Chapter II: General Observations and Conclusions (4)

[1804] Delile, _Pl. Cult, en Égypte_, p. 3; _Fl. Ægypt. Illus._, p. 5.

[1805] _Dict. Fr.-Berb._, published by the Government.

[1806] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 5, fig. 4; p. 52, fig. 20.

[1807] Messicommer, in _Flora_, 1869, p. 320.

[1808] Quoted from Sordelli, _Notizie sull. Lagozza_, p. 32.

[1809] Heer, _ubi supra_, p. 50.

[1810] Heldreich, _Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 5.

[1811] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. cap. 10.

[1812] Koch, _Linnæa_, xxi. p. 427.

[1813] Letter from Ascherson, 1881.

[1814] _Dict. MS. of Vernacular Names._

[1815] Debeaux, _Catal. des Plan. de Boghar_, p. 110.

[1816] Delile says (_ubi supra_) that wheat is called _qamh_, and a red variety _qamh-ahmar_

[1817] Nemnich, _Lexicon_, p. 1488.

[1818] Alefeld, _Bot. Zeitung_, 1865, p. 9

[1819] H. Vilmorin, _Bull. Soc. Bot. de France_, 1881, p. 356.

[1820] Journal, _Flora_, 1835, p. 4.

[1821] See the plates of Metzger and Host, in the works previously quoted.

[1822] _Essai d’un Catal. Method. des Froments_, Paris, 1850.

[1823] Seringe, _Monogr. des Céré. de la Suisse_, in 8vo, Berne, 1818.

[1824] Fraas, _Syn. Fl. Class._, p. 307; Lenz, _Bot. der Alten_, p. 257.

[1825] Dioscorides, _Mat. Med._, ii., 111-115.

[1826] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. cap. 7; Targioni, _Cenni Storici_, p. 6.

[1827] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 6; Unger, _Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, p. 32.

[1828] Delile, _Pl. Cult, en Égypte_, p. 5.

[1829] Reynier, _Écon. des Égyptiens_, p. 337; Dureau de la Malle, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, ix. p. 72; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzäh_. _Tr. spelta_ of Forskal is not admitted by any subsequent author.

[1830] Géogr. _Bot. Rais._, p. 933.

[1831] Exod. ix. 32; Isa. xxviii. 25; Ezek. iv. 9.

[1832] Rosenmüller, _Bibl. Alterth._, iv. p. 83; Second, _Trans, of Old Test._, 1874.

[1833] Ad. Pictet, _Orig. Indo-Europ._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 348.

[1834] Ad. Pictet, _ibid._; Nemnich., _Lexicon_.

[1835] Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._, i. p. 107.

[1836] Olivier, _Voyage_, 1807, vol. iii. p. 460.

[1837] Lamarck, _Dict. Encycl._, ii. p. 560.

[1838] H. Vilmorin, _Bull. Soc. Bot. de France_, 1881, p. 858.

[1839] Heer, _Pflanz. der. Pfahlb._, p. 5, fig. 23, and p. 15.

[1840] Fraas, _Syn. Fl. Class._, p. 307.

[1841] Dioscorides, _Mat. Med._, 2, c. iii. 155.

[1842] Heldreich, _Nutz. Griech._

[1843] Bieberstein, _Fl. Tauro-Caucasaica_, vol. i. p. 85.

[1844] Steven, _Verzeichniss Taur. Halbins. Pflan._, p. 354.

[1845] _Bull. Soc. Bot. Fran._, 1860, p. 30.

[1846] Boissier, _Diagnoses_, 1st series, vol. ii. fasc. 13, p. 69.

[1847] Balansa, 1854, No. 137 in Boissier’s Herbarium, in which there is also a specimen found in the fields in Servia, and a variety with brown beards sent by Pancic, growing in Servian meadows. The same botanist (of Belgrade) has just sent me wild specimens from Servia, which I cannot distinguish from _T. monococcum_, which he assures me is not cultivated in Servia. Bentham writes to me that _T. bœoticum_, of which he saw several specimens, is, he thinks, the same as _T. monococcum_.

