Chapter I: Part 1

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

* * * * *

"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.

* * * * *

No. 37.] SATURDAY, JULY 13, 1850 [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d.

* * * * * {97}

CONTENTS

NOTES:--
The Author of the "Characteristics" by W.D. Christie. 97
Caxton's Printing office, by R.F. Rimbault. 99
Sanatory Laws in other Days. 99
Folk Lore:--Midsummer Fires. 101
Minor Notes:--Borrowed Thoughts--An Infant Prodigy
in 1659--Allusion in Peter Martyr--Hogs not
Pigs. 101

QUERIES:--
A Query and Replies, by H. Walter. 102
Letters of Queen Elizabeth and Philip II. of Spain. 102
Minor Queries:--The New Temple--"Junius Identified"--Mildew
in Books--George Herbert's Burialplace--The Earl of Essex
and "The Finding of the Rayned Deer"--The Lass of Richmond
Hill--Curfew--Alumni of Oxford, Cambridge, and Winchester--St.
Leger's Life of Archbishop Walsh--Query put to a Pope--The
Carpenter's Maggot--Lord Delamere--Henry and the Nutbrown Maid. 103

REPLIES:--
French Poem by Malherbe, by S.W. Singer. 104
"Dies Iræ, Dies Illa." 105
Dr. Samuel Ogden, by J.H. Markland. 105
Replies to Minor Queries:--Porson's Imposition--The
Three Dukes--Kant's Sämmtliche Werke--Becket's
Mother--"Imprest" and "Debenture"--Derivation
of "News"--Origin of Adur--Meaning of
Steyne--Sarum and Barum--Epigrams on the
Universities--Dulcarnon--Dr. Magian--America
known to the Ancients--Collar of SS.--Martello
Towers--"A Frog he would a-wooing go"--William
of Wykeham--Execution of Charles I.--Swords--The
Low Window--Brasichelli's Expurgatory Index--Discursus
Modestus--Melancthon's Epigram. 106

MISCELLANEOUS:--
Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, Sales, &c. 111
Books and Odd Volumes Wanted. 111
Notices to Correspondents. 111
Advertisements. 112

* * * * *

NOTES

THE AUTHOR OF THE "CHARACTERISTICS."

Lord Shaftesbury's _Letters to a young Man at the University_, on which Mr. SINGER has addressed to you an interesting communication (Vol. ii., p. 33.), were reprinted in 1746 in a collection of his letters, "_Letters of the Earl of Shaftesbury, author of the Characteristicks, collected into one volume_: printed MDCCXLVI." 18mo. This volume contains also Lord Shaftesbury's letters to Lord Molesworth, originally published by Toland, with an introduction which is not reprinted; a "Letter sent from Italy, with the notion of the Judgment of Hercules, &c., to my Lord ----"; and three letters reprinted from Lord Shaftesbury's life in the _General Dicionary_, which was prepared by Dr. Kippis, under the superintendence of Lord Shaftesbury's son, the fourth earl.

In my copy of the original edition of the _Letters to a young Man at the University_, two letters have been transcribed by an unknown previous possessor. One is to Bishop Burnet, recommending young Ainsworth when about to be ordained deacon:--

"To the Bishop of Sarum.

"Reigate, May 23. 1710.

"My Lord,--The young man who delivers this to your Lordship, is
one who for several years has been preparing himself for the
ministry, and in order to it has, I think, completed his time at
the university. The occasion of his applying this way was purely
from his own inclination. I took him a child from his poor
parents, out of a numerous and necessitous family, into my own,
employing him in nothing servile; and finding his ingenuity, put
him abroad to the best schools to qualify him for preferment in
a peculiar way. But the serious temper of the lad disposing him,
as I found, to the ministry preferably to other advantages, I
could not be his hindrance; though till very lately I gave him
no prospect of any encouragement through my interest. But having
been at last convinced, by his sober and religious courage, his
studious inclination and meek behaviour, that 'twas real
principle and not a vanity or conceit that led him into these
thoughts, I am resolved, in case your lordship thinks him worthy
of the ministry, to procure him a benefice as soon as anything
happens in my power, and in the mean time design to keep him as
my chaplain in my family.

"I am, my Lord, &c.,

"SHAFTESBURY."

The second letter inserted in my copy is to Ainsworth himself, dated Reigate, 11th May, 1711, and written when he was about to apply for priest's orders. But the bulk of this letter is printed, with a different beginning and ending, in the tenth printed letter, under date July 10th, 1710, and is there made to apply to Ainsworth's having just received deacon's orders. The beginning, and ending of the letter, as in MS., are--

"I am glad the time is come that you are to receive full orders,
and that you hope it from the hands of our {98} great, worthy,
and excellent Bishop, the Lord of Salisbury. This is one of the
circumstances" [then the letter proceeds exactly as in the
printed Letter X., and the MS. letter concludes:] "God send you
all true Christianity, with that temper, life, and manners which
become it.

"I am, your hearty friend,

"SHAFTESBURY."

I quote the printed beginning of Letter X., on account of the eulogy on Bishop Burnet:--

"I believed, indeed, it was your expecting me every day at ----
that prevented your writing since you received orders from the
good Bishop, my Lord of Salisbury; who, as he has done more than
any man living for the good and honour of the Church of England
and the Reformed Religion, so he now suffers more than any man
from the tongues and slander of those ungrateful Churchmen, who
may well call themselves by that single term of distinction,
having no claim to that of Christianity or Protestant, since
they have thrown off all the temper of the former and all
concern or interest with the latter. I hope whatever advice the
great and good Bishop gave you, will sink deeply into your
mind."

