Chapter IV: Letter XLVII: , dated May 28, 1771, Philo-Junius says

"I was led to trouble you with these observations by a passage,
which, _to speak in lutestring_, 'I met with this morning in
the course of my reading,' and upon which I mean to put a
question to the advocates for privilege."

Now we know, that if two lutes, or other stringed instruments, be placed near each other, when a chord of one of them is struck, the corresponding chord of the other will vibrate in unison, and give a similar note; one lutestring will echo the other. The story of the maiden who believed that the spirit of her dead lover was near her, because his harp sounded responsive notes to hers, and who died heart-broken when she was undeceived, is sufficiently well known. "To speak in lutestring" is then to speak as another man's echo; and Philo-Junius here was the echo of the Duke of Grafton, and used this affected phrase derisively, as being a favourite, or at least well-known expression of his. In a letter which is appended as a note to Letter XX., and which is dated six days previous to the one just quoted, viz. May 22, 1771, he says:

"But Junius has a great authority to support him, which, _to
speak with the Duke of Grafton_, 'I accidentally met with this
morning in the course of my reading.' It contains an admonition
which cannot be repeated too often," &c.

I have not found the phrase "to speak in lutestring" anywhere else; but I think, from a comparison of these two quotations, that it must mean what I have supposed it to mean--to speak as the echo or exact repeater of another man's words. Where can instances be found of the Duke of Grafton's using this expression, which Philo-Junius ridicules?

W. FRASER.

Tor-Mohun.

* * * * *

BURIAL IN UNCONSECRATED PLACES.

(Vol. vi. _passim._)

So many interesting notices have been made by your correspondents on the subject of peculiar interments,--skipping about from one part of the country to another, and dropping down from the south into Lincolnshire, as if in search of farther instances,--that I am induced to add to the number of records, by stating the fact as to the late Mr. Dent, of Winterton, whose body, at his particular request, was deposited after his death in his own garden, on the south of the house in Winterton, where he not only lived but died.

Friend Jonathan, as he was familiarly called, was a man of shrewd understanding, and possessing strong common sense; yet, like others, he had his failings, and amongst them the _amor nummi_ was not the least obtrusive. As a very wealthy man he was looked up to by a little aspiring community of Quakers in the neighbourhood; and his own dress, when in a better suit, exhibited an appearance of his connexion with that fraternity.

The Quakers had a small burial-ground at Thealby, in the parish of Burton-upon-Stother, which I some years ago had the curiosity to inspect, but such a forlorn lost place for such a sober and serious purpose I never in my life before looked upon; it is posited at a little distance from the public road entering Thealby from Winterton, where no doubt at one time stood a lot of cottages and crofts, surrounded by common stone walls, made from the flat stone of the neighbourhood. But so small and so neglected was this burial place, that I could compare it to nothing better than an old parish pinfold; it had been so little attended to when I visited it, that the whole area was under a most luxuriant crop of flourishing nettles, six or seven feet high. And as to graves, or the purport of its occupation, we could see nothing; and yet its position was such that with ordinary attention it might have been even a picturesque spot, having three or four large trees overlooking it.

Upon an after inquiry I was told that a funeral had lately taken place here, at which Friend Jonathan was the presiding attendant. But in preparation for this ceremony they had found so much difficulty in stubbing up the strong nettles, and digging the roots to form a decent grave; and it was after all so difficult to find comfortable standing-room about the grave, that I have ever {203} since concluded that Mr. Dent must have been disgusted with it, as, upon depositing their lost friend in the earth, he, as spokesman, thought it unnecessary to make any observations, and he recommended that they should at once cover the body up; and so it was done.

That Mr. Dent had any antipathy to the church I do not know, but that he had a great dislike to paying unnecessary fees I have a good recollection of. Before his death he requested that his body should be deposited in his own garden; and his request was attended to by his nephew.

After the old gentleman's death, the present Mr. Dent, with a praiseworthy attention, repaired and restored in the Elizabethan style the old dilapidated dwelling-house and homestead where his uncle lived. And I one day paid a visit to the grave, which is an unpretending ridge on a well-mown grass-plat, and which, with the house and ground, appeared to be properly attended to; and so, I presume, it continues to be.

WM. T. HESLEDEN.

J. H. M., in bringing forward Baskerville as an example of this unusual occurrence, says, that "he directed he should be buried under a _windmill_ near his garden." In a volume of Epitaphs, printed at Ipswich in 1806, once the property of Archdeacon Nares, and containing several MS. notes by him, Baskerville's is given, with a note by the editor, in which he is stated to have been "inurned according to his own desire in a _conical building_ near his late widow's house." The epitaph, written by Baskerville himself, commences with these lines--

"Stranger,
Beneath this _cone_, in _unconsecrated_ ground,
A friend to the liberties of mankind directed
His body to be inurned."

The expression in each case, respecting the place of his interment, seems scarcely strong enough for us to conclude it was a _windmill_. Perhaps J. H. M. will kindly favour me with the authority for his statement. Nares has made the following note on the epitaph at the bottom of the page:

"I heard John Wilkes, after praising Baskerville, add, 'But he
was a terrible infidel; he used to shock me!'"

R. W. ELLIOT.

Clifton.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

[At the suggestion of several correspondents we have reprinted
from _The Athenæum_ of the 22nd Nov. 1851, the article
detailing the new process by Mr. Muller referred to by the Rev.
MR. SISSON in our last Number.]

