Chapter II: Front Matter (2)

"Mons^r.--Vos dernières m'ont rendu tesmoignage de vostre bonn'
affection en mon endroict. Car je m'asseure que vous n'eussiez jamais
recommendé vostre filz à ma protection si mon nom n'eust esté
enregistré au nombre de vos meilleurs et plus affectionnés amys. Je
m'en vay, dans peu de jours, trouver Sa Ma^{té} en son retour d'Escoce,
et j'espere sur la fin du moys de 7^{bre} de me rendre à ma maison à
Londres. Sur ce temps-là, s'il vous plaira d'envoyer v^{re} filz vers
moy, il sera le bien venu. Son traittement rendra tesmoinage de
l'estime que je fais de vostre amitié. De vous envoyer des nouvelles,
ce seroyt d'envoyer _Noctuas Athenas_. Tout est coÿ icy. La mort de
Concini a rendu la France heureuse. Mais l'Italie est en danger d'estre
exposée à la tirannie d'Espagne. Je vous baise les mains, et suis,
Mons^r, vostre plus affectionné servit^r,

RODOLPHE WINWOOD.
"De Londres, le 7^{me} de Juillet."

The year is not indicated, but the allusion to the death of Concini (the celebrated Maréchal d'Ancre, who was assassinated by order of Louis XIII.) proves that this letter was written in 1617, and very shortly before the death of the writer, which occurred on the 27th of October in that year.

M. Charles Huyghens, to whom the letter is addressed, was probably the father of Constantine Huyghens, the Dutch poet-politician, who was secretary and privy counsellor to the Stadtholders Frederick Henry, and William I. and II., and who, not improbably, was the son here mentioned as recommended to the protection of Sir R. Winwood, and who, at that date, would have been twenty-one years of age.

Constantine was himself the father of the still more celebrated Christian Huyghens, the astronomer and mathematician. The seal on the letter, which is in excellent preservation, is a shield bearing the following arms: 1. and 4. a cross botonné, 2. and 3. three fleurs-de-lis.

W. SNEYD.

Denton.

* * * * *

TRENCH ON PROVERBS.

(Vol. viii., p. 387.)

I hope that neither Mr. Trench nor his critic E. M. B. will consider me interfering by my making an observation or two on the correct rendering of the latter part of Ps. cxxvii. 2. Mr. Trench is perfectly correct by supposing an ellipsis in the sentence alluded to, and the words

[Hebrew: YTN LYDYDW SHN']

should have been translated, "He will give to his beloved whilst he [the beloved] is asleep." The translation of the authorised version of that sacred affirmation is unintelligible. Mr. Trench has the support of Luther's version, which has the sentence thus:

"Seinen Freunden giebt er es schlafend."

The celebrated German Jewish translator of the Old Testament agrees with Mr. Trench. The following is Dr. Zunz's rendering:

"Das giebt er seinem Liebling im Schlaf."

{520}

The following is the Hebrew annotation in the far-famed Moses Mendelsohn's edition of the Book of Psalms:

[Hebrew: YTNHW HQB-H LYDYDW 'SHR HW' CHPTS BW B`WDNW YSHN WBLY MRCHH:]

"The holy and blessed One will give it to his beloved, in whom He delights, whilst he is yet asleep and without fatigue."

I need not adduce passages in the Hebrew Psalter, where such ellipsises do occur. E. M. B. evidently knows his Hebrew Bible well, and a legion of examples will immediately occur to him.

MOSES MARGOLIOUTH.

Wybunbury, Nantwich.

If E. M. B. will refer to Hengstenberg's _Commentary on the Psalms_, he will find that Mr. Trench is not without authority for his translation of Ps. cxxvii. 2. I quote the passage from Thompson and Fairbairn's translation, in Clark's _Theological Library_, vol. iii. p. 449.:

"[Hebrew: SHN'] for [Hebrew: SHNH] is not the accusative, but the
preposition is omitted, as is frequently the case with words that are
in constant use. For example, [Hebrew: BQR, `RB], to which [Hebrew:
SHNH] here is poetically made like. The exposition _He gives sleep_,
instead of _in sleep_, gives an unsuitable meaning. For the subject is
not about the sleep, but the gain."

C. I. E.

Winkfield.

Has the translation of Ps. cxxvii. 2., which Mr. Trench has adopted, the sanction of any version but that of Luther?

N. B.

* * * * *

ON PALINDROMES.

(Vol vii., p. 178. &c.)

Several of your correspondents have offered Notes upon these singular compositions, and AGRICOLA DE MONTE adduces

"[Greek: NIPSON ANOMÊMATA, MÊ MONAN OPSIN]"

as an example. As neither he nor MR. ELLACOMBE give it as found _out_ of this country, allow me to say that it was to be seen on a benitier in the church of Notre Dame at Paris. If it were not for the substitution of the adjective [Greek: MONAN] for the adverb [Greek: MONON], the line would be one of the best specimens of the recurrent order.

I notice that a correspondent (Vol. vii., p. 336.) describes the Palindrome as being universally _sotadic_. Now, this term was only intended to apply to the early samples of this fanciful species of verse in Latin, the production Sotades, a Roman poet, 250 B.C. The lines given by BOEOTICUS (Vol. vi., p. 209.),

"Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor?"

owe their authorship to his degraded Muse, and many others which would but pollute your pages.