Mr. Singer has extracted from the eighth printed letter one or two sentences on Locke's denial of innate ideas. A discussion of Locke's views on this subject, or of Lord Shaftesbury's contrary doctrine of a "moral sense," is not suited to your columns; and I only wish to say that I think Mr. Singer has not made it sufficiently clear that Lord Shaftesbury's remarks apply only to the speculative consequences, according to his own view, of a denial of innate ideas; and that Lord Shaftesbury, in another passage of the same Letters, renders the following tribute of praise to the _Essay on the Human Understanding_:--

"I am not sorry that I lent you Mr. Locke's _Essay on the Human
Understanding_, which may as well qualify for business and the
world as for the sciences and a University. No one has done more
towards the recalling of philosophy from barbarity into use and
practice of the world, and into the company of the better and
politer sort, who might well be ashamed of it in its other
dress. No one has opened a better or clearer way to reasoning;
and, above all, I wonder to hear him censured so much by any
Church of England men, for advancing reason and bringing the use
of it so much into religion, when it is by this only that we
fight against the enthusiasts and repel the great enemies of our
Church."

A life of the author of the _Characteristics_ is hardly less a desideratum than that of his grandfather, the Lord Chancellor, and would make an interesting work, written in connection with the politics as well as literature of the reigns of William and Anne; for the third Lord Shaftesbury, though prevented by ill-health from undertaking office or regularly attending parliament, took always a lively interest in politics. An interesting collection of the third earl's letters has been published by Mr. Foster (_Letters of Locke, Algernon Sidney, and the Earl of Shaftesbury_), and a few letters from him to Locke are in Lord King's _Life of Locke_. I subjoin a "note" of a few original letters of the third Lord Shaftesbury in the British Museum; some of your readers who frequent the British Museum may perhaps be induced to copy them for your columns.

Letters to Des Maizeaux (one interesting, offering him pecuniary assistance) in _Ags. Cat._ MSS. 4288.

Letters to Charles Montagu, Earl of Halifax[1], (one introducing Toland). Add. MSS. 7121.

Letter to Toland (printed, I think, in one of the _Memoirs of Toland_). _Ags. Cat._ 4295. 10.

Letter to T. Stringer in 1625. Ib. 4107. 115.

In Watt's _Bibliotheca Britannica_, neither the _Letters to a young Man at the University_, published in 1716, nor the collection of letters of 1746, are mentioned; and confusion is made between the author of the _Characteristics_ and his grandfather the Chancellor. Several political tracts, published during the latter part of Charles II.'s reign, which have been ascribed to the first Earl of Shaftesbury, but of which, though they were probably written under his supervision, it is extremely doubtful that he was the actual author, are lumped together with the _Characteristics_ as the works of one and the same Earl of Shaftesbury.

Some years ago a discovery was made in Holland of MSS. of Le Clerc, and some notice of the MSS., and extracts from them, are to be found in the following work:--

"De Joanne Clerico et Philippo A. Limborch Dissertationes Duæ.
Adhibitis Epistolis aliisque Scriptis ineditis scripsit atque
eruditorum virorum epistolis nunc primum editis auxit Abr. Des
Amorie Van Der Hoeven, &c. Amstelodami: apud Fredericum Muller,
1843."

Two letters of Locke are among the MSS. Now it is mentioned by Mr. Martyn, the biographer of the first Earl of Shaftesbury, in a MS. letter in the British Museum, that some of this earl's papers were sent by the family to Le Clerc, and were supposed not to have been returned. I mention this, as I perceive you have readers and correspondents in Holland, in the hope that I may possibly learn whether any papers relating to the first Earl of Shaftesbury have been found among the lately discovered Le Clerc MSS.; and it is not unlikely that the same MSS. might contain letters of the third earl, the author of the _Characteristics_, who was a friend and correspondent of Le Clerc.

W.D. CHRISTIE.

[Footnote 1: Two of these--one a letter asking the earl to stand
godfather to his son, and the other a short note, forwarding a
book (Qy. of Toland's)--are printed by Sir Henry Ellis in his
Camden volume, _Letters of Eminent Literary Men_.--ED.]

* * * * * {99}

CAXTON'S PRINTING-OFFICE.

The particular spot where Caxton exercised his business, or the place where his press was fixed, cannot now, perhaps, be exactly ascertained. Dr. Dibdin, after a careful examination of existing testimonies, thinks it most probable that he erected his press in one of the chapels attached to the aisles of Westminster Abbey; and as no remains of this interesting place can now be discovered, there is a strong presumption that it was pulled down in making alterations for the building of Henry VII.'s splendid chapel.

It has been frequently asserted that all Caxton's books were printed in a part of Westminster Abbey; this must be mere conjecture, because we find no statement of it from himself: he first mentions the place of his printing in 1477, so that he must have printed some time without informing us where.

With all possible respect for the opinions of Dr. Dibdin, and the numerous writers on our early typography, I have very considerable doubts as to whether Caxton really printed _within the walls of the Abbey_ at all. I am aware that he himself says, in some of his colophons, "Emprinted in th' Abbey of Westmynstre," but query whether the _precincts_ of the Abbey are not intended? Stow, in his _Annals_ (edit 1560, p. 686.), says,--"William Caxton of London, mercer, brought it (printing) into England about the year 1471, and first practised the same in the _Abbie_ of St. Peter at Westminster;" but in his _Survey of London_, 1603 (edit. Thoms, p. 176.), the same writer gives us a more full and particular account; it is as follows:--

"Near unto this house [i.e. Henry VII.'s alms-house], westward,
was an old chapel of St. Anne; over against the which, the Lady
Margaret, mother to King Henry VII., erected an alms-house for
poor women, which is now turned into lodgings for the singing
men of the college. The place wherein this chapel and alms-house
standeth was called the Elemosinary, or almonry, now corruptly
the ambry, for that the alms of the Abbey were there distributed
to the poor; and therein Islip, abbot of Westminster, erected
the first press of book-printing that ever was in England, about
the year of Christ 1471. William Caxton, citizen of London,
mercer, brought it into England, and was the first that
practised it _in the said abbey_; after which time the like was
practised in the abbeys of St. Augustine at Canterbury, St.
Albans, and other monasteries."

Again, in the curious hand-bill preserved in the Bodleian Library, it will be remembered that Caxton invites his customers to "come to Westmonester _into the Almonestrye_," where they may purchase his books "good chepe."