_Mr. Muller's Process._--"The following photographic process has been communicated to us by Mr. C. J. Muller, from Patna in the East Indies. We have submitted it to an experienced photographer; and he informs us that it offers many advantages over the Talbotype or the Catalissotype of Dr. Woods, which it somewhat resembles; that it is easy in all its manipulatory details, and certain in its results. We give Mr. Muller's own words--

"'A solution of hydriodate of iron is made in the proportion of eight or ten grains of iodide of iron to one ounce of water. This solution I prepare in the ordinary way with iodine, iron-turnings, and water.--The ordinary paper employed in photography is dressed on one side with a solution of nitrate of lead (fifteen grains of the salt to an ounce of water). When dry, this paper is iodized either by immersing it completely in the solution of the hydriodate of iron, or by floating the leaded surface on the solution. It is removed after the lapse of a minute or two, and lightly dried with blotting-paper. This paper now contains iodide of lead and protonitrate of iron. While still moist, it is rendered sensitive by a solution of nitrate of silver (one hundred grains to the ounce) and placed in the camera. After an exposure of the duration generally required for Talbot's paper, it may be removed to a dark room. If the image is not already out, it will be found speedily to appear in great strength and with beautiful sharpness _without any farther application_. The yellow tinge of the lights may be removed by a little hyposulphite of soda, though simple washing in water seems to be sufficient to fix the picture. The nitrate of lead nay be omitted; and plain paper only, treated with the solution of the hydriodate of iron, and acetic acid may be used with the nitrate of silver, which renders it more sensitive. The lead, however, imparts a peculiar colorific effect. The red tinge brought about by the lead may be changed to a black one by the use of a dilute solution of sulphate of iron:--by which, indeed, the latent image may be very quickly developed. The papers however will not keep after being iodized.'

"Mr. Muller suggests, that as iodide of lead is completely soluble in nitrate of silver, it might furnish a valuable photographic fluid, which could be applied at any moment when required.

"No small degree of interest attaches to this process, originating in experiments carried on in Central India. It appears perfectly applicable to the albumenized glass and collodion processes."

_Detail on Negative Paper._--I have not observed before this, that any photographic operator has "noted" the burnishing of the iodised paper previous to adding the exciting solution, though I know it is usual to burnish before taking a proof. This is a very useful adjunct to obtaining minuteness, and it is a plan I have sometimes adopted. I at first thought it would injure or knock off the iodized surface, but no injury whatever arises from the rubbing. I use a small piece of glass rod, polished flat at one end, so that it may present {204} a facet about half an inch square; but I should imagine a better instrument might be manufactured with a proper handle, and some mode of obtaining pressure; not obtaining sufficient is the cause of a little after-disarrangement if the nitrate of silver is laid on with a brush, but if floated the polish remains.

It cannot be doubted but paper is adequate to any detail; and when a paper shall be manufactured of a perfect kind, there is no reason to suppose but paper generally will rival collodion for most purposes.

Nothing prevents it at present but the uneven surface of paper. It is very nearly perfect in the French negative paper; but that has so many other drawbacks to its use that it cannot be safely depended upon. Our manufacturers have still some improvements to make; for if Canson Frères had left out the blackening chemical in the paper, it would have been better than any of ours in my estimation.

WELD TAYLOR.

_Ammonio-nitrate of Silver._--Will any of your scientific correspondents explain the chemical cause of my inability to form the ammonio-nitrate of silver from a solution of nitrate of silver upon which albumenized paper has been previously floated? Having excited some albumenized paper on a forty-grain solution of nitrate of silver, I kept the solution which had not been consumed for the purpose of converting it into the ammonio-nitrate. But on dropping in the ammonia, not only did no precipitate take place, but the ammoniacal smell which usually gives place to the tarry odour remained. No albumen appeared to be dissolved from the paper, and the solution had lost none of its silver, which I subsequently collected by means of having formed a chloride. This has occurred to me more than once, and I call attention to it, as the investigation of it may lead to some new results.

PHILO-PHO.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

"_Up, Guards, and at them!_" (Vol. v., p. 426.; Vol. viii., pp. 111. 184.).--It will, I hope, close all debate on this anecdote, to state that the account I gave of it in Vol. v., p. 426., was from the Duke himself. I thought it very unlike him to have given his order in such a phrase, and I asked him how the fact was, and he answered me to the effect I have already stated.

C.

_German Heraldry_ (Vol. viii., p. 150.).--Your Querist will probably find what he inquires for in Fursten's _German Arms_, published at Nurenberg in folio, 1696. The plates are sometimes divided and bound in three or four oblong volumes. The work known as Fursten's _German Arms_ was commenced by Siebmacker, continued by Furst and Helman, and, in 1714, by Weigel. It is often quoted under these respective names; but of later years, more frequently under that of Weigel's _Book of German Arms_ (Weigel Wapenbuch). It consists of six Parts, and professes to give the arms of the principal nobility of the Roman kingdom: dukes, princes, princely counts; lords and persons of position, foregone and existing, in all the provinces and states of the German empire. The Preface is by John David Köhler.

G.

In the year 1698 a book was published by J. A. Rudolphi, at Nurenberg, entitled _Heraldica Curiosa_. It is in German, a thin folio, with an innumerable quantity of engravings of the arms of German families.

