Chapter II: Front Matter (2)

After some descents, this family of Preston, of the manor of Furness, terminated in a daughter, who married Sir William Lowther, whose grandson left his estates in Furness and Cartmell to his cousin, Lord George Cavendish, through whom they are inherited by the Earl of Burlington. As Harry the Eighth's good intentions towards Sir Thomas Curwen have been frustrated, his descendants must console themselves by knowing that the glorious old ruin of Furness could not be in better hands than his lordship's.

H. C.

Workington.

_Periodical Literature_, 1707.--

"The author of the _Observator_ is MR. RIDPATH, y^e author of the
_Flying Post_. The base author of the late paper, which has been some
time since dropp'd, viz. _The Observator Reviv'd_, was one PEARCE, an
exchange broker, some time since concerned in the paper called
_Legion's Address_, and forced to fly on that account into Holland. The
publisher of the _Phoenix_ is a Presbyterian bookseller, named J.
Darby, in Bartholomew Close, who has told me that he was chiefly
assisted therein by the famous MR. COLLINS, the supposed author of _The
Use of Reason in Propositions_, &c., and Dr. Tindal's familiar
acquaintance."--_Original Letter of the Rev. Robert Watts, M.A._, dated
London, Feb. 6. 1707-8.

P. B.

_Archbishop Sancroft._--It is well known that Dr. William Dillingham, Master of Emanuel College, Cambridge, published, in 1678, a volume of Latin poems, partly translations from George Herbert, partly pieces of his own, with some few added from other sources. But it is not known that most of the pieces in this volume were corrected by the hand of Archbishop Sancroft, and that one certainly was from his own pen. It occurs at p. 155. of the octavo volume alluded to, and is entitled "Hippodromus." This is a translation from an epigram by Thomas Bastard, first printed in 1598, and beginning:

"I mett a courtier riding on the plaine."

That it is Archbishop Sancroft's is proved from an original letter addressed to him by Dillingham in 1677, and preserved in the Bodleian.

P. B.

_Sir Henry Slingsby._--This gallant cavalier, who was murdered (as Lloyd says in his _Memoirs_) by Oliver Cromwell in 1658, wrote an account of the scenes in which he bore a part, from 1638 to 1648, which he called "Commentaries, containing many remarkable occurrences during the Civil Wars." Can any of your correspondents tell me where the original manuscript is to be found, and whether it was ever printed? I have seen an indifferent transcript, beginning, "The chappel at Red House was built by my father, Sir Henry Slingsby." If it has never been published, it would be an acceptable contribution to the historical memoirs of the times, and worth the attention of the Camden Society.

P. B.

_Origin of a Surname._--Martha Denial, widow, aged seventy-five, was buried in Ecclesfield churchyard, 3rd February, 1851. Her husband, Joseph Denial, told the parish clerk that his grandfather was found when an infant deserted in a church porch; and that he was surnamed Denial, as one whom _all deny_; and was christened Daniel, which is composed of the same letters. This is the tradition of the origin of a surname now common in this parish.

A. G.

Ecclesfield.

_Madden's Reflections._--Madden's _Reflections and Resolutions for the Gentlemen of Ireland_. In the preface to the reprint of this work we meet with the following paragraph:

"The very curious and interesting work which is {324} now reprinted,
and intended for a wide and gratuitous circulation, is also of uncommon
rarity: there is not a copy of it in the Library of Trinity College, or
in any of the other public libraries of this city [Dublin], which have
been searched on purpose. The profoundly-learned Vice-Provost, Doctor
Barrett, never met with one; and many gentlemen well skilled in the
literature of Ireland, who have been applied to for information on the
subject, are even unacquainted with the name of the book."

The full title of the work to which I refer, and which is an 8vo. volume of 200 or 300 pages, is _Reflections and Resolutions proper for the Gentlemen of Ireland, as to their Conduct for the Service of their Country_. It was printed in Dublin in 1738; it was reprinted there in 1816 at the sole expense of the well-known philanthropist, Thomas Pleasants, and the author was Samuel Madden, D.D., the author of several publications: a great patron of arts and literature in his native land, and one of whom Dr. Johnson remarked with truth,--"His was a name Ireland ought to honour." For some authentic information respecting him, see Nichols's _Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century_, vol. ii. pp. 31. 699.; and Grosley's _Tour in England_, vol. ii p. 260. These writers, however, make no mention of his _Reflections_.

The original edition may indeed be looked upon as rather rare, but not so rare as some appear inclined to think. I have a copy, and until lately had two; and at different times I have met with copies for sale. However, the copy now in the library of the Royal Dublin Society was purchased some years ago at a high price; and, unless I am mistaken, there is not one as yet in the British Museum. The reprint which is there is much to be preferred by readers in general.

ABHBA.

* * * * *

Queries.

THE BELLMAN, AND HIS HISTORY.

I have often read Vincent Bourne's poem, "Ad Davidem Cook, Westmonasterii Custodem Nocturnum et Vigilantissimum, Anno 1716:" Pickering's edition, p. 129. This nightly guardian, it appears, was accompanied by a dog:

"Cum variis implent tenebrae terroribus orbem,
Tu comite assuetum cum cane carpis iter,"

was armed with a stout staff, or knotty club:

"Nec te perterrent, nodoso stipite fretum,
Subdola qui tacito pectore furta parant,"

and carried a bell:

"Tinnitu adventum signans, oriantur an astra,
Narras, an pure lucida Luna micet."