From these extracts it is pretty clear that Caxton's printing-office was in the Almonry, which was within the precincts of the Abbey, and not in the Abbey itself. The "old chapel of St. Anne" was doubtless the place where the first printing-office was erected in England. Abbot Milling (not Islip, as stated by Stow) was the generous friend and patron of Caxton and the art of printing; and it was by permission of this learned monk that our printer was allowed the use of the building in question.

The _old_ chapel of St. Anne stood in the New-way, near the back of the workhouse, at the bottom of the almonry leading to what is now called Stratton Ground. It was pulled down, I believe, about the middle of the seventeenth century. The _new_ chapel of St. Anne, erected in 1631, near the site of the old one, was destroyed about fifty years since.

Mr. Cunningham, in his _Handbook for London_ (vol. i. p. 17.), says,--

"The first printing-press ever seen in England was set up in
this almonry under the patronage of _Esteney_, Abbot of
Westminster, by William Caxton, citizen and mercer (d. 1483)."

Esteney succeeded Milling in the Abbacy of Westminster, but the latter did not die before 1492. On p. 520. of his second volume, Mr. Cunninghan gives the date of Caxton's death correctly, i.e. 1491.

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

* * * * *

SANATORY LAWS IN OTHER DAYS.

In that curious medley commonly designated, after Hearne, _Arnold's Chronicle_, and which was probably first printed in 1502 or 1503, we find the following passages. I make "notes" of them, from their peculiar interest at the moment when sanatory bills, having the same objects, are occupying the public attention so strongly; especially in respect to the Smithfield Nuisance and the Clergy Discipline bill.

1. In a paper entitled "The articles dishired bi y'e comonse of the cety of London, for reformacyo of thingis to the same, of the Mayer, Aldirmen, and Comon Counsell, to be enacted," we have the following:--

"Also that in anoyding the corupte savours and lothsom innoyaunc
(caused by slaughter of best) w'tin the cyte, wherby moche
people is corupte and infecte, it may plese my Lord Mayr,
Aldirmen, and Comen Counsaile, to put in execucion a certaine
acte of parlement, by whiche it is ordeigned y't no such
slaughter of best shuld be vsed or had within this cite, and
that suche penaltees be leuyed vpo the contrary doers as in the
said acte of parlement ben expressed.

"Also in anoyding of lyke annoyauce. Plese it my Lord Mair,
Alderme, and Como Councell, to enact that noo manor pulter or
any other persone i this cytee kepe from hinsforth, within his
hous, swans, gies, or dowk, upon a peyn therfore to be
ordeigned."--pp. 83, 84, 3d. ed.

I believe that one item of "folk-faith" is that "farm-yard odours are healthy." I have often {100} heard it affirmed at least; and, indeed, has not the common councilman, whom the _Times_ has happily designated as the "defender of filth", totally and publicly staked his reputation on the dogma in its most extravagant shape, within the last few months? It is clear that nearly four centuries ago, the citizens of London thought differently; even though "the corupte savours and lothsom innoyaunc" were infinitely less loathsome than in the present Smithfield and the City slaughter-houses.

It would be interesting to know to what act of parliament Arnold's citizens refer, and whether it has ever been repealed. It is curious to notice, too, that the danger from infuriated beasts running wild through the streets is not amongst the evils of the system represented. They go further, however, and forbid even the _killing_ within the city.

Moreover, it would really seem that the swan was not then a mere ornamental bird, either alive or dead, but an ordinary article of citizen-dinners, it being classed with "gies and dowks" in the business of the poulterer. At the same time, no mention being made of swine in any of these ordonnances or petitions, would at first sight seem to show that the flesh of the hog was in abhorrence with the Catholic citizen, as much perhaps as with the Jews themselves; at any rate, that it was not a vendible article of food in those days. When did it become so? This conclusion would, however, be erroneous; for amongst "the articles of the good governaûce of the cite of London" shortly following we have this:--

"Also yf ony persone kepe or norrysh hoggis, oxen, kyen, or
mallardis within the ward, in noyoying of ther neyhbours."--p.
91.

The proper or appointed place for keeping hoggis was Hoggistone, now Hoxton; as Houndsditch[2] was for the hounds.

There is another among these petitions to the Lord Mayor and corporation, worthy of notice, in connection with sanatory law.

"Also in avoydîg ye abhomynable savours causid by ye kepîg of ye
kenell in ye mote and ye diches there, and î especiall by sethig
of ye houndes mete wt roten bones, and vnclenly keping of ye
hoûdes, wherof moche people is anoyed, soo yt when the wynde is
in any poyte of the northe, all the fowle stynke is blowen ouer
the citee. Plese it mi Lord Mair, Aldirmen, and Comen Coûcell,
to ordeigne that the sayd kenell be amoued and sett in sô other
côuenient place where as best shall seme them. And also that the
said diches mai be clensed from yere to yere, and so kepte yt
thereof folowe non annoyaunce."--p. 87.

Of course "Houndsditch" is here meant; but for what purpose were the hounds kept? And, indeed, what kind of hounds were they, that thus formed a part of the City establishment? Were they bloodhounds for tracking criminals, or hounds kept for the special behoof and pleasure of the "Lord Mair, Aldermen, and Comen Coûsel?" The Houndsditch of that time bore a strong resemblance to the Fleet ditch of times scarcely exceeding the memory of many living men.

I come now to the passages relating to the clergy.

"Also, where as the curatis of the cyte have used often tyme
herebefore to selle their offring (at mariag), whereby the
pisshês where such sales be made comenly be lettid fro messe or
matyns, and otherwhiles from both, by so moch as the frendis of
the pties maryed vsen to goo abowte vij. or viij. dayes before,
and desiryg men to offryg at such tymes as more conuenyent it
were to be at diunyne seruice. Plese it my Lord Mair, Aldirmê,
and Comê Coûseile, to puide remedy, so that the sayd custume be
fordone and leid aparte."--p. 86.