The hexameter "Sacrum pingue," &c. given by [Omega]. [Phi]. (Vol. vi., p. 36.), is to be found in Misson's _Voyage to Italy_, copied from an old cloister wall of Santa Maria Novella at Florence. These ingenious verses are Leoline[2], and it is noted that "the sacrifice of Cain was not a living victim."

I have seen it stated that the English language affords but _one_ specimen of the palindrome, while the Latin and Greek have many. The late Dr. Winter Hamilton, the author of _Nugæ Literariæ_, gives this solitary line, which at the best is awkwardly fashioned:

"Lewd did I live & evil did I dwel."

Is any other known?

Some years since I fell in with that which, after all, is the most wonderful effort of the kind; at least I can conceive of nothing at all equal to it.

It is to be found in a poem called [Greek: Poiêma Karkinekon], written in ancient Greek by a modern Greek called Ambrosius, printed in Vienna in 1802, and dedicated to the Emperor Alexander. It contains 455 lines, every one of which is literal palindrome.

I have some hesitation in giving even a quotation; and yet, notwithstanding the forced character of some of the lines, your readers will not fail to admire the classic elegance of this remarkable composition.

"[Greek: Eu Elisabet, Alla t' ebasileue.]
[Greek: Elabe ta kaka, kai akaka katebale.]
[Greek: Areta pêgase de sa gê patera.]
[Greek: Sômati sô phene phene phôs itamôs.]
[Greek: Su dê Hêrôs hoios ô Rhôs hoios hôrê hêdus:]
[Greek: Noi su laôi alaôi alusion.]
[Greek: Neme êthê laôi tôi alêthê emen.]
[Greek: Su eso ethnei ekei entheos eus.]
[Greek: Hô Rhôs ele ti su lusiteles ôrô.]
[Greek: Alla ta en nôi bale, labôn nea t' alla]
[Greek: Sôtêr su eso ô elee thee leô, hos eus rhêtôs]
[Greek: Son hade sôtêra idia rhêtôs edanos.]"

CHARLES REED.

Paternoster Row.

[Footnote 2: Leo was a poet of the twelfth century.]

Here is a Palindrome that surrounds a figure of the sun in the mosaic pavement of Sa. Maria del Fiori at Florence:

"En giro torte sol ciclos et rotor igne."

Could any of your correspondents translate this enigmatical line?

MOSAFFUR.

E. I. Club.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_The Claymore_ (Vol. viii., p. 365.).--I believe there is no doubt that the true Scottish claymore is the heavy two-handed sword, examples of which are preserved at Dumbarton Castle, and at {521} Hawthornden, and respectively attributed to William Wallace, and to Robert the Bruce. The latter is a very remarkable specimen, the grip being formed either of the tusk of a walrus or of a small elephant, considerably curved; and the guard is constructed of two iron bars, terminated by trefoils, and intersecting each other at right angles. The blade is very ponderous, and shorter than usual in weapons of this description.

The claymore of modern times is a broadsword, double or single-edged, and provided with a basket hilt of form peculiar to Scotland, though the idea was probably derived from Spain. Swords with basket hilts were commonly used by the English cavalry in the reigns of Charles I. and II., but they are always of a different type from the Scotch, though affording as complete a protection to the hand. I possess some half-dozen examples, some from Gloucestershire, which are of the times of the civil wars. There are many swords said to have been the property of Oliver Cromwell; one is in the United Service Museum: all that I have seen are of this form.

W. J. BERNHARD SMITH.

Temple.

_Temple Lands in Scotland_ (Vol. viii., p. 317.).--Your correspondent ABREDONENSIS, upon a reference to the undernoted publications, will find many interesting particulars as to these lands, viz.:

1. "Templaria: Papers relative to the History, Privileges, and
Possessions of the Scottish Knights Templars, and their Successors the
Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem, &c. Edited by James Maidment. Sm.
4to. 1828-29."

2. "Abstract of the Charters and other Papers recorded in the
Chartulary of Torphichen, from 1581 to 1596; with an Introductory
Notice and Notes, by John Black Gracie. Sm. 4to. 1830."

3. "Notes of Charters, &c., by the Right Hon. Thomas Earl of Melrose,
afterwards Earl of Haddington, to the Vassals of the Barony of Drem,
from 1615 to 1627; with an Introductory Notice, by John Black Gracie.
Sm. 4to. 1830."

4. "Fragmenta Scoto-Monastica: Memoir of what has been already done,
and what Materials exist, towards the Formation of a Scottish
Monasticon; to which are appended, Sundry New Instances of Goodly
Matter, by a Delver in Antiquity (W. B. Turnbull). 8vo. 1842."

The "Introductory Notices" prefixed to Nos. 2. and 3. give full particulars of the various sales and purchases of the Superioritus, &c., by Mr. Gracie and others.

T. G. S.

Edinburgh.

_Lewis and Sewell Families_ (Vol. viii., p. 388.).--Your correspondent may obtain, in respect to the Lewis family, much information in the _Life and Correspondence of Matthew Gregory Lewis_, two vols. 8vo., London, 1839, particularly at pp. 6. and 7. of vol. i. He will there find that Matthew Lewis, Esq., who was Deputy Secretary of War for twenty-six years, married Frances Sewell, youngest daughter of the Right Hon. Sir Thos. Sewell; that Lieut.-Gen. Whitelocke and Gen. Sir Thos. Brownrigg, G.C.B., married the other two daughters of Sir Thos. Sewell; and that Matthew Gregory Lewis, who wrote the _Castle Spectre_, &c., was son of Matthew Lewis, Esq., the Deputy Secretary of War.

