Chapter II: Part 2

I have more than once seen it quoted as from Horace, but I have never been able to find it in any classical author whose works I have examined. Cicero expresses a similar sentiment in his oration for the poet Archias, cap. viii.:

"Atqui sic a summis hominibus eruditissimisque accepimus, ceterarum
rerum studia, et doctrina, et praeceptis, et arte constare: poetam
natura ipsa valere, et mentis viribus excitari, et quasi divino quodam
spiritu inflari."

J. P.

Boston, U.S.A.

{399}

_John Wesley and the Duke of Wellington._--It has always been understood that the property bequeathed to the Colleys, who in consequence took the surname of Wesley, afterwards altered to Wellesley, was offered to and declined by the father of John Wesley, who would not allow his son to accept the condition, a residence in Ireland, and the being adopted by the legatee. Has there been a relationship ever proved between the founder of the Methodists and the victor of Waterloo?

PRESTONIENSIS.

_Haviland_--Can any of your Plymouth correspondents give any information, as tombs, in memory of persons of the name of Haviland, Havilland, or De Havilland, existing in the churches of that place, of a date prior to A.D. 1688? Mention is made of such tombs as existing in a letter of that date in my possession. Also, in what chronicle or history of the Conquest of England, mention is made of a Sieur de Havilland, as having accompanied Duke William from Normandy on that occasion?

D. F. T.

_Byron._--Will you kindly inform me, through the medium of your "N. & Q.," whence the line "All went merry as a marriage bell" (in Byron's _Childe Harold_) is derived?

C. B.

"_Rutabaga._"--What is the etymology of the word _rutabaga_? I have heard one solution of it, but wish to ascertain whether there is any other. The word is extensively used in the United States for Swedish turnips or "Swedes."

LUCCUS.

_A Medal._--A family in this city possesses a silver medal granted to Joseph Swift, a native of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, by the University of Oxford or of Cambridge, of which the following is a description. It is about two inches in diameter; on the face are the head and bust of Queen Anne in profile, with an inscription setting forth her royal title, and on the reverse a full-length figure of Britannia, with ships sailing and men ploughing in the background, and this motto, "Compositis venerantur Annis." The date is MDCCXIII. An explanation of the object of the medal is desired.

OLDBUCK.

Philadelphia.

_The Black Cap._--Can any of your antiquarian legal readers inform me of the origin of the custom of the judges putting on a black cap when pronouncing sentence of death upon a criminal? I can find no illustration of this peculiar custom in Blackstone, Stephens, or other constitutional writers.

F. J. G.

_The Aboriginal Britons._--A friend of mine wants some information as to the history, condition, manners, &c. of the Britons, prior to the arrival of the Romans. What work, accessible to ordinary readers, supplies the best compendium of what is known on this subject? The fullest account of which I have, just now, any recollection, is contained in Milton's _History of England_, included in an edition of Milton's _Prose Works_, three vols. folio, Amsterdam, 1694. Is Milton's _History_ a work of any merit or authority?

H. MARTIN.

Halifax.

* * * * *

Minor Queries with Answers.

"_Gossip._"--This word, in its obsolete sense, according no doubt to its Saxon origin, means a sponsor, one who answers for a child in baptism, a godfather. Its modern acceptation all know to be widely different. Can any of your correspondents quote a passage or two from old English authors, wherein its obsolete sense is preserved?

N. L. J.

[The word occurs in Chaucer, _The Wyf of Bathes Prologue_, v. 5825.:

"And if I have a _gossib_, or a friend,
(Withouten gilt) thou chidest as a frend,
If that I walke or play into his hous."

And in Spenser, _Faerie Queene_, b. i. c. 12.:

"One mother, when as her foole-hardy child
Did come too neare, and with his talons play,
Halfe dead through feare, her little babe reuil'd,
And to her _gossips_ gan in counsell say."

Master Richard Verstegan is more to the point:

"Our Christian ancestors, understanding a spiritual affinity to grow
between the parents and such as undertooke for the child at baptisme,
called each other by the name of _Godsib_, which is as much as to say,
that they were _sib_ together, that is, _of kin_ together through God.
And the child, in like manner, called such his God-fathers, or
God-mothers."--_Restitution of Decayed Intelligence_, ch. vii.

A quotation or two from that delightful old _gossip_, Mr. Pepys, will show its use in the middle of the seventeenth century:

"Lord's Day. With my wife to church. At noon dined nobly, ourselves
alone. After dinner, my wife and Mercer by coach to Greenwich, to be
_gossip_ to Mrs. Daniel's child. My wife much pleased with the
reception she had, and she was godmother, and did hold the child at the
font, and it is called John."--_Diary_, May 20, 1666.

"Lord's Day. My wife and I to Mr. Martin's, where I find the company
almost all come to the christening of Mrs. Martin's child, a girl.
After sitting long, till the church was done, the parson comes, and
then we to christen the child. I was godfather, and Mrs. Holder (her
husband, a good man, I know well) and a pretty lady that waits, it
seems, on my Lady Bath at Whitehall, her name Mrs. Noble, were
godmothers. After the christening comes in the wine {400} and
sweetmeats, and then to prate and tattle, and then very good company
they were, and I among them. Here was Mrs. Burroughs and Mrs. Bales
(the young widow whom I led home); and having staid till the moon was
up, I took my pretty _gossip_ to Whitehall with us, and I saw her in
her lodging."--_Ibid._, Dec. 2, 1666.]

_Humphry Repton._--To snatch from utter oblivion the once highly reputed Humphry, the king of landscape gardeners, to whom many of our baronial parks owe much of their picturesque beauty, and who, by the side of Sir Joseph Paxton, would now most duly have taken knightful station in these go-ahead days, I ask, in what publication was it, that in 1780, or thereabouts, being an indefatigable attendant at all exhibitions and sales of art, he, the said Humphry, was accustomed (as well able he was) to enlighten the public upon what was passing in matters of art now nearly three quarters of a century ago? Was it the _Bee_? Again, did he not, at his death, leave two large volumes for publication, entitled _Recollections of my Past Life_? Where are these?

INQUEST.

