Chapter I

GENERAL TABLE OF SPECIES, WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND THE EPOCH OF THEIR EARLIEST CULTIVATION.

The following table includes a few species of which a detailed account has not been given, because their origin is well known, and they are of little importance.

Explanation of the signs used in the table: (1) annual, (2) biennial, [Z] perennial, ['5] small shrub, [/5] shrub, [5] small tree, [F5] tree. The letters indicate the certain or probable date of earliest cultivation. For the species of the old world: A, a species cultivated for more than four thousand years (according to ancient historians, the monuments of ancient Egypt, Chinese works, and botanical and philological indications); B, cultivated for more than two thousand years (indicated in Theophrastus, found among lacustrine remains, or presenting various signs, such as possessing Hebrew or Sanskrit names); C, cultivated for less than two thousand years (mentioned by Dioscorides and not by Theophrastus, seen in the frescoes at Pompeii, introduced at a known date, etc.). For American species: D, cultivation very ancient in America (from its wide area and number of varieties); E, species cultivated before the discovery of America, without showing signs of a great antiquity of culture; F, species only cultivated since the discovery of America.

GENERAL TABLE OF SPECIES.

SPECIES NATIVE TO THE OLD WORLD.

CULTIVATED FOR THE SUBTERRANEAN PARTS.

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────
Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin.
──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────
+Radish+—Raphanus sativus (1). │ B. │ Temperate Asia.[2177]
+Horse-Radish+—Cochlearia Armoracia, │ C. │ Eastern temperate Europe,
[Z]. │ │
+Turnip+—Brassica Rapa (2). │ A. │ Europe, western Siberia (?).
+Rape+—Brassica Napus (2). │ A. │ Europe, western Siberia (?).
+Carrot+—Daucus Carota (2). │ B. │ Europe, western temperate
│ │ Asia (?).
+Parsnip+—Pastinaca sativa (2). │ C. │ Central and southern Europe.
+Tuberous Chervil+—Chærophyllum │ C. │ Central Europe, Caucasus.
bulbosum (2). │ │
+Skirret+—Sium Sisarum, [Z]. │ C. │ Altaic Siberia, northern
│ │ Persia.
+Madder+—Rubia tinctorum, [Z] │ B. │ Western temperate Asia,
│ │ south-east of Europe.
+Salsify+—Tragopogon porrifolium (2). │C.(?) │ South-east of Europe,
│ │ Algeria.
+Scorzonera+—Scorzonera hispanica. │ C. │ South-west of Europe, south
│ │ of the Caucasus.
+Rampion+—Campanula Rapunculus (2). │ C. │ Temperate and southern
│ │ Europe.
{Vegetable.│ B. │ Canaries, Mediterranean
{ │ │ basin, western temperate
+Beet+—Beta vulg. (2), [Z].{ │ │ Asia.
{Root. │ B. │ A result of cultivation.
+Garlic+—Allium sativum, [Z]. │ B. │ Desert of the Kirghis, in
│ │ western temperate Asia.
+Onion+—Allium Cepa (2). │ A. │ Persia, Afghanistan,
│ │ Beluchistan, Palestine (?).
+Welsh Onion+—Allium fistulosum, [Z]. │ C. │ Siberia (from the land of
│ │ the Kirghis to Baikal).
+Shallot+—Allium ascalonicum, [Z]. │ C. │ Modification of A. cepa (?),
│ │ unknown wild.
+Rocambole+—Allium Scorodopra sum [Z].│ C. │ Temperate Europe.
+Chives+—Allium Schænoprasum, [Z]. │C. (?)│ Temperate and northern
│ │ Europe, Siberia,
│ │ Khamschatka, North America
│ │ (Lake Huron).
+Taro+—Colocasia antiquorum, │ B. │ India, Malay Archipelago,
[Z]. │ │ Polynesia.
+Apé+—Alocasia macrorrhiza, [Z]. │ (?) │Ceylon, Malay Archipelago,
│ │ Polynesia
+Konjak+—Amorphophallus Konjak, [Z]. │ (?) │Japan (?).
{Dioscorea sativa, [Z]. │B. (?)│Southern Asia [especially
{ │ │ Malabar (?), Ceylon (?),
{ │ │ [Java (?)].
+Ya+—{Dioscorea Batatas, [Z]. │B. (?)│ China (?).
{Dioscorea japonica, [Z]. │ (?)│ Japan (?).
{Dioscorea alata, [Z]. │ (?)│ East of the Asiatic
Archipelago.