With regard to the Sewell family. The Right Hon. Sir Thos. Sewell, who was Master of the Rolls for twenty years, died in 1784; and there is, I believe, a very correct account of his family connexions in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1784, p. 555. He died intestate, and his eldest son, Thos. Bailey Heath Sewell, succeeded to his estate of Ottershaw and the manors of Stannards and Fords in Chobham, Surrey. This gentleman was a magistrate for the county of Surrey; and in the spring of 1794, when this country was threatened by both foreign and domestic enemies, he became Lieut.-Col. of a regiment of Light Dragoons (fencibles), raised in Surrey (at Richmond) by George Lord Onslow, Lord-Lieut. of the county, in which he served six years, till the Government not requiring their services they were disbanded. Lieut.-Col. Sewell died in 1803, and was buried in the church at Chobham, where there is a monument to his memory. Of his family we have not farther knowledge than that he had a son, Thos. Bermingham Heath Sewell, who was a cornet in the 32nd Light Dragoons, and lieutenant in the 4th Dragoon Guards during the war of the French Revolution. The _History and Antiquities of Surrey_, by the Rev. Owen Manning and Wm. Bray, in three vols. folio, 1804, has in the third volume much concerning the Sewell family.

D. N.

_Pharaoh's Ring_ (Vol. viii., p. 416.).--The mention of the ring conferred on, or confided to, Joseph by the Pharaoh of Egypt, as stated in Genesis xli. 42., reminds me of a ring being shown to me some years ago, which was believed by its then possessor to be the identical ring, or at all events a signet ring of the very Pharaoh who promoted Joseph to the chief office in his kingdom.

It was a ring of pure gold, running through a hole in a massive wedge of gold, about the size, as far as I recollect, of a moderate-sized walnut. On one of its faces was cut the hieroglyphic (inclosed as usual with the names of Egyptian kings in an oval), as I was assured, of the king, the friend of Joseph, as was generally supposed by the readers of hieroglyphics: I pretend to no knowledge of them myself.

The possessor of the ring, who showed it to me, was Mr. Sams, one of the Society of Friends, a bookseller at Darlington. Since railroads have {522} whirled me past that town, I have lost my means of periodical communication with him. He had, not long before I saw him last, returned from the Holy Land, where he assured me he had visited every spot that could be identified mentioned in the New Testament. He had also been some time in Egypt, and had brought home a great quantity of Egyptian antiquities. The lesser ones he had in the first floor of a carver and gilder's in Great Queen Street, between the Freemason's Tavern and Lincoln's Inn Fields. He was then anxious that these should be bought for the British Museum, and I think that at his request I wrote to the Earl of Aberdeen to mention this, and that the answer was that there was already so large a collection in the Museum, that more, as they must most of them be duplicates, would be of no use.

What has become of them I know not. I was told that a number of his larger antiquities, stone and marble, were for some time placed on Waterloo Bridge, that being a very quiet place, where people might view them without interruption. I did not happen to be in London that season, and therefore did not see them.

J. SS.

[The whole of Mr. Sams's collection of Egyptian antiquities were bought
by Joseph Mayer, Esq, F.S.A., of Liverpool, about two years ago, to add
to his previous assemblage of similar monuments, and are placed by him,
with a very valuable collection of mediæval antiquities, in the
Egyptian Museum, 8. Colquitt Street, Liverpool. The small charge of
sixpence for each visit opens the entire collection to the public; but
it is a lamentable fact, that the curiosity or patriotism of the
inhabitants does not cover Mr. Mayer's expenses by a large annual
amount.]

_"Could we with ink,"_ &c. (Vol. iii., pp. 127. 180. 257. 422.).--Have not those correspondents who have answered this Query overlooked the concluding verse of the gospel according to St. John, of which it appears to me that the lines in question are an amplification without improvement? Mahomet, it is well known, imitated many parts of the Bible in the Koran.

E. G. R.

_"Populus vult decipi"_ (Vol. vii., p. 578.; Vol. viii, p. 65.).--As an illustration of this expression the following anecdote is given. When my father was about thirteen years old, being in London he was, on one occasion in company with Dr. Wolcot (Peter Pindar), who, calling him to him, laid his hand on his head, and said, "My little boy, I want you to remember one thing as long as you live--the people of this world love to be cheated."

UNEDA.

Philadelphia.

_Red Hair_ (Vol. vii., p. 616.; Vol. viii., p. 86.).--It is frequently stated that the Turks are admirers of red hair. I have lately met with a somewhat different account, namely, that the Turks consider red-haired persons who are fat as "first-rate" people, but those who are lean as the very reverse.

M. E.

Philadelphia.

_"Land of Green Ginger"_ (Vol. viii., p. 227.).--The authority which I am able to afford MR. RICHARDSON is simply the tradition of the place, which I had so frequently heard that I could scarcely doubt the truth of it; this I intended to be deduced, when I said I did not recollect that the local histories gave any derivation, and that it was the one "generally received by the inhabitants."

To any mind the solution brought forward by MR. BUCKTON (Vol. viii., p. 303.) carries the greatest amount of probability with it of any yet proposed; and should any of your correspondents have the opportunity of looking through the unpublished history of Hull by the Rev. De la Pryme, "collected out of all the records, charters, deeds, mayors' letters, &c. of the said town," and now placed amongst the Lansdowne MSS. in the British Museum, I am inclined to think it is very likely it would be substantiated.