To the last-mentioned part of his equipment, he owed the title of "Bellman."

The Bellman's duty, however, was not confined to crying the rising of the stars, or the shining of the moon, but he cheered his nightly round with many a chant:

Nocturnum multo carmine fallis iter."

The next lines are descriptive of the Bellman's poetry, and tell us the subjects of it. Of some of these I want explanation; and of all, examples. I am at a loss to explain the following four lines:

"Divorum hyberni menses quotcunque celebrant,
Cuique locum et versum dat tua musa suum:
_Crispino_ ante omnes; neque enim sine carmine fas est
Nobile sutorum praeteriisse decus."

The next lines refer to the Bellman's loyalty in ever remembering the Royal Family; to his salutation of masters and mistresses; to the useful instruction he pours forth in song to young men and maidens; and to the happy marriages he wishes to such as give heed to his warnings. The Bellman then addresses himself to men-servants and maid-servants, enjoining honesty on the former, cleanliness on the latter. Repeatedly wishing prosperity to his masters, he concludes with one pre-eminent exhortation to keep in mind, that the friendly hand of death levels the highest and the lowest.

My ignorance asks several questions. When did the Bellman lay aside his bell, and assume the rattle; and, with this change (I presume), drop the name of Bellman for that of Watchman, to whom the silent policeman has succeeded? Was the dog the usual aide-de-camp of the Bellman? Are there any other instances in which the dog is mentioned as assisting the Bellman in his nocturnal guardianship?

As to the Bellman's poetry, Milton will occur to every one:

"Or the bellman's drowsy charm
To bless the door from nightly harm."--_Il Penseroso._

1. Herrick's _Hesperides_, p. 169., is a Bellman's song, a blessing, concluding:

"Past one o'clock, and almost two,
My masters all, good-day to you."

2. Ibid. p. 251. is another song; a warning to remember the judgment-day, and ending--

"Ponder this when I am gone,
By the clock 'tis almost one."

See _The Tatler_, No. 111., for the Bellman's salutation:

"_Good morrow, Mr. Bickerstaff, good morrow, my masters all._"

"It was the owl that shriek'd, the fatal bellman,
Which gives the stern'st good night."--Shakspeare, _Macbeth_, Act II. Sc.
2.

Gay refers to the Bellman's song in the following lines:

"Behold that narrow street which steep descends,
Whose building to the slimy shore extends;
{325}
Here Arundel's fam'd structure rear'd its frame,
The street alone retains the empty name;
Where Titian's glowing paint the canvass warm'd,
And Raphael's fair design, with judgment, charm'd,
Now hangs _the bellman's song_, and pasted here
The colour'd prints of Overton appear."--_Trivia_, book ii. 482.

In the _Archaic and Provincial Dictionary_, the duty of the Bellman in his poetic character seems to be limited to blessing the sleepers. It appears from the poem by Vincent Bourne, that his Muse took a much more extensive range.

Can you inform me where I can find more about the Bellman, his bell and his dog; and, especially, his songs? Where can I find "The Bellman's Songs?"

Is "Bellman" a name given to dogs in modern times? See _Taming of the Shrew_, Induction.

F. W. T.

[We cannot insert F. W. T.'s Query without referring to the admirable
translation of Vinny Bourne's Ode, which is to be found in our First
Volume, p. 152.]

* * * * *

WAS SALLUSTIUS A LECTURER?--CONNEXION BETWEEN SALLUSTIUS AND TACITUS.

Sallustius, in his celebrated abstract of the Punic records of Thempsal, makes the following remark:

"Nam de Carthagine silere melius puto, quam parum dicere, _quoniam alio
properare tempus monet_."--_De Bello Jugurthino_, c. xix. ed. Allen.

Does not this sound as if the history has been read out to an assembly? There is strong presumptive evidence in favour of such a supposition, in the tradition of Herodotus having read aloud his history at the Grecian Games. Besides, it was a common practice of Cicero and Plinius the Younger to read out their orations and treatises. I cannot help thinking that the histories of Sallustius were first delivered as lectures, _taken down by reporters_[2] employed by himself for the purposes of preserving his words, as he had only notes before him, fairly transcribed from the stenographic character, and then, _but not till then_, made a subject of closet-study. This, I think, is easy of proof, and instances may be adduced (the expression I have quoted is one) where the lecturer peeps out.

The interpolated state in which this classic has come down to us is indeed sad: there is scarcely a chapter throughout the Catiline and Jugurtha where some transcriber has not been at work, sticking in words and sometimes whole sentences, which, I am astonished to see, have escaped the notice of Cortius, Allen, and the older editors.

I said above that Sallustius made his lectures or orations on the history of his country a subject of closet study. He did so, and in an eminent degree. His conciseness, clearness (when relieved from the burden of interpolation), and usual impartiality, point to a careful and spiritual study of Thucydides; but he could not attain to an equal degree of sweetness as the Greek historian, on account of the general character of their several languages differing. As far, however, as Roman could approach to Greek, I conceive Sallustius has approached to Thucydides. Tacitus (whose mind was impregnated with, and steeped in Sallustius) rarely enounces a sentiment in his numerous works the origin of which is not referable to the latter author. It requires some careful thought sometimes, before the passages can be traced; but they _are_ traceable; and if we had the whole works of Sallustius, I doubt not but that we should be able to trace them all much more easily. Perhaps--I say it without stress, mind; it is a mere suggestion--it would be possible to restore, or rather connect some of the historical fragments of Sallustius by means of the works of Tacitus. When we find a sentiment of Sallustius half expressed in the fragment, and trending towards the conclusion arrived at by Tacitus, may we not, as we know how completely the latter had imbibed the thoughts of the former, reasonably suppose the remainder of the passage to be parallel; and, following out the idea, restore it, taking into consideration the difference of the mode of expression in the two eras? And this may hold good, not only between Tacitus and Sallustius, but between Sallustius and Thucydides.