[The MS. collection of the late Humphry Repton, containing interesting
details of his public and private life, has been used by Mr. Loudon in
his biographical notice of Repton prefixed to the last edition of _The
Landscape Gardening_, 8vo., 1840. Mr. Loudon states that 'these papers
were left as a valued memorial for his children: it may be imagined,
therefore, that they contain details of a private nature, which would
be found devoid of interest to the world. Mr. Repton, indeed, possessed
a mind as keenly alive to the ludicrous, as it was open to all that was
excellent, in the variety of characters with whom his extensive
professional connexions brought him acquainted; and he did not fail to
observe and note down many curious circumstances and traits of
character, in themselves highly amusing, but, for obvious reasons,
unfit subjects for publication. Not one taint of satire or ill-nature,
however, ever sullied the wit which flowed spontaneously from a mind
sportive sometimes even to exuberance." His artistic critiques will be
found in the following works: _The Bee_: or, a Critique on the
Exhibition of Paintings at Somerset House, 1788, 8vo. _Variety_: a
Collection of Essays, 1788, 12mo. _The Bee_: a Critique on the
Shakspeare Gallery, 1789, 8vo. _Odd Whims_: being a republication of
some papers in Variety, with a Comedy and other Poems, 2 vols. 12mo.,
1804.]

"_Oriel._"--I should be glad if any of your correspondents could inform me of the origin of the term _oriel_, as applied to a window? It is not, I believe, necessarily to the East.

T. L. N.

Jamaica.

[_Oriol_, or _Oriel_, is a portico or court; also a small room near the
hall in monasteries, where particular persons dined. (Blount's
_Glossog._) Du Cange says, "_Oriolum_, porticus, atrium;" and quotes
Matthew Paris for it. Supposed by some to be a diminutive from _area_
or _areola_. "In modern writings," says Nares, "we meet with mention of
_Oriel_ windows. I doubt the propriety of the expression; but, if
right, they must mean those windows that project like a porch, or small
room. At St. Albans was an _oriel_, or apartment for persons not so
sick as to retire to the infirmary. (Fosbroke's _Brit. Monachism_, vol.
ii. p. 160.) I may be wrong in my notion of _oriel_ window, but I have
not met with ancient authority for that expression. Cowel conjectured
that _Oriel_ College, in Oxford, took its name from some such room or
portico. There is a remarkable portico, in the farther side of the
first quadrangle, but not old enough to have given the name. It might,
however, be only the successor of one more ancient, and more exactly an
_oriel_." For articles on the disputed derivation of this term, which
seems involved in obscurity, see Parker's _Glossary of Architecture_; a
curious paper by Mr. Hamper, in _Archaeologia_, vol. xxiii.; and
_Gentleman's Magazine_ for Nov. 1823, p. 424., and March, 1824, p.
229.]

"_Orchard._"--Professor Martyn, in his Notes on Virgil's _Georgics_, seems to be of opinion that the English word "orchard" is derived from the Greek [Greek: orchatos], which Homer uses to express the garden of Alcinous; and he observes that Milton writes it _orchat_, thereby corroborating this impression. Is the word spelt according to Milton's form by any other writers?

N. L. J.

[It is spelt _orchat_ by J. Philips, _Cider_, book i.:

----"Else false hopes
He cherishes, nor will his fruit expect
Th' autumnal season, but in summer's pride,
When other orchats smile, abortive fail."]

"_Peckwater._"--Why is the quadrangle at Christ Church, in Oxford, called "Peckwater?"

N. L. J.

[The Peckwater Quadrangle derives its name from an ancient hostle, or
inn, which stood on the south-west corner of the present court; and was
the property of Ralph, the son of Richard Peckwater, who gave it to St.
Frideswide's Priory, 30th Henry III.; and about the middle of the reign
of Henry VIII., another inn, called Vine Hall, was added to it; which,
with other buildings, were reduced into a quadrangle in the time of
Dean Duppa and Dr. Samuel Fell. The two inns were afterwards known by
the name of Vine Hall, or Peckwater's Inn; and by this name were given
to Christ Church, in 1547, by Henry VIII.]

_Richard III._--What became of the body after the battle of Bosworth Field? Was it buried at Leicester?

A. BRITON.

Athenaeum.

[After the battle of Bosworth Field, the body of Richard III. was
stript, laid across a horse behind a pursuivant-at-arms, and conducted
to Leicester, where, after it had been exposed for two days, it was
buried with little ceremony in the church of the Grey Friars. In
Burton's MS. of the History of Leicester, we read that, "within the
town was a house of Franciscan or Grey Friars, built by Simon Montfort,
Earl of {401} Leicester, whither (after Bosworth Field) the dead body
of Richard III., naked, trussed behind a pursuivant-at-arms, all dashed
with mire and blood, was there brought and homely buried; where
afterward King Henry VII. (out of royal disposition) erected for him a
fair alabaster monument, with his picture cut out, and made
thereon."--Quoted in Nichols's _Leicestershire_, vol. i. p. 357.: see
also pp. 298. 381.]

_Binding of old Books._--I shall feel obliged to any of your readers who will tell me how to polish up the covers of old books when the leather has got dry and cracked. Bookbinders use some composition made of glair, or white of egg, which produces a very glossy appearance. How is it made and used? and how do they polish the leather afterwards? Is there any little work on book-binding?

CPL.

[Take white of an egg, break it with a fork, and, having first cleaned
the leather with dry flannel, apply the egg with a soft sponge. Where
the leather is rubbed or decayed, rub a little paste with the finger
into the parts affected, to fill up the broken grain, otherwise the
glair would sink in and turn it black. To produce a polished surface, a
hot iron must be rubbed over the leather. The following is, however, an
easier, if not a better, method. Purchase some "bookbinders' varnish,"
which may be had at any colour shop; clean the leather well, as before;
if necessary, use a little water in doing so, but rub quite dry with a
flannel before varnishing; apply your varnish with wool, lint, or a
very soft sponge, and place to dry.]

_Vessel of Paper._--When I was at school in the north of Ireland, not very many years ago, a piece of paper, about the octavo size, used for writing "exercises," was commonly known amongst us as a vessel of paper. Can any of your correspondents tell me the origin of the phrase; and whether it is in use in other localities?

ABHBA.