In Mr. Frost's valuable work on the town, which by the way proves it to have been "a place of opulence and note at a period long anterior to the date assigned to its existence by historians," he differs materially from MR. RICHARDSON, in considering that Hollar's plate was "engraved about the year 1630," not in 1640 as he states. There is also another which appeared between the time of Hollar and Gent, in Meisner's _Libellus novus politicus emblematicus Civitatum_, published in 1638, which though not "remarkable for accuracy of design," is well worthy of notice. It bears the title "Hull in Engellandt," and also the following curious inscriptions, which I copy for the interest of your readers:

"Carcer nonnunquam firmum propugnaculum. Noctua clausa manet in carcere
firmo; Insidias volucrum vetat enim cavea."

"Wann die Eull eingesperret ist,
Schadet ihr nicht der Feinde list,
Der Kefig ist ihr nicht unnütz,
Sondern gibt wieder ihr Feind schütz."

These lines refer to a curious engraving on the left side of the plan, representing an owl imprisoned in a cage with a quantity of birds about, endeavouring to assail it.

R. W. ELLIOT.

Clifton.

_"I put a spoke in his wheel"_ (Vol. viii., p. 351.).--Does not this phrase mean simply interference, either for good or evil? I fancy the metaphor is really derived from putting the bars, or spokes, into a capstan or some such machine. A number {523} of persons being employed, another puts his spoke in, and assists or hinders them as he pleases. Can a _stick_ be considered a _spoke_ before it is put into its place, in the nave of the wheel at least? We often hear the observation, "Then I put in my spoke," &c. in the relation of an animated discussion. May I venture to suggest a pun on the preterite of the verb _to speak_?

G. WILLIAM SKYRING.

_Pagoda_ (Vol. viii., p. 401.).--May not the word _pagoda_ be a corruption of the Sanscrit word "Bhagovata," sacred?

BISHOP OF BRECHIN.

Dundee.

_Passage in Virgil_ (Vol. viii., p. 270.).--On this part of Johnson's letter, Mr. Croker observes:

"I confess I do not see the object, nor indeed the meaning, of this
allusion."

The allusion is to Eclogue viii. 43.:

"Nunc scio, quid sit Amor: duris in cotibus illum
Aut Tmarus, aut Rhodope, aut extremi Garamantes,
Nec generis nostri puerum nec sanguinis, edunt."

As the shepherd in Virgil had found Love to be not the gentle being he expected, but of a savage race--"a native of the rocks"--so had Johnson found a patron to be "one who looked with unconcern on a man struggling for life," instead of a friend to render assistance.

Supposing Johnson's estimate of Lord Chesterfield's conduct to be correct, I cannot help thinking the allusion to be eminently happy.

J. KELWAY.

_To speak in Lutestring_ (Vol. viii., p. 202.).--_Lutestring_, or _lustring_, is a particular kind of silk, and so is _taffeta_; and thus the phrase may be explained by Shakspeare's _Love's Labour's Lost_, Act V. Sc. 8.:

"Taffeta phrases, silken terms precise."

Junius intended to ridicule such kind of affectation by persons who were, or ought to have been, grave senators.

J. KELWAY.

_Dog Latin_ (Vol. viii., p. 218.).--A facetious friend, alluding particularly to law Latin with its curious abbreviations, says that it is so called because it is _cur-tailed_!

J. KELWAY.

_Longevity_ (Vol. viii., p. 113.).--I recollect seeing an old sailor in the town of Larne, county Antrim, Ireland, in the year 1826-27, of the name of Philip Lake, aged 110, who was said to have been a cabin boy in Lord Anson's vessel, in one of his voyages. If any of your correspondents can furnish the registry of his death it would be interesting.

FRAS. CROSSLEY.

Mary Simondson, familiarly known as "Aunt Polly," died recently at her cottage near Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, at the advanced age of 126 years.

M. E.

Philadelphia.

_Definition of a Proverb_ (Vol. viii., p. 243.)--C. M. INGLEBY inquires the source of the following definition of proverb, viz. "The wisdom of many, and the wit of one."

"To Lord John Russell are we indebted for that admirable definition of
a proverb: 'The wisdom,' &c."--See Notes to Rogers's _Italy_, 1848.

The date is added since, in an edition of 1842; this remark makes no part of the note on the line, "If but a sinew vibrate," &c.

Q. T.

_Ireland a bastinadoed Elephant_ (Vol. viii., p. 366.).--I venture to suggest whether this expression may not be something more than a bull, as [Old English W]. inclines to call it. If any one will look at a physical map of Ireland at some little distance, a very slight exercise of the "mind's eye" will serve to call up in the figure of that island the shape of a creature kneeling and in pain. Lough Foyle forms the eye; the coast from Bengore Head to Benmore Head the nose or snout; Belfast Lough the mouth; the coast below Donaghdee the chin; County Wexford the knees. The rest of the outline, according to the imagination of the observer, may assume that of an elephant, or something, perhaps, "very like a whale." Some fanciful observation of this kind may have suggested the otherwise unaccountable simile to Curran.

POLONIUS.

_Ennui_ (Vol. vii., p. 478.; Vol. viii., p. 377.).--The meaning of this admirable word is best gleaned from its root, viz. _nuit_. It is somewhat equivalent to the Greek [Greek: agrupnia], and signifies the sense of weariness with doing nothing. It gives the lie to the _dolce far niente_: vide Ps. cxxx. 6., and Job vii. 3, 4. _Ennui_ is closely allied to our _annoy_ or _annoyance_, through _noceo_, _noxa_, and their probable root _nox_, [Greek: nux.] It is precisely equivalent to the Latin _tædium_, which may be derived from _tæda_, which in the plural means a torch, and through that word may have a side reference to night, the _tædarum horæ_: cf. Ps. xci. 5. The subject is worthy of strict inquiry on the part of comparative philologists.