CULTIVATED FOR THE STEMS OR LEAVES.

+1.+ _Vegetables._

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────
Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin.
──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────
+Cabbage+—Brassica oleracea (1), │ A. │Europe.
(2), [5]. │ │
│ │
+Chinese Cabbage+—Brassica chinensis │ (?) │China (?), Japan (?).
(2). │ │
+Water-Cress+—Nasturtium officinale, │ (?) │Europe, northern Asia.
[Z]. │ │
+Garden-Cress+—Lepidium sativum (1). │ B. │Persia (?).
+Sea Kale+—Crambe maritima, [Z]. │ C. │Western temperate Europe.
+Purslane+—Portulaca oleracea (1). │ A. │From the western Himalayas
│ │ to southern Russia
│ │ and Greece.
+New Zealand Spinach+—Tetragonia │ C. │New Zealand and New Holland.
expansa (1). │ │
+Garden Celery+—Apium graveolens │ B. │Temperate and southern
(2). │ │ Europe, northern Africa,
│ │ western Asia.
+Chervil+—Anthriscus cerefolium (1). │ C. │South-east of Russia, western
│ │ temperate Asia.
+Parsley+—Petroselinum sativum (2). │ C. │Southern Europe, Algeria,
│ │ Lebanon.
+Alexanders+—Smyrnium Olus-atrum │ C. │Southern Europe, Algeria
(2). │ │ western temperate Asia.
+Corn Salad+—Valerianella olitoria │ C. │Sardinia, Sicily.
(1). │ │
+Artichoke+—Cynara {Cardoon. │ C. │Southern Europe, northern
Cardunculus(2), [Z]. { Artichoke. │ │ Africa, Canaries, Madeira.
│ C. │Derived from the cardoon.
+Lettuce+—Latuca Scariola (1), (2). │ B. │Southern Europe, northern
│ │ Africa, western Asia.
+Wild Chicory+—Cichorium Intybus, [Z].│ C. │Europe, northern Africa,
│ │ western temperate Asia.
+Endive+—Cichorium Endivia (1). │ C. │Mediterranean basin, Caucasus,
│ │ Turkestan.
+Spinach+—Spinacia oleracea (1). │ C. │Persia (?).
+Orach+—Atriplex hortensis (1). │ C. │Northern Europe and Siberia
+Amaranth+—Amarantus gangeticus (1). │ (?) │Tropical Africa, India (?).
+Sorrel+—Rumex acetosa, [Z]. (1). │ (?) │Europe, northern Asia,
│ │ mountains of India.
+Patience Dock+—Rumex patientia, [Z]. │ (?) │Turkey in Europe, Persia.
+Asparagus+—Asparagus officinalis, │ B. │Europe, western temperate
[Z]. │ │ Asia.
+Leek+—Allium ampeloprasum, [Z]. │ B. │Mediterranean basin.

+2.+ _Fodder._

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────
Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin.
──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────
+Lucern+—Medicago sativa, [Z]. │ B. │Western temperate Asia.
+Sainfoin+—Onobrychis sativa, [Z]. │ C. │Temperate Europe, south of
│ │ the Caucasus.
+French Honeysuckle+—Hedysarum │ C. │Centre and west of the
+coronarium+, [Z]. │ │ Mediterranean basin.
+Purple Clover+—Trifolium pratense, │ C. │Europe, Algeria, western
[Z]. │ │ temperate Asia.
+Alsike Clover+—Trifolium hybridum │ C. │Temperate Europe.
(1). │ │
+Italian Clover+—Trifolium incarnatum │ C. │Southern Europe.
(1). │ │
+Egyptian Clover+—Trifolium alexandri-│ C. │Syria, Anatolia.
num (1). │ │
+Ervilla+—Ervum Ervilia (1). │ B. │Mediterranean basin.
+Vetch+—Vicia sativa (1). │ B. │Europe, Algeria, south of the
│ │ Caucasus.
+Flat-podded Pea+—Lathyrus Cicera (1).│ B. │From Spain and Algeria
| | to Greece.
+Chickling Vetch+—Lathyrus sativus │ B. │South of the Caucasus.
(1). │ │
+Ochrus+—Lathyrus ochrus (1). │ B. │Italy, Spain.
+Fenugreek+—Trigonella fœnum- │ B. │North-east of India and
græcum (1). │ │ western temperate Asia.
+Bird’s-Foot+—Ornithopus sativus (1). │B. (?)│Portugal, south of Spain,
│ │ Algeria.
+Nonsuch+—Medicago lupulina (1), (2). │ C. │Europe, north of Africa (?),
│ │ temperate Asia.
Corn Spurry+—Spergula arvensis (1). │B. (?)│Europe.
+Guinea Grass+—Panicum maximum, [Z]. │C. (?)│Tropical Africa.