[Lemon, in his English _Etymology_, has the following remarks on this
phrase:--"_Vessel of Paper_: The etymology of this word does not at
first sight appear very evident; but a derivation has been lately
suggested to me, which seems to carry some probability with it; viz.
that _a vessel of paper_ may have derived its appellation from
_fasciculus_, or _fasciola_; quasi _vassiola_; a vessel, or small slip
of paper; a little winding band, or swathing cloth; a garter; a
_fascia_, a small narrow binding. The root is undoubtedly _fascis_, a
bundle, or anything tied up; also, the fillet with which it is bound."]

* * * * *

Replies.

KING JAMES'S IRISH ARMY LIST, 1689.

(Vol. ix., pp. 30, 31.)

My collections are arranged for illustrating, in the manner alluded to in the above notice, upwards of four hundred families. In Tyrconnel's _Horse_, I find a Dominick _Sheldon_, Lieut.-Colonel. His name appears in the "Establishment" of 1687-8 for a pension of 200l. Early in the campaign, he was actively opposed to the revolutionary party in Down and Antrim; and was afterwards joined in an unsuccessful negotiation for the surrender of Derry. At the battle of the Boyne he commanded the cavalry, and in a gallant charge nearly retrieved the day, but had two horses shot under him. When Tyrconnel left Ireland for France, to aid the cause of the Stuarts, he selected this colonel as one of the directory, who were to advise the young Duke of Berwick, to whom Tyrconnel had committed the command of the Irish army, and who was afterwards so distinguished in the wars of the brigades abroad. After the capitulation of Limerick in 1691, Sarsfield, then the beloved commander of the last adherents of the cause of the royal exile, intrusted to Colonel Sheldon the care of embarking all who preferred a foreign land to the new Government; and King James (for, in justice to my subject, I must still style him _King_) especially thanked him for his performance of that duty. When his own regiment was brigaded in France, it was called, _par excellence_, "the King's Regiment;" and Dominick Sheldon, "an Englishman," was gazetted its Colonel. The successes of his gallant band are recorded, in 1702, at the confluence of the Mincio and the Po; in 1703, against the Imperialists under Visconti, when he was wounded; in the army of the Rhine, and at the battle of Spire within the same year, &c. He appears, throughout his career, an individual of whom his descendants should be proud; but I cannot discover the house of this _Englishman_.

In the Outlawries of 1691, he is described on one as "of the city of Dublin," on another, as "of Pennyburn Mill, co. Derry." No other person of his name appears in my whole _Army List_; although the "Diary" preserved in the _Harleian Miscellany_ (old edit., vol. vii. p. 482.) erroneously suggests a subaltern of his name. In the titular Court of St. Germains, two of the name of Sheldon were of the Board of Green Cloth. Dr. Gilbert Sheldon was Archbishop of Canterbury in the middle of the seventeenth century; and the Sheldons are shown by Burke to be still an existing family at Brailes House in Warwickshire, previously in Oxfordshire, and _semble_ in Staffordshire. I have made application on the subject to Mr. Sheldon of Brailes House, the more confidently as the Christian name of "Ralph" is frequent in the pedigree of that family, and Colonel Dominick Sheldon had a brother Ralph; but Mr. Sheldon could not satisfy me.

One of the adventurers or soldiers in Cromwell's time, in Ireland, was a William Sheldon; who, on the Restoration, in the royal policy of that day, obtained a patent for the lands in Tipperary, which {402} the usurping powers had allotted for him by certificate. Could Colonel Dominick have been his relative?

I pray information on this subject, and any others connected with the _Army List_, with any documentary assistance which, or the inspection of which, the correspondents of "N. & Q." may afford me; and such services will be thankfully acknowledged. If I were aided with such by them, and by the old families of Ireland, the work should be a gem.

JOHN D'ALTON.

48. Summer Hill, Dublin.

* * * * *

QUOTATIONS WANTED.

(Vol. ix., pp. 247, 301.)

"The knights are dust,
Their good swords are rust,
Their souls are with the saints, we trust."

This seems to be an imperfect recollection of the concluding lines of a short poem by Coleridge, entitled "The Knight's Tomb." (See _Poems_ of S. T. Coleridge: Moxon, 1852, p. 306.)

The correct reading is as follows:

"The knight's bones are dust,
And his good sword rust;
His soul is with the saints, I trust."

G. TAYLOR.

Your correspondent's mutilated version I have seen on a china match-box, in the shape of a Crusader's tomb.

C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.

"Of whose omniscient and all-spreading love."

These lines are also Coleridge's (_Poems_, &c., p. 30., edit. 1852). He afterwards added the following note on this passage:

"I utterly recant the sentiment contained in the lines--

Of whose omniscient and all-spreading love
Aught to _implore_ were impotence of mind;

it being written in Scripture, '_Ask_, and it shall be given you!' and
my human reason being, moreover, convinced of the propriety of offering
_petitions_, as well as thanksgivings, to Deity.--S. T. C., 1797."

H. G. T.

Weston-super-Mare.

The line quoted (p. 247.) as having been applied by Twining to Pope's _Homer_, is from _Tibullus_, iii. 6. 56.

P. J. F. GANTILLON

"A fellow feeling makes us wond'rous kind,"

is to be found in the epilogue written and spoken by Garrick on quitting the stage, 1776.[2]

A parallel passage appears in _Troilus and Cressida_, Act III. Sc. 3.:

"One touch of nature makes the whole world kin."

NEWBURIENSIS.

The following lines, and the accompanying paraphrase, probably those inquired after by X. Y., are in Davison's _Poems, or a Poetical Rhapsody_ (p. 50., 4th impression, 1621), where they form the third "device." I do not know who the writer was.

"Quid pluma laevius? Pulvis. Quid pulvere? Ventus.
Quid vento? Mulier. Quid muliere? Nihil."

"Dust is lighter than a feather,
And the wind more light than either;
But a woman's fickle mind
More than a feather, dust, or wind."

F. E. E.

The lines quoted by L. are the first two (a little altered) in the opening stanza of a ballad entitled _The Berkshire Lady_. The correct version (I speak on the authority of a copy which I procured nearly thirty years ago in the great ballad-mart of those days, the Seven Dials) is,--

"Bachelors of every station,
Mark this strange but true relation,
Which in brief to you I bring;
Never was a stranger thing."