C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.

Birmingham.

_Belle Sauvage_ (Vol. viii., p. 388.).--Your Philadelphian correspondent asks whether Blue Bell, Blue Anchor, &c., are corruptions of some other emblem, such as that which in London transformed _La Belle Sauvage_ into the _Bell Savage_.

This is not the fact. The Bell Savage on Ludgate Hill was originally kept by one Isabella Savage. A cotemporary historian, writing of one of the leaders in a rebellion in the days of Queen {524} Mary, says, "He then sat down upon a stone opposite to Bell Savage's Inn."

JAMES EDMESTON.

Homerton.

_History of York_ (Vol. viii., p. 125.).--There is a _History of York_, published in 1785 by Wilson and Spence, described to be an abridgment of Drake, which is in three volumes, and may be a later edition of the same work to which MR. ELLIOT alludes.

F. T. M.

86. Cannon Street.

_Encore_ (Vol. viii., p. 387.).--If A. A. knows the meaning of "this French word" I am a little surprised at his Query. Perhaps he means to ask why a French word should be used? It probably was first used at concerts and operas (_ancora_ in Italian), where the performers and even the performances were foreign, and so became the fashion. Pope says:

"To the same notes thy sons shall hum or snore,
And all thy yawning daughters cry _encore_."

It was not, I think, in use so early as Shakspeare's time, who makes Bottom anticipate that "the Duke shall say, Let him roar _again_, let him roar _again_," where the jingle of "encore" would have been obvious. It is somewhat curious that where we use the French word _encore_, the French audiences use the Latin word "bis."

C.

_"Hauling over the Coals"_ (Vol. viii., p. 125.).--This saying I conceive to have arisen from the custom prevalent in olden times, when every Baron was supreme in his own castle, of extracting money from the unfortunate Jews who happened to fall into his power, by means of torture. The most usual _modus operandi_ seems to have been roasting the victims over a slow fire. Every one remembers the treatment of Isaac of York by Front-de-Boeuf, so vividly described in Sir Walter Scott's _Ivanhoe_. Although the practice has long been numbered amongst the things that were, the fact of its having once obtained is handed down to posterity in this saying, as when any one is taken to task for his shortcomings he is _hauled over the coals_.

JOHN P. STILWELL.

Dorking.

_The Words "Cash" and "Mob"_ (Vol. viii., p. 386.).--MR. FOX was right: _mob_ is not genuine English--teste Dean Swift! A lady who was well known to Swift used to say that the greatest scrape she ever got into with him was by using the word _mob_. "Why do you say that?" he exclaimed in a passion; "never let me hear you say that again!" "Why, sir," she asked, "what am I to say?" "The rabble, to be sure," answered he. (Sir W. Scott's _Works of Swift_, vol. ix.) The word appears to have been introduced about the commencement of the eighteenth century, by a process to which we owe many other and similar barbarisms--"beauties introduced to supply the want of wit, sense, humour, and learning." In a paper of _The Tatler_, No. 230., much in the spirit, and possibly from the pen, of Swift, complaint is made of the "abbreviations and elisions" which had recently been introduced, and a humorous example of them is given. By these, the author adds,

"Consonants of most obdurate sound are joined together without one
softening vowel to intervene; and all this only to make one syllable of
two, directly contrary to the example of the Greeks and Romans, and a
natural tendency towards relapsing into barbarity. And this is still
more visible in the next refinement, which consists in pronouncing the
first syllable in a word that has many, and dismissing the rest. Thus
we cram one syllable and cut off the rest, as the owl fattened her mice
after she had bit off their legs to prevent their running away; and if
ours be the same reason for maiming our words, it will certainly answer
the end, for I am sure no other nation will desire to borrow them."

I have only to add (see _Blackwood's Magazine_, vol. ii., 1842) that "mob is _mobile_."

_Cash_ appears to be from the French _caisse_, a chest, cash.

J. W. THOMAS.

Dewsbury.

_Cash_ is from the French _caisse_, the moneychest where _specie_ was kept. So _caissier_ became "cashier," and _specie_ "cash."

_Mob_, Swift tells us (_Polite Conversation_, Introd.), is a contraction for _mobile_.

CLERICUS RUSTICUS has not, I fear, Johnson's _Dictionary_, where both these derivations are given.

C.

_Ampers &._ (Vol. ii., pp. 230. 284.; Vol. viii. _passim_).--MR. INGLEBY may well ask what "and-per-se-and" can mean. The fact is, this is itself a corruption. In old spelling-books, after the twenty-six letters it was customary to print the two following symbols with their explanations

&c. et cetera.
& (per se), and.

Children were taught to read the above "et-cee, et cetera" and "et-per-se, and." Such, at least, was the case in a Dublin school, some ninety years ago, where my informant, now many years deceased, was educated. As _se_ was not there pronounced like _cee_, but like _say_, there was no danger of confounding the two names. In England, where a different pronunciation of the Latin word prevailed, such confusion would be apt to occur; and hence, probably, English teachers substituted _and_ for _et_; from which, in course of time, the other corruptions mentioned by MR. LOWER were developed.