"Also, to thentent that the ordre of priesthood be had in dew
reuerence according to the dignite therof, and that none
occasions of incontinence growe bee the famylyarite of seculer
people. Plese it my Lord Mayre, Aldirmen, and Comon Counsyll, to
enacte that no maner persone beyng free of this citee take,
receyue, and kepe from hensforth ony priest in comons, or to
borde by the weke, moneth, or yere, or ony other terme more or
lesse, vpon peine thervpon to be lymytyd, prouided that this
acte extêde not to ony prieste retayned wyth a citezen in
famyliar housolde."--p. 89.

"Also, plese it my Lord Mayre, Aldyrmen, and Comon Counseylle,
that a communication may be had wyth the curatis of this citee
for oblacions whiche they clayme to haue of citezens agaynst the
tenour of the bulle purchased att their owne instance, and that
it may be determined and an ende taken, whervpon the citezens
shall rest."--p. 89.

"Also, yf ther be ony priest in seruice within the warde, which
afore tyme hath been sette in the toune in Cornhyll for his
dishoneste, and hath forsworne the cyte, alle suche shulde bee
presentyd."--p. 92.

Upon these I shall make no remark. They will make different impressions on different readers; according to the extent of prejudice or liberality existing in different minds. They show that even during the most absolute period of ecclesiastical domination, there was one spot in England where attempts to legislate for the priesthood (though perhaps feeble enough) were made. The legislative {101} powers of the corporation were at that time very ample; and the only condition by which they appear to have been limited was, that they should not override an act of parliament or a royal proclamation.

Is there any specific account of the "tonne in Cornhyll" existing? Its purpose, in connection with the conduit, admits of no doubt; the forsworn and dishonest priest had been punished with a "good ducking," and this, no doubt, accompanied with a suitable ceremonial for the special amusement of the "'prentices."[3]

I have also marked a few passages relative to the police and the fiscal laws of those days, and when time permits, will transcribe them for you, if you deem them worthy of being laid before your readers.

T.S.D.

[Footnote 2: Mr. Cunningham, speaking of Houndsditch, merely
quotes the words of Stow. It would appear that Stow's reason for
the name is entirely conjectural; and indeed the same reason
would justify the same name being applied to all the "ditches"
in London in the year 1500, and indeed much later. This passage
of Arnold throws a new light upon the _name_, at least, of that
rivulet; for stagnant its waters could not be, from its
inclination to the horizon. It, however, raises another question
respecting the mode of keeping and feeding hounds in those days;
and likewise, as suggested in the text, the further question, as
to the purpose for which these hounds were thus kept as a part
of the civic establishment.]

[Footnote 3: This view will no doubt be contested on the
authority of Stow, who describes the tonne as a "prison for
night-walkers," so called from the form in which it was built.
(Cunningham, p. 141., 2nd ed.) Yet, as Mr. Cunningham elsewhere
states (p. xxxix.), "the Tun upon Corn-hill [was] converted into
a conduit" in 1401, it would hardly be called a "prison" a
century later. The probability is, that the especial building
called the tonne never was a prison at all; but that the prison,
from standing near or adjoining the tonne, took its name, the
tonne prison, in conformity with universal usage. It is equally
probable that the tonne was originally built for the purpose to
which it was ultimately applied; and that some delay arose in
its use from the difficulty experienced in the hydraulic part of
the undertaking, which was only overcome in 1401. The
universality of the punishment of "ducking" amongst our
ancestors is at least a circumstance in favour of the view taken
in the text.]

* * * * *

FOLK LORE.

_Midsummer Fires._--From your notice of Mr. Haslam's account of the Beltein or Midsummer fires in Cornwall, I conclude you will give a place to the following note. On St. John's eve last past, I happened to pass the day at a house situate on an elevated tract in the county of Kilkenny, Ireland; and I shall long remember the beauty of the sight, when, as dusk closed in, fire after fire shot up its clear flame, thickly studding the near plains and distant hills. The evening was calm and still, and the mingled shouts and yells of the representatives of the old fire-worshippers came with a very singular effect on the ear. When a boy, I have often _passed through_ the fire myself on Midsummer eve, and such is still the custom. The higher the flame, the more daring the act is considered: hence there is a sort of emulation amongst the unwitting perpetrators of this Pagan rite. In many places cattle are driven through the fire; and this ceremony is firmly believed to have a powerful effect in preserving them from various harms. I need not say, that amongst the peasantry the fires are now lighted in honour of St John.

X.Y.A.

Kilkenny.

* * * * *

MINOR NOTES.

_Borrowed Thoughts._--Mr. SINGER (Vol. i., p. 482.) points out the French original from which Goldsmith borrowed his epigram beginning--

"Here lies poor Ned Purdon."

I find, in looking over Swift's works, a more literal version of this than Goldsmith's:--

"Well then, poor G---- lies under ground,
So there's an end of honest Jack;
So little justice here he found,
'Tis ten to one he'll ne'er come back."

I should like to add two Queries:--Who was the Chevallier de Cailly (or d'Aceilly), the author of the French epigram mentioned by Mr. Singer? And--when did he live?

H.C. DE ST. CROIX

_An Infant Prodigy in 1659._--The following wonderful story is thus related by Archbishop Bramhall (Carte's _Letters_, ii. 208.: Dr. Bramhall to Dr. Earles, Utrecht, Sept. 6-16, 1659):--

"A child was born in London about three months since, with a
double tongue, or divided tongue, which the third day after it
was born, cried 'a King, a King,' and bid them bring it to the
King. The mother of the child saieth it told her of all that
happened in England since, and much more which she dare not
utter. This my lady of Inchiguin writeth to her aunt, _Me brow
van Melliswarde_[4], living in this city, who shewed me the
letter. My Lady writeth that she herself was as incredulous as
any person, until she both saw and heard it speak herself very
lately, as distinctly as she herself could do, and so loud that
all the room heard it. That which she heard was this. A
gentleman in the company took the child in his arms and gave it
money, and asked what it would do with it, to which it answered
aloud that it would give it to the King. If my Lady were so
foolish to be deceived, or had not been an eye and ear witness
herself, I might have disputed it; but giving credit to her, I
cannot esteem it less than a miracle. If God be pleased to
bestow a blessing upon us, he cannot want means."