The ballad is an account of "love at first sight," inspired in the breast of a young lady, wealthy and beautiful of course, but who, disdaining such adventitious aids, achieves at the sword's point, and covered with a mask, her marriage with the object of her passion. It is much too long, and not of sufficient merit, for insertion in "N. & Q."

F. E. E.

[Footnote 2: [See "N. & Q.," Vol. iii., p. 300.]]

* * * * *

OATHS.

(Vol. viii., no. 364, 605.; Vol. ix., p. 45.)

I am extremely obliged to your several correspondents who have replied to my Query.

I now send you "a remarkable case," which occurred in 1657, and throws considerable light upon the subject.

Dr. Owen, Vice-Chancellor of Oxford, being a witness for the plaintiff in a cause, refused to be sworn in _the usual manner, by laying his right hand upon the book, and by kissing it afterwards_; but he caused the book to be held open before him, and he raised his right hand; whereupon the jury prayed the direction of the Court whether they ought to weigh such evidence as strongly as the evidence of another witness. Glyn, Chief Justice, answered them, that in his opinion he had taken {403} as strong an oath as any other of the witnesses; but he added that, if he himself were to be sworn, he would lay his right hand upon the book itself (_il voilt deponer sa maine dexter sur le liver mesme_). Colt _v._ Dutton, 2 Siderfin's _R._ 6.

This case shows that the usual practice at the time it was decided was, not to take the book in the hand, but to lay the hand upon it. Now, if a person laid his hand upon a book, which rested on anything else, he most probably would lay his fingers upon it, and, if he afterwards kissed it, would raise it with his fingers at the top, and his thumb under the book; and possibly this may account for the practice I mentioned of the Welsh witnesses, which, like many other usages, may have been once universally prevalent, but now have generally ceased.

With regard to kissing the book, so far from assuming that it was essential, I stated that "in none of these instances does kissing the book appear to be essential." Indeed, as, "upon the principles of the common law, there is no particular form essential to an oath to be taken by a witness; but as the purpose of it is to bind his conscience, every man of every religion should be bound by that form which he himself thinks will bind his own conscience most" (per Lord Mansfield, Chief Justice, Atcheson _v._ Everitt, Cowper's _R._ 389.), the form of the oath will vary according to the particular opinion of the witness.

Lord Mansfield, in the case just mentioned, referred to the case in Siderfin, and stated that "the Christian oath was settled in very ancient times;" and it may, perhaps, be inferred that he meant that it was so settled in the form there mentioned; but, as he inaccurately translates the words I have given thus, "If I were sworn, _I would kiss the book_," it may be doubtful whether he did not consider kissing the book as a part of the form of the oath so settled.

I cannot assent to the opinion of Paley, that the term _corporal_, as applied to oath, was derived from the corporale--the square piece of linen on which the chalice and host were placed. The term doubtless was adopted, in order to distinguish some oaths from others; and it would be very strange if it had become the invariable practice to apply it to all that large class of oaths, in every civil and criminal tribunal, to which it did not apply; and when it is remembered that in indictments (which have ever been construed with the strictest regard to the truth of the statements contained in them) this term has always been used where the book has been touched, and where the use of the term, if incorrect, would inevitably have led to an acquittal, no one I think can doubt that Paley is in error.

In addition to the authorities I before referred to, I may mention that Puffendorff clearly uses the term in the sense I attributed to it; and so does Mr. Barbeyrac, in his note to "corporal oath," as used by Puffendorff, where he says: "Juramentum corporale, or, as it is called in the code, juramentum _corporaliter_ praestitum;" and then refers to a rescript of Alexander, where the terms used are "jurejurando _corporaliter_ praestito." (Puffendorff, _Law of Nature and Nations_, lib. iv. ss. 11. and 16., pp. 345. and 350.: London, 1729.) And it seems very probable that the term came to us from the Romans; and as it appears from the books, referred to in the notes to s. 16., that there were some instances in which an oath had been taken by proxy, it may, perhaps, be that the term _corporal_ was originally used to distinguish such oaths as were taken by the party himself from such as were taken by proxy.

The word corporale plainly is the "_corporale_ Linteum," on which the sacred elements were placed, and by which they were covered; and no doubt were so used, because it covered or touched what was considered to be the very body of our blessed Lord. In fact, the term is the same, whether it be applied to oath or cloth; and when used with oath, it is used in the same sense as our immortal bard uses it in "corporal suffering" and "corporal toil."

S. G. C.

As the various forms in which oaths have been administered and taken is a question not altogether devoid of interest, I would wish to add a few words to what I have already written upon this subject. The earliest notice of this ceremony is probably that which is to be found in Genesis xxiv. 2, 3.:

"And Abraham said unto his eldest servant of his house, that ruled over
all that he had. Put, I pray thee, _thy hand under my thigh_; And I
will make thee swear," &c.

That at a very early period the soldier swore by his sword, is shown by the Anglo-Norman poem on the conquest of Ireland by Henry II., published by Thomas Wright, Esq.: London, 1837, p. 101.:

"Morice par sa espe ad jure,
N' i ad vassal si ose."

In a charter of the thirteenth century, made by one Hugh de Sarnefelde to the Abbey of Thomascourt in Dublin, of a certain annuity, we find the passage:

"Et sciendum quod jam dictus Adam de Sarnefelde _affidavit in manu_
Magistri Roberti de Bedeford pro se et heredibus suis quod fideliter et
absque omni fallacia persolvent, etc. redditum prenominatum."

And such clauses are probably of frequent occurrence in ancient charters. The expression "affidavit in manu" may be perhaps explained by referring to the mode in which the oath of homage was accustomed to be taken. This form, as it was of old time observed in England, is, I presume, {404} fully described in other publications; but as many of the most valuable of the ancient public records of Ireland have been, and are still, in a sadly neglected state, it is not probable that the following description of the manner in which certain of the Irish chieftains in the time of Richard II. performed their homage to Thomas Earl of Nottingham, his deputy, has been hitherto printed:

"Gerraldus O'Bryn predictus zonam, glaudium et capitium ipsius a se
amovens, et genibus flexis ad pedes dicti domini comitis procedit,
ambas manus suas palmis [adgremium] junctis erigens, et inter manus
dicti domini comitis crectas tenens, protulit hec verba in lingua
hibernicana," &c.--_Inquisition deposited in the Exchequer Record
Office, Dublin; James I._ No. 84.

