Greece_, and his _Greece under the Romans_, will unquestionably be increased by his newly published _History of the Byzantine Empire from DCCXVI. to MLVII._ The subject is one of great interest to the scholar; and the manner in which Mr. Finlay has traced the progress of the eastern Roman empire through an eventful period of three centuries and a half, and while doing so enriched his pages with constant reference to the original historians, has certainly enabled him to accomplish the object which he has avowedly had in view, namely, that of making his work serve not only as a popular history, but also as an index for scholars who may be more familiar with classic literature than with the Byzantine writers.

We understand that Her Majesty and Prince Albert, with that appreciation of the beautiful and the useful for which they are distinguished, have shown their opinion of the value of photography by becoming the Patrons of the _Photographic Society_.

The _Camden Society_ is about to put to press a work which will be of great value to our topographical writers, as well as to historians generally, namely, _The Extent of the Estates of the Hospitalers in England, taken under the direction of Prior Philip de Thame_, A.D. 1338. The original MS. is at Malta; and though the transcript of it was made by a most competent hand, we have reason to believe that our correspondent at La Valetta (W. W.) would be doing good service both to the Society and to the world of letters, and one which would be most acceptable to the Transcriber, if he could find it convenient to revise the proof sheets with the original document.

BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Cyclopaedia Bibliographica, a Library Manual of Theological and General Literature._ Part IX. of this useful Library Companion extends from _Goethe_ to _Matthew Henry_.--_Reynard the Fox, after the German Version of Goethe, with Illustrations, by J. Wolf._ Part VI. Contains Chap. VI. The Relapse.--Messrs. Longman have added to their _Traveller's Library_ (in two parts) an interesting and cleverly written account of our _Coal Mines, and those who live in them_, which gives a graphic picture of the places and persons to whom we are all for so many months indebted for our greatest comfort.--Mr. Bohn continues his good work of supplying excellent books at moderate prices. We are this month indebted to him for publishing in his _Scientific Library_ the third volume of Miss Ross' excellent translation of Humboldt's _Personal Narrative of his Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America_, which is enriched with a very copious index. In his _Classical Library_ he has given us _Translations of Terence and Phaedrus_; and in his _Antiquarian Library_, the second volume of what, in spite of the laches pointed out by one of our correspondents, we must pronounce a most useful work for the mere English reader, the second volume of Mr. Riley's translation of _Roger de Hoveden's Annals of English History_, which completes the work. Probably, however, the volume which Mr. Bohn has just published in his _Standard Library_ is the one which will excite most interest. It is issued as a continuation of Coxe's _History of the House of Austria_, and consists (for the most part) of a translation of Count Hartig's _Genesis of the Revolution in Austria_.

* * * * *

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

KING ON ROMAN COINS.

LORD LANSDOWNE'S WORKS. Vol. I. Tonson, 1736.

JAMES BAKER'S PICTURESQUE GUIDE TO THE LOCAL BEAUTIES OF WALES. Vol. I. 4to. 1794.

WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY. Vol. II. 4to. 1832.

WALKER'S PARTICLES. 8vo. old calf, 1683.

WARNER'S SERMONS. 2 Vols. Longman, about 1818.

AUTHOR'S PRINTING AND PUBLISHING ASSISTANT. 12mo., cloth, 1842.

SANDERS' HISTORY OF SHENSTONE IN STAFFORDSHIRE. J. Nichols, London. 1794. Two Copies.

LOMBARDI (PETRI) SENTENTIARUM, Lib. IV. Any good edition.

HERBERT'S CAROLINA THRENODIA. 8vo. 1702.

THEOBALD'S SHAKSPEARE RESTORED. 4to. 1726.

SERMONS BY THE REV. ROBERT WAKE, M.A. 1704, 1712, &c.

HISTORY OF ANCIENT WILTS, by SIR R. C. HOARE. The last three Parts.

*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send their names._

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

* * * * *

Notices to Correspondents.