It can hardly be doubted that the Archbishop's miracle was a ventriloquist hoax.

CH.

[Footnote 4: The name of the Dutch lady, mis-written for De
Vrouw, &c.]

_Allusion in Peter Martyr._--Mr. Prescott, in his _History of the Conquest of Mexico_ vol. i. p. 389. (ed. 8vo. 1843), quotes from Peter Martyr, _De Orbe Novo_, dec. 1. c. l., the words, "Una illis fuit spes salutis, desperasse de salute," applied to the Spanish invaders of Mexico; and he remarks that "it is said with the classic energy of Tacitus." The {102} expression is classical, but is not derived from Tacitus. The allusion is to the verse of Virgil:--

"Una salus victis nullam sperare salutem."

_Æn._ ii. 354.

L.

_Hogs not Pigs._--In Cowper's humorous verses, "The yearly Distress, or Tithing-time at Stoke in Essex," one of the grumblers talks

"of pigs that he has lost
By maggots at the tail."

Upon this I have to remark that an intelligent grazier assures me that pigs are never subject to the evil here complained of, but that lambs of a year old, otherwise called "hogs" or "hoggets," are often infested by it. It would appear, therefore, that the poet, misled by the ambiguous name, and himself knowing nothing of the matter but by report, attributed to pigs that which happens to the other kind of animal, viz. lambs a year old, which have not yet been shorn.

J. MN.

* * * * *

QUERIES.

A QUERY AND REPLIES.

_Plaister or Paster--Christian Captives--Members for Calais, &c._--In editing Tyndale's _Pathway_ (_Works_, vol. i. p. 22.), I allowed preceding editors to induce me to print _pastor_, where the oldest authority had _paster_. As the following part of the sentence speaks of "suppling and suaging wounds," I am inclined to suspect that "paster" might be an old way of spelling, "plaster." Can any of your correspondents supply me with any instance in which "plaster" or "plaister" is spelt "paster" by any old English writer?

In return for troubling you with this question, you may inform Mr. Sansom, in answer to Query, Vol. ii., p. 41., that Hallam says, "Not less than fifty gentlemen were sold for slaves at Barbadoes, under Cromwell's government." (_Constit. Hist._, ch. x. note to p. 128., 4to. edit.) And though Walker exaggerated matters when he spoke "a project to sell some of the most eminent masters of colleges, &c., to the Turks for slaves," Whitelock's _Memorials_ will inform him, under date of Sept. 21, 1648, that the English Parliament directed one of its committees "to take care for transporting the Scotch prisoners, in the first place to supply the plantations, and to send the rest to Venice."

To another, O.P.Q. (Vol. ii., p. 9.), you may state that the members for Calais in the time of Edw. VI., and in the first four parliaments of Mary, may be seen in Willis' _Notitia Parliamentaria_, where their names are placed next to the members for the Cinque Ports. Willis states that the return for Calais for the last parliament of Henry VIII is lost. Their names indicate that they were English,--such as Fowler, Massingberd, &c.

As to umbrellas, there are Oriental scholars who can inform your inquirers that the word "satrap" is traceable to words whose purport is, the bearer of an umbrella.

Another of your latest Querists may find the epigrams on George II.'s (not, as he imagines, Charles I.'s) different treatment of the two English universities in Knox's _Elegent Extracts_. The lines he has cited are both from the same epigram, and, I think, from the first of the two. They were occasioned by George. II's purchasing the library of Dr. Moore, Bishop of Ely, and giving it to the university of Cambridge.

The admirer of another epigram has not given it exactly as I can remember it in a little book of emblems more than fifty years ago:--

"'Tis an excellent world that we live in,
To lend, to spend, or to give in;
But to borrow or beg, or get a man's own,
'Tis just the worst world that ever was known."

H. WALTER.

* * * * *

LETTERS OF QUEEN ELIZABETH AND PHILIP II. OF SPAIN.

Perhaps some of your readers may be able to inform me whether any of the following letters between Queen Elizabeth and Philip II. of Spain, extracted from the archives of Simancas, have yet appeared in print:--

1. Queen Elizabeth to Philip II., January 9, 1562-3.

2. Answer, April 2, 1563.

3. Philip II.'s reply to the English ambassador in the case of Bishop Cuadra, April, 1563.

4. Charges made in England against the Bishop of Aquila, Philip's ambassador, and the answers.

5. Queen Elizabeth to Philip II., January 18, 1569.

6. Philip to Elizabeth, May 9, 1569.

7. Elizabeth to Philip, March 20, 1571.

8. Answer, June 4, 1571.

9. Declaration of the Council to the Spanish ambassador Don Gueran de Espes, Dec. 14, 1571.

10. The ambassador's answer.

11. Elizabeth to Philip, Dec. 16, 1571.

12. Bermandino de Mendoza to Philip II., in cypher, London, January 26, 1584.

13. Philip to Elizabeth, July, 16, 1568.

14. Duke of Alva to Philip II., January 14, 1572.

15. Minutes of a letter from Philip II. to Don Gueran de Espes, February 24, 1572.

A.M.

* * * * * {103}

MINOR QUERIES.

_The New Temple._--As your correspondent L.B.L. states (Vol. ii., p. 75.) that he has transcribed a MS. survey of the Hospitallers' lands in England, taken in 1338, he will do me a great kindness if he will extract so much of it as contains a description of the New Temple in London, of which they became possessed just before that date. It will probably state whether it was then in the occupation of themselves or others: and, even if it does not throw any light on the tradition that the lawyers were then established there, or explain the division into the Inner and Middle Temple, it will at least give some idea of the boundaries, and perhaps determine whether the site of Essex House, which, in an ancient record is called the Outer Temple, was then comprehended within them.

EDWARD FOSS.