JAMES F. FERGUSON.

Dublin.

* * * * *

REMUNERATION OF AUTHORS.

(Vol. viii., p. 81.)

Some time ago I suggested, in the columns of "N. & Q.," a collection which might prove interesting, of the remuneration received by authors for their works, sending my first instalment thereof. A correspondent (W. R.) has since contributed to the stock; and I now beg to add a few more cases which have lately occurred to me. In the instances of plays, &c., I have confined myself to the sums paid for the copyright; any remuneration accruing to the author from the performance, a share of the profit, benefit, &c. &c. being too diffuse to bring into a tabular form; and, in the case of works published while that servile system was in vogue, I have not attempted to record the amounts paid for dedications by the inflated "patrons," nor even those raised by subscription, except in one or two cases, where such was (which was rarely the case) a genuine transaction:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Title of Work. |Author. |Price. |Publisher. |Authority. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- _Phaedra_ |Edmund Smith |60l. |Lintot. |Dr. Johnson. _The Wanderer_ |Savage |10l. 10s. | -- |Ditto. _Beggar's Opera_ |Gay |400l. | -- |Spence. Poems |Ditto |1000l. |Subscription|Dr. Johnson. Translation of eight |W. Broome |600l. |Paid by Pope|Ditto. books of the _Odyssey_,| | | | and all the notes. | | | | Ditto of four books of |Fenton |300l. |Ditto |Ditto. ditto | | | | Edition of Shakspeare |Pope |217l. 12s.|Tonson |Ditto. _Amynta and Theodora_ |Mallet |120l. |Vaillant. |Ditto. _The Poor Gentleman_ |G Colman, sen.|150l. | -- |R. B. Peake. _Who wants a Guinea?_ |Ditto |150l. | -- |Ditto. _Tales from Shakspeare_|Charles Lamb |63l. | -- |Himself. |Mary Lamb | | | Contributions for two |Charles Lamb |170l. | -- |T. Moore, years to the _London | | | | Lord J. Magazine._ | | | | Russell. The King of Prussia's |Thos. Holcroft|1200l. | -- |Galt. works, translation of | | | | _Exchange no Robbery_ |Theodore Hook |60l. | -- |R. H. D. | | | | Barham. _Sayings and Doings_ |Ditto |600l. |Colburn |Ditto. (1st series) | | | | _Ditto_ (2nd series) |Ditto |1050l. |Ditto |Ditto. | |150l. | | | |200l. | | _Ditto_ (3rd series) |Ditto |1050l. |Ditto |Ditto. _Births, Marriages, and|Ditto |600l. |Ditto |Ditto. Deaths_ | | | | Editorship of Colburn's|Ditto |400l. per |Ditto |Ditto. _New Monthly_ | | annum. | | _Rejected Addresses_ |J. and H. |131l. |Murray |H. Smith. | Smith |after 16th| | | | edition | | _Country Cousins_ } | | |Paid for by |} _A Trip to Paris_ } |James Smith. |1000l. |C. Matthews |}Himself. _Air Ballooning_ } | | |for his Ent-|} _A Trip to America_} | | |ertainments.|

ALEXANDER ANDREWS.

* * * * *

OCCASIONAL FORMS OF PRAYER.

(Vol. viii., p. 535.)

The list of Occasional Forms of Prayer, recently contributed to your pages by the REV. THOMAS LATHBURY, contained no less than forty-eight items. All the forms which he enumerates, with one exception, are earlier than the year 1700. Using the same limitation of date, I send you herewith a farther list of such occasional forms: all these are to be found in the British Museum, and the press-marks by which they are designated in the catalogue are here added. The present list comprises fifty-one items, all of them, I think, different from those which have been already mentioned. Unless otherwise stated, the copies of the forms here referred to are printed at London, and they are for the most part in black-letter, without pagination.

A Psalme and Collect of Thankesgiving, not unmeet for the present Time
[_i.e._ after the defeat of the Spanish Armada]. 1588. (3406. c.)

{405}

An Order for Prayer and Thanksgiving (necessary to be used in these
dangerous Times) for the Safetie and Preservation of her Majestie and
this Realm. 1598.

A revision of the form first issued in 1594. (3406. c.) 1.

Certain Prayers collected out of a Form of godly Meditations ... to be
used at this Time in the present Visitation of God's heavy Hand, &c.
With the Order of a Fast to be kept every Wednesday. 1603. (3406. c.)

Thanksgiving, August 5; being the Day of his Highnesse's happy
Deliverance from the trayterous and bloody Attempt of the Earle of
Gowry and his Brother, with their Adherents. 1606. (3406. c.)

Forme of Common Prayer, together with an Order of Fasting: for the
averting of God's heavy Visitation upon many Places of this Kingdom
[two editions, the second with a few MS. notes]. 1625. (3406. d.) 1.
and (3406. d. 1.) 2.

Thanksgiving. March 27, 1626. (3406. d. 1.) 4.

Prayer for Safety and Preservation of his Majestie and this Realm.
1626. (3406. d. 1.) 5.

Thanksgiving. Safe Delivery of the Queen. 1631. Fol. (3406. e.) 1.

Thanksgiving. Safe Child-bearing of the Queene's Majestie. 1635. Fol.
(3406. e.) 2.

Thanksgiving. November 5, 1636. (3406. c.)

Thanksgiving. November 5, 1638. (3406. d. 1.) 6.

Prayer for the King's Majestie, in the Northern Expedition. 1639. Fol.
(3406. e.) 3.

A Form of Thanksgiving to be used September 7, 1640, thorowout the
Diocese of Lincoln, and in the Jurisdiction of Westminster. 1640(?)
(3407. c.)

Thanksgiving. March 27, 1640. (3406. d. 1.) 8.

Prayer for the King's Majestie, in his Expedition against the Rebels of
Scotland. 1640. Fol. (3406. e.) 4.

Fast, February 5, 1644, for a Blessing on the Treaty now begunne.
(3406. d. 1.) 9.

Thanksgiving for the late Defeat given unto the Rebells at Newarke (and
A Prayer for the Queene's safe Delivery). 1644. Oxford, fol. (3406. e.)
5.

