Chapter C: H. F

_Paradise Lost._--In _A Treatise on the Dramatic Literature of the Greeks_, by the Rev. J. R. Darley, I read the following remark:

"In our own literature also, the efforts of our early dramatists were
directed to subjects derived from religion; even the _Paradise Lost_ is
composed of a series of minor pieces, originally cast in dramatic form,
of which the creation and fall of man, and the several episodes which
were introduced subordinately to these grand events, were the
subject-matter."

This statement being at variance with the received opinion, that Milton, from his early youth, had meditated the composition of an epic poem, I would inquire whether there is any evidence to support Mr. Darley's view? Milton has been charged with having borrowed the design of _Paradise Lost_ from some Italian author; and this allegation, coupled with that made by Mr. Darley, would, if founded, reduce our great national epic to what Hazlitt has described as "patchwork and plagiarism, the beggarly copiousness of borrowed wealth."

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

_Colonel Hyde Seymour._--Who was "Colonel Hyde Seymour?" I find his name written in a book, _The Life of William the Third_, 1703.

H. T. ELLACOMBE.

_Vault at Richmond, Yorkshire._--In Speed's plan of Richmond, in Yorkshire, is represented the mouth of a "vault that goeth under the river, and ascendeth up into the Castell." Was there ever such a vault, and how came it to be destroyed or lost sight of? One who knows Richmond well tells me that he never heard of it.

O. L. R. G.

_Poems published at Manchester._--Can any contributor to "N. & Q." inform me who was the author of a volume of _Poems on Several Occasions_, published by subscription at Manchester; printed for the author by R. Whitworth, in the year 1733? It is an 8vo. of 138 pages; has on the title-page a line from Ovid:

"Jure, tibi grates, candide lector, ago,"

and begins with an "Address to all my Subscribers;" after which follow several pages of subscribers' names, which consist chiefly of Staffordshire and Cheshire gentry. My copy (for the possession of which I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Bliss, the Principal of St. Mary's Hall, Oxford) was formerly in the library of Mr. Heber, who has thus noted its purchase on the fly-leaf, "Feb. 1811, Ford, Manchester, 7s. 6d." Dr. Bliss has added, on the same fly-leaf, "Heber's fourth sale, No. 1908, not in the Bodleian Catalogue." The first poem in the book is "A Pastoral to the Memory of Sir Thomas Delves, Baronet." It is probably a scarce book; but possibly some of your book-learned correspondents may help me to the author's name.

W. SNEYD.

Denton.

_Handel's Dettingen Te Deum._--Any information as to the circumstances under which Handel composed this celebrated _Te Deum_, and the place {389} and occasion of its first public performance, will be welcome to

PHILO-HANDEL.

_Edmund Spenser and Sir Hans Sloane, Bart._--As I believe myself (morally speaking) to be _lineally_ descended from the former of these celebrated men, and _collaterally_ from the latter, may I request that information may be forwarded me, either through your columns or by correspondence, regarding the descendants of the great poet and his ancestry; and also whether, among the many thousand volumes bequeathed by Sir Hans to the nation, some record does not exist tending to prove his genealogical descent? At present I know of no other pedigree than that Mr. Burke has given of him in his _Extinct Baronetage_. I shall feel exceedingly gratified if any assistance can be given me relating to these two families.

W. SLOANE SLOANE-EVANS.

Cornworthy Vicarage, Totnes.

* * * * *

Minor Queries with Answers.

_The Ligurian Sage._--In Gifford's _Mæviad_, lines 313-316, I read,--

"Together we explored the stoic page
Of the Ligurian, stern tho' beardless sage!
Or trac'd the Aquinian thro' the Latin road,
And trembled at the lashes he bestow'd."

The Aquinian is of course Juvenal; but I must confess me at fault with respect to the Ligurian.

W. T. M.

[The Ligurian sage is no doubt Aulus Persius Flaccus, who, according to
ancient authors, was born at Volaterræ in Etruria; but some modern
writers conclude that he was born at Lunæ Portus in Liguria, from the
following lines (Sat. VI. 6.), which seem to relate to the place of his
residence:

"Mihi nunc Ligus ora
Intepet, hybernatque _meum_ mare, qua latus ingens
Dant scopuli, et multa littus se valle receptat.
_Lunai portum_ est operæ cognoscere, cives."

When approaching the verge of manhood, Persius became the pupil of
Cornutus the Stoic, and his death took place before he had completed
his twenty-eighth year.]

_Gresebrok in Yorkshire._--Can you or any of your correspondents give me any information as to what part of Yorkshire the manor of Gresebrok lies in? In Shaw's _History of Staffordshire_ (2 vols. folio), there is a "Bartholomew de Gresebrok" mentioned as witness to a deed of Henry III.'s times made between Robert de Grendon, Lord of Shenston, and Jno. de Baggenhall; which family of Gresebrok, it is said, "probably took their name from a _manor so called in Yorkshire_, and had property and residence in Shenstone, from this early period to the beginning of the century, many of whom are recorded in the registers from 1590 to 1722."

The above is quoted by Shaw from Sanders's _History of Shenstone_, p. 98., and perhaps some of your correspondents may possess that work, and will oblige me by transcribing the necessary information.

Any particulars of the above family will much oblige your constant reader

[Greek: Hêraldikos.]