[1848] Bretschneider, _On the Study_, etc., p. 8.

[1849] A specimen determined by Reuter in Boissier’s Herbarium.

[1850] Figari and de Notaris, _Agrostologiæ Ægypt. Fragm._, p. 18.

[1851] A very starved plant gathered by Kotschy, No. 290, of which I possess a specimen. Boissier terms it _H. distichon, varietas_.

[1852] C. A. Meyer, _Verzeichniss_, p. 26, from specimens seen also by Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, iv. p. 327.

[1853] Ledebour, _ibid._

[1854] Regel, _Descr. Plant._, Nov., 1881, fasc. 8, p. 37.

[1855] Willdenow, _Sp. Plant._, i. p. 473.

[1856] Theophrastus, _Hist. Plant._, lib. viii. cap. 4.

[1857] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 13; Messicommer, _Flora Bot. Zeitung_, 1869, p. 320.

[1858] Theophrastus, _Hist._, lib. viii. cap. 4.

[1859] Willdenow, _Species Plant._, i. p. 472.

[1860] Unger, _Pflanzen des Alten Egyptens_, p. 33; _Ein Ziegel der Dashur Pyramide_, p. 109.

[1861] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 5, figs. 2 and 3; p. 13, fig. 9; _Flora Bot. Zeitung_, 1869, p. 320; de Mortillet, according to Perrin, _Études préhistoriques sur la Savoie_, p. 23; Sordelli, _Sulle piante della torbiera di Lagozza_, p. 33.

[1862] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 358.

[1863] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Europ._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 333.

[1864] Bretschneider, _On Study and Value_, etc., pp 18, 44.

[1865] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. c. 16.

[1866] Galen, _De Alimentis_, lib. xiii., quoted by Lenz, _Bot. de Alten_, p. 259.

[1867] Heer, _Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 16.

[1868] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Europ._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 344.

[1869] Nemnich, _Lexicon Naturgesch_.

[1870] Ad. Pictet, _ubi supra_.

[1871] _Secale fragile_, Bieberstein; _S. anatolicum_, Boissier; _S. montanum_, Gussone; _S. villosum_, Linnæus. I explained in my _Géogr. Botanique_, p. 936, the errors which result from this confusion, when rye was said to be wild in Sicily, Crete, and sometimes in Russia.

[1872] _Flora, Bot. Zeitung_, 1856, p. 520.

[1873] _Flora, Bot. Zeitung_, 1869, p. 93.

[1874] Kunth, _Enum._, i. p. 449.

[1875] Sadler, _Fl. Pesth._, i. p. 80; Host, _Fl. Austr._, i. p. 177; Baumgarten, _Fl. Transylv._, p. 225; Neilreich, _Fl. Wien._, p. 58; Viviani, _Fl. Dalmat._, i. p. 97; Farkas, _Fl. Croat._, p. 1288.

[1876] Strobl saw it, however, in the woods on the slopes of Etna, a result of its introduction into cultivation in the eighteenth century (_Œster. Bot. Zeit._, 1881, p. 159).

[1877] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Beiträge zur Fl. Æthiop._, p. 298.

[1878] Royle, _Ill._, p. 419.

[1879] Bretschneider, _On Study and Value_, etc., pp. 18, 44.

[1880] Fraas, _Syn. Fl. Class._, p. 303; Lenz, _Bot. der Alten_, p. 243.

[1881] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. cap. 17.

[1882] Galen, _De Alimentis_, lib. i. cap. 12

[1883] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 6, fig. 24.

[1884] Lenz, _Bot. der Alten_, p. 245.

[1885] Ad. Pictet, _Orig. Indo.-Europ._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 350.

[1886] Notes communicated by M. Clos.

[1887] Ad. Pictet, _ubi supra_.

[1888] Nemnich, _Polyglott. Lexicon_, p. 548.

[1889] _Dict. Fr.-Berbère_, published by the French Government.