E. H. D. D.

{525}

_The Keate Family, of the Hoo, Herts_ (Vol. viii., p. 293.).--The following account is taken from Burke's _Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England_, Lond. 1841:

"William Keate of Hagbourne, in Berkshire, left five sons. The second
son, Ralph Keate of Whaddon, in Wiltshire, married Anne, daughter of
John Clarke, Esq., of Ardington, in Berkshire, and had with other issue
Gilbert Keate, Esq., of London, who married, first, John, daughter of
Niclolas Turbervile, Esq. of Crediton, in Devon, and, secondly,
Elizabeth, daughter of William Armstrong, Esq., of Remston, Notts, and
by her had another son, Jonathan Keate, Esq., of the Hoo, in the county
of Hertford, which estate he acquired with his first wife, Susannah
daughter of William, and sister and heir of Thomas Hoo, of the Hoo and
Kimpton, both in Hertfordshire. Mr. Keate was created a baronet by King
Charles II., 12th June, 1660. Sir Jonathan was sheriff of the county of
Hertford, 17 Charles II., and knight of the same shire in Parliament,
in the thirtieth of the same reign. By his first wife he had issue,
Gilbert Hoo, his heir, Jonathan, Susan, Elizabeth: all died _sine
prole_. He married, secondly, Susanna, daughter of John Orlebar,
citizen of London, but by her had no issue. He died 17th September,
1700. The baronetcy became extinct in the person of Sir William Keate,
D.D., who died 6th March, 1757."

[Greek: Halieus]

_Hour-glasses_ (Vol. viii., p. 454.).--In the church of Wiggenhall, St. Mary the Virgin, the iron frame of an hour-glass, affixed to a wooden stand, immediately opposite the pulpit, still remains.

W. B. D.

An iron hour-glass stand still remains near the pulpit in the church of Ashby-Folville, in this county (Leicester). It is fixed to the wall containing the staircase to the rood-loft.

In the old church of Anstey, recently pulled down and rebuilt, was an ancient hour-glass stand, consisting of a pillar of oak, about four feet high, the top of which is surmounted by a light framework of wood for the reception of the hour-glass. This specimen is preserved in the museum of this town.

WILLIAM KELLY.

_Marriage of Cousins_ (Vol. viii., p. 387.).--If there is any foundation for such a statement as is contained in the Query of J. P. relative to the marriage of cousins, it consists rather in the marriage of first cousins once removed than of second cousins. It will be seen that the latter relationship belongs to the same generation, but it is not so with the former, which partakes more of the nature of uncle and aunt with nephew and niece.

W. SLOANE SLOANE-EVANS.

Cornworthy Vicarage, Totnes.

There is no legal foundation for the statement that marriage with a second cousin is valid, and with a first cousin invalid. The following quotation from Burn's _Ecc. Law_ by Phill., vol. ii. p. 449., will probably be considered to explain the matter:

"By the civil law first cousins are allowed to marry, but by the canon
law both first and second cousins (in order to make dispensations more
frequent and necessary) are prohibited; therefore, when it is vulgarly
said that first cousins may marry, but second cousins cannot, probably
this arose by confounding these two laws, for first cousins may marry
by the civil law, and second cousins cannot by the canon law."

J. G.

Exon.

_Waugh, Bishop of Carlisle_ (Vol. viii., p. 271.), was the son of Thomas and Margaret Waugh, of Appleby, in Westmoreland; born there 2nd February, 1655; educated at Appleby school; matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, 4th of April, 1679; took his degree of M.A. the 7th of July, 1687; and elected Fellow on the 18th of January following. He married Elizabeth, widow of the Rev. Mr. Fiddes, rector of Bridewell, in Oxford, who was the only surviving child of John Machen, Esq., of ----, in the county of Oxford, by whom he left son, John Waugh, afterwards chancellor of the diocese of Carlisle.

KARLEOLENSIS.

_Marriage Service_ (Vol. viii., p. 150.).--I have been many years in holy orders, and have always received the fee together with the ring on the Prayer Book, as directed in the Rubric. The ring I return to the bridegroom to place upon the bride's finger; the fee (or offering) I deposit in the offertory basin, held for that purpose by the clerk, and on going to the chancel (the marriage taking place in the body of the church) lay it on the altar. Note.--In the parish in which I first ministered, the marriages had always been commenced in the body of the church, as directed; in the second parish in which I ministered, that custom had only been broken by the present incumbent a few years since.

A RECTOR.

I have seen the Rubric carried out in this particular, in St. Mary's Church, Kidderminster.

CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.

_Hoby, Family of_ (Vol. viii., p. 243.).--In answer to MR. J. B. WHITBORNE, I beg to state that the Rev. Sir Philip Hoby, Baronet, was in the early part of the last century chancellor of the archdiocese of Dublin. He was an intimate friend of Archbishop Cobbe, and there is a picture of him in canonicals at Newbridge, co. Dublin.

T. C.

_Cambridge Graduates_ (Vol. viii., p. 365.).--Your correspondent will find a list of B.A.'s of Cambridge University from the years 1500 to 1717 in Add. MS. 5885., British Museum.

GLAIUS.

{526}

_"I own I like not," &c._ (Vol. viii., p. 366.).--The lines--

"I own like not Johnson's turgid style," &c.

are by Peter Pindar, whose works I have not, and so cannot give an exact reference. The extract containing them will be found in Chambers' _Cyclopædia of English Literature_, vol. ii. p. 298.

P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.

_"Topsy Turvy"_ (Vol. viii., p. 385.).--This is ludicrously derived, in _Roland Cashel_, p. 104., from _top side t'other way_.