Such is the aspect under which I endeavour to behold the classics, viz. as one great whole, having here and there pieces gone or faded (lost or hopelessly corrupted), and which fit into each other, showing the building which intellect erects, the only building calculated to withstand the hand of time. Thanks be to printing, to cheap literature, and to English energy and investigation, antiquity may again rear her head, and fell that it is comprehended in all its varied bearings, and lights and shadows.

To men like Niebuhr, Grote, Layard, Prescott, St. John, Wilkinson, Rawlinson, and Norris, do we owe a debt of gratitude, for such patience and investigation; and no one cheers them on with a more sincere feeling, and thanks them for their past exertions, than

KENNETH R. H. MACKENZIE.

[Footnote 2: Short-hand, we know, was in use at Rome.]

* * * * *

THE OUTER TEMPLE.

Mr. Peter Cunningham, in his delightful _Handbook of London_, says that when the New Temple "passed to the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, the Inner and Middle Temple were leased to the Students of the Common Law; and the OUTER TEMPLE to Walter Stapleton, Bishop of Exeter:" and in describing Essex House, by which name it {326} was afterwards known, he repeats the same statement; as if the Outer Temple was part of the original property of the Knights Templars.

I should be very glad to know what authority he has for this; because I have very great doubt whether the "Outer Temple" ever belonged to the Knights Templars or to the Knights of St. John, or was in any manner comprehended within the property. The New Temple, as the whole property was called, belonged to Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, at the time of his death, in June, 1323. The Council of Vienna, in 1324, bestowed all the lands of the Knights Templars on the Knights of St. John. Since my letter to you on the general subject of the Temple, and L. B. L.'s obliging answer (Vol. ii., pp. 103. 123.), I have been kindly furnished by Mr. Joseph Burtt, of the Chapter House, with a deed, dated June 28, 1324, by which the Knights of St. John granted the _whole_ of the New Temple, "totum messuagium nostrum vocatum Novum Templum," to Hugh le Despencer the younger; describing it to be lying _between the house_ (hospicium) _of the Bishop of Exeter_ towards the west, and the house of Hugo de Courteneye towards the east. This shows manifestly that if the Bishop of Exeter's house ever belonged to the Temple, it did not at that time; and I am not aware of any earlier evidence proving that the Templars ever possessed it.

I believe, though I have not seen the record, that, in the grant to Sir William Paget, temp. Henry VI., it is described as the "Outer Temple;" but I am inclined to think, from various circumstantial testimonies, that it was merely so called because it was situate on the _outside_ of the Temple.

If any of your correspondents could illustrate this question, or that more curious one,--when the new Temple was first divided between Inner and Middle,--I should feel infinitely obliged.

EDWARD FOSS.

* * * * *

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL QUERIES.

1. Can any of your readers give me any information regarding a work which I find recorded in a catalogue thus:--_A Catalogue of above 300 Coins of Canute, King of Denmark and England, found near Kirkwall, with Specimens._ 4to. London, 1777? I should like, if possible, to have a copy of the title-page, the size, and the number of pages; and, if possible, the name of the compiler.

2. I should like to find out the name of the translator into English, of Pontoppidan's _Natural History of Norway_, published in folio in London in 1755.

3. Can any of your readers oblige me with the name of the author of a controversial sermon, entitled _Whigs no Christians_, preached at London, on the anniversary of the martyrdom of King Charles, in 1712-13, and published in the same year?

[Greek: Boreas].

* * * * *

DUTCH BOOKS PUBLISHED OUT OF THE NETHERLANDS.

Although the Dutch language is now regarded in foreign countries with a neglect bordering on contempt, and its study, when attended to at all, generally undertaken as a work of necessity rather than a labour of love, I have thought it would not be without interest to examine to what extent it was formerly cultivated (were it even chiefly by Dutchmen) in foreign lands; to institute a search after the productions of the Dutch mind in the Dutch language brought forth on foreign soils; in a word, to pass in review the Dutch books which have been published in other countries during the period included between the invention of printing and our own days.

It appears to me that such a review would lead to much interesting research, and would tend not only to illustrate our literature, but also to clear up many points still obscure in our national, and more especially in our ecclesiastical, history.

The review which I propose would be limited, in the first instance, to the formation of an exact and complete list of such _exotic_ works, with the addition of such notes as I might be able to add. A more experienced hand may then make use of these materials to form a more perfect treatise on this portion of our literature.

In execution of this plan I have already compiled a list of names of books and authors; these have been gathered partly from an examination of the works themselves, partly from catalogues and other sources where such works are mentioned. Now, however, as my resources are nearly exhausted, and my labours by no means complete, I take the liberty to lay my plan before those who may be disposed to concur with me, those who may be able to procure me information, those who have the possession or the care of libraries in which such books are to be found, and of which catalogues have not been printed; and, for the end I have in view, I invite them all to help me in the completion of my work. The editors of the _Navorscher_ have consented to open their columns to contributors. To spare needless trouble, I wish it to be distinctly understood that I do not include any works published in _Belgium_, or in the colonies now or formerly in our possession.