[1890] Linnæus, _Species_, p. 118; Lamarck, _Dict. Enc._, i. p. 431

[1891] Phillips, _Cult. Veget._, ii. p. 4.

[1892] Munby, _Catal. Alger._, edit. 2, p. 36; Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Pl. Jap._, ii. p. 175; Cosson, _Fl. Paris_, ii. p. 637; Bunge, _Enum. Chin._, p. 71, for the variety _nuda_.

[1893] Lamarck, _Dict. Encycl._, i. p. 331.

[1894] Viviani, _Fl. Dalmat._, i. p. 69; Host, _Fl. Austr._, i. p. 138; Neilreich, _Fl. Wien._, p. 85; Baumgarten, _Enum. Transylv._, iii. p. 259; Farkas, _Fl. Croatica_, p. 1277.

[1895] Bentham, _Handbook of British Flora_, edit. 4, p. 544.

[1896] The passages from Theophrastus, Cato, and others, are translated in Lenz, _Botanik der Alten_, p. 232.

[1897] Heer. _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 17.

[1898] Regazzoni. _Riv. Arch. Prov. di Como_, 1880, fasc. 7.

[1899] Unger, _Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, p. 34.

[1900] Bretschneider, _Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works_, pp. 7, 8, 45.

[1901] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, p. 310; Piddington, _Index_.

[1902] Rosenmüller, _Bibl. Alterth._; _Dict. Franç.-Berbère_.

[1903] Delile, _Fl. Ægypt._, p. 3; Forskal, _Fl. Arab._, civ.

[1904] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Européennes_, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 351.

[1905] _Ibid._

[1906] Linnæus, _Spec. Plant._, i. p. 86.

[1907] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, p. 310; Aitchison, _Cat. of Punjab Pl._, p. 159.

[1908] Bunge, _Enum._, No. 400.

[1909] Maximowicz, _Primitiœ Amur._, p. 330.

[1910] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, iv. p. 469.

[1911] Hohenacker, _Plant. Talysch._, p. 13.

[1912] Steven, _Verzeich. Halb. Taur._, p. 371.

[1913] Mutel, _Fl. Franç._, iv. p. 20; Parlatore, _Fl. Ital._, i. p. 122; Viviani, _Fl. Damat._, i. p. 60; Neilreich, _Fl. Nied. Œsterr._, p. 32.

[1914] Heldreich, _Nutz. Griechenl._, p. 3; _Pflanz. Attisch. Ebene._, p. 516.

[1915] M. Ascherson informs me in a letter that in his _Aufzählung_ the word _cult._ has been omitted by mistake after _Panicum miliaceum_.

[1916] Forskal, _Fl. Arab._, p. civ.

[1917] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., pp. 7, 8

[1918] Bretschneider, _ibid._

[1919] According to Unger, _Pflanz, d. Alt. Ægypt._, p. 34.

[1920] Heer, _Pflanzen d. Pfahlbaut._, p. 5, fig. 7; p. 17, figs. 28, 29; Perrin, _Études Préhistoriques sur la Savoie_, p. 22.

[1921] Heldreich, _Nutzpfl. Griech._

[1922] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 302; Rumphius, _Amboin._, v. p. 202, t. 75.

[1923] Roxburgh, _ibid._

[1924] Ainslie, _Mat. Med. Ind._, i. p. 226.

[1925] “Obeurrit in Baleya,” etc. (_Rumphius_, v. p. 202).

[1926] “Habitat in Indiis” (Linnæus, _Species_, i. p. 83).

[1927] Aitchison, _Catal. of Punjab Pl._, p. 162.

[1928] Bentham, _Flora Austral._, vii. p. 493.

[1929] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Japon._, ii. p. 262.

[1930] Bunge, _Enum._, No. 399; Maximowicz, _Primitiæ Amur._, p. 330.

[1931] Buhse, _Aufzählung_, p. 232.

[1932] See Parlatore, _Fl. Ital._, i. p. 113; Mutel, _Fl. Franç._, iv. p. 20, etc.