[According to Sanders, the family of Greisbrook was formerly of some
note at Shenstone. He says that "Greisbrook, whence the family had
their name, is a manor in Yorkshire, which, in the reign of Henry III.,
was in the great House of Mowbray, of whom the Greisbrooks held their
lands. Roger de Greisbrook (temp. Henry II.) is mentioned as holding of
the fee of Alice, Countess of Augie, or Ewe, daughter of William de
Albiney, Earl of Arundel, by Queen Alice, relict of Henry I." Then
follow some particulars of various branches of the family, from the
year 1580 to the death of Robert Greisbrook in 1718. Sanders's History
is included in vol. ix. of _Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica_.]

_Stillingfleet's Library._--The extensive and valuable library of Edward Stillingfleet, the learned Bishop of Worcester, who died in 1699, is said to be contained in the library of Primate Marsh, St. Patrick's, Dublin. Can any of your correspondents state how it came there? Was it bequeathed by the bishop, or sold by his descendants? He died at Westminster, and was buried in Worcester Cathedral.

J. B. WHITBORNE.

[Bishop Stillingfleet's library was purchased by Archbishop Marsh for
his public library in Dublin. A few years since Robert Travers, Esq.,
M.D., of Dundrum near Dublin, was engaged in preparing for publication
a catalogue of Stillingfleet's printed books, amounting to near 10,000
volumes. The bishop's MSS. were bought by the late Earl of Oxford, and
are now in the Harleian Collection. See _The Life of Bishop
Stillingfleet_, 8vo., 1735, p. 135., and _Biog. Brit._ s. v.]

_The whole System of Law._--On December 26, 1651, the Long Parliament, stimulated by Cromwell to various important reforms in civil matters, resolved,--

"That it be referred to persons out of the House to take into
consideration what inconveniences there are in the law, and how the
mischiefs that grow from the delays, the chargeableness, and the
irregularities in the proceedings of the law, may be prevented; and the
speediest way to reform the same."

The commission thus appointed consisted twenty-one persons, among whom were Sir Mathew Hale, Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, and John Rushworth. They seem to have set to work with great vigour, and submitted a variety of important measures to Parliament, many of which were {390} adopted. They also prepared a document "containing the whole system of the law," which was read to the House on January 20 and 21, 1652; and it was resolved "That three hundred copies of the said book be forthwith printed, to be delivered to members of the Parliament only."

Is anything known of this work at the present day?

A LEGULEIAN.

[It appears doubtful whether this work was ever printed, for in a
pamphlet published April 27, 1653, entitled _A Supply to a Draught of
an Act or System proposed (as is reported) by the Committee for
Regulations concerning the Law_, &c., the writer thus notices
it:--"Having _lately heard_ of some propositions called 'The System of
the Law,' which are said to be intended preparatives to several Acts of
Parliament touching the regulation of the law, we cannot but with
thankfulness acknowledge the care and industry of those worthy persons
who contrived the same, it containing many good and wholesome
provisions for the future perpetual good and quiet of the nation.... We
know not, at present, wherein we could give a more visible testimony of
our affections to the peaceable government of the free people here,
than by offering to them and the supreme authority, what we humbly
conceive prejudicial and inconvenient to well-government, in case that
System (_as it is said to be now prepared_) should take effect." A week
before the publication of this work, the Long Parliament had been
turned out of doors by Cromwell.]

_Saint Malachy on the Popes._--Saint Malachy, Archbishop of Armagh, who flourished in the first half of the twelfth century, is said to be the author of a curious prophecy respecting the Popes. Some years ago I met with this prophecy in an old French almanack, and was particularly struck with its applicability to the life and character of the present Pope; but I omitted to make a Note.

Can you inform me where I may find a copy of this prophecy?

HENRY H. BREEN.

[St. Malachy's hieroglyphical descriptions or prophecy on the
succession of Roman Pontiffs will be found in _Flosculi Historici
delibati nunc delibatiores redditi, sive Historia Universalis_; Auctore
Joanne de Bussières, Societatis Jesu Sacerdote, Oxon. 1668. An
explanation of each prophecy is given from the pontificate of Celestus
II. A.D. 1143, to that of Innocent X. A.D. 1644. The present Pope being
the nineteenth from Innocent X., the following prophecy relates to him,
"Crux de Cruce." We subjoin the remainder: 20. Lumen in coelo. 21.
Ignis ardens. 22. Religio depopulata. 23. Fides intrepida. 24. Pastor
angelicus. 25. Pastor et nauta. 26. Flos Florum. 27. De medietate lunæ.
28. De labore solis. 29 Gloria Olivæ. St. Malachy concludes his
prophecy with the following prediction of the downfall of the Roman
Church: "In persecutione extrema Sacræ Romanæ Ecclesiæ sedebit Petrus
Romanus, qui pascet oves in multis tribulationibus; quibus transactis
civitas septicollis diruetur, et Judex tremendus judicabit populum."]

_Work on the Human Figure._--A few years ago there was a little work published on _Dress and the Art of improving the Human Figure_, by (I believe) a nobleman's valet: I wish to consult this for a literary purpose, and should be much obliged to any of your readers who can favour me with the exact title and date.

CHARLES DEMAYNE.

[The following two works on dress appear in the _London Catalogue:--The
Whole Art of Dress_, by a Country Officer, 12mo. Lond. 1830; and _The
Art of Dress, or a Guide to the Toilette_, fcp. 8vo., Lond. 1839.]