+3.+ _Various Uses._

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────
Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin.
──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────
+Tea+—Thea sinensis, [/5]. │ A. │Assam, China, Mantschuria.
+Flax anciently cultivated+—Linum │ A. │Mediterranean basin.
+angustifolium+, [Z] (2), (1). │ │
+Flax now cultivated+—Linum usitatis- │A. (?)│Western Asia (?), derived
simum (1). │ │ from the preceding (?).
+Jute+—Corchorus capsularis (1). │C. (?)│Java, Ceylon.
+Jute+—Corchorus olitorius (1). │C. (?)│North-west of India, Ceylon.
+Sumach+—Rhus coriaria, [5]. │ C. │Mediterranean basin, western
│ │ temperate Asia.
+Khât+—Celastrus edulis, [/5] │ (?) │Abyssinia, Arabia (?).
+Indigo+—Indigofera tinctoria, [/5] │ B. │India (?).
+Silver Indigo+—Indigofera argentea, │ (?) │Abyssinia, Nubia, Kordofan,
[/5]. │ │ Senaar, India (?).
+Henna+—Lawsonia alba, [/5] │ A. │Western tropical Asia,
│ │ Nubia (?).
+Blue Gum+—Eucalyptus globulus, [F5]. │ C. │New Holland.
+Cinnamon+—Cinnamonum zeylanicum, [5].│ C. │Ceylon, India,
+China Grass+—Bœhmeria nivea, [Z], │ (?) │China, Japan.
[/5]. │ │
+Hemp+—Cannabis sativa (1). │ A. │Dahuria, Siberia.
+White Mulberry+—Morus alba, [5]. │A. (?)│India, Mongolia.
+Black Mulberry+—Morus nigra, [5]. │B. (?)│Armenia, northern Persia.
+Sugar-Cane+—Saccharum officinaram, │ B. │Cochin-China (?), south-west
[Z]. │ │ of China.

CULTIVATED FOR THE FLOWERS OR THEIR ENVELOPES.

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────
Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin.
──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────
+Clove+—Carophyllus aromaticus, [5]. │ (?) │Moluccas.
+Hop+—Humulus lupulus, [Z]. │ C. │Europe, western temperate
│ │ Asia, Siberia.
+Carthamine+—Carthamus tinctorius (1).│ A. │Arabia (?).
+Saffron+—Crocus sativus, [Z]. │ A. │Southern Italy, Greece, Asia
│ │ Minor.

CULTIVATED FOR THE FRUITS.