Prayer to be used upon January 15, 1661, in London and Westminster,
&c.; and upon the 22nd of the said moneth in the rest of England and
Wales. (3406. d. 2.) 1.

Prayer on June 12 and June 19, 1661 (as in the last form). (3406. d.
2.) 2.

Fast. July 12, 1665, in London, &c. (3406. d. 2.) 3.

Prayer. April 10, 1678. (3407. c.)

Fast. November 13, 1678. (3406. d. 2.) 5.

Prayer for King. 1684. (3407. c.)

Thanksgiving. July 26, 1685. Victories over the Rebels. (3406. d. 3.)
3.

Prayers ... during this time of Public Apprehension from the Danger of
Invasion. 1688. (3407. c.)

Additional Prayers to be used, together with those appointed in the
Service for November 5, 1689. (3406. d. 4.) 4.

Fast. March 12, 1689. Preservation of his Majestie's sacred Person, and
the Prosperity of his Arms in Ireland, &c. (3406. d. 4.) 1.

Fast. June 5 and June 19, 1689. To implore Success in the War declared
against the French King. (3406. d. 4.) 2.

Thanksgiving: Success towards the reducing of Ireland. October 19,
1690. (3406. d. 4.) 3.

Thanksgiving. November 5, 1690. (3406. d. 4.) 6.

A Prayer for the King, to be used instead of that appointed for his
Majestie's present Expedition. 1690. (3406. d. 4.) 5.

A Prayer for the King, to be constantly used while his Majesty is
abroad in the Wars. 1691. (3406. d. 4.) 7.

Fast. April 29, 1691. (3406. d. 4.) 8. Two editions.

Thanksgiving. Success in Ireland. November 26, 1691. (3406. d. 4.) 10.

Thanksgiving. 1692. (3406. d. 4.) 12.

Thanksgiving. 1692. (3406. d. 4.) 14.

Thanksgiving. October 27 and November 10, 1692. For the signal Victory
vouchsafed to the Fleet. (3406. d. 4.) 15.

Prayer, during the Time of their Majesties' Fleet being at Sea. 1692.
(3406. d. 4.) 18.

Fast. April 8, 1692. (3406. d. 4.) 11.

Prayer. May 10, 1693, and second Wednesday of every month following,
&c. (3406. d. 4.) 16.

Thanksgiving. November 12 and November 26, 1693. (3406. d. 4.) 17.

Thanksgiving. December 9 and December 16, 1694. (3406. d. 5.) 3.

Prayers to be used during the Queen's Sickness, &c. 1694. (3406. d. 5.)
2.

Thanksgiving. April 16, 1695. (3406. d. 5.) 4.

Fast. June 19, 1695. (3406. d. 5.) 5.

Prayer. December 11 and December 18, 1695. (3406. d. 5.) 6.

Fast. June 26. (3406. d. 5.) 7.

Form of Prayer to be used Yearly on September 2, 1696, for the dreadful
fire of London. (3406. d. 5.) 8.

Fast. April 28, 1697. (3406. d. 5.) 9.

Thanksgiving. December 2, 1697. (3406. d. 5.) 10.

Fast. April 5, 1699. (3406. d. 5.) 11.

It would occupy more space than "N. & Q." can afford to complete the list up to the present time. In the British Museum Catalogue alone, between the years 1700 and 1800, there are about 120 Forms of Prayer; and, between 1800 and 1850, about 113 more. Let me, before leaving the subject, draw the attention of your readers to the following extract from Straker's (Adelaide Street, West Strand) _Catalogue of Books_, printed in 1853, pp. 419.:

Article "1862. COMMON PRAYER. Forms of Prayer, an extensive collection
of, issued by authority, on public occasions; such as War and Peace,
Plague and Pestilence, Earthquakes, Treason and Rebellion, Accession of
Kings, Birth of Princes, &c. &c., from A.D. 1550 to A.D. 1847,
consisting of 45 in manuscript and 181 printed, together 226; many of
which are of the greatest scarcity, with a detailed catalogue of the
collection, 8l. 8s. 1550-1840 [_sic_].

"The late J. W. Niblock, D.D., F.S.A., was actively engaged for
upwards of _thirty years_, (with {406} great trouble and expense)
in forming this exceedingly interesting and valuable collection for
his projected work, to be entitled 'FORMAE PRECUM, or National
State Prayers, issued by Authority, on Fast and Thanksgiving Days,
and other public Occasions, from the Reformation to the present
Time,' those in manuscript are copied with great care from the
originals in public libraries and private collections."

This important collection may possibly be unknown to some of your readers who take an interest in matters liturgical.

W. SPARROW SIMPSON.

Having made it a point, for some years past, to preserve at least one copy of each Occasional Form of Prayer, and wishing to comply with MR. LATHBURY'S request, I send a list of those in my own possession.

Form and Thanksgiving for Delivery of the Queen, and Birth of a Prince.
1841.

Form and Thanksgiving for Preservation of the Queen "from the atrocious
and treasonable Attempt against her sacred Person." 1842.

Form and Thanksgiving for abundant Harvest. 1842.

Form and Thanksgiving for Delivery of the Queen, and Birth of a
Princess. 1843.

Form and Thanksgiving for Delivery of the Queen, and Birth of Prince.
1844.

Form and Thanksgiving for Victories in the Sutledge. 1846.

Form and Thanksgiving, for Delivery of the Queen, and Birth of a
Princess. 1846.

Form for Relief from Dearth and Scarcity. 1846.

Form for Removal of Dearth and Scarcity. Fast. 1847.

Form and Thanksgiving for abundant Harvest. 1847.

Form and Thanksgiving for Delivery of the Queen, and Birth of a
Princess. 1848.

Form for Maintenance of Peace and Tranquillity. 1848.

Form for Removal of Disease. 1849.

Form and Thanksgiving for Removal of Disease. 1849.

Form and Thanksgiving for Delivery of the Queen, and Birth of a Prince.
1850.

ABHBA.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

_Photographic Query._--Given the diameter and focal length of a simple achromatic lens; at what distance from it must a diaphragm of given diameter be placed to give the best possible image?

O.