J. B.

_The Eye_ (Vol. viii., p. 25.).--I hope that interesting question raised by your correspondent H. C. K., respecting the term "apple of the eye," will meet with attention from some philologist. It might help to solve it, if it could be discovered when the phrase first came into use in our language. Is it possible that the word "apple" is a corruption of the Latin "pupilla?" or is it, according to H. C. K.'s suggestion, that the iris, and not the pupil, is taken to represent an apple? Doubtless your learned correspondent is aware that in Zech. ii. 12. the Hebrew phrase is varied, the word בָּבָה being used, and occurring only in this passage. If Gesenius's derivation of this word be correct, which makes it to signify "the gate of the eye," we have this idea put into a fresh shape. Have not the Arabs a phrase, "He is dearer to me than the _pupil_ of mine eye," as well as the other one, "The man of the eye?" Curiously enough, the Greeks express this idea by another word than κόρη, viz. γλήνη (_i. e._ κόρης αὐγή, the splendour of the pupil (kin. αἴγλη), or the pupil itself, οφθαλμου κόρη), in which the change of signification is exactly the converse of what it is in κόρη; viz., 1st, pupil; 2nd, a little girl; whence, as a term of reproach, ἔῤῥε κακὴ γλήνη.

QUÆSTOR.

_Canute's Point, Southampton_ (Vol. vii., p. 380.).--A correspondent having noticed the inscription on the Canute Castle Inn, Southampton, inquires for proof to authenticate the locality of the tradition referred to. I submit the following extract from a local history:

"Canute's Point was a projection of the shore near the mouth
of the Itchen, where it is supposed the celebrated but
much-embellished reproof to his courtiers was administered;
and it was preserved by a line of piles driven into the beach,
until the construction of the docks, which effaced the old
beach line. Of Canute's Palace there are still a few remains,
and the position fully justifies the presumption of its
identity."

These piles were, I believe, in existence in the year 1836, when the act for the construction of the docks was obtained.

WILLIAM SPOOR.

{205}

_Symon Patrick, Bishop of Ely--Durham--Weston_ (Vol. viii., p. 103.).--

"Edward Weston, A. B. 1723, A. M. 1727, born at Eton, son of
Steven Weston of 1682, Bishop of Exeter. He was secretary to
Lord Townsend at Hanover, during the king's residence there
in 1729. He continued several years in the office of Lord
Harrington as secretary. He was also _transmitter_ (query,
_translator_?) of the State Papers, and one of the clerks
to the Signet. In 1741 he was appointed gazetteer, a place
of considerable emolument. In 1746 he was secretary to Lord
Harrington, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and became a privy
councillor of that kingdom. He published, though a layman, a
volume of sermons. His son is now [viz. 1797] a prebendary
of Durham and St. Paul's, and rector of Therfield near
Royston."--Harwood's _Alumni Etonenses_, p. 300., under 1719.

Corkenhatch must be Cockenhatch, near Barkway.

J. H. L.

_Battle of Villers en Couché_ (Vol. viii., pp. 8. 127.).--An authoritative record of this action may be found in--

"An Historical Journal of the British Campaign on the
Continent, in the year 1794; with the Retreat through Holland,
in the year 1795. By Captain L. T. Jones, of the 14th regiment.
Dedicated, by permission, to his Royal Highness Field Marshal
the Duke of York. Printed for the Author. Birmingham, 1797."

The list of subscribers contains about a hundred names. There is a copy of it in the British Museum. The one now before me is rendered more valuable by copious marginal notes, evidently written by the author, which are at the service of your correspondents. They furnish the following extraordinary instance of personal bravery:

"The same officer of this corps (3rd dragoon guards), who bore
off the corpse of General Mansell, relates some particulars
in the action of the 24th, under Gen. Otto:--that a man of
the name of Barnes, who had been unfortunately reduced from a
serjeant to the ranks, had bravely advanced, doing execution
on the enemy, till his retreat was foreclosed, and he was seen
engaged with five French dragoons at once; all of these he
fairly cut down, when nine more came upon him, whom he faced
and fairly kept at bay, till one of them got behind him, and
shot the brave fellow in the head."

In reference to the action of the 26th, Captain Jones observes:

"It is not possible to describe the bravery of the army on that
day, nearly the whole of the British cavalry were engaged, and
gained immortal honour."

The Duke of York's address to the army, published on the 28th of April, thus concludes:

"His Royal Highness has, at all times, had the highest
confidence in the courage of the British troops in general, and
he trusts that the cavalry will now be convinced that whenever
they attack with the firmness, velocity, and order which they
showed on this occasion, no number of the enemy (we have to
deal with) can resist them."

BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.

_Curious Posthumous Occurrence_ (Vol. viii., p. 5.).--Though the worthy grave-digger's account, reported by A. B. C., may be chargeable with some exaggeration as to the _generality_ of body-turning, and though the decomposing reason assigned may not be true, yet, that many dead human bodies are found with their faces downwards, is nevertheless quite correct.

Works are now in progress, at the east end of this metropolis, under my own immediate observation, where this fact has been incontestably verified. How long since, or on what occasion, these remains of mortality were placed there, I know not; but, in the course of excavation required for the foundations, they are frequently met with, and, in many instances, in this strange position.