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────
Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin.
──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────
+Shaddock+—Citrus decumana, [F5]. │ B. │Pacific Islands, to the east
│ │ of Java.
+Citron, Lemon+—Citrus medica, [5]. │ B. │India.
+Bitter Orange+—Citrus Aurantium Big- │ B. │East of India.
aradia, [5]. │ │
+Sweet Orange+—Citrus Aurantium sinen-│ C. │China and Cochin-China.
se, [5]. │ │
+Mandarin+—Citrus nobilis, [5]. │ (?) │China and Cochin-China.
+Mangosteen+—Garcinia mangostana, [5].│ (?) │Sunda Islands,
| | Malay Peninsula.
+Ochro+—Hibiscus esculentus (1). │ C. │Tropical Africa.
+Vine+—Vitis vinifera, [/5] │ A. │Western temperate Asia,
│ │ Mediterranean basin.
+Common Jujube+—Zizyphus vulgaris, [5]│ B. │China.
+Lotus Jujube+—Zizyphus lotus, [5] │ (?) │Egypt to Marocco.
+Indian Jujube+—Zizyphus Jujuba, [5]. │A. (?)│Burmah, India.
+Mango+—Mangifera indica, [5]. │A. (?)│India.
+Tahiti Apple+—Spondias dulcis, [5]. │ (?) │Society, Friendly, and Fiji
│ │ Isles.
+Raspberry+—Rubus idæus, [/5]. │ C. │Temperate Europe and Asia.
+Strawberry+—Fragaria vesca, [Z]. │ C. │Temperate Europe and western
│ │ Asia, east of North
│ │ America.
+Bird-Cherry+—Prunus avium, [F5]. │ B. │Western temperate Asia,
│ │ temperate Europe.
+Common Cherry+—Prunus cerasus, [5]. │ B. │From the Caspian to western
│ │ Anatolia.
+Plum+—Prunus domestica, [5]. │ B. │Anatolia, south of the
│ │ Caucasus, north of Persia.
+Plum+—Prunus insititia, [/5] │ (?) │Southern Europe, Armenia,
│ │ south of the Caucasus,
│ │ Talysch.
+Apricot+—Prunus Armeniaca, [5] │ A. │China.
+Almond+—Amygdalus communis, [5]. │ A. │Mediterranean basin, western
│ │ temperate Asia.
+Peach+—Amygdalus Persica, [5]. │ A. │China.
+Common Pear+—Pyrus communis, [F5]. │ A. │Temperate Europe and Asia.
+Chinese Pear+—Pyrus sinensis, [5]. │ (?) │Mongolia, Mantschuria.
+Apple+—Pyrus Malus, [5]. │ A. │Europe, Anatolia, south of
│ │ the Caucasus.
+Quince+—Cydonia vulgaris, [5]. │ A. │North of Persia, south of the
│ │ Caucasus, Anatolia.
+Loquat+—Eriobotrya japonica, [5]. │ (?) │Japan.
+Pomegranate+—Punica granatum, [F5]. │ A. │Persia, Afghanistan,
│ │ Beluchistan.
+Rose Apple+—Jambosa vulgaris, [5]. │ B. │Malay Archipelago,
│ │ Cochin-China, Burmah,
│ │ north-east of India.
+Malay Apple+—Jambosa malaccensis, │ B. │Malay Archipelago, Malacca.
[5]. │ │
+Bottle Gourd+—Cucurbita lagenaria │ C. │India, Moluccas, Abyssinia.
(1). │ │
+Spanish Gourd+—C. maxima (1). │C. (?)│Guinea.
+Melon+—Cucumis Melo (1). │ C. │India, Beluchistan, Guinea.
+Water-Melon+—Citrullus vulgaris (1). │ A. │Tropical Africa.
+Cucumber+—Cucumis sativus (1). │ A. │India.
+West Indian Gherkin+—Cucumis Anguria │C. (?)│Tropical Africa (?).
(1). │ │
+White Gourd-Melon+—Benincasa hispida │ (?) │Japan, Java.
(1). │ │
+Towel Gourd+—Luffa cylindrica (1). │ C. │India.
+Angular Luffa+—Luffa acutangula (1). │ C. │India, Malay Archipelago.
+Snake Gourd+—Trichosanthes anguina │ C. │India (?).
(1). │ │
+Gooseberry+—Ribes grossularia, ['5]. │ C. │Temperate Europe, north of
│ │ Africa, Caucasus, western
│ │ Himalayas.
+Red Currant+—Ribes rubrum, ['5] │ C. │Northern and temperate
│ │ Europe, Siberia, Caucasus,
│ │ Himalayas, north-east of
│ │ the United States.
+Black Currant+—Ribes nigrum, ['5]. │ C. │Northern and central
│ │ Europe, Armenia, Siberia,
│ │ Mantschuria, western
│ │ Himalayas.
+Kaki+—Diospyros Kaki, [5]. │ (?) │Japan, northern China.
+Date Plum+—Diospyros lotos, [5]. │ (?) │China, India, Afghanistan,
│ │ Persia, Armenia, Anatolia.
+Olive+—Olea europea, [5]. │ A. │Syria, southern Anatolia and
│ │ neighbouring islands.
+Aubergine+—Solanum melongena (1). │ A. │India.
+Fig+—Ficus Carica, [5]. │ A. │Centre and south of the
│ │ Mediterranean basin, from
│ │ Syria to the Canaries.
+Bread-Fruit+—Artocarpus incisa, [F5].│ (?) │Sunda Isles.
+Jack-Fruit+—Artocarpus integrifolia, │B. (?)│India.
[F5]. │ │
+Date-Palm+—Phœnix dactylifera, │ A. │Western Asia and Africa,
[F5]. │ │ from the Euphrates to the
│ │ Canaries.
+Banana+—Musa sapientum, [5]. │ A. │Southern Asia.
+Oil Palm+—Elæis guineensis, [F5]. │ (?) │Guinea.