"_Junius Identified._"--The name of "John Taylor" is affixed to the Preface, and there can be little doubt, I presume, that Mr. John Taylor was literally _the writer_ of this work. It has, however, already become a question of some interest, to what extent he was assisted by Mr. Dubois. The late Mr. George Woodfall always spoke of the pamphlet as the work of Dubois. Lord Campbell, in his _Lives of the Chancellors_, published a statement by Lady Francis in respect to Sir Philip's claim to the authorship of _Junius' Letters_, and thus introduced it--"I am indebted for it to the kindness of my old and excellent friend, Mr. Edward Dubois, _the ingenious author of 'Junius Identified'_" Mr. Dubois was then, and Mr. Taylor is now living, and both remained silent. Sir Fortunatus Dwarris, the intimate friend of Dubois, states that he was "_a connection_ of Sir Philip Francis", and that the pamphlet is "said, I know not with what truth, to have been prepared under the eye of Sir Philip Francis, it may be, through the agency of Dubois." Dubois was certainly connected with, though not, I believe, related to Sir Philip; and at the time of the publication he was also connected with Mr. Taylor. I hope, under these circumstances, that Mr. Taylor will think it right to favour you with a statement of the facts, that future "Note"-makers may not perplex future editors with endless "Queries" on the subject.

R.J.

_Mildew in Books._--Can you, or any of your readers, suggest a preventive for mildew in books?

In a valuable public library in this town (Liverpool), much injury has been occasioned by mildew, the operations of which appear very capricious; in some cases attacking the printed part of an engraving, leaving the margin unaffected; in others attacking the inside of the backs _only_; and in a few instances it attacks all parts with the utmost impartiality.

Any hints as to cause or remedy will be most acceptable.

B.

_George Herbert's Burial-place._--Can any of your correspondents inform me where the venerable George Herbert, rector of Bemerton, co. Wilts., was buried, and whether there is any monument of him existing in any church?

J.R. Fox.

_The Earl of Essex, and "The Finding of the Rayned Deer."_--

"There is a boke printed at Franker in Friseland, in English,
entitled _The Finding of the Rayned Deer_, but it bears title to
be printed in Antwerp, it should say to be done by som prieste
in defence of the late Essex's tumult."

The above is the postscript to a letter of the celebrated Father Parsons written "to one Eure, in England", April 30, 1601, a contemporary copy of which exists in the State Paper Office [Rome,] Whitehall. Can any of your readers tell me whether anything is known of this book?

SPES.

June 28. 1850.

_The Lass of Richmond Hill._--I should be much obliged by being informed who wrote the _words_ of the above song, and when, if it was produced originally at some place of public entertainment. The Rev. Thomas Maurice, in his elegant poem on Richmond Hill, has considered it to have been written upon a Miss Crop, who committed suicide on that spot, April 23rd, 1782; but he was evidently misinformed, as it appeared some few years later, and had no reference to that event. I have heard it attributed to Leonard Mac Nally, a writer of some dramatic pieces, but on no certain grounds; and it may have been a Vauxhall song about the year 1788. The music was by James Hook, the father of Theodore Hook.

QUÆRO.

_Curfew._--In what towns or villages in England is the old custom of ringing the curfew still retained?

NABOC.

_Alumni of Oxford, Cambridge, and Winchester._--Are the alumni of the various colleges of Oxford, Cambridge, and Winchester, published from an early period, and the various preferments they held, similar to the one published at Eton.

J.R. Fox.

_St. Leger's Life of Archbishop Walsh._--In Doctor Oliver's _History of the Jesuits_, it is stated that William St. Leger, an Irish member of that Society, wrote the _Life of Thomas Walsh, Archbishop of Cashel_, in Ireland, published in 4to. at Antwerp in 1655. Can any of your numerous readers inform me if a copy of this work is to be found in the British Museum, or any other public library, and something of its contents?

J.W.H. {104}

_Query put to a Pope._--

"Sancte Pater! scire vellem
Si Papatus mutat pellem?"

I have been told that these lines were addressed to one of the popes, whose life, before his elevation to the see of St. Peter, had been passed in excesses but little suited to the clerical profession.

They were addressed to him _orally_, by one of his former associates, who met and stopped him while on his way to or from some high festival of the Church, and who plucked aside, as he spoke, the gorgeous robes in which his quondam fellow-reveller was dressed.

The reply of the pope was prompt, and, like the question, in a rhyming Latin couplet. I wish, if possible, to discover, the name of the pope;--the terms of his reply;--the name of the bold man who "_put him to the question_;"--by what writer the anecdote is recorded, or on what authority it rests.

C. FORBES.

Temple.

_The Carpenter's Maggot._--I have in my possession a MS. tune called the "Carpenter's Maggot," which, until within the last few years, was played (I know for nearly a century) at the annual dinner of the Livery of the Carpenters' Company. Can any of your readers inform me where the original is to be found, and also the origin of the word "Maggot" as applied to a tune?

F.T.P.

_Lord Delamere._--Can any of your readers give me the words of a song called "Lord Delamere," beginning:

"I wonder very much that our sovereign king,
So many large taxes upon this land should bring."

And inform me to what political event this song, of which I have an imperfect MS. copy, refers.

EDWARD PEACOCK, JUN.

_Henry and the Nut-brown Maid._--SEARCH would be obliged for any information as to the authorship of this beautiful ballad.

[Mr. Wright, in his handsome black-letter reprint, published by
Pickering in 1836, states, that "it is impossible to fix the
date of this ballad," and has not attempted to trace the
authorship. We shall be very glad if SEARCH's Query should
produce information upon either of these points.]

* * * * *

REPLIES.

FRENCH POEM BY MALHERBE.

The two stanzas your correspondent E.R.C.B. has cited (Vol. ii., p. 71.) are from an elegiac poem by MALHERBE (who died in 1628, at the good old age of seventy-three), which is entitled _Consolation à Monsieur Du Perrier sur la Mort de sa Fille_. It has always been a great favorite of mine; for, like Gray's Elegy and the celebrated _Coplas_ of Jorge Manrique on the death of his father, beside its philosophic moralising strain, it has that pathetic character which makes its way at once to the heart. I will transcribe the first four stanzas for the sake of the beauty of the fourth:--

"Ta douleur, Du Perrier, sera done éternelle,
Et les tristes discours
Que te met en l'esprit l'amitié paternelle
L'augmenteront toujours.