I had come to the conclusion, that, during some raging pestilence (and which may indeed again occur, unless an acceleration takes place in our wounded-snake-like motion in the way of sanitary improvement), I say, it had been my impression, that during some such awful calamity, the anxiety of the uncontaminated to avoid infection had induced them to remove their less fortunate fellow-creatures out of the way with so much haste as actually to bury them alive! and in some convulsive struggle between life and death, they had turned themselves over!

R. M.

In reply to this Note, I would remark that I have consulted a grave-digger "grown old in the service" here, and he tells me he never remembers a case where, after interment, in process of time the occiput takes the place of the facial bones; but, he says, very frequently the head drops either on one side or the other--a circumstance which any one conversant with the human skeleton and the connexion of the cranium with the vertebræ would deem most natural.

BRISTOLIENSIS.

_Passage in Job_ (Vol. vii., p. 14.).--This question is answered, as far as it seems possible, by Barnes, in his _Notes on Job_, which MR. EDWIN JONES may easily consult. The fact appears to be that we have no information respecting the passage in question beyond what is furnished by itself.

B. H. C.

_St. Paul and Seneca_ (Vol. viii., p. 88.).--There is an account of the work referred to in the July number of the _Journal of Sacred Literature_, edited by Dr. Kitto. It will be found among the "Foreign Intelligence."

B. H. C.

_Haulf-naked_ (Vol. vii., pp. 432. 558.).--As my Query in reference to this place has drawn forth a {206} Note or two from some correspondents of yours, allow me to thank them, and at the same time to inform them that "A general Collection of all the Offices of England, with the Fees, in the Queene's guifte," a manuscript temp. Elizabeth, contains the following reference. Under the head "Castles," &c. occurs,--

"_Com. Sussex._

{ Keeper of the Manor of _£_ _s._ _d._
Walberton and { Half-naked and Goodwood 20 0 0
Haulf-naked. { Keeper of the Wood and
{ Chace of Walberton 3 0 10."

CHARLES REED.

_Books chained to Desks in Churches_ (Vol. viii. p. 94.).--An engraving of a very fine perpendicular lettern, having a book fastened to it by a chain, is given in the _Proceedings of the Arch. Inst._ for 1846, as existing at that time in the church of St. Crux, York. In 1851 I noticed the upper part of one in Chesterton Church near Cambridge, placed on the sill of the east window of the south aisle with a book lying upon it, very much torn and wanting the title-page. I ascertained the subject of it at the time; but omitted to make a note of it, and I am sorry to say it has now slipped my memory.

Rutter, in his _Somersetshire_, speaks of some old reading desks, which were still remaining in 1829 in Wrington Church, fastened to the walls of the chancel, on which were several books, "especially Fox's _Martyrs_, and the _Clavis Bibliorum_ of F. Roberts, who was rector of the parish in 1675." There was one also about the same time at Chew Magna Church, Somersetshire; with a copy of Bishop Jewel's _Defence of the Church_ chained to it. In Redcliff Church, Bristol, there is a small mahogany one supported by a bracket, with a brass chain attached, near the vestry on the north side of the choir. Until within a very few years, a desk, with Fox's _Martyrs_ lying upon it, was in the Holy Trinity Church, Hull, affixed to one of the pillars in the nave.

A fine old Bible and chain is shown amongst the relics at Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon.

It would appear that theological works were not the only ones secured in this manner; for I find (Rutter's _Somersetshire_, p. 258.) that one Captain S. Sturmy of Easton in Gordano published a folio, entitled _The Mariner's or Artisan's Magazine_, a copy of which he gave to the parish to be chained and locked in the desk, until any ingenious person should borrow it, leaving 3_l._ as a security in the hands of the trustees against damage, &c.

R. W. ELLIOTT.

It is somewhat strange that I should have omitted the following passage whilst writing on this subject in a recent Number, as the work to which it refers, Bishop Jewel's _Defence of his Apology for the Church of England_, is so well known:

"At the desire of Archbishop Parker, a copy of the _Defence_
was set up soon after Jewel's death, in almost every parish
church in England; and fragments of it are still to be seen in
some churches, together with the chain by which it was attached
to the reading-desk provided for it."

This extract is taken from the _Life of Bishop Jewel_, prefixed to the English translation of the _Apology_, edited by Dr. Jelf for the Society for promoting Christian Knowledge (8vo. Lond. 1849), p. xx.

An order for the setting up of "the _Paraphrases_ of Erasmus in English upon the gospels" in some convenient place within all churches and chapels in the province of York, will be found in Archbishop Grindal's _Injunctions for the Laity_, § 4. (_Remains, &c._, Parker Society, p. 134.) See also the _Articles to be enquired of within the Province of Canterburie_, § 2. (Ibid. p. 158.)

W. SPARROW SIMPSON.

In Malvern Abbey Church is a stand to which two books are chained. The one is a commentary on the Book of Common Prayer; the other is a treatise on Church Unity. In Kinver Church (Worcestershire) are three books placed in a desk (_not_ chained) in the south aisle: being _The Whole Duty of Man_ (1703); _A Sermon made in Latine in the Reigne of Edward the Sixte_, by John Jevvel, Bishop of Sarisburie; and _The Actes and Monumentes of Christian Martyrs_ (1583).

CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.

At Bowness Church, on Windermere Lake, there is (or at least was, in 1842) a copy of Erasmus's _Paraphrase_ chained. If I am not mistaken, some of Jewel's works will also be found there.