CULTIVATED FOR THE SEEDS.

1. _Nutritive._

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────
Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin.
──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────
+Litchi+—Nephelium Litchi, [5]. │ (?) │Southern China, Cochin-China.
+Longan+—Nephelium longana, [5]. │ (?) │India, Pegu.
+Rambutan+—Nephelium lappaceum, [5] │ (?) │India, Pegu.
+Pistachio+—Pistacia vera, [/5] │ C. │Syria.
+Bean+—Faba vulgaris (1). │ A. │South of the Caspian (?).
+Lentil+—Ervum lens (1). │ A. │Western temperate Asia,
│ │ Greece, Italy.
+Chick-Pea+—Cicer arietinum (1). │ A. │South of the Caucasus and
│ │ of the Caspian.
+Lupin+—Lupinus albus (1). │ B. │Sicily, Macedonia, south of
│ │ the Caucasus.
+Egyptian Lupin+—Lupinus termis (1). │ A. │From Corsica to Syria.
+Field-Pea+—Pisum arvense (1). │C. (?)│Italy.
+Garden-Pea+—Pisum sativum (1). │ B. │From the south of the
│ │ Caucasus to Persia (?)
│ │ northern India (?).
+Soy+—Dolichos soja (1). │ A. │Cochin-China, Japan, Java.
+Pigeon-Pea+—Cajanus indicus, [/5]. │ C. │Equatorial Africa.
+Carob+—Ceratonia siliqua, [F5]. │A. (?)│Southern coast of Anatolia,
│ │ Syria, Cyrenaica (?).
+Moth+—Phaseolus aconitifolius (1). │ C. │India.
+Three-lobed Kidney Bean+—Phaseolus │ B. │India, tropical Africa.
trilobus, [Z] (1). │ │
+Green Gram+—Phaseolus Mungo (1). │B. (?)│India.
+Wall+—Phaseolus Lablab, [Z] (1). │ B. │India.
+Lubia+—Phaseolus Lubia (1). │ C. │Western Asia (?).
+Bambarra Ground Nut+—Voandzeia │ (?) │Intertropical Africa,
subterranea (1). │ │
+Buckwheat+—Fagopyrum esculentum (1). │ C. │Mantschuria, central Siberia.
+Tartary Buckwheat+—Fagopyrum │ C. │Tartary, Siberia to Dahuria.
tartaricum (1). │ │
+Notch-seeded Buckwheat+—Fagopyrum │ (?) │Western China, eastern
emarginatum (1). │ │ Himalayas.
+Kiery+—Amarantus frumentaceus (1). │ (?) │India.
+Chestnut+—Castanea vulgaris, [F5] │ (?) │From Portugal to the Caspian
│ │ Sea, eastern Algeria.
│ │ Varieties: Japan, North
│ │ America.
+Wheat+—Triticum vulgare and │ A. │Region of the Euphrates.
varieties (?), (1). │ │
+Spelt+—Triticum spelta (1). │ A. │Derived from the preceding
│ │ (?).
+One-grained Wheat+—Triticum │ (?) │Servia, Greece, Anatolia
monococcum (1). │ │ (if the identity with the
│ │ _Triticum bœoticum_
│ │ be admitted).
+Two-rowed Barley+—Hordeum distichon │ A. │Western temperate Asia.
(1). │ │
+Common Barley+—Hordeum vulgare (1). │ (?) │Derived from the preceding
│ │ (?).
+Six-rowed Barley+—Hordeum │ A. │Derived from the preceding
hexastichon (1). │ │ (?).
+Rye+—Secale cereale (1). │ B. │Eastern temperate Europe (?).
+Common Oats+—Avena sativa (1). │ B. │Eastern temperate Europe (?).
+Eastern Oats+—Avena orientalis (1). │C. (?)│Western Asia (?).
+Common Millet+—Panicum miliaceum (1).│ A. │Egypt, Arabia.
+Italian Millet+—Panicum italicum (1).│ A. │China, Japan, Indian
│ │ Archipelago (?).
+Sorghum+—Holcus sorghum (1). │ A. │Tropical Africa (?).
+Sweet Sorghum+—Holcus │ (?) │Tropical Africa (?).
saccharatus (1). │ │
+Coracan+—Eleusine coracana (1). │ B. │India.
+Rice+—Oryza sativa (1). │ A. │India, southern China (?).