"Le malheur de ta fille au tombeau descendue,
Par un commun trépas,
Est-ce quelque dédale, où ta raison perdue
Ne se retrouve pas?

"Je sai de quels appas son enfance estoit pleine;
Et n'ay pas entrepris,
Injurieux ami, de soulager ta peine
Avecque son mépris.

"Mais elles estoit du monde, où les plus belles choses
Ont le pire destin:
Et Rose elle a vécu ce que vivent les roses,
L'espace d'un matin."

The whole poem consists of twenty-one stanzas and should be read as a whole; but there are several other striking passages. The consolation the poet offers to his friend breathes the spirit of Epictetus:--

"De moy, déjà deux fois d'une pareille foudre
Je me suis vu perclus,
Et deux fois la raison m'a si bien fait resoudre,
Qu'il ne m'en souvient plus.

"Non qu'il ne me soit grief que la terre possède
Ce qui me fut si cher;
Mais en un accident qui n'a point de remède,
II n'en faut point chercher."

Then follow the two stanzas cited by your correspondent, and the closing verse is:--

"De murmurer contre-elle et perdre patience,
Il est mal-à-propos:
Vouloir ce que Dieu veut, est la seule science
Qui nous met en repos."

The stanza beginning "Le pauvre en sa cabane," is an admirable imitation of the "Pallida mors æquo pulsat pede," &c. of Horace, which a countryman of the poet is said to have less happily rendered "La pâle mort avec son pied de cheval," &c.

Malherbe has been duly appreciated in France: his works, in one edition, are accompanied by an elaborate comment by Menage and Chevreau: Racan wrote his life, and Godeau, Bishop of Vence, a panegyrical preface. He was a man of wit, and ready at an impromptu; yet it is said, that in writing a consolotary poem to the President de Verdun, on the death of his wife, he was so long {105} in bringing his verses to that degree of perfection which satisfied his own fastidious taste, that the president was happily remarried, and the consolation not at all required.

Bishop Hurd, in a note on the _Epistle to Augustus_, p. 72., says:

"Malherbe was to the French pretty much what Horace had been to
Latin poetry. These great writers had, each of them, rescued the
lyric muse of their country out of the rude ungracious hands of
their old poets. And, as their talents of a _good ear_, _elegant
judgment_, and _correct expression_, were the same, they
presented her to the public in all the air and grace, and yet
_severity_, of beauty, of which her form was susceptible."

S.W. SINGER.

Mickleham, July 2. 1850.

* * * * *

"DIES IRÆ, DIES ILLA."

In reply to the first of Mr. SIMPSON's Queries (Vol. ii., p. 72.) relative to the magnificent sequence _Dies iræ_, I beg to say that the author of it is utterly unknown. The following references may be sufficient:--Card. Bona, _Rer. Liturgic._ lib. ii. cap. vi. p. 336., Romæ, 1671; or, if possible, Sala's edition, tom. iii. p 143., Aug. Turin. 1753; Gavantus, tom. i. pp. 274-5., Lugd. 1664; and the _Additions_ by Merati, i. 117-18., Aug. Vindel, 1740; Zaccaria, _Biblioth. Ritual._ tom. i. p. 34., Romæ, 1776; Oldoini Addit. ad Ciaconii _Vit. Pontiff. et Cardd._, tom. ii. col. 222., Romæ, 1677.

Mr. SIMPSON's second question is, "In what book was it first printed?" Joannes de Palentia, in his notes upon the _Ordinarium PP. Præd._, asserts that this celebrated prose was first introduced into the Venice editions of the Missals printed for the Dominicans. The oldest _Missale Prædicatorum_ which I possess, or have an opportunity of seeing, is a copy of the Parisian impression of the year 1519; and herein the _Dies iræ_ is inserted in the _Commemoratio Defunctorum_; mens. Novemb. sig. M. 5.

An inquiry remains as to the date of the general adoption of this sequence by the Roman Church. In Quetif and Echard (_Scriptt. Ord. Præd._ i. 437.), under the name of Latinus Malabranca, we read that it certainly was not in use in the year 1255; and there does not appear to be the slightest evidence of its admission, even upon private authority, into the office for the dead anterior to the commencement of the fifteenth century.

Your correspondent was not mistaken in his belief that he had met with an imperfect transcript of this prose, for the original consists not of "twenty-seven," but of _fifty-seven_ lines. I may add that I do not remember to have found the text more correctly given than in the beautiful folio missal of the church of Augsburg, partly printed on vellum in 1555 (fol. 466. b.).

R.G.

The _Dies Iræ_ is truly said by Mr. SPARROW SIMPSON (Vol. ii., p. 72.) to be an extremely beautiful hymn. Who was its author is very doubtful, but the probabilities are in favour of Thomas de Celano, a Minorite friar, who lived during the second half of the fourteenth century. It consists of nineteen strophes, each having three lines. Bartholomew of Pisa, A.D. 1401, in his _Liber Conformitatum_, speaks of it; but the earliest printed book in which I have ever seen this hymn, is the _Missale Romanum_, printed at Pavia, A.D. 1491, in 8vo., a copy of which I have in my possession.

D. ROCK.

Buckland, Faringdon.

* * * * *

DR. SAMUEL OGDEN.

In reply to your correspondent TWYFORD (Vol. ii., p. 73.), the original of the common surname _Ogden_ is doubtless Oakden. A place so called is situated in Butterworth, Lancashire, and gave name to a family,--possibly extinct in the sixteenth century. A clergymam, whose name partook both of the original and its corruption, was vicar of Bradford, 1556, viz Dus Tho. _Okden_. The arms and crest borne by the Oakdens were both allusive to the name, certainly without any reference to King Charles's hiding-place.