_Improvement in Collodion._--As there are many photographers who are not members of the Photographic Society, and who do not see the journal published by that body, a statement of what I think will be found a very material improvement in the manufacture of collodion may not be unacceptable to the readers of "N. & Q." To five drachms of pure _washed_ ether, add one drachm alcohol 60deg over proof, and dissolve therein sufficient soluble cotton to make it of the consistence of oil (the exact quantity must depend rather upon the dexterity of the operator, as the thicker it is the more difficult to use) then add twenty minims of chloroform, dropping in the latter, which will fall to the bottom, but is readily dissolved on shaking the mixture for a few minutes.

To two drachms of the same alcohol add the iodizing material preferred, and mix with the other ingredients.

The above will be found to flow very evenly smoothly over the plate; is tough, intense, and _structureless_ in appearance. I have not yet determined what is the best iodizing mixture, but at present I prefer iodide of potassium _alone_, if pure, and twenty grains to the ounce of alcohol is the proportion I generally adopt; thus having five grains in each ounce of collodion.

Lastly, as regards the soluble cotton, I cannot find any better material than that produced according to the formula published by Mr. Hadow, in the March Number of the _Photographic Journal_, thus: "Take of nit. potash, five parts; sulphuric acid, ten parts; water, one part; _all by weight_. Add the water to the nitrate of potash, and then the acid, and immediately immerse as much cotton wool as can be thoroughly saturated by the mixture, leaving it in for _at least_ ten minutes, and wash with a great abundance of water. The object of adding the cotton immediately that the acid has been mixed with the nitrate of potash, is to expose it to the action of the chemicals while they are at a temperature of from 120deg to 130deg. For farther particulars on this head, I must refer to Mr. Hadow's paper.

GEO. SHADBOLT.

[This application is not a novelty to us: DR. DIAMOND has for some time
added a small portion of his amber varnish (which is prepared from
chloroform) to his collodion, and with satisfactory results. It is a
pity that so admirable a varnish is not to be procured at the
generality of photographic warehouses. We have never yet been able to
procure any which will bear comparison with some which DR. DIAMOND was
good enough to prepare for us.--ED. "N. & Q."]

_Printing Positives._--I will venture to assure AMATEUR that,--if he will follow DR. DIAMOND'S formula for albumenizing Canson paper, either positive or negative, viz.,

Chloride of sodium (salt) 5 grs.
Chloride of ammonium 5 grs.
Water 1 oz.
Albumen, or the white of one egg, which
is near enough for the purpose 1 oz.

and will excite this paper by floating it for about two minutes on a solution of nitrate of silver twenty grains to the ounce, distilled water,--provided his chemicals are good, he will obtain perfectly satisfactory results.

Let his fixing bath be a saturated solution of hypo. soda, and if newly made let him, as recommended by DR. DIAMOND, add 40 grains of chloride of silver to every 8 ounces of the solution. The addition of a grain of sel d'or to every 8 ounces of solution will greatly improve the tones of colour; and if, after some {407} time, the positives become more of a brown tint than he likes, let him add a small quantity of sel d'or, half a grain to a bath of from 12 to 16 ounces, and he will find the dark tints restored.

I inclose a copy of the print of "Horse-shoeing," obtained precisely by the method described. It is rather overprinted; but if AMATEUR will give you his address, and you will forward it to him, it will show him what tones of colour and depth may be procured by following the foregoing directions.

C. E. F.

_Photographic Excursions._--A few Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries have formed themselves into a Photographic Club for the purpose of making periodical excursions into the country, and so securing accurate views of the objects of antiquarian interest in the different localities they may visit. As it is intended that a copy of every photograph so taken shall be deposited in the portfolios of the Society, the advantages likely to result from this little reunion, both to the Society of Antiquaries and to Archaeology generally, are very obvious.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

"_To Garble_" (Vol. ix., pp. 243. 359.).--I venture, with deference, to express a doubt as to whether E. S. T. T. has correctly defined either the former or the present meaning of the verb _to garble_, when he says "it meant a selection of the good and the discarding of the bad parts of anything: its present meaning is exactly the reverse of this." The statutes referred to by your correspondent, the first enacting that no bow staves shall be sold ungarbled, and the second imposing a penalty on the sale of spices and drugs not garbled, appear to me to indicate the former meaning of the word to have been the selection (picking out) of the _bad_ and the discarding of it. Experience shows that in all operations, involving the separation of objects worthless and of value, such as weeding, sifting, and winnowing, the former is removed from the latter and discarded. This view of the case seems to be supported by the fact of the dust and dross sifted from spices being called "garbles." The weeder removes weeds from flowers or plants, the garbler removes garbles from spices and bad bow staves from amongst good ones. Richardson's _Dictionary_ contains the following notes under the head _Garble_:

"Fr. _Grabeler_; It. _Garbellare_. Cotgrave says, Grabeller, to garble
spices, &c., (and hence) also to examine precisely, sift nearly, look
narrowly, search curiously into."

After giving some examples of its use, Richardson says:

"As usually applied in England, to garble is to pick out, sift out what
may serve a particular purpose, and thus destroy or mutilate the fair
character of the whole."

To go no farther, the reports of the parliamentary debates, when a "Blue Book" happens to furnish matter for discussion, amply confirm Richardson's definition, that _to garble_ is to pick out what may serve a purpose. In this sense, however, E. S. T. T. must admit that it would be as much garbling to quote all the _good_ passages of a work as to quote all the bad ones. May we not then assume the present meaning of the word _garble_ to be this--to quote passages with the view of conveying an impression of the ability or intention of a writer, which is not warranted by the general scope of the work?

C. ROSS.

_"Lyra Apostolica_" (Vol. ix., p. 304.).--There is, I believe, a slight inaccuracy in the rotation of the names given at the above page as the writers in the _Lyra Apostolica_. They go in alphabetical order, thus [alpha], Bowden; [beta], Froude; [gamma], Keble; [delta], Newman; [epsilon], Wilberforce; [zeta], Williams.

B. R. A. Y.

The poems signed [zeta]. were written by _Williams_, not by _Wilberforce_.

Can you explain the meaning of the motto on the title-page--

"[Greek: Gnoien d', hos de deron ego polemoio pepaumai]"?

M. D.

[This motto is from Homer, _Iliad_, xviii. 125. Its literal translation
is, They (the enemy) shall know that it was I who have long kept away
from the war," and, by implication, that I have now returned to it;
even I, the great hero Achilles; for he is the taunting speaker. Had it
not been for my absence, he intimates, the Trojans had not gained so
many and great victories. We must leave our correspondent to apply this
Homeric verse to the Protestant dark ages of the Georgian era, and to
the theological movement of 1833.]