MARTINUS.

Amsterdam, March 11. 1851.

* * * * *

WHAT WAS THE COUNTRY OF THE ANGLES?

What country was inhabited by the Angles before they occupied Britain? Adam of Bremen (_Hist. Eccl._ c. 3.) says:

"Igitur Saxones primo circa Rhenum sedes habitant et vocati sunt Angli
quorum pars inde veniens in Britanniam, etc."

{327}

Notwithstanding the opinion of Turner, and most other historians, I venture to offer a few facts in confirmation of the monk's testimony. 1. The names of places on the Lower Rhine, and more especially in Guelderland, point to an _Anglian_ origin for instance, _Engelanderholt_, _Engelenburg_ and _Engelenberg_, _Angerlo_ olim _Angelerlo_. _Engeland_, near Beekbergen, is mentioned in a charter[3] dated 801 as _villa Englandi_. Several other places bear the same name: two near Hardenberg, one in the land of Putten, another in our parish; which also contains _Henschoten_ olim _Hengestschoten_, and owes its own name to _Woden_. Near Nimwegen, we have _Horssen_. 2. Many local names in the same district, which can only be explained by reference to the A.-S. _Hulkestein_ on the Zuyder Sea, _Hulkestein_ near Arnhem, from A.-S. _hulc_, a dwelling: thus, stone buildings, castles. _Thri_, A.-S., three, is mentioned in a charter dated 855 as the name of a villa, now the hamlet _Drie_, near Ermelo. _Hierd_ and _Heerd_, from A.-S. _hierde_, perhaps also _Hardewick_ or _Harderwyk_ from the same. _Braclog_, a wood near Engelanderholt, from _brac_, enemy, and _locen_, an enclosure, is mentioned in a charter (801). _Luntern_ and _Lunhorst_, from A.-S. _Lun_, poor. _Wigmond_, from _wig_, war; and _mund_, defence. _Culenburg_, from _ciol_ or _ceol_, a ship. _Klingelbeck_, near Arnhem, from _clingan_, to shrink up. _Ysseloord_ from _ord_, a point; and thus confluence of two rivers, as we see also on the Rhine, _Roerort_ and _Angerort._ _Herwynen_, _Herveld_, _Hernen_, _Herwaarden_, _Winden Delwynen_, _Sennewyn_, can be explained[4] by A.-S. _here_ and _win_. 3. The agreement between the names of places here, and those of every part of England occupied by the Angles. Out of a great number of instances collected by Mr. Molhuysen (see Nyhoff's _Bijdragen_, vol. iii.) I will take a few. In Kent we have Appledore, Appleton, Appleby; here _Appeldorn_, _Appel_, _Appeltern_, _Appelenburg_ on the Wahal. Ashe and Ash; _Asch_, near Buren, and others. Barne; _Bern_ near Heusden, and _Baarn_ near Amersfoort. Barnefield; _Barneveld_. Bonington, _Boningen_. Dover; _Doveren_. Gillingham; _Gellinchem_. Hearne; _Hiern_, near Waardenburg. Herne; _Hernen_. Leisdon; _Leusden_. Lone; _Loenen_. Sandwich; _Sandwyk_, near Tiel. Watchorne; _Waghorn_, in the Velume. In Yorkshire: Beel; _De Beele_, near Voorst. Byland; _Byland_. Campe; _Campen_. Catwich; _Katwyk_. Dodworth; _Dodewaard_. Ecope; _Heicop_. Grimestone; _Grimmestein_, on the Eem. Heck; _Eck_. Hampall; _Empel_, near Engelen. Herfield; _Herveld_. Hewick; _Ewyk_, &c. &c.--The evident similarity of names in this list, which might be extended through several pages, affords at least a strong presumption that a part of the land of our fathers is to be sought here. I will just add that there is a MS. containing copies of charters, registers, &c., collected by Opstraeten van der Moelen, a genealogist, who died in the early part of the seventeenth century, now in the possession of Mr. Van Asch van Wyck. In this is an article entitled "De Nobili et Antiqua Familia dicta Amersfoort seu potius Heemsfurt vel Hemefurt a vado Heeme seu Hemi fluvii." The writer makes mention of the well-known grant of Charlemagne to the cathedral of Utrecht, by which Lisidunum (Leusden) and four forests on the banks of the Eem were ceded to this church: _Hengestschoten_, _Fornese_, _Mocoroth_, and _Widoc_. The writer considers the last-named forest to be that of _Wede_ or _Woden_; and derives thence the family-name _Weede_. Concerning _Hengestschoten_ is remarked:

"_Hengist_, qui circum annum 450 Britanniam insulam cum suis Frisonibus
et Saxonibus occupat." And further: "Weede nomen adhunc retinere
videtur a _Woden_, qui fuit avus avi _Hengesti_, sicut
_Hengestschoten_, nune praedium dominorum Oestbroek, ab _Hengisto_
nominatur."

Henschoten was ceded to the abbey of Oestbroek in 1130, and sold at the breaking up of the monasteries; and is now the property of Mr. Van Asch van Wyck. Since, therefore, the above extract must have been written before the Reformation, the belief that our forefathers proceeded from this country is by no means new; and the evidence in its support is, I think, stronger than that adduced by Turner and Lappenberg in favour of an immigration from Sleswig; indeed it seems not improbable that the first settlers, with _Hengist_ at their head, sailed from the mouth of the Eem. I have more to add in a future Number, if "NOTES AND QUERIES" can afford me space.