[1933] Delile, _Plantes Cult. en Égypte_, p. 7; Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 269; Aitchison, _Catal. of Punjab Pl._, p. 175; Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 9.

[1934] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. c. 7.

[1935] Quoted by Unger, _Die Pflanzen des Alten Egyptens_, p. 34.

[1936] S. Birch, in Wilkinson, _Man. and Cust. of Anc. Egyptians_, 1878, vol. ii. p. 427.

[1937] Lepsius’ drawings are reproduced by Unger and by Wilkinson.

[1938] Ezek. iv. 9.

[1939] Brown, _Bot. of Congo_, p. 544.

[1940] Schmidt, _Beiträge zur Flora Capverdischen Inseln_, p. 158.

[1941] See Host, _Graminæ Austriacæ_, vol. iv. pl. 4.

[1942] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 271; Rumphius, _Amboin._, v. p. 194, pl. 75, fig. 1; Miquel, _Fl. Indo-Batava_, iii. p. 503; Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., pp. 9, 46; Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, ii. p. 792.

[1943] Forskal, Delile, Schweinfurth, and Ascherson, _ubi supra_.

[1944] Herodotus, lib. i. cap. 193.

[1945] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. cap. 7. This may also be the variety or species known as _bicolor_.

[1946] W. Hooker, _Niger Flora_.

[1947] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 299.

[1948] _Bon Jardinier_, 1880, p. 585.

[1949] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Plant. Japon._, ii. p. 172.

[1950] _Bon Jardinier_, _ibid._

[1951] Roxburgh, _Fl. Indica_, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 343.

[1952] Boyle, _Ill. Him. Plants_.

[1953] Thwaites, _Enum. Pl. Zeylan._, p. 371

[1954] Several synonyms and the Arabic name in Linnæus, Delile, etc., apply to _Dactyloctenium ægyptiacum_, Willdenow, or _Eleusine ægyptiaca_ of some authors, which is not cultivated.

[1955] Fresenius, _Catal. Sem. Horti. Francof._, 1834, _Beitr. z. Fl. Abyss._, p. 141.

[1956] Stanislas Julien, in Loiseleur, _Consid. sur les Céréales_, part i. p. 29; Bretschneider, _Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works_, pp. 8 and 9.

[1957] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, i. p. 267.

[1958] Piddington, _Index_; Hehn, _Culturpflanzen_, edit. 3, p. 437.

[1959] Theophrastus, _Hist._, lib. iv. cap. 4, 10.

[1960] Strabo, _Géographie_, Tardieu’s translation, lib. xv. cap. 1, § 18; lib. xv. cap. 1. § 53.

[1961] Reynier, _Économie des Arabes et des Juifs_ (1820), p. 450; _Économie Publique et Rurale des Égyptiens et des Carthaginois_ (1823), p. 324.

[1962] Unger mentions none; Birch, in 1878, furnishes a note to Wilkinson’s _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians_, ii. p. 402, “There is no proof of the cultivation of rice, of which no grains have been found.”

[1963] Reynier, _ibid._

[1964] Targioni, _Cenni Storici_.

[1965] Crawfurd, in _Journal of Botany_, 1866, p. 324.

[1966] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 200.

[1967] Aitchinson, _Catal. Punjab._, p. 157.

[1968] Nees, in Martius, _Fl. Brasil._, in 8vo, ii. p. 518; Baker, _Fl. of Mauritius_, p. 458.

[1969] Von Mueller writes to me that rice is certainly wild in tropical Australia. It may have been accidentally sown, and have become naturalized.—AUTHOR’S NOTE, 1884.

[1970] Bonafous, _Hist. Nat. Agric. et Économique du Maïs_, 1 vol. in folio, Paris and Turin. 1836.

[1971] A. de Candolle, _Bibliothèque Universelle de Genève_, Aug. 1836, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 942.

[1972] Molinari, _Storia d’Incisa_, Asti, 1816.

[1973] Riant, _La Charte d’Incisa_, 8vo pamphlet, 1877, reprinted from the _Revue des Questions Historiques_.