* * * * *

Replies.

"NAMBY-PAMBY," AND OTHER WORDS OF THE SAME FORM.

(Vol. viii., p. 318.)

The origin of the word _namby-pamby_ is explained in the following passage of Johnson's _Life of Ambrose Philips_:

"The pieces that please best are those which from Pope and Pope's
adherents procured him the name of _namby-pamby_, the poems of short
lines, by which he paid his court to all ages and characters--from
Walpole, 'the steerer of the realm,' to Miss Pulteney in the nursery.
The numbers are smooth and sprightly, and the diction is seldom faulty.
They are not loaded with much thought, yet, if they had been written by
Addison, they would have had admirers. Little things are not valued but
when they are done by those who can do greater."

In the _Treatise on the Bathos_, the _infantine_ style is exclusively exemplified by passages from Ambrose Philips:

"This [says Pope] is when a poet grows so very simple as to think and
talk like a child. I shall take my examples from the greatest master in
this way: hear how he fondles like a mere stammerer:

'Little charm of placid mien,
Miniature of Beauty's queen,
Hither, British Muse of mine,
Hither, all ye Grecian nine,
With the lovely Graces three,
And your pretty nursling see.
When the meadows next are seen,
Sweet enamel, white and green;
When again the lambkins play,
Pretty sportlings full of May,
Then the neck so white and round,
(Little neck with brilliants bound)
And thy gentleness of mind,
(Gentle from a gentle kind), &c.
Happy thrice, and thrice again,
Happiest he of happy men,' &c.

And the rest of those excellent lullabies of his composition."--C. xi.

These verses are stated by Warburton, in his note on the passage, to be taken from a poem to {391} Miss Cuzzona. They are however in fact selected from two poems addressed to daughters of Lord Carteret, and are put together arbitrarily, out of the order in which they stand in the original poems. There is a short poem by Philips in the same metre, addressed to Signora Cuzzoni, and dated May 25, 1724, beginning, "Little syren of the stage;" but none of the verses quoted in the _Treatise on the Bathos_ are extracted from it.

_Namby-pamby_ belongs to a tolerably numerous class of words in our language, all formed on the same rhyming principle. They are all familiar, and some of them childish; which last circumstance probably suggested to Pope the invention of the word _namby-pamby_, in order to designate the infantine style which Ambrose Philips had introduced. Many of them, however, are used by old and approved writers; and the principle upon which they are formed must be of great antiquity in our language. The following is a collection of words which are all formed in this manner:

_Bow-wow._--A word coined in imitation of a dog's bark. Compare the French _aboyer_.

_Chit-chat._--Formed by reduplication from _chat_. A word (says Johnson) used in ludicrous conversation. It occurs in the _Spectator_ and _Tatler_.

_Fiddle-faddle._--Formed in a similar manner from _to fiddle_, in its sense of _to trifle_. It occurs in the _Spectator_.

_Flim-flam._--An old word, of which examples are cited from Beaumont and Fletcher, and Swift. It is formed from _flam_, which Johnson calls "a cant word of no certain etymology." _Flam_, for a lie, a cheat, is however used by South, Barrow, and Warburton, and therefore at one time obtained an admission into dignified style. See Nares' _Glossary_ in v.

_Hab or nab._--That is, according to Nares, have or have not; subsequently abridged into _hab, nab_. _Hob or nob_ is explained by him to mean "Will you have a glass of wine or not?" _Hob, nob_ is applied by Shakspeare to another alternative, viz. give or take (_Twelfth Night_, Act III. Sc. 4.). See Nares in v. _Habbe or Nabbe_.

_Handy-dandy._--"A play in which children change hands and places" (Johnson). Formed from hand. The word is used by Shakspeare.

_Harum-scarum._--"A low but frequent expression applied to flighty persons; persons always in a hurry" (Todd). Various conjectures are offered respecting its origin: the most probable seems to be, that it is derived from _scare_. The Anglo-Saxon word _hearmsceare_ means punishment (see Grimm, _Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer_, p. 681.); but although the similarity of sound is remarkable, it is difficult to understand how _harum-scarum_ can be connected with it.

_Helter-skelter._--Used by Shakspeare. Several derivations for this word are suggested, but none probable.

_Higgledy-piggledy._--"A cant word, corrupted from _higgle_, which denotes any confused mass, as _higglers_ carry a huddle of provisions together" (Johnson). It seems more probable that the word is formed from _pig_; and that it alludes to the confused and indiscriminate manner in which pigs lie together. In other instances (as _chit-chat_, _flim-flam_, _pit-a-pat_, _shilly-shally_, _slip-slop_, and perhaps _harum-scarum_), the word which forms the basis of the rhyming reduplication stands second, and not first.

_Hocus-pocus._--The words _ocus bochus_ appear, from a passage cited in Todd, to have been used anciently by Italian conjurers. The fanciful idea of Tillotson, that _hocus-pocus_ is a corruption of the words _hoc est corpus_, is well known. Compare Richardson _in v._

_Hoddy-doddy._--This ancient word has various meanings (see Richardson _in v._). As used by Ben Jonson and Swift, it is expressive of contempt. In Holland's translation of Pliny it signifies a snail. There is likewise a nursery rhyme or riddle:

"Hoddy-doddy,
All legs and no body."