P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.

_"When the Maggot bites"_ (Vol. viii., pp. 244. 304. 353.).--Another illustration of this phrase may be found in Swift (Introduction to _Tale of a Tub_):

"The two principal qualifications (says he) of a fanatic preacher are,
his inward light, and his head full of _maggots_; and the two different
fates of his writings are to be burnt or worm-eaten."

The word _maggot_ is sometimes used for the whim or crotchet itself; thus Butler:

"To reconcile our late dissenters,
Our brethren though by different venters;
Unite them and their different _maggots_,
As long and short sticks are in faggots."--_Hudibras_, part III. canto 2.

So also it is used by Samuel Wesley (father of the founder of the Methodists) in his rare and facetious volume entitled _Maggots, or Poems on several Subjects never before handled_, 12mo., 1685.

WILLIAM BATES.

Birmingham.

_"Salus populi," &c._ (Vol. viii., p. 410.).--The saying "Salus populi supreme lex" is borrowed from the model law of Cicero, in his treatise _de Legibus_, III. 3. It is made one of the duties of the consuls, the supreme magistrates, to regard the safety of the state as their highest rule of conduct:

"Regio imperio duo sunto; iique præeundo, judicando, consulendo
Prætores, Judices, Consules appellantor. Militiæ summum jus habento,
nemini parento: _ollis salus populi suprema lex esto_."

The allusion appears to be to the formula used by the senate for conferring supreme power on the consuls in cases of emergency: "Dare operam, ne quid respublica detrimenti caperet." (See Sallust, _Bell. Cat._ c. 29.)

L.

Aristotle regards the safety of the citizens as the great end of law (see his _Ethics_, b. I. ch. 4.); and Cicero (_de Finibus_, lib. ii. c. 5.) lays down a similar principle.

B. H. C.

_Theodoro Paleologus_ (Vol. viii., p. 408.).--The inscription referred to was printed in _Archæologia_, vol. xviii., and with some account of the Paleologi to which a Querist was referred in "N. & Q.," Vol. v., p. 280. (see also pp. 173. 357.). It is astonishing how much will be found in that "Californian mine," if the most excellent indices of the several volumes are only consulted. Your correspondent could in the present case have pointed out the errors of the inscription already in print had the indices to "N. & Q." attracted him.

J.

_Worm in Books_ (Vol. viii., p. 412).--In reply to ALETHES I beg to acquaint him that I have tried various means for destroying the worm in old books and MSS., and the most effectual has been the chips of Russia leather; indeed, in but one instance have I known them fail.

NEWBURIENSIS.

_The Porter Family_ (Vol. viii., p. 364.).--1. The reason of the word _Agincourt_ being placed above the inscription in Bristol Cathedral is, that the Porter family were descendants of Sir William Porter who fought at Agincourt.

2. Charles Lempriere Porter was the son of Dr. Porter.

3. This family was descended from Endymion Porter of classic and loyal memory.[3]

J. R. W.

Bristol.

[Footnote 3: [The biographical notices of Endymion Porter are extremely scanty. Can our correspondent furnish any particulars respecting him?--ED.]]

_Buckle_ (Vol. viii., p. 304.).--This word is in common use by the artizans who work upon sheet-iron, to denote the curl which a sheet of iron acquires in passing through a pair of rollers. The word has been derived from the French _boucle_, a curl. The shoe-buckle has got its name from its curved form. In the days in which every man in this country, who was in easy circumstances, wore a wig, it was well known that to put a wig in _buckle_, meant to arrange its curls in due form.

"When Hopkins dies, a thousand lights attend
The wretch, who living sav'd a candle's end:
Should'ring God's altar a vile image stands,
Belies his features, nay, extends his hands;
That live-long wig which Gorgon's self might own,
Eternal _buckle_ takes in Parian stone."--Pope, _Moral Essays_, Epistle
III.

N. W. S.

_The "Forlorn Hope"_ (Vol. viii., p. 411.).--This is no quotation; but the expression arose in the army from its leader or captain, who, being often a disappointed man, or one indifferent to consequences, now ran the "forlorn hope" either of ending his days or obtaining a tomb in Westminster Abbey. From the captain, after a time, the term descended to all the little gallant band. In no part of our community will you find such {527} meaning expressions (often very slang ones) used as in the army. A lady, without hearing anything to shock "ears polite," might listen to the talk of a mess table, and be unable to understand clearly in what the conversation consisted. "He is gone to the bad"--meaning, he is ruined. "A wigging from the office" (a very favourite expression)--a reprimand from the colonel. "Wigging" naturally arising from tearing the hair in anger or sorrow, and the office of course substituting the place from whence it comes for the person who sent it. Besides may others, _quæ nunc_, &c.

A DRAGOON.

_Nightingale and Thorn_ (Vol. iv., p. 175., &c.).--

"If I had but a pottle of sack, like a sharp prickle,
To knock my nose against when I am nodding,
I should sing like a nightingale."--Fletcher, _The Lover's Progress_, Act
III. Sc. 2.

W. J. BERNHARD SMITH.

Temple.

_Burial in Unconsecrated Ground_ (Vol. vi., p. 448.; Vol. viii., p. 43.).--The following curious entry occurs in the parish register of Pimperne, Dorset:

"Anno 1627. Vicesimo quinto Octobris.

"Peregrinus quidam tempore pestes in communi campo mortuus eodem loco
quo inventus sepultus."