E. H. A.

_Scheltrum_ (Vol. vi., p. 364.).--KARL will find _scheltrum_, variously written "scheltrun, sheltrun, shiltroun, schetrome," of very common occurrence in the translation of the Old Testament by Wicliff and his followers; it is there rendered from the Lat. _aeies_. The instances quoted by Jamieson, from the Latin _testudo_, come nearer to the origin, _shield_.

Q.

Bloomsbury.

_Quarrel_ (Vol. vi., p. 172.).--BALLIOLENSIS will be pleased with Mr. Trench's ingenious account of our conversion of a _complaint_ into a _quarrel_.

"The Latin word (_querela_) means properly 'complaint,' and we
have in 'querulous' this its proper meaning coming distinctly
out. Not so, however, in 'quarrel,' for Englishmen, being wont
not merely to 'complain,' but to set vigorously about righting
and redressing themselves, their griefs being also grievances,
out of this word, which might have given them only {207}
'querulous' and 'querulousness,' have gotten 'quarrel' as
well."--_On the Study of Words_, p. 57.

"We might safely conclude," Mr. Trench premises, "that a nation
would not be likely tamely to submit to tyranny and wrong,
which made 'quarrel' out of 'querela.'"

This, I say, is very ingenious, but did _this_ nation make _quarrel_ out of _querela_? Did they not take it ready made from their neighbours, the French, Italian, Spanish, who have all performed, and, I presume, led the way in performing, the same exploit; showing that they must all have had the same disposition inhering in them to set about righting and redressing themselves, though not always, perhaps, with so prompt and active a vigour as that ascribed to the English by Mr. Trench.

Q.

Bloomsbury.

_Wild Plants, and their Names_ (Vol. vii., p. 233.).--A preparation from St. John's Wort, called red oil, is used in the United States for the cure of bruises and cuts. It may have been formerly used in England. St. John's Wort is one of the commonest weeds in the Middle States.

UNEDA.

Philadelphia.

_Jeremy Taylor and Christopher Lord Hatton_ (Vol. vii., p. 305.).--Bishop Taylor uses the word _relative_ in the sense of a dependent or humble friend in several places in his works; a fact which his editor, Bishop Heber, missed observing, as appears from a passage in the Preface to Taylor's _Works_.

M. E.

Philadelphia.

_Burial on the North Side of Churches_ (Vol. vi., p. 112. &c.).--The opinion of your correspondent SELEUCUS, that the avoidance of burial on the north side of a churchyard is to be attributed to its being generally the unfrequented side of the church, is borne out by the fact, that in the rare cases where the entrance to the church is _only_ on the north side, the graves are also to be found there in preference to being on the south, which in such a case would of course be "the back of the church." SELEUCUS mentions one instance of a church entered only from the north. To this example may be added the little village church of Martin Hussingtree, between Worcester and Droitwich, where the sole entrance is on the north, and where _all_ the burials are on the same side of the church.

CUTHBERT BEDE, B. A.

_Rubrical Query_ (Vol. vii., p. 247.).--The contradiction of the two rubrics is purely imaginary. Both are to be closely construed. The _first_ enjoins notice to be given of Communion as of any other festival; the _second_ provides that in the same service (notice having been so given) the Exhortation shall be the last impression on the thoughts of the congregation.

S. Z. Z. S.

_Stone Pillar Worship_ (Vol. vii., p. 383.).--The Rowley Hills near Dudley, twelve in number, and each bearing a distinctive name, make up what may be called a mountain of basaltic rock, which extends for several miles in the direction of Hales Owen. From the face of a precipitous termination of the southern extremity of these hills rises a pillar of rock, known as the "The Hail Stone." I conjecture that the word _hail_ may be a corruption of the archaic word _haly_, holy; and that this pillar of rock may have been the object of religious worship in ancient times. The name may have been derived directly front the Anglo-Saxon _Haleg stan_, holy stone. It is about three quarters of a mile distant from an ancient highway called "The Portway," which is supposed to be of British origin, and to have led to the salt springs at Droitwich. I have no knowledge of any other place bearing the name of Hail Stone, except a farm in the parish of West Fetton in Shropshire, which is called "The Hail Stones." No stone pillars are now to be found upon it: there is a quarry in it which shows that the sand rock lies there very near the surface. Dr. Plot, in his _History of Staffordshire_ (p. 170.), describes the rock on the Rowley Hills as being "as big and as high on one side as many church steeples are." He relates that he visited the spot in the year 1680, accompanied by a land-surveyor, who, ten years before that time, had noticed that at this place the needle of the compass was turned six degrees from its due position. The influence which the iron in basaltic rocks has on the needle was not known at that period, and the Doctor makes two conjectures in explanation of the phenomenon observed. First, he says, "there must be in these lands that miracle of Nature we call a loadstone;" and he adds, "unless it come to pass by some old armour buried hereabout in the late civil war." The sonorous property of the rock led him to conjecture "that there might be here a vault in which some great person of ancient times might be buried under this natural monument; but digging down by it as near as I could where the sound directed, I could find no such matter."

Plot does not mention the name by which this rock was known. It is not mentioned at all by either Erdeswick, Shaw, or Pitt, in their Histories of Staffordshire.