J. S.

Woudenberg, April, 1851.

[Footnote 3: Bondam's _Charter-boek_.]

[Footnote 4: See Gibson, _A.-S. Chron._]

* * * * *

Minor Queries.

_Villenage._--Can any of your readers inform me at what period villenage became extinct in this kingdom? I have now before me a grant of a manor from the Crown, in the third and fourth year of the reigns of King Philip and Queen Mary, conveying, amongst other goods and chattels, the bondmen, bondwomen, and villeins, with their sequels,--"Nativos, nativas, e villanos cum eoz sequelis." According to Blackstone, the children of villeins were in the same state of bondage with their parents; whence they were called, in Latin, "nativi," which gave rise to the female appellation of a villein, who was called a _neife_. What I wish to learn is, whether the old wording of Crown grants had survived the {328} existence of villenage; or whether bondage was a reality in the reign of Philip and Mary; and if so, at what it became extinct?

H. C.

Workington.

[Our correspondent's Query is an interesting one; but he does not seem
to be aware that in our First Vol., p. 139., Mr. E. SMIRKE had given
the names of three "bondmen of bloude" living near Brighton in 1617.]

_Roman Roads near London._--In the most ancient maps of Middlesex that I have seen, there are no roads marked out. In a folio coloured map of Middlesex, published by Bowen (the date of which is, I think, 1709, although the same map has various dates, like those of Speed, where the date only is altered several times), the roads are introduced. A Roman road appears from the corner of the Tottenham Court Road, where the Hampstead Road and the New Road now meet, running through what must now be the Regent's Park, until it reaches Edgeware, and thence to Brockley Hills, called Sulloniacae, an ancient city in Antonine's _Itinerary_. The lanes marking this road are so different from the other roads, as to show at once what is intended; and yet, either in this same map or in another with the same route, Watling Street is printed upon the highway that leads to Tyburn Turnpike, in a manner to show the whole of that distance is meant. The Roman road from Tottenham Court, after making its appearance in a variety of other maps up to a certain date, about 1780, is nowhere to be found since, in any of the Middlesex maps. Can any of your readers show by what authority this was first introduced, and why discontinued; and if the Watling Street branched off, upon its approach to London, where did the part crossing Oxford Street at Tyburn lead to?

JOHN FRANCIS-X.

_Mrs. Catherine Barton._--In Brewster's _Life of Sir Isaac Newton_, p. 250., is the following passage:

"This accomplished nobleman was created Earl of Halifax in 1700, and
after the death of his first wife he conceived a strong attachment for
Mrs. Catherine Barton, the widow of Colonel Barton, and the niece of
Newton."

I wish particularly to know the _maiden_ name of this Catherine Barton; she married Mr. Conduitt, who succeeded Sir I. Newton as Master of the Mint.

J. E. R. S.

Sampford, Braintree, April 7. 1851.

_Sempecta at Croyland._--DR. MAITLAND has so kindly answered your correspondent's Query respecting his work on Mesmerism, that I venture to ask him another, through the medium of your pages. Where can be found the poem respecting the old soldier monk at Croyland (or Sempecta, as Ingulphus calls him), from which DR. M. has given extracts in p. 305. of his _Dark Ages_?

H. R. L.

Trin. Coll.

_Schmidt's Antiquitates Neomagensis--Roman Medicine-stamps._--Can any of your readers inform me,--

1st. Of the DATE when Schmidt published his _Antiquitates Neomagensis_, and WHERE: also in what libraries it is to be found?

2nd. Of the existence of any Roman medicine-stamps found in the British Islands, as yet undescribed by those who have written on the subject.

Q.

_Sir Harris Nicolas' History of the Royal Navy._--Is there any probability that the _History of the Royal Navy_, begun by Sir N. H. Nicolas, and carried by him to the reign of Henry V., will ever be continued. It is a most valuable work, and was stopped by his lamented death, just as it was beginning to be most interesting.

E. N. W.

_Wooden Baldrocks._--_Thanksgiving-book._--In the vestry-books of St. Peter's, Ruthin, co. Denbigh, there are some entries, explanations of which will be very acceptable.

From 1683, and many subsequent years, there is a constant repetition in the churchwarden's account of "Wooden Baldrocks," from time to time supplied new to the parish.

In 1704, "A Thanksgiving-book" is charged in the parish accounts.

Query the use and nature of Baldrock? and what book is meant by a Thanksgiving-book?

About the above period, continual payments are made for the destruction of hedgehogs, which seem to be valued at sixpence a-piece, in some cases fourpence; and to have been allowed in the parish accounts.

A CHURCHWARDEN.

_History of the Jesuits._--Who was the author of _A History of the Jesuits; to which is prefixed a Reply to Mr. Dallas's Defence of that Order_. It was published in two volumes 8vo., London, 1816, by Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, Paternoster Row.

H. R. L.

Trin. Coll.

_Mind your P's and Q's._--What is the origin of this phrase? I have heard one solution of it, but wish to ascertain whether there is any other?

R. D. H.

_Mode of hiring Domestic Servants in Holderness--Sittings--Fest._--It is customary once a year for men and women servants out of place to assemble in the market places of Hedon and Patrington, the two chief towns in Holderness, and there to await being hired. This very ancient custom is called Hedon _Sittings_ or _Statutes_. What is the name derived from? A small sum of money given to each servant hired, is supposed to legalise the contract, and is called the _Fest_. From what is the word derived?