[1974] Ruellius, _De Natura Stirpium_, p. 428, “Hanc quoniam nostrorum ætate e Græcia vel Asia venerit _Turcicum frumentum_ nominant.” Fuchsius, p. 824, repeats this phrase in 1543.

[1975] Tragus, _Stirpium_, etc., edit. 1552, p. 650.

[1976] Dodoens, _Pemptades_, p. 509; Camerarius, _Hort._, p. 94; Matthiole, edit. 1570, p. 305.

[1977] P. Martyr, Ercilla, Jean de Lery, etc., 1516-1578.

[1978] Hernandez, _Thes. Mexic._, p. 242.

[1979] Lasègue, _Musée Delessert_, p. 467.

[1980] Fée, _Souvenirs de la Guerre d’Espagne_, p. 128.

[1981] _Bibliothèque Orientale_, Paris, 1697, at the word _Rous_.

[1982] Kunth, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, sér. 1, vol. viii. p. 418; Raspail, _ibid._; Unger, _Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_; A. Braun, _Pflanzenreste Ægypt. Mus. in Berlin_; Wilkinson, _Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians_.

[1983] Forskal, p. liii.

[1984] Crawfurd, _History of the Indian Archipelago_, Edinburgh, 1820, vol. i., _Journal of Botany, 1866_, p. 326.

[1985] Roxburgh, _Flora Indica_, edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 568.

[1986] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., pp. 7, 18.

[1987] _Ibid._

[1988] The article is in the _Pharmaceutical Journal_ of 1870; I only know it from a short extract in Seemann’s _Journal of Botany_, 1871, p. 62.

[1989] Rumphius, _Amboin._, vol. v. p. 525.

[1990] Malte-Brun, _Géographie_, i. p. 493.

[1991] A plant engraved on an ancient weapon which Siebold had taken for maize is a sorghum, according to Rein, quoted by Wittmack, _Ueber Antiken Maïs_.

[1992] See Martius, _Beiträge zur Ethnographie Amerikas_, p. 127.

[1993] Darwin, _Var. of Plants and Anim. under Domest._, i. p. 320.

[1994] A. de Saint-Hilaire, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, xvi. p. 143.

[1995] Lindley, _Journ. of the Hortic. Soc._, i. p. 114.

[1996] I quote these facts from Wittmack, _Ueber Antiken Maïs aus Nord und Sud Amerika_, p. 87, in _Berlin Anthropol. Ges._, Nov. 10, 1879.

[1997] Rochebrune, _Recherches Ethnographiques sur les Sépultures Péruviennes d’Ancon_, from an extract by Wittmack in Uhlworm, _Bot. Central-Blatt._, 1880, p. 1633, where it may be seen that the burial-ground was used before and after the discovery of America.

[1998] Sagot, _Cult. des Céréales de la Guyane Franç._ (_Journ. de la Soc. Centr. d’Hortic. de France_, 1872, p. 94).

[1999] De Naidaillac, in his work entitled _Les Premiers Hommes et les_ _Temps Préhistoriques_, gives briefly the sum of our knowledge of these migrations of the ancient peoples of America in general. See especially vol. ii. chap. 9.

[2000] De Naidaillac, ii. p. 69, who quotes Bancroft, _The Native Races of the Pacific States_.

[2001] Willkomm and Lange., _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._, iii. p. 872.

[2002] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._; Tchihatcheff, _Asie Mineure_; Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, and others.

[2003] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 32, figs. 65, 66.

[2004] De Lanessan, in his translation from Flückiger and Hanbury, _Histoire des Drogues d’Origine Végétale_, i. p. 129.

[2005] Dioscorides, _Hist. Plant._, lib. iv. c. 65.

[2006] Pliny, _Hist. Plant._, lib. xx. c. 18.

[2007] Unger, _Die Pflanze als Errerungs und Betaübungsmittel_, p. 47; _Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, i. p. 50.

[2008] Ebn Baithar, German trans., i. p. 64.