N. W. S.

_Bad_ (Vol. vi. p. 509.).--Horne Tooke's etymology may, perhaps, satisfy B. H. COWPER'S inquiry, or at least gratify his curiosity. He assumes the _bay_ or bark of a dog to be excited by what it _abhors_, _hates_, _defies_; and farther, that our epithet of _bad_ is applied by us to that, which, for reasons which we may call moral (_æsthetic_, I believe {208} I ought to say) reasons or feelings, we _hate_, or _abhor_. And he forms it thus, _bay-ed_, bay'd, ba'd, _bad_.

Q.

Bloomsbury.

_Porc-pisee_ (Vol. vi., p. 579.).--MR. WARDE will find that this is the old English way of writing _porpoise_, more nearly to the French and Italian. Spenser writes _porcpisces_, and Ray _porpesse_, i.e. _porc-pesee_. Both are quoted in Richardson.

"_Wheal_ instead of milk," is _whey_ or _whig_. "To _flesh_ in sin," is to indulge in, to accustom to, to inure to, the gratification of the sinful lusts of the _flesh_. Johnson has from Hales the same expression "fleshed in sin" which he interprets "hardened."

Q.

Bloomsbury.

_Lowbell_ (Vol. vii., pp. 181. 272.).--Your correspondents H. T. W. and M. H. will find sufficient reasons from Nares' quotations to convince them that _lowbell_ is so called from its sound; and the usage by Hammond (in Johnson) that the verb, to _lowbell_, was used consequentially to signify to frighten into a snare, and thus, to ensnare. And the noun, a snare, allurement, temptation.

"Now commonly he who desires to be a minister looks not at the
work, but at the wages; and by that _lure_ or _lowbell_ may
be toll'd from parish to parish all the town over."--Milton,
"Hirelings," &c., _Works_, vol. i. p. 529.

Q.

Bloomsbury.

_Praying to the West_ (Vol. viii., p. 102.).--_The isles of the West_, by which is understood what we term the British Isles, in the ancient Hindoo writings are described as _the Sacred Isles_, or the abode of religion. The Celtic tribes used the practice of turning to the West in their religious rites, having adopted it in a very early age from a reason similar to that which led the _Turks_ in a later age to turn towards Mecca, and _other nations_ towards the East; that is, the superior sanctity attached by each to these several points. This practice the Celtic tribes brought with them in their migration from the East to those parts in which we now find it in the West; where it has been retained by their descendants after the circumstances which gave rise to it had been long forgotten.

G. W.

Stansted, Montfichet.

_Old Dog_ (Vol. iv., p. 21.).--See _The Observer_ (Cumberland's), No. 131.:--"Uncle Antony was _an old dog_ at a dispute."

P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.

_Contested Elections_ (Vol. vii., p. 208.).--An account of many of the English contested elections may be found in Oldfield's _Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland_, 6 vols.: London, 1816. I hope that X. Y. Z. does not rank this among the "wretched compilations." Oldfield was a man of much experience as a parliamentary agent, and his book is entertaining--at least, to us Americans.

M. E.

Philadelphia.

_"Rathe" in the Sense of "early"_ (Vol. vii., p. 634. _et alibi._).--See _The Antiquary_, cap. xxxix. (vol. i. p. 468. People's Edition), where Maggie Mucklebacket says:

"I havena had the grace yet to come down to thank your honour
for the credit ye did puir Steenie, wi' laying his head in a
_rath_ grave."

The Glossary explains the word as _ready_, _quick_, _early_.

P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.

_Chip in Porridge_ (Vol. i., p. 382).--Though a long time has elapsed, I see nothing more on the subject of this phrase than Q. D.'s application for information regarding it.

I take it to mean a nonentity, a thing of no importance, and to have no more distinctive origin than the innumerable other cant sayings in daily use.

In a book recently published, _Personal Adventures of our own Correspondent_, by M. B. Honan, vol. i. p. 151., occurs this passage:

"It is very easy to stand well with all by being, what is
vulgarly called, 'a chip in porridge.'"

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

_"A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn"_ (Vol. viii., p. 102.).--See Pope's _Moral Essays_, Ep. 1. l. 136.

F. B--W.

_Gibbon's Library_ (Vol. vii., p. 407.)--_West's Portrait of Franklin_ (Vol. vii., p. 409.).--Gibbon's library was sold at Lausanne in 1833. I have a copy of _Le Théâtre de Marivaux_, four volumes 12mo. (Amst. et à Leipzig, 1756), which contains the following MS. note on the fly-leaf of the first volume: "Gibbon's copy, bought at the sale of his library at Lausanne, Sept. 1833.--JOHN WORDSWORTH." You will find a reference to this gentleman, "N. & Q.," Vol. v., p. 604. About four hundred of Gibbon's books were in the library of the late Rev. Samuel Farmar Jarvis, of Connecticut, who bought them at Lausanne. Among them was Casiri, _Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispania_. Some of these books had his name, E. GIBBON, printed in them in Roman letters; others had his coat of arms. Dr. Jarvis's library was sold by Lyman and Rawdon in New York on the 14th of October, 1851, for very good prices. I possess Gibbon's copy of Herrera's _America_, in English, 6 vols. 8vo.