F. R. R.

_Home-made Wines._--It is stated in _The Times_ of this morning (Feb. 17) that-- {329}

"We know from old chronicles that most of the wine drank by Englishmen,
under the Plantagenets, was of home production."

Can any, and if so what, authority be shown for this statement?

J. SN.

_Inscription on a Clock._--Under the curious clock in Exeter Cathedral are inscribed these words:

"PEREUNT ET IMPUTANTUR, sc. horae."

I have been told that they are the concluding words of a longer inscription on some foreign clock. Can any of your readers tell me if they be so?

J. W. HEWETT.

_Inscription on the Tomb of Peter the Hermit._--At Huy, on the Meuse, is shown the tomb where Peter the Hermit was buried: it is in the shape of an obelisk, and has an inscription on each of the four sides. Of this inscription, which is curious, and which I copied when I was there, I have lost the greater part: can one of your correspondents supply it for me, or tell where the lines are originally to be found, as I fancy they are adapted to, and not made for, the monument.

The part of the inscription which I have runs as follows:

(INSCRIPTION.)

"Soldat du Pape Urbain, aux cris de 'Dieu le veut,'
Il a precipite l'Europe sur l'Asie;
Le peril arrive, sa sainte frenesie
N'a plus trouve qu'un cri arrive 'Sauve qui peut.'
Dieu,
L'intolerant l'outrage, insulte a sa grandeur,
Tel masque qu'il affecte, il n'est qu'une imposteur."

Another two-lined motto is headed "Les Illusions;" and a third, "La Liberte;" but neither these, nor a longer one (which I fancy introduces the names of Moliere, Rousseau, and Fenelon), am I able to quote.

H. A. B.

_Wife of James Torre._-James Torre, the Yorkshire antiquary, married for his first wife Elizabeth Lincolne (see _Ducatus Leod._, p. 119. Whitaker's ed.); can any one inform me who was that lady's father, and if there is any pedigree known of the family?

I have little doubt that the Rev. William Lincolne, rector of Halton, Lincolnshire, mentioned by Walker, in his _Sufferings of the Clergy_, b. ii. p. 295., was of the same family.

EDWARD PEACOCK, Jun.

Bottesford Moors.

_"The Bear's Bible."_--In the library of Queen's College, Oxon, is a copy of the Spanish version of the Bible, by Cassiod. Reyna (1569), with the following inscription:--

Ampliss. Antistiti. ac Dno R^{mo} D. Edmundo Grindalo, archiepiscopo
Cantuariensi, et totius Angliae primati digniss. _Ob erepta hujus
Hispanicae versionis sacrorum librorum Scripta ex hostium manibus_
Cassiodorus Reinius ejusdem versionis author gratitudinis ergo et in
perpetuae observantiae pignus D.D.D."

What are the circumstances here alluded to?

H. H. W.

_Harris, Painter in Water-Colours._--Some friends of mine have a large paper copy of the edition of the Bible, published in 1802, by Messrs. Nicoll, of Pall-Mall, and known as "Reeves' Bible," which is adorned with a large number of small original drawings in water-colour by "J. Harris, of Walworth, Surrey." I should be obliged if any of your correspondents can give me any information respecting Mr. Harris, and can tell me whether he is still living. The drawings were made before the year 1819.

T. C. W.

_University Hoods._--The Scotch universities of Aberdeen, St. Andrew's, and Glasgow had, before the Reformation, or before the Revolution rather, hoods for the several degrees of M.A., D.D., LL.D., and D.C.L. What these were, is a question which it is now very difficult to determine; but this much is known, that the hoods of Aberdeen were identical with those of Paris, those of St. Andrew's with those of Louvain, and those of Glasgow with those of Bologna. The Revolution, however, has done much to obliterate the traces of even the Parisian hoods, and the M.A. hood of Paris is all that has hitherto rewarded the researches of the university antiquary. Can any of your readers assist in the somewhat interesting investigation by endeavouring to discover, or informing us if they already know, what were the hoods of the universities of Paris, Louvain, and Bologna, for the several degrees I have enumerated.

G. A. J.

_"Nullis Fraus tuta latebris."_--Can any of your correspondents favour me with a reference to the above motto?

S. S.

_Voltaire, where situated?_--The "_terre_," hamlet, or other _property_ of _Voltaire_, from which the French poet took the addition to his paternal name of Arouet,--where situated? That there is, or at least was, in Voltaire's time, such an estate, Condorcet's statement (_vide_ Voltaire) makes apparent. But the locality is not pointed out. Can any of your correspondents help me to it?

V.

_Table of Prohibited Degrees, 1563._--By the 99th canon of the Church of England the "table of prohibited degrees" set forth by authority in 1563 is ordered to "be in every church publicly set up and fixed at the charge of the parish." Is this usually done now? and if not, why is it omitted to be done?

What is the authority for the insertion of the Canons, or the Articles, or the table of the {330} prohibited degrees found in the Book of Common Prayer?

J. O. M.

_Launcelot Lyttleton._--I shall be greatly obliged to any genealogist who can tell me who was that Launcelot Lyttleton, a Lichfield gentleman, whose eldest laughter, Mary, married the Hon. Francis Roper, and became the mother of the fourteenth Lord Teynham. Was this Launcelot a descendant of Sir Edward Lyttleton, temp. Eliz., who married a daughter of Sir William Devereux?

I could answer my own question by an inspection of the "Roper Roll;" but unfortunately that is in Ireland, and I may not soon discover the address of its possessor.