_Hodge-podge_ appears to be a corruption of _hotch-pot_. It occurs in old writers. (See Richardson in _Hotch-pot_.)

_Hoity-toity._--Thoughtless, giddy. Formed from the old word _to hoit_, to dance or leap, to indulge in riotous mirth. See Nares in _Hoit_ and _Hoyt_.

_Hubble-bubble._--A familiar word, formed from _bubble_. Not in the dictionaries.

_Hubbub._--Used by Spenser, and other good writers. Richardson derives it from _hoop_ or _whoop_, shout or yell. It seems rather a word formed in imitation of the confused inarticulate noise produced by the mixture of numerous voices, like _mur-mur_ in Latin.

_Hugger-mugger._--Used by Spenser, Shakspeare, and other old writers. The etymology is uncertain. Compare Jamieson in _Hudge-mudge_. The latter part of the word seems to be allied with _smuggle_, and the former part to be the reduplication. The original and proper sense of hugger-mugger is secretly. See Nares _in v._, who derives it from _to hugger_, to lurk about; but query whether such a word can be shown to have existed?

_Humpty-dumpty._--Formed from _hump_. This word occurs in the nursery rhyme:

"_Humpty-dumpty_ sat on a wall,
_Humpty-dumpty_ had a great fall," &c.

_Hurdy-gurdy._--The origin of this word, which is quoted from no writer earlier than Foote, has not been explained. See Todd _in v._

_Hurly-burly._--This old word occurs in the well-known verses in the opening scene of _Macbeth_--

"When the _hurly burly's_ done,
When the battle's lost and won"--

{392} where see the notes of the commentators for other instances of it. There are rival etymologies for this word, but all uncertain. The French has _hurlu-burlu_. Nares in _Hurly_.

_Hurry-scurry._--This word, formed from _hurry_, is used by Gray in his _Long Story_.

_Nick-nack._--A small ornament. Not in the dictionaries.

_Pic-nic._--For the derivation of this word, which seems to be of French origin, see "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., pp. 240. 387.

_Pit-pat, or Pit-a-pat._--A word formed from _pat_, and particularly applied to the pulsations of the heart, when accelerated by emotion. Used by Ben Jonson and Dryden. Congreve writes it _a-pit-pat_.

_Riff-raff._--The refuse of anything, "Il ne lui lairra rif ny raf." Cotgrave in _Rif_, where _rif_ is said to mean nothing.

_Rolly-pooly._--"A sort of game" (Johnson). It is now used as the name of a pudding rolled with sweetmeat.

_Rowdy-dowdy, and Rub-a-dub._--Words formed in imitation of the beat of a drum.

_Shilly-shally._--Used by Congreve, and formerly written "shill I, shall I."

_Slip-slop._--"Bad liquor. A low word, formed by reduplication of _slop_" (Johnson). Now generally applied to errors in pronunciation, arising from ignorance and carelessness, like those of Mrs. Malaprop in _The Rivals_.

_Tip-top._--Formed from _top_, like _slip-slop_ from _slop_.

_Tirra-lirra._--Used by Shakspeare:

"The lark that _tirra lirra_ chants."--_Winter's Tale_, Act IV. Sc. 2.

From the French, see Nares _in v._

The preceding collection is intended merely to illustrate the principle upon which this class of words are formed, and does not aim at completeness. Some of your correspondents will doubtless, if they are disposed, be able to supply other examples of the same mode of formation.

L.

* * * * *

EARL OF OXFORD.

(Vol. viii., p. 292.)

S. N. will find the Earl's answer in a volume, not very common now, entitled _A Compleat and Impartial History of the Impeachments of the Last Ministry_, London, 8vo., 1716. The charge respecting the creation of twelve peers in one day formed the 16th article of the impeachment. I inclose a copy of the answer, if not too long for your pages.

G.

"In answer to the 16th article, the said Earl doth insist, that by the
laws and constitution of this realm, it is the undoubted right and
prerogative of the Sovereign, who is the fountain of honor, to create
peers of this realm, as well in time of Parliament as when there is no
Parliament sitting or in being; and that the exercise of this branch of
the prerogative is declared in the form or preamble of all patents of
honor, to proceed _ex mero motu_, as an act of mere grace and favor,
and that such acts are not done as many other acts of public nature
are, by and with the advice of the Privy Council; or as acts of pardon
usually run, upon a favorable representation of several circumstances,
or upon reports from the Attorney-General or other officers, that such
acts are lawful or expedient, or for the safety or advantage of the
Crown; but flows entirely from the beneficent and gracious disposition
of the Sovereign. He farther says, that neither the warrants for
patents of honor, the bills or other engrossments of such patents, are
at any time communicated to the council or the treasury, as several
other patents are; and therefore the said Earl, either as High
Treasurer or Privy Councillor, could not have any knowledge of the
same: Nevertheless, if her late sacred Majesty had thought fit to
acquaint him with her most gracious intentions of creating any number
of peers of this realm, and had asked his opinion, whether the persons
whom she then intended to create were persons proper to have been
promoted to that dignity, he does believe he should have highly
approved her Majesty's choice; and does not apprehend that in so doing
he had been guilty of any breach of his duty, or violation of the trust
in him reposed; since they were all persons of honor and distinguished
merit, and the peerage thereby was not greatly increased, considering
some of those created would have been peers by descent, and many noble
families were then lately extinct: And the said Earl believes many
instances may be given where this prerogative hath been exercised by
former princes of this realm, in as extensive a manner; and
particularly in the reigns of King Henry the Eighth, King James the
First, and his late Majesty King William. The said Earl begs leave to
add, that in the whole course of his life he hath always loved the
established constitution, and in his private capacity as well as in all
public stations, when he had the honor to be employed, has ever done
his utmost to preserve it, and shall always continue so to do."