I think there must be some mistake about the portrait of Dr. Franklin by West, mentioned by {209} your correspondent H. G. D. I have never heard of but _one_ portrait by West of Dr. Franklin, and that was painted for my grandfather, Mr. Edward Duffield, one of the executors of the Doctor's will, and sent to him by the Doctor himself. It is now in my possession, in excellent preservation. A short notice of it will be found in the ninth volume of Franklin's _Writings_ (Sparks's ed.), p. 493.

EDWARD D. INGRAHAM.

Walnut Street, Philadelphia.

_Derivation of "Island"_ (Vol. viii., p. 49.).--H. C. K.'s derivation of _island_ from _eye_, the visual orb, because each are surrounded by water, seems to me so like a banter on etymologists, that I am doubtful whether I ought to notice it; but as our Editor seems, by the space he has given it, to take it as serious, I shall venture to say two or three words upon it. H. C. K. begins by begging the question: he says that "the etymon from the Fr. _isle_, It. _isola_, Lat. _insula_, is _manifestly erroneous_." Now I think I can prove--and that by a single word--that it is "manifestly" the true one. I only reverse his order of placing these words; they should stand, the mother first, the children after; _insula_ Lat., _isola_ It., _isle_ Fr., and to them I add my _single word_, which H. C. K. has chosen to ignore altogether, _isle_ English; as, _Isle_ of Wight, _Isle_ of Man, _Isle_ of Thanet, _Isles_ of Arran, &c. This single word, thus supplied, is to my mind a sufficient answer to H. C. K.'s theory, but I may add, as a corroboration, the peculiarity of retaining in _spelling_, and dropping in _pronunciation_, the _s_ in the English _isle_ and _island_, just as it is in the French _isle_ and _islot_. Indeed the relation between the French and English words is, in this case, not _derivation_ but _identity_. I may also observe that the Scotch and Irish names for an island, _inch_, _innis_, _ennis_--as, _Inch_-keith, _Innis_-fallen, _Ennis_-killen--are "manifestly" derived from _insula_, the common parent of all. I half suspect that H. C. K. is a wag, and meant to try whether we should take seriously what he meant as _all my eye_!

C.

_Spur_ (Vol. vi., pp. 242. 329.).--To _spur_ is to _spere_, by Gower written _sper_, to search or seek, to inquire into; and your correspondents might have found the word fully treated and illustrated by Jamieson, and more briefly by Richardson. To _ask_ at church is a common expression, and _Spur_ Sunday is merely _Asking_ Sunday.

Q.

Bloomsbury.

_On the Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits_ (Vol. vii., p. 489. Vol. viii., p. 82.).--The complete iron framework of an hour-glass remained affixed to the pulpit of Shelsley Beauchamp Church, Worcestershire, until the restoration of the church, about eight years ago, by the present rector, the Rev. D. Melville, who carefully preserved the hour-glass relic. In order to show how much had been done for the church, I drew interior and exterior views of the old building, with its great dilapidations and unusually monstrous disfigurements, which drawings were hung in the vestry, at the suggestion of the rector, as parish memorials; a proceeding which I think might be copied with advantage in all cases of church restoration. In the one drawing mentioned the hour-glass stand is a conspicuous object.

CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.

The following extract is from a tract published by the Cambridge Camden Society, entitled _A few hints on the Practical Study of Ecclesiastical Antiquities_:

"_Hour-glass Stand._ A relick of Puritanick times. They are
not very uncommon; they generally stand on the right-hand of
the pulpit, and are made of iron. Examples Coton, Shepreth. A
curious revolving one occurs at Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey, and in
St. John Baptist, Bristol, where the hour-glass itself remains.
Though a Puritanick innovation, it long kept its place: for Gay
in his _Pastorals_ writes:

'He said that Heaven would take her soul no doubt,
And spoke the _hour-glass_ in her praise quite out:'

and it is depicted by the side of a pulpit in one of Hogarth's
paintings."

I saw, a few weeks ago, an iron hour-glass stand affixed to the pulpit in Odell Church, Beds.

W. P. STORER.

Olney, Bucks.

"The inventorie of all such church goods, etc. ... which the
church-wardens [of Great Staughton, co. Hunt.] are and stand
charged with. May 31, 1640.

[_Inter alia._]

"Itm. A pulpit standinge in the church, having a cover over the
same, and an houre-glasse adjoininge."

JOSEPH RIX.

St. Neots.

_Selling a Wife_ (Vol. vii., pp. 429. 602.).--There can be no question that this offence is an indictable misdemeanor. I made, at the time, a memorandum of the following case:

"West Riding Yorkshire Sessions, June 28, 1837. Joshua Jackson,
convicted of selling his wife, imprisoned for one month with
hard labour."

S. R.

Chiswick.

_Impossibilities of History_ (Vol. viii., p. 72.).--St. Bernard, according to Gibbon, lived from 1091 to 1153. Henry I., who did rebel against his father, was twelve years older than the Saint, and ascended the throne at the age of twenty-one in the year 1100, when the Saint was nine years old. The descent from the devil alludes, I should think, to Robert le Diable, the father of the Conqueror. The historian of _The Tablet_ found the authority most probably in some theatrical review or fly-leaf of the libretto.