H. G. R. C.

Erechtheum.

_The Antediluvians._--Can you or any of your learned correspondents inform me of any work likely to assist me in my researches into the antediluvian history of our race? The curious treatise of Reimmanus, and the erudite essay of J. Joachimus Maderus, I have now before me; but it occurs to me that, besides these and the more patent sources of information, such as Bruckerus and Josephus, there must be other, and perhaps more modern, works which may be more practically useful. Perhaps the author of the elegant essay on the subject in _Eruvin_ may be able to refer to such a a work.

G. A. J.

* * * * *

Minor Queries Answered.

_Wither's Haleluiah._--Mr. R. A. Willmott, in his _Lives of Sacred Poets_, has done himself credit by doing justice to George Wither, and vindicating his claims as poet, whom it has long been the fashion to underrate, but who Southey said "had the heart and soul of a poet in him."--(_Life_, iii. 126.)

In the _Life_, Mr. Willmott says:

"In 1641 appeared the _Haleluiah, or Britain's Second Remembrancer_ ...
which book, now as scarce as the first _Remembrancer_ is common, I have
not seen."

It is therefore very probable that the work is seldom to be met with. I have a copy, but it is unfortunately imperfect; wanting a few leaves (only a few I imagine) at the end. There is no index, nor table of contents, by which I might ascertain the extent of the deficiency. The last page is 478, and contains a portion of Hymn 60, part iii. If any reader of "NOTES AND QUERIES" would kindly inform me what is the number of pages of the work, and where a copy may be seen, he will oblige

S. S. S.

[The work consists of 487 pages, with an index of twelve more. A copy
of it in in the Library of the British Museum.]

_Voltaire's Henriade._--Is it known who is the author of the English translation of this poem into blank verse, published in 1732. The preface and the notes create a desire to know the author. In one of the notes (17) he speaks of something as being "proved at large in my _History of Christianity_ now ready for the press." I am not aware that any such work exists. Was it ever published? If not what became of the manuscript?

S. T. D.

[Voltaire's _Henriade_ was translated by John Lockman, a gentleman of
great literary industry, who died Feb. 2, 1771. See Nichols's _Bowyer_,
and Chalmers's _Biographical Dictionary_. A list of his published works
will be found in Watt's _Bibliotheca Britan_.]

_Christ-Crosse A._--In Tatham's _Fancie's Theater_, 12mo., 1640, is a poem in praise of sack, wherein the following lines occur:

"The very children, ere they scarce can say
Their Pater Noster, or their _Christ-crosse A_,
Will to their Parents prattle, and desire
To taste that Drinke which Gods doe so admire."

Can any of your readers inform me the meaning of "_Christ-Crosse A_" here mentioned? Does it allude to some alphabet then in use?

CATO.

[The alphabet was so designated, because in the old primers a cross was
prefixed to it. Nares tells us that in French it was called _Croix de
par Dieu_; and upon reference to Cotgrave for an expression of that
term we find, "The Christ's-cross-row; or the hornbook wherein a child
learns it."]

_Apple-pie Order._--_Spick and Span new._--My wife very much grudges my spending threepence a week for the "NOTES AND QUERIES", and threatens me with stopping the allowance unless I obtain from some of your correspondents answers to the two following Queries:--

1. What is the origin of the phrase "Apple-pie order?"

2. Ditto--of "Spick and span new?"

JERRY SNEAK.

[We leave to some of our friends the task of answering the first of the
Queries which our correspondent has put to us by desire of his
"better-half."

There is much curious illustration of the phrase _Spick and Span_ in
Todd's _Johnson_, s. v. _Spick_: and Nares in his _Glossary_ says,
"_Span-newe_ is found in Chaucer:

'This tale was aie _span-newe_ to begin.'--_Troil. and Cres._, iii.
1671.

It is therefore of good antiquity in the language, and not having been
taken from the French may best be referred to the Saxon, in which
_spannan_ means to stretch. Hence _span-new_ is fresh from the
_stretchers_, or frames, alluding to cloth, a very old manufacture of
the country; and _spick_ and _span_ is fresh from the spike, or tenter,
and frames. This is Johnson's derivation, and I cannot but think it
preferable to any other."

A very early instance of the expression, not quoted by Todd, may be
found in the _Romance of Alexander_: {331}

"Richelich he doth him schrede
In _spon-neowe_ knightis weode."--L. 4054-5.

And _Weber_, in his _Glossary_ (or rather, Mr. Douce, for the "D"
appended to the note shows it to have proceeded from that accomplished
antiquary), explains it, "_Spon-neowe_, span-new, newly spun. This is
probably the true explanation of spick and span new. Ihre renders
sping-spang, _plane novus_, in voce fick fack." The learned Jamieson,
in his _Dictionary_, s. v. _Split-new_ (which corresponds to the German
_Splitter neu_, i. e. as new as a splinter or chip from the block),
shows, at greater length than we can quote, that _split_ and _span_
equally denote a splinter or chip; and in his _Supplement_, s. v.
_Spang-new_, after pointing out the connexion between _spinga_ (assula)
and _spaungha_ (lamina), shows that, if this be the original, the
allusion must be to metal newly wrought, that has, as it were, the
gloss from the fire on it: in short, that the epithet is the same as
one equally familiar to us, i. e. _fire-new_, Germ. _vier-neu_. We will
bring this note to a close by a reference to Sewell's _Dutch
Dictionary_, where _Spikspelder nieuw_ is rendered "Spick and span
new."]