_John Bale, Bishop of Ossory_ (Vol. ix., p. 324.).--A catalogue, professing to be a complete one, of this over-ardent reformer's voluminous works, with a portrait, may be seen in Holland's _Herooelogia Anglica_, fol. 165-7. There are some curious notices concerning him in Blomefield's _History of Norwich_ (fol. 1741), pp. 154, 155, 794., where reference is also made to his brother Robert as a learned man and great writer.

WILLIAM MATTHEWS.

Cowgill.

_Burial in an erect Posture_ (Vol. viii., pp. 5. 59. 233. 455. 630.; Vol. ix., p. 279.).--How strange it is that all of us should have forgotten Charlemagne. When his tomb at Aix-la-Chapelle was opened by the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa in 1165, "he found the body of Charlemagne, not reclining in his coffin, as is the usual fashion of the dead, but seated in his throne, as one alive, clothed in the imperial robes, bearing the sceptre in his hand, and on his knees a copy of the gospels." (See Murray's {408} _Handbook to Belgium_.) The throne in which the body was seated, the sarcophagus (of Parian marble, the work of Roman or Greek artists, ornamented with a fine bas-relief of the Rape of Proserpine) in which the feet of the dead king were placed, are still preserved in the cathedral, where I saw them last year, together with some portions of the robes, and some curious ancient embroidery: these last are not usually exhibited to strangers.

W. SPARROW SIMPSON.

"_Carronade_" (Vol. ix., p. 246.).--"The folk story," as to the derivation of this word (if such a comparatively modern invention deserves such an epithet, for the Carron works, I believe, did not exist a hundred years ago) is quite correct. This gun is said to have been invented in Ireland by General Melville; but having been perfected at Carron, it thence took its name.

Landmann (no mean authority at the beginning of this century), in his _Questions and Answers on Artillery_, says: "The carronade takes its name from being first made at Carron."

H. T. ELLACOMBE.

"_Largesse_" (Vol. v., p. 557.; Vol. ix., p. 209.).--The use of this word is not confined to Essex and Northamptonshire, but extends also to Norfolk. It is met with in many parishes in the western division of Norfolk: where, at the time of harvest, after accompanying the last load of corn home with the procession of the "Harvest Lady," it is customary that the labourers on the several farms should go round their respective parishes, and collect various sums of money, under the name of _largesse_, at the houses of the chief inhabitants, whether lay or clerical. Few were to be met with who refused this species of "black mail" thus levied on them; doubtless regarding it as one out of many means of testifying their thankfulness to the "Lord of the Harvest" for "filling their mouth with good things," and giving them an abundance of "corn and wine and oil."

[Sigma].

This word is of common occurrence in Suffolk during the shooting season, where sportsmen are affrays greeted with it, for a donation, by the labourers on the land where game is sought for.

N. L. J.

_Precious Stones_ (Vol. viii., p. 539.; Vol. ix., pp. 37. 88. 284.).--As the titles of so many works on this subject have been already given in your pages, perhaps I may be of some service to your correspondents in farther completing the list, and referring them to the following in my own collection:

On the Origin of Gems, by the Hon. Robert Boyle: London, 12mo.

The Mirror of Stones, in which the Nature, Generation, &c., of more
than 200 Jewels, &c., are distinctly described by Camillus Leonardus,
12mo.: London, 1750.

A Treatise on Diamonds and Pearls, by David Jeffries, 2nd edit., 8vo.:
London, 1751. [This work, which was very scarce, has been recently
reprinted by E. Lumley for 6s.]

Traite des Pierres precieuses et des Pierres fines, par L. Dutens,
12mo.: London, Paris, and Florence. [Reprinted, with additions, in "Les
Oeuvres Meles de Dutens:" Geneve, 8vo., 1784.]

A Treatise on Diamonds and Precious Stones, by John Mawe, 2nd edit.:
London, 8vo., 1823.

A Memoir of the Diamond, by John Murray, F.S.A., &c., 12mo.: London,
1831.

Besides these may be consulted, the treatise of Gemma, _Delle Gemme pretiose_, 2 vols. 4to., a ponderous map of obsolete puerilities; the _Mineralogie_ of M. de Bomare; the _Crystallographie_ of M. Rome Delisle; the essay of Wallerius, _De Lapidum Origine_; the learned researches of Bergman, _Sur les Pierres precieuses_, &c.

I may add, that a practical work on the nature and value of precious stones, comprehending the opinions and superstitions of the ancients respecting them, together with an essay upon engraved gems, an account of celebrated collections and specimens, &c., is much wanted, and would probably be well received.

WILLIAM BATES.

Birmingham.

"_A Pinch of Snuff_" (Vol. vi., p. 431.; Vol. vii., p. 268.).--This work is correctly attributed to Benson E. Hill, Esq. The companion volume, _A Paper of Tobacco_, of which F. R. A. speaks in just terms of commendation, was the production of Mr. W. A. Chatto, the ingenious author of a _History of Playing Cards_, &c. His son, Mr. Thomas Chatto, from whom I received this information, is a bookseller, at No. 25. Museum Street, Bloomsbury: where I hope his civility, and anxiety to serve his visitors, will ensure the success he merits.

WILLIAM BATES.

Birmingham.

_Darwin on Steam_ (Vol. ix., p. 271.).--The lines in question are not cited quite correctly by UNEDA. They run as follows:

"Soon shall thy arm, unconquer'd Steam, afar
Drag the slow barge, or drive the rapid car;
Or on wide-waving wings expanded bear,
The flying-chariot through the fields of air."

They occur in the First Part of the _Botanic Garden_, p. 29., 2nd edit., 4to., London, 1791.

L. (1)

[We are also indebted to J. K. R. W. and other correspondents for
similar replies.]

_Gale of Rent_ (Vol. viii., pp. 563. 655.).--The word _gale_ is used in the west of Philadelphia in the sense of an instalment. Thus, if land is {409} bought to be paid for in annual sums, one of these is called a yearly gale. I have supposed, I cannot now say why, that this was an Irish expression.

UNEDA.