* * * * *

PICTS' HOUSES.

(Vol. viii., p. 264.)

The mention there made of the recent discovery of one of these subterranean vaults or passages in Aberdeenshire, induces me to ask a question in regard to two subterranean passages which have lately been discovered in Berwickshire, and which so far differ from all others that I have heard or read of, that whereas all of them seem to have been built at the sides with large flat stones, and roofed with similar ones, and then covered with earth, those which I am about to mention are both hewn out of the solid rock. They are both situated in the Lammermoor range of hills. Those persons who have seen them are at a loss to know for what {393} purpose they could have been excavated, unless for the purpose of sepulture in the times of the aborigines, or of very early inhabitants of Britain, as they in many respects resemble those stone graves which are mentioned in Worsaae's _Description of the Primæval Antiquities of Denmark_, translated and applied to the illustration of similar remains in England by Mr. Thoms.

One of these cavities is situated on a remote pasture farm, among the hills belonging to the Earl of Lauderdale, called Braidshawrigg; and was discovered by a shepherd very near his own house, within less than a quarter of a mile up a small stream which runs past it, and on the opposite side of the water, a few yards up the steep hill. The shepherd had observed for some time that one of his dogs was in the habit of going into what he supposed to be a rabbit hole at this place, and when he was missing and called, he generally came out of this hole. At last, curiosity led his master to take a spade and dig into it; and he soon found that, after digging down into the soil to the rock, the cavity became larger, and had evidently been the work of human hands. Information was given to Lord Lauderdale, and the rubbish was cleared away. It (the rubbish) did not extend far in, and after that the passage was clear. The excavation consists of a passage cut nearly north and south (the entrance being to the south) through various strata of solid rocks, partly grauwacke, (or what is there called _whinstone_), and partly grey slate: the strata lying east and west, and nearly vertical. The whole length of it is seventy-four feet. From the entrance the passage, for four or five yards, slopes downwards into the hill; it then runs horizontally the length of sixty-three feet from the entrance, when it changes its direction at right angles to the westward for a distance of eleven feet; when it ends with the solid rock. It is regularly from three feet four inches to three feet six inches wide, and about seven feet high, the ceiling being somewhat circular. The floor is the rock cut square. The time and labour must have been great to cut this passage, as not more than one man could conveniently quarry the rock at the same time. It might have been supposed that this was a level to a mine, as copper has been worked in this range farther eastward; but the passage does not follow any vein, but cuts across all the strata, and keeps a straight line, till it turns westward, and then in another straight line; and the floors, sides, and roof are all made quite regular and even with a pickaxe or a hammer. There does not appear to have been at any time any other habitation than the shepherd's house, and another cottage a little lower down the stream, in the neighbourhood. The discovery of this cavern recalled to the recollection of myself, and some of my family, that a few years ago, in cutting a road through the rock into a whinstone quarry, about four miles south of Braidshawrigg, near a mill, we had cut across the east end of a passage somewhat similar to the one before mentioned, but running east and west; that we had cleared it out for a short way, but as it then went under a corner of one of the houses belonging to the mill, we stopped, for fear of bringing down the building, as this passage, though cut out of the solid rock, was not a mine, but had been worked to the surface; and, if it ever had been used for purposes of sepulture, must have been roofed with flagstones, and then covered with earth like other Picts' houses. But these roof-stones must have been carried away, and the whole trench was filled with rubbish, and all trace of it on the surface was obliterated. This passage we have lately opened, and cleared out. To the westward it passes into the adjoining water-mill, which is itself in great part formed by excavation of the rock; and the east wall of the upper part of the mill is arched over the passage. Beyond the west wall of the mill which adjoins the stream, there is a continuation of the trench through the rock down to the water, which serves to take away that which passes over the millwheel at right angles to where the rock has been cut away to make room for the millwheel itself. That which has been cut away in making the trench, is a seam of clay slate about three feet six inches in breadth, between two solid whinstone rocks. The length of the passage, from the east end, which terminated in rock, to the mill, is sixty-three feet. The mill is thirty feet, and the cut beyond it twelve feet: in all, one hundred and five feet. The average depth is about twelve feet; but as it slopes down to the stream, some of it is sixteen feet deep. It has been suggested that it might have been dug out in order to obtain the coarse slate; but the difficulty of working a confined seam like this, in any other way than by picking it out piecemeal with immense labour, seems impossible. It can never have been meant to convey water to the mill, as the highest part begins in the solid rock, and the object must always have been to keep the water on the highest possible level, until it reached the top of the millwheel. Nothing was found in either of these excavations.--After this long discussion, Query, What can have been the purpose for which these laborious works can have been executed?

J. S. S.

* * * * *

PRONUNCIATION OF "HUMBLE."

(Vol. viii., pp. 229. 298.)