_Theory of the Earth's Form._--Have any objections to the received theory of the earth's spherical form, or any revival of the old "plane" doctrine, been recently noticed and controverted by _scientific_ men of known standing?

BRUNO.

[The old theory has been advanced, and even lectured on, within these
two years; but no notice has been taken of it by scientific men.]

_Carolus Lawson._--Who was "Carolus Lawson," of whom I have a good print, engraved by Heath. He is called "Scholae Mancuniensis Archididascalus," 1797. "Pietas alumnorum" is inscribed underneath, and on the back is written, probably by some grateful pupil--

"Cari propinqui, cari liberi, cari parentes, sed omnes omnium caritates
_Archididascalus noster_ comprehendit."--_Cicero_ (verbis quibusdam
mutatis).

NEMO.

[Mr. Charles Lawson was educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and
was presented by the president, Dr. Randolph, in 1749, to the place of
Second Master of Manchester Grammar School; upon the death of Mr.
Purnell, in 1764, he succeeded him as Head Master. The colleges of St.
John, in Cambridge, and of Brazenose, in Oxford, can bear witness to
the success with which he laboured for more than half a century in his
profession, having received from the Manchester school, whilst under
his direction, a very considerable number of well-grounded classical
scholars. He died at Manchester on April 19, 1807, aged seventy-nine.
Some further particulars respecting him may be found in the
_Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. lxxvii. part i. p. 583.]

* * * * *

Replies.

HAYBANDS IN SEALS.

(Vol. iii., pp. 186. 248. 291.)

I am sorry that in referring to a peculiarity in ancient seals under this title, MR. LOWER should have pinned to his notice a theory which I feel persuaded is quite untenable. It is surely something new to those who have directed their attention to the numerous devices upon seals to find that the husbandman had so low an opinion of his own social status as to reject the use of any emblematical sign upon his seal, when Thomas the smith, Roger the carpenter, and William the farrier, bore the elements of their respective crafts as proudly as the knight did his chevron or fess. But the question is one of facts. The following examples of the use of the "hayband" are now before me:--

6 June, 7 Henry IV. Grant by John Dursley, citizen and armorer of London, to William Serjaunt Taverner, of Stanes, and another, of a messuage, &c. in Westminster. Seal of dark red was, about 1-1/2 inch in diameter; a hay-stalk twisted and pressed into the wax while hot, inclosing a space as large as a shilling, in which is a poor impression of a badly engraved seal; the whole very clumsy and rough.

26 November, 24 Henry VI. Grant by Maurice Brune, Knight, Robert Darcy, John Doreward, Henry Clovill, Esquire, John Grene, and Henry Stampe, to Richard Hill and others, of lands, &c., in Sprinfield, &c., in Essex. Each seal is round and thick, and has the impression of a small armorial bearing. The 1st, 2nd, and 5th seals have a small plaited coil of hay pressed into the wax, and inclosing the impression.

26 Henry VI. Receipt by Jane Grene for 10l. paid her by the Earl of Ormond. Seal of diminutive size, and the impression nearly defaced. Round the extreme edge is a "diminutive hayband."

2 January, 34 Henry VI. Grant by Thomas Tudenham, Knight, John Leventhorp, Esquire, and Thomas Radclyff, of the reversion of the manor of Newhall to John Neell and others. All the seals, which are large and thick and more than two inches in diameter, have the impression of a signet ring inclosed with a "hayband" _of parchment_ pressed into them. One of these coils being loose shows itself to be a thin strip of the label itself brought through the wax.

10 February, 14 Edward IV. Lease by Sir Thomas Urswyk, Knight, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, and Thomas Lovell, to John Morton and others, of the manor of Newhall, Essex, and other lands, &c. The seal of Lovell has his armorial bearings and legend; that of the Lord Chief Baron is the impression of a signet ring, being a classical bust. The seal itself is a thick ball of wax about {332} two inches across, pressed into the face of which is a "hayband" or twisted coil of _thin parchment_ inclosing the impression.

I am sure that I have seen many examples much earlier and later, but those given are merely in reference to the theory of your Lewes correspondent. Even they are surely inconsistent with the idea of the practice being peculiar to any locality or distinctive of any class. My recollection would lead me to assign the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries as the period of its use. But still the question remains--Has it any, and what signification? I have always considered it to have been a contrivance to strengthen the substance of the seal itself. The earliest instances I have seen were "applique" seals, such as the royal privy seals, and with these it would seem to have originated. Their frail nature suggested the use of some substance to protect the thin layer of wax from damage by the crumpling of the parchment on which they were impressed. For some time its use was confined to this kind of seal; and fashion may perhaps have extended the practice to pendent seals, where, however, it was often efficacious in neutralising the bad quality of the wax so general in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The plaiting of the hay or straw sometimes assumed a fanciful shape. Although the impressions of seals of the time of Henry VII. are often very bad, there are generally traces of their existence; these may perhaps be discovered in MR. LOWER'S seals if he looks more to the enclosure than to the substance forming it.

JOSEPH BURTT.

_Haybands in Seals._--M. A. LOWER thinks that MR. T. HUDSON TURNER has misapplied his description of the seals in his possession. The seals are not _impressed upon haybands_, neither do "some ends of the hay or straw protrude from the surface." The little fillet or wreath of hay, about equal in diameter to a shilling, is _inlaid_ upon the pendent lump of wax, and forms the ornament or device of the seal, rather than an integral portion of it, like that in the specimens referred to by MR. TURNER.