There was a pestilence in England in 1625. In 1628 sixteen thousand persons died of the plague at Lyons.

W. E.

I do not know whether the case recorded in _London Labour and the London Poor_, vol. i. p. 411.--by the way, is that work ever to be completed, and how far has it gone?--of a man buried at the top of a house at Foot's Cray, in Kent, has been noticed by any correspondent.

P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.

_Sangaree_ (Vol. iii., p. 141.).--I take it that the word ought to be spelled _sansgris_, being derived from the French words _sans_, without, and _gris_, tipsy, meaning a beverage that would not make tipsy. I have been a good deal in the French island of Martinique, and they use the term frequently in this sense as applied to a beverage made of white wine ("Vin de Grave"), syrup, water, and nutmeg with a small piece of fresh lime-skin hanging over the edge of the glass. A native of Martinique gave me this as the derivation of the word. The beverage ought not to be stirred after the nutmeg is put in it, as the fastidious say it would spoil the flavour.

T. B.

_Point of Etiquette_ (Vol. viii., p. 386.).--The title _Miss_, without the Christian name, belongs to the eldest unmarried daughter of the representative of the family only. If he have lost his own children, his brother is _heir presumptive_ merely to the family honours; and can neither assume nor give to his daughter the titles to which they are only expectants. The matter becomes evident, if you test the rule by a peerage instead of a squirage. Even the eldest daughter of a baronet or landed gentleman loses her title of Miss, when her brother succeeds to the representation, provided he have a daughter to claim the title.

P. P.

_Etymology of "Monk" and "Till," &c._ (Vol. viii., pp. 291. 409.).--Will you allow me one word on these two cases? _Monk_ is manifestly a Greek formative from [Greek: monos], and denotes a _solitaire_.

The proposed derivation of _till_, from _to-while_, is not new; but still clearly mistaken, inasmuch as the word _till_ is found in Scotch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, and others of the family. A word thus compounded would be of less general use. Besides which, _to-while_ would scarcely produce such a form as _till_; it would rather change the _t_ into an aspirate, which would appear as _th_.

B. H. C.

_Forrell_ (Vol. vii., p. 630.).--Your correspondent T. HUGHES derives this word (applied in Devonshire, as he tells us, to the cover of book) from _forrell_, "a term still used by the trade to signify an inferior kind of vellum." Is it not more natural to suppose it to be the same word which the French have made _fourreau_, a cover or sheath? (See Du Cange, vv. _Forellus, Forrellus_.)

J. H. T.

Dublin.

_Parochial Libraries_ (Vol. vii., p. 507.; Vol. viii. _passim_).--There is a library at Wimborne Minster, in the Collegiate Church, which, on my visit two years since, appeared to contain some valuable volumes, and was neglected and in very bad condition.

[theta].

* * * * *

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

Dr. Lardner has just published the third and concluding course of his _Handbook of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy_. The subjects treated of in the present volume are _Meteorology and Astronomy_, and they are illustrated with thirty-seven lithographic plates, and upwards of two hundred engravings on wood. The work was undertaken with the very popular object of supplying the means of acquiring a competent knowledge of the methods and results of the physical sciences, without any unusual acquaintance with mathematics; and in the methods of demonstration and illustration of this series of treatises, that principle has as far as possible, been adopted so that by means of the present volumes, persons who have not even a superficial knowledge of geometry and algebra may yet acquire with great facility a considerable acquaintance with the sciences of which they treat. The present volume contains a very elaborate index, which, {528} combined with the analytical tables of contents, give to the entire series all the usefulness of a compendious encyclopædia of natural philosophy and astronomy.

_Willich's Income Tax Tables, Fourth Edition, 1853-1860_, price _One Florin_, show at one view the amount of duty at the various rates fixed by the late act, and are accompanied by a variety of statistical information, tending to show that the wealth of the nation has increased in as great, if not a greater, ratio, than the population. The price at which the work is issued serves to lead our attention to a little pamphlet, published at sixpence, or 25 _mils_, by Mr. Robert Mears, entitled _Decimal Coinage Tables for simplifying and facilitating the Introduction of the proposed new Coinage_.

_The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy by Ordericus Vitalis, translated with Notes, and the Introduction of Guizot_, by Thomas Forrester, M.A. Vol. I., is a new volume of the interesting Series of Translations of the early _Church Historians of England_ publishing by Mr. Bohn, to which we propose calling the especial attention of our readers at some future period. The importance which our French neighbours attach to the writings of Ordericus Vitalis is shown by the fact that the French Historical Society, after publishing a translation, are now issuing an edition of the original text, from a laborious collation of the best MSS., under the editorship of M. Auguste le Prevost. The present translation is based upon that edition.

We have on several occasions called the attention of our readers to the Collection of Proclamations in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries, and to the endeavours making by that learned body to secure as complete a series as possible of these valuable but hitherto little used materials for English History. Some contributions towards this object have, we believe, been the results of our notices; and we have now to state, that at the opening meeting on Thursday the 17th, it was announced that William Salt, Esq., F.S.A., had presented to the library two volumes of Proclamations of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. Great as is the pecuniary value of this munificent donation, it is far exceeded by its importance in filling up a large gap in the existing Series. A _Catalogue Raisonnée_ of the whole collection is in preparation by Robert Lemon, Esq., of the State Paper Office, a gentleman well qualified for the task, and its early publication may, we trust, be received as an evidence of the beneficial influence which the Society of Antiquaries is hereafter destined to exercise on the historical literature of England.

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