It is my misfortune entirely to differ from MR. DAWSON (p. 229.) and MR. CROSSLEY (p. 298.) as to the pronunciation of _humble_; and permit me to say (with all courtesy) that I was unfeignedly surprised at the latter's assertion, that sounding {394} the _h_ is "a recent attempt to introduce a mispronunciation," as I have known that mode of pronunciation all but universally prevalent for nearly the last forty years; and I have had pretty good opportunities for observing what the general usage in that respect was, as I was for some years at a very large public school, then at Oxford for more than the usual time, and have since resided in London more than twenty-five years, practising as a barrister in Westminster Hall, and on one of the largest circuits. If, therefore, I have not had ample means of judging as to the pronunciation of _humble_, I know not where the means are to be found; especially as I doubt whether _humble_ and _humbly_ are anywhere so frequently used as in courts: a counsel rarely making a speech without "_humbly_ submitting" or making a "_humble_ application." Now the result of my experience is, that the _h_ is almost universally sounded; and at this moment I cannot call to mind a single gentleman who omits it, who does not also omit it in many other instances where no doubt can exist that it ought to be sounded.

MR. DAWSON believes the sounding the _h_ to be "one of those, either Oxford, or Cambridge, or both, peculiarities of which no reasonable explanation can be given." Now I believe MR. DAWSON is right in supposing that that usage is general both at Oxford and Cambridge, and I rather think that not only an explanation of the fact may be given, but that the fact itself, that in both the Universities the _h_ is sounded, is extremely cogent evidence that it is correct. It cannot be doubted that the fact that a word is spelled with certain letters is clear proof that, at the time when that spelling was adopted, the word was so sounded as to give a distinct sound to each of the letters used, and that clearly must have been the case with words beginning with _h_ especially. When, therefore, the present spelling of _humble_ was adopted, the _h_ was sounded. Now, whilst I freely admit that the utterance of any word may be changed--"Si volet usus, quem penes arbitrium est, et jus et norma loquendi"--still it cannot be questioned that the usage must be so general, clear, and distinct among the better educated classes (where-ever they may have received their education) as to leave no reasonable doubt about the matter; and that it lies on those who assert that such a change has taken place, to show such a usage as I have mentioned. And when the number of the members of the Universities is considered, and their position as men of education, it must at least admit of doubt whether, if a general usage prevailed among them to pronounce a particular word in the manner in which it originally was pronounced, this would not alone prevent a different pronunciation among others from having that general prevalence, which would be sufficient to justify a change in the utterance of such word.

But let us consider whether the usage of the Universities is not very cogent evidence that the _h_ is generally sounded throughout England, 1. Each University contains a large number of the higher and better educated classes. 2. The members come from all parts of England indiscriminately. 3. Infinitely the majority come from schools; and some of the large schools have generally many members at each University. By such persons the pronunciation of the schools cannot fail to be represented. 4. Every one on entering the University is expected at least to know his own language. 5. There is no instruction, as far as I know (however much the fact may be to be regretted), ever given in English at either University. 6. There is a perpetual change of about a third of the members every year, few remaining above three years. Now can any one, who candidly considers these facts, doubt that a usage in pronouncing a particular word at _either_ University if generally prevalent, is very strong evidence that the same usage is generally prevalent throughout England; but if any one does entertain such a doubt, surely it must be done away, when he finds that the same usage prevails at _both_ Universities; though there exists such a degree of rivalry between them as would prevent the one from adopting from the other any usage which was liable to any the least doubt, and though there is no communication between them that could account for the same usage prevailing in both.

MR. CROSSLEY appeals to the Prayer Book as a decisive authority, and instances "an _humble_," &c. If any one will examine the Prayer Book, he will find that it is no authority at all; as "an" is at least as often used erroneously before _h_ as not. In reading over the first sixty-eight Psalms, I found the following instances--Ps. xxvii. 3. and Ps. xxxiii. 15., "An host of men;" Ps. xlvii. 4. and Ps. lxi. 5., "An heritage;" Ps. xlix. 18., "An happy man," Ps. lv. 5., "An horrible dread;" Ps. lxviii. 15., "An high hill." And in the same Psalms I only found _one_ instance of _a_ before _h_, viz. in Ps. xxxiii. 16., "A horse;" and in this case the Bible version has "An horse." In the first Lesson for the 19th Sunday after Trinity, Dan. iii. 4., "An herald," and 27., "An hair of their head," occur; and in the next chapter (iv. 13.), "An holy one." It is plain from these instances (and doubtless many others may be found), that the use of "an" before _h_, in the Bible or Prayer Book, can afford no test whatever whether the _h_ ought to be sounded or not.

S. G. C.

After the sensible Note of your correspondent E. H., it is perhaps hardly necessary to say more on the subject of aspirated and mute _h_. If these remarks, therefore, seem superfluous, they may easily be suppressed, and that too without any offence to the writer. {395}

It is very dangerous to dogmatise on the English language. We really have no authority to which we can confidently appeal, except the usage of good society: "Quem penes arbitrium est, et jus et norma loquendi." Unfortunately, however, every man is convinced, that in _his own_ society that usage is to be found; and your correspondents, who have agreed in approving the _Heapian_ pronunciation, will probably, on that ground, still retain the same opinion.