2. _Various Uses._

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────
Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin.
──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────
+Poppy+—Papaver somniferum (1). │ B. │Derived from _P. setiferum_ of
│ │ the Mediterranean basin.
+White Mustard+—Sinapis alba (1). │ B. │Temperate and southern
+Black Mustard+—Sinapis nigra (1). │ B. │ Europe, north of Africa,
│ │ western temperate Asia.
+Gold of Pleasure+—Camelina sativa │B. (?)│Temperate Europe, Caucasus,
(1). │ │ Siberia.
+Herbaceous Cotton+—Gossypium │ B. │India.
herbaceum, ['5] (1). │ │
+Tree Cotton+—Gossypium arboreum, │B. (?)│Upper Egypt.
[/5]. │ │
+Arabian Coffee+—Coffea arabica, [5]. │ C. │Tropical Africa, Mozambique,
│ │Abyssinia, Guinea.
+Liberian Coffee+—Coffea liberica, │ C. │Guinea Angola.
[F5]. │ │
+Sesame+—Sesamum indicum (1). │ A. │Sunda Isles.
+Nutmeg+—Myristica fragrans, [5]. │ B. │Moluccas.
+Castor-Oil Plant+—Ricinus communis, │ A. │Abyssinia, Sennaar, Kordofan.
[/5]. │ │
+Walnut+—Juglans regia, [F5]. │ (?) │Eastern temperate Europe,
│ │temperate Asia.
+Black Pepper+—Piper nigrum, [/5]. │ B. │India.
+Long Pepper+—Piper longum, ['5]. │ B. │India.
+Medicinal Pepper+—Piper officinalis, │ B. │Malay Archipelago.
['5]. │ │
+Betel Pepper+—Piper Betle, [/5]. │ B. │Malay Archipelago.
+Areca Nut+—Areca Catechu, [5]. │ B. │Malay Archipelago.
+Cocoa Nut+—Cocos nucifera, [F5]. │ (?) │Malay Archipelago (?),
│ │ Polynesia (?).

SPECIES OF AMERICAN ORIGIN.

CULTIVATED FOR THE UNDERGROUND PARTS.

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────
Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin.
──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────
+Arracacha+—Arracacha esculenta, │ E. │New Granada (?).
[Z] (1). │ │
+Jerusalem Artichoke+—Helianthus │E. (?)│North America (Indiana).
tuberosus, [Z]. │ │
+Potato+—Solanum tuberosum, [Z]. │ E. │Chili, Peru (?).
+Sweet Potato+—Convolvulus batatas, │ D. │Tropical America (where ?).
[Z]. │ │
+Manioc+—Manihot utilissima, [/5]. │ E. │East of tropical Brazil.
+Arrowroot+—Maranta arundinacea, [Z]. │ (?) │Tropical (continental?)
│ │ America.

CULTIVATED FOR THE STEMS OR LEAVES.

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────
Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin.
──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────
+Maté+—Ilex paraguariensis, [5]. │ D. │Paraguay and western
│ │ Brazil.
+Coca+—Erythroxylon Coca, [5]. │ D. │East of Peru and Bolivia.
+Quinine+—Cinchona Calisaya, [5]. │ F. │Bolivia, southern Peru.
+Crown Bark+—Cinchona officinalis, │ F. │Ecuador (province of Loxa).
[5]. │ │
+Red Cinchona Bark+—Cinchona │ F. │Ecuador (province of
succirubra, [5]. │ │ Cuenca).
{ Nicotiana Tabacum (1). │ D. │Ecuador and neighbouring
+Tobacco+—{ │ │ countries.
{ Nicotiana rustica (1). │ E. │Mexico(?), Texas(?),
│ │ California(?).
+American Aloe+—Agave americana, [5]. │ E. │Mexico.