J. H. L.

{210}

_Lad and Lass_ (Vol. vii., p. 56.).--_Lass_, Hickes (quoted by Lye in Junius) says, was originally written, and is a corruption of _laddess_; thus, we may suppose _laddess_, _ladse_, _lass_: and _lad_ may correlate with the Gr. ἀγωγὸς, a leader, so familiar to us in the sneered at pæd-_agogue_, _i. e._ the boy-_leader_. The _lad_, from the Anglo-Saxon _lædian_, to lead (says Junius), is the _leăd_--"One who, on account of his tender years, is under a _leader_, a guide, a director."

We apply the common expression "He is yet in _leading_ strings" to him who has not strength or courage to go alone, to act independently for himself.

Q.

Bloomsbury.

_Enough_ (Vol. vii., p. 455.).--Enough was not, and is not always, nor was it originally, pronounced _enuf_. The old way of writing was "ynou, inouh, ynowgh;" and in Gower, _enough_ is made to rhyme with _slough_, i. e. _slow_ or _slew_, the past tense of _slay_. MR. WRIGHT will find this to be so by looking into Richardson's quotations. The word, he will see also, was from very early times written, as still not unfrequently pronounced, _enew_ or _enow_.

Q.

Bloomsbury.

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"What Horace Walpole attempted, and what Sir Charles Lock Eastlake has done for oil-painting--elucidated its history and traced its progress in England by means of the records of expenses and mandates of the successive Sovereigns of the realm--Mr. Hudson Turner has now achieved for Domestic Architecture in this country during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries."--_Architect._

"The writer of the present volume ranks among the most intelligent of the craft, and a careful perusal of its contents will convince the reader of the enormous amount of labour bestowed on its minutest details, as well as the discriminating judgment presiding over the general arrangement."--_Morning Chronicle._

"The book of which the title is given above is one of the very few attempts that have been made in this country to treat this interesting subject in anything more than a superficial manner.

"Mr. Turner exhibits much learning and research, and he has consequently laid before the reader much interesting information. It is a book that was wanted, and that affords us some relief from the mass of works on Ecclesiastical Architecture with which of late years we have been deluged.

"The work is well illustrated throughout with wood-engravings of the more interesting remains, and will prove a valuable addition to the antiquary's library."--_Literary Gazette._

"It is as a text-book on the social comforts and condition of the Squires and Gentry of England during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, that the leading value of Mr. Turner's present publication will be found to consist.

"Turner's handsomely-printed volume is profusely illustrated with careful woodcuts of all important existing remains, made from drawings by Mr. Blore and Mr. Twopeny."--_Athenæum._

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.

* * * * *

Now ready, price 21_s._ uniform with the above,

THE DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. Vol. II.--THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. By the Editor of "The Glossary of Architecture."

This volume is issued on the plan adopted by the late Mr. Hudson Turner in the previous volume: viz., collecting matter relating to Domestic buildings of the Period, from contemporary records, and applying the information so acquired to the existing remains.

Not only does the volume contain much curious information both as to the buildings and manners and customs of the time, but it is also hoped that the large collection of careful Engravings of the finest examples will prove as serviceable to the profession and their employers in building mansions, as the Glossary was found to be in building churches.

The Text is interspersed throughout with numerous woodcuts.

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford, and 377. Strand, London.

* * * * *

BANK OF DEPOSIT.

7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, London.

PARTIES desirous Of INVESTING MONEY are requested to examine the Plan of this Institution, by which a high rate of Interest may be obtained with perfect Security.

Interest payable in January and July.

PETER MORRISON,
Managing Director.

Prospectuses free on application.

* * * * *

PUBLISHED BY MR. JOHN HENRY PARKER.

AN ARCHITECTURAL ACCOUNT OF EVERY CHURCH IN ENGLAND, its Dedication, supposed Date of Erection or Alteration, Objects of Interest in or near, Notices of Fonts, Glass, Furniture, and other details. Also Lists of Dated Examples, Works relating to the County, &c.

Already published.

BEDFORDSHIRE, 2_s._ 6_d._
BERKSHIRE, 2_s._ 6_d._
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, 2_s._ 6_d._
CAMBRIDGESHIRE, 4_s._
HUNTINGDONSHIRE, 2_s._ 6_d._
OXFORDSHIRE, 2_s._ 6_d._
SUFFOLK in the Press.

N.B.--Each Church has been personally surveyed for the occasion by some competent antiquary.

THE SCULPTURES OF WELLS CATHEDRAL, with an Appendix on the Sculptures of other Mediæval Churches in England. By C. R. COCKERELL, ESQ., Professor R.A., 4to. with numerous Illustrations. 21_s._

JOHN HENRY PARKER. Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.

* * * * *

THE GRIMALDI SHAKESPEARE.

Now ready in 8vo., with fac-similes, 1_s._

NOTES and EMENDATIONS on the PLAYS of SHAKESPEARE, from a recently discovered annotated Copy by the late JOSEPH GRIMALDI, ESQ., Comedian.

J. RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square.

* * * * *

Just published, price 10_s._ 6_d._

THE PHOTOGRAPHIC ALBUM. Part IV.

Containing Four Pictures:--

UMBERSLEY PARK. By Alfred Rosling.
PENSHURST CASTLE. By Philip Delamotte.
THE RUINED FARM. By Hugh Owen.
THE VILLAGE ELM. By Joseph Cundall.

Parts I. II. and III. are now reprinted. Part V. will shortly be ready.

Just published, price 16_s._

PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES. Part II. By GEORGE SHAW, ESQ., of Queens College. Birmingham.

THE FOREST AT NOON.
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