The only words in the English language, in which _h_ is written, but not pronounced, are words derived from Latin through the French; but of these, many in English retain the aspirate, though in French nearly all lose it. The exceptions collected by E. H. satisfactorily prove that we do not follow the French rule implicitly. They indeed carry the non-aspiration farther than to words of Latin derivation. They omit the aspirate to nearly all words derived from Greek. This we never do. I think that E. H.'s rule, of always aspirating _h_ before _u_, is not entirely without exceptions. Except in Ireland, I never heard _humour_ or _humorous_ aspirated, though in _humid_ and _humect_ the _h_ is always sounded. If this be right, it depends solely on the usage of good society, and not on rules laid down by Walker or Lindley Murray, whose authority we do _not_ acknowledge as infallible. I may here remark, that no arguments can be drawn from our Liturgy or translation of the Bible that would not prove too much. If, because we find in our Liturgy "an _humble_, lowly, and obedient heart," we are to read "an _'umble_," we must also read "an 'undred, an 'ouse, an 'eap, an 'eart;" for _an_ was prefixed in our Liturgy as well as in our translated Bible to _every_ word beginning with _h_, and not (as one of your correspondents supposes) only to words beginning with silent _h_. Among young clergymen there is a growing habit (derived I suppose from Walker, or other such sources) of indulging in the _Heapian_ dialect. I think Mr. Dickens will have done us more good by his ridicule, than will ever be effected by serious arguments; and I feel as much obliged to him as to E. H. To show how dangerous it is to be bound by a mere grammarian authority, a disciple of Vaugelas or Restaut (no insignificant names in French philology) would be led to read _les héros_ as if it were "les zéros."

E. C. H.

* * * * *

SCHOOL LIBRARIES.

(Vol. viii., p. 220.)

I can answer MR. WELD TAYLOR for at least one public school having no library, nor any books for other purposes than tasks, _i.e._ Christ's Hospital, London: whether any other metropolitan schools are provided with books I do not know. When I was at the above school, at all events, we had no books except for learning out of; whether reform has crept in since I was there, twenty-five years ago, I cannot say. I speak of then, not now.

I remember very well a dusty cupboard with "Read, Mark, Learn," painted in ostentatious letters on it. And these profound words were just like a park gate with high iron railings, where you may peep in and get no farther--no more could we: for we never saw the inside of it, and nobody could say where the key was, therefore what flowery _pleasaunce_ of knowledge it contained nobody perhaps knows to this day. I also remember how greedily any entertaining book was borrowed, begged, and circulated; and thumbed and dog's-eared to admiration. _Rasselas_ and _Gulliver's Travels_, _Robinson Crusoe_, or _Sandford and Merton_, poor things! they became at last what might be supposed a public arsenal of umbrellas would at the last.

When I reflect on that time, and the dreary winter's evenings, trundled to bed almost by daylight, my very heart sinks. What a luxury if some Christian had been allowed to read aloud for an hour, instead of lying awake studying the ghastly lamp that swung from the ceiling in the dormitory; or if some one with a modicum of information had given half an hour's lecture on some entertaining branch of science. Perhaps these antique schools are reformed in some measure, or perhaps they are waiting till their betters are.

I observe, however, that certain parish work-house schools have, within these few days, taken the hint. Perhaps our public schools, for some are very wealthy, may be able to afford to follow their example.

E. H.

Wimborne Minster, Dorset.

Marlborough College possesses a library of about four thousand volumes, entirely the munificent contribution of Mr. M^cGeachy, one of the council. The boys of the fifth and sixth forms are allowed access daily at certain fixed hours, the librarian being present. In addition to this, libraries are now being formed in each house, which are maintained by small half-yearly subscriptions, and which will contain books of a more amusing character, and better suited for the younger boys.

B. J.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

_Albumenized Paper._--If this subject be not already exhausted, the following account of my method of preparing the material in question, which differs in some few important particulars from any I have seen published, may be of interest to some of my brother operators. {396}

I have, after a very considerable number of experiments, succeeded in producing the _very highly_ varnished appearance so conspicuous in some of the foreign proofs; and although I cannot say I admire it in general, more especially as regards landscapes, yet it is sometimes very effective for portraits, giving a depth of tone to the shadows, and a roundness to the flesh, which is very striking. Moreover, a photographer may just as well be acquainted with every kind of manipulation connected with the art.

Having but a very moderate amount of spare time, and that at uncertain intervals, to devote to this seductive pursuit, I am always a great stickler for _economy of time_ in all the processes, as well as for economy of material, the former with me having, perhaps, a shade more influence than the latter.

As in all other processes, I find that the _kind of paper_ made use of has a most important bearing upon the result. That which I find the best is of French manufacture, known as Canson Frères' (both the thin and the thick sorts), probably in consequence of their being sized with starch. The thin sort (the same as is generally used for waxed-paper negatives) takes the highest polish, but more readily embrowns after being rendered sensitive, and the lights are not ever quite so white as when the positive paper is used.

In order to save both time and labour, I prepare my papers in the _largest_ sizes that circumstances will admit of, as it takes little or no more time to prepare and render sensitive a large sheet than a small one; and as I always apply the silver solution by means of the glass rod, I find that a half-sheet of Canson's paper (being seventeen inches by eleven inches the half-sheet) is the best size to operate on. If the whole sheet is used, it requires _more_ than double the quantity of solution to ensure its being properly covered, which additional quantity is simply so much waste.