Dr. Samuel Ogden, born in 1716 at Winchester, was the son of Thomas Ogden, a man of very humble origin: but he had the merit of giving a liberal education to one whose natural talents well deserved culture; and both his parents, in the decline of life, owed their support to Ogden's filial piety and affection. Cole is quite mistaken in fixing the father's residence at Mansfield, and in stating that he had been in the army. The monument, spoken of by Cole, is not at Mansfield, but in the cathedral of Manchester: nor is it a memorial of Dr. Ogden. It was placed by him in memory of his _father_. Ogden was buried in his own church, St. Sephlchre's, Cambridge.

The following epigram, it is believed, has not been printed. It is transcribed from a letter in my possession, addressed by the first Lord Alvanley, when at college, to his former tutor, Mr. Thyer, editor of _Butler's Remains_:--

"When Ogden his prosaic verse
In Latin numbers drest,
The Roman language prov'd too weak
To stand the Critic's test.

"To English Rhyme he next essay'd,
To show he'd some pretence;
But ah! Rhyme only would not do--
They still expected Sense.

"Enrag'd, the Doctor said he'd place
In Critics no reliance,
So wrapt his thoughts in Arabic,
And bad them all defiance."

J.H. MARKLAND.

* * * * * {106}

_Ogden Family_ (Vol. ii., p. 73.).--Perhaps the representatives of the late Thomas Ogden, Esq., and who was a private banker at Salisbury previous to 1810 (presuming he was a member of the family mentioned by your correspondent TWYFORD), might be able to furnish him with the information he seeks.

J.R. FOX.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_Porson's Imposition_ (Vol. i., p. 71.) is indeed, I believe, an _imposition_. The last line quoted (and I suppose all the rest) can hardly be Porson's, for Mr. Langton amused Johnson, Boswell, and a dinner party at General Oglethorpe's, on the 14th of April, 1778, with some macaronic Greek "by _Joshua Barnes_, in which are to be found such comical Anglo-hellenisms as [Greek: klubboisin ebagchthae] they were banged with clubs." Boswell's _Johnson_, last ed. p. 591.

C.

_The Three Dukes_ (Vol. ii., pp. 9, 46, 91.).--Andrew Marvel thus makes mention of the outrage on the beadle in his letter to the Mayor of Hull, Feb. 28, 1671 (_Works_, i. 195.):--

"On Saturday night last, or rather Sunday morning, at two
o'clock, some persons reported to be of great quality, together
with other gentlemen, set upon the watch and killed a poor
beadle, praying for his life upon his knees, with many wounds;
warrants are out for apprehending some of them, but they are
fled."

I am not aware of any contemporary authority for the names of the three dukes; and a difficulty in the way of assigning them by conjecture is, that in the poem they are called "three bastard dukes." Your correspondent C. has rightly said (p. 46.) that none of Charles II.'s bastard sons besides Monmouth would have been old enough in 1671 to be actors in such a fray. Sir Walter Scott, in his notes on _Absalom and Achitophel_, referring to the poem, gives the assault to Monmouth and some of his brothers; but he did so, probably, without considering dates, and on the strength of the words "three bastard dukes."

Mr. Lister, in the passage in his _Life of Clarendon_ referred to by Mr. Cooper (p. 91.), gives no authority for his mention of Albemarle. I should like to know if Mr. Wade has any other authority than Mr. Lister for this statement in his useful compilation.

Were it certain that three dukes were engaged in this fray, and were we not restricted to "bastards," I should say that Monmouth, Albemarle, and Richmond (who married the beautiful Miss Stuart, and killed himself by drinking) would probably be the three culprits. As regards Albemarle, he might perhaps have been called bastard without immoderate use of libeller's licence.

If three dukes did murder the beadle, it is strange that their names have not been gibbeted in many of the diaries and letters which we have of that period. And this is the more strange, as this assault took place just after the attack on Sir John Coventry, which Monmouth instigated, and which had created so much excitement.

The question is not in itself of much importance; but I can suggest a mode in which it may possibly be settled. Let the royal pardons of 1671 be searched in the Rolls' Chapel, Chancery Lane. If the malefactors were pardoned by name, the three dukes may there turn up. Or if any of your readers is able to look through the Domestic Papers for February and March, 1671, in the State Paper Office, he would be likely to find there come information upon the subject.

Query. Is the doggerel poem in the _State Poems_ Marvel's? Several poems which are ascribed to him are as bad in versification, and, I need not say, in coarseness.

Query 2. Is there any other authority for Queen Catharine's fondness for dancing than the following lines of the poem?

"See what mishaps dare e'en invade Whitehall,
This silly fellow's death puts off the ball,
And disappoints the Queen's foot, little Chuck;
I warrant 'twould have danced it like a duck."

CH.

_Kant's Sämmtliche Werke._--Under the head of "Books and Odd Volumes" (Vol. ii., p. 59.), there is a Query respecting the XIth part of Kant's _Sämmtliche Werke_, to which I beg to reply that it was published at Leipzig, in two portions, in 1842. It consists of Kant's Letters, Posthumous Fragments, and Biography. The work was completed by a 12th vol., containing a history of the Kantian Philosophy, by Carl Rosenkranz, one of the editors of this edition of Kant.

J.M.

_Becket's Mother_ (Vol. i., pp. 415. 490.; vol. ii., p. 78.).--Although the absence of any contemporaneous relation of this lady's romantic history may raise a reasonable doubt of its authenticity, it seems to derive indirect confirmation from the fact, that the hospital founded by Becket's sister shortly after his death, on the spot where he was born, part of which is now the Mercers' chapel in Cheapside, was called "The Hospital of St. Thomas the Martyr _of Acon_." Erasmus, also, in his _Pilgrimages to Walsingham and Canterbury_ (see J.G. Nichol's excellent translation and notes, pp. 47. 120.), says that the archbishop was called "Thomas _Acrensis_."

Edward Foss.

_"Imprest" and "Debenture."_--Perhaps the following may be of some use to D.V.S. (Vol. ii., p. 40.) in his search for the verbal raw material out of which these words were manufactured.