CULTIVATED FOR THE FRUITS.

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────
Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin.
──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────
+Sweet Sop+—Anona squamosa, [5]. │ (?) │West India Isles.
+Sour Sop+—Anona muricata, [5]. │ (?) │West India Isles.
+Custard Apple+—Anona reticulata, [5].│ (?) │West India Isles, New
│ │ Granada.
+Chirimoya+—Anona Cherimolia, [5]. │ E. │Ecuador, Peru (?).
+Mammee Apple+—Mammea americana, [F5].│ (?) │West India Isles.
+Cashew Nut+—Anacardium occidentale, │ (?) │Tropical America.
[F5]. │ │
+Virginian Strawberry+—Fragaria │ F. │Temperate North America.
virginiana, [Z]. │ │
+Chili Strawberry+—Fragaria │ F. │Chili.
chiloensis, [Z]. │ │
+Guava+—Psidium guayava, [5]. │ E. │Continental tropical America.
+Pumpkin and Squash+—Cucurbita │ E. │Temperate North America.
Pepo and Melopepo (1). │ │
+Prickly Pear+—Opuntia ficus indica, │ E. │Mexico.
[5]. │ │
+Chocho+—Sechium edule (1). │ E. │Mexico (?), Central America.
+Star-Apple+—Chrysophyllum Caïnito, │ E. │West India Isles, Panama.
[5]. │ │
+Caïmito+—Lucuma Caïmito, [5]. │ E. │Peru.
+Marmalade Plum+—Lucuma mammosa, [5]. │ E. │Valley of the Orinoco.
+Sapodilla+—Sapota achras, [5]. │ E. │Campeachy, Isthmus of
│ │ Panama, Venezuela.
+Persimmon+—Diospyros virginiana, [5].│ F. │Eastern States of America.
+Annual Capsicum+—Capsicum annuum │ E. │Brazil (?).
(1). │ │
+Shrubby Capsicum+—Capsicum │ E. │From the east of Peru to
frutescens, [/5]. │ │ Bahia.
+Tomato+—Lycopersicum esculentum │ E. │Peru.
(1). │ │
+Avocado Pear+—Persea gratissima, │ E. │Mexico.
[F5]. │ │
+Papaw+—Papaya vulgaris, [5]. │ E. │West Indies, Central America.
+Pine-Apple+—Ananassa sativa, [Z]. │ E. │Mexico, Central America,
│ │ Panama, New Granada,
│ │ Guiana (?), Bahia (?).

CULTIVATED FOR THE SEEDS.

1. _Nutritious._

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────
Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin.
──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────
+Cacao+—Theobroma Cacao, [5]. │ D. │Amazon and Orinoco Valley,
│ │ Panama (?), Yucatan (?).
+Sugar Bean+—Phaseolus lunatus, [Z]. │ E. │Brazil.
+Quinoa+—Chenopodium quinoa (1). │ E. │New Granada, Peru (?),
│ │ Chili (?).
+Maize+—Zea mays (1). │ D. │New Granada (?).

2. _Various Uses._

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────
Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin.
──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────
+Arnotto+—Bixa orellana. │ D. │Tropical America.
+Barbados Cotton+—Gossypium │ (?) │New Granada (?), Mexico (?),
barbadense, [F5]. │ │ West Indies.
+Earth Nuts+—Arachis hypogæa (1). │ E. │Brazil (?).
+Madia+—Madia sativa (1). │ E. │Chili, California.

CRYPTOGAM CULTIVATED FOR THE WHOLE PLANT.

──────────────────────────────────────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────
Name and duration. │Date. │ Origin.
──────────────────────────────────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────
+Mushroom+—Agaricus campestris, [Z] │ C. │Northern hemisphere.

SPECIES OF UNKNOWN OR ENTIRELY UNCERTAIN ORIGIN.

+Common Haricot+—Phaseolus vulgaris (1).
+Musk Gourd+—Cucurbita moschata (1).
+Fig-leaved Gourd+—Cucurbita ficifolia, [Z].