A most convenient holder for the paper whilst being operated upon, is one suggested by Mr. Horne of Newgate Street, and consists of a piece of half-inch Quebec yellow pine plank (a soft kind of deal), eleven inches by seventeen inches, screwed to a somewhat larger piece of the same kind, but with the grain of the wood at right angles to the upper piece, in order to preserve a perfectly flat surface. On to the upper piece is glued a covering of japanned-flannel, such as is used for covering tables, taking care to select for the purpose that which has no raised pattern, the imitation of rosewood or mahogany being unexceptionable on that account. The paper can be readily secured to the arrangement alluded to by means of a couple of pins, one at each of two opposite angles, the wood being sufficiently soft to admit of their ready penetration.

_To prepare the Albumen._--Take the white of _one_ egg; this dissolve in one ounce of distilled water, two grains of chloride of sodium (common salt), and two grains of _grape_ sugar; mix with the egg, whip the whole to froth, and allow it to stand until it again liquefies. The object of this operation is to thoroughly incorporate the ingredients, and render the whole as homogeneous as possible.

A variety in the resulting tone is produced by using ten grains of sugar of milk instead of the grape sugar.

The albumen mixture is then laid on to the paper by means of a flat camel's-hair brush, about three inches broad, the mixture being first poured into a cheese plate, or other flat vessel, and all froth and bubbles carefully removed from the surface. Four longitudinal strokes with such a brush, if properly done, will cover the whole half-sheet of paper with an even thin film; but in case there are any lines formed, the brush may be passed very lightly over it again in a direction at right angles to the preceding. The papers should then be allowed to remain on a perfectly level surface until nearly dry, when they may be suspended for a few minutes before the fire, to complete the operation. In this condition the glass is but moderate, and as is generally used; but if, after the first drying before the fire, the papers are again subjected to precisely the same process, the negative paper will shine like polished glass. That is coated again with the albumenizing mixture, and dried as before.

One egg, with the ounce of water, &c., is enough to cover five half-sheets with two layers, or five whole sheets with one.

I rarely iron my papers, as I do not find any advantage therein, because the moment the silver solution is applied the albumen becomes coagulated, and I cannot discover the slightest difference in the final result, except that when the papers are ironed I sometimes find flaws and spots occur from some carelessness in the ironing process.

If the albumenized paper is intended to be kept for any _long_ time before use, the ironing may be useful as a protection against moisture, provided the _iron be sufficiently hot_; but the temperature ought to be considerable.

To render the paper sensitive, I use a hundred-grain solution of nitrate of silver, of which forty-five minims will exactly cover the sheet of seventeen inches by eleven inches, if laid on with the glass rod. A weaker solution will do, but with the above splendid tints may be produced. As to the ammonio-nitrate of silver, I have totally abandoned its use, and, after many careful experiments, I am satisfied that its extra sensitiveness is a delusion, while the rapid tendency of paper prepared with it to spoil is increased tenfold.

The fixing, of course, modifies considerably the tone of the proof, but almost any desired shade {397} may be attained by following the plan of MR. F. M. LYTE, published in "N. & Q.," provided the negative is sufficiently intense to admit of a considerable degree of over-printing.

It is a fact which appears to be entirely overlooked by many operators, that the _intensity_ of the negative is the chief agent in conducing to black tones in the positive proof; and it is almost impossible to produce them if the negative is poor and weak: and the same observation applies to a negative that has been _over_-exposed.

GEO. SHADBOLT.

_Cement for Glass Baths._--The best I have tried is Canada balsam. My baths I have had in use five years, and have used them for exciting, developing hypo. and cyanide, and are as good as when first used.

NOXID.

_New Process for Positive Proofs._--I have tried a method of preparing my paper for positive proofs, which, as I have not seen it mentioned as employed by others, and the results appear to me very satisfactory, I am induced to communicate to you, and to accompany by some specimens, which will enable you to judge of the amount of success.

I use a glass cylinder, with air-pump attached, such as that described by MR. STEWART as employed by him for iodizing his paper. I put in this the salt solution, and that I use is thus composed: 2 drachms of sugar of milk, dissolved in 20 ounces of water, adding--

Chloride of barium 15 grs.
Chloride of sodium 15 grs.
Chloride of ammonium 15 grs.

In this I plunge several sheets of paper rolled into a coil (taking care that they are covered by the solution), and exhaust the air. I leave them thus for a few minutes, then take them out and hang them up to dry; or as the sheets are rather difficult to pin, from the paper giving way, spread them on a frame, across which any common kind of coarse muslin or tarletan, such as that I inclose, is stretched.

I excite with ammonio-nitrate of silver, 30 grains to 1 ounce of water, applied with a flat brush.

I fix in a bath of plain hypo. of the strength of one-sixth. The bath in which the inclosed specimens were fixed has been in use for some little time, and therefore has acquired chloride of silver.

I previously prepared my paper by _brushing_ it with the same salt solution, and the difference of effect produced may be seen by comparing a proof so obtained, which I inclose, with the others. This latter is of rather a reddish-brown, and not very agreeable tint. I have inclosed the proofs as printed on paper of Whatman, Turner, and Canson Frères, so as to show the effect in each case. The advantages which the mode I have detailed possesses are, I think, these:

Greater sensitiveness in the paper,

A good black tint, and

Greater freedom from spots and blemishes, all very material merits.