[2009] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Européennes_, edit. 3, vol. i. p. 366.

[2010] Ainslie, _Mat. Med. Indica_, i. p. 326.

[2011] Nemnich, _Polygl. Lexicon_, p. 848.

[2012] Martin, in _Bull. Soc. d’Acclimatation_, 1872, p. 200.

[2013] Sir J. Hooker, _Flora of Brit. Ind._, i. p. 117; Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., 47.

[2014] Ebn Baithar, i. p. 64.

[2015] Flückiger and Hanbury, _Pharmacographia_, p. 40.

[2016] Barbosa’s work was published in 1516.

[2017] Hughes, _Trade Report_, quoted by Flückiger and Hanbury.

[2018] Sloane, _Jamaica_, ii. p. 53.

[2019] Sloane, _ibid._; Clos, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, 4th. series, vol. viii. p. 260; Grisebach, _Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Is._, p. 20.

[2020] Seemann, _Bot. of Herald._, pp. 79, 268; Triana and Planchon, _Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat._, p. 94; Meyer, _Essequebo_, p. 202; Piso, _Hist. Nat. Brasil_, edit. 1648, p. 65; Claussen, in Clos, _ubi supra_.

[2021] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, ii. p. 581; Oliver, _Fl. Trop. Africa_, i. p. 114.

[2022] _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 971.

[2023] Parlatore, _Le Specie dei Cotoni_, text in 4to, plates in folio, Florence, 1866.

[2024] Todaro, _Relazione della Coltura dei Cotoni in Italia, segnita da una Monographia del Genere Gossypium_, text large 8vo, plates in folio, Rome and Palermo, 1877-78; a work preceded by several others of less importance, which were known to Parlatore.

[2025] Masters, in Oliver, _Fl. Trop. Afr._, i. p. 210; and in Sir J. Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, i. p. 346.

[2026] Kurz, _Forest Flora of British Burmah_, i. p. 129.

[2027] Piddington, _Index_.

[2028] Theophrastus, _Hist. Plant._, lib. iv. cap. 5.

[2029] _Ibid._, lib. iv. cap. 9.

[2030] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 7.

[2031] Pausanias, lib. v., cap. 5; lib. vi. cap. 26; Pliny, lib. xix. cap. 1. See Brandes, _Baumwolle_, p. 96.

[2032] C. Ritter, _Die Geographische Verbreitung der Baumwolle_, p. 25.

[2033] It is impossible not to remark the resemblance between this name and that of flax in Arabic, _kattan_ or _kittan_; it is an example of the confusion which takes place in names where there is an analogy between the products.

[2034] De Lasteyrie, _Du Cotonnier_, p. 290.

[2035] Torrey and Asa Gray, _Flora of North America_, i. p. 230; Darlington, _Agricultural Botany_, p. 16.

[2036] Schouw, _Naturschilderungen_, p. 152.

[2037] Masters, in Oliver, _Fl. Trop. Afr._, i. p. 211; Hooker, _Fl. of Brit. Ind._, i. p. 347; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 265 (under the name _Gossypium nigrum_); Parlatore, _Specie dei Cotoni_, p. 25.

[2038] Rosellini, _Monumenti dell’ Egizia_, p. 2; _Mon. Civ._, i. p. 60.

[2039] Parlatore, _Specie dei Cotoni_, p. 16.

[2040] Pliny, _Hist. Plant._, lib. xix. cap. 1.

[2041] Pollux, _Onomasticon_, quoted by C. Ritter, _ubi supra_, p. 26.

[2042] Reynier, _Économie des Arabes et des Juifs._, p. 363; Bertoloni, _Noc. Act. Acad. Bonon._, ii. p. 213, and _Miscell. Bot._, 6; Viviani, in _Bibl. Ital._, vol. lxxxi. p. 94; C. Ritter, _Géogr. Verbreitung der Baumwolle_, in 4to.; Targioni, _Cenni Storici_, p. 93; Brandis, _Der Baumwolle in Alterthum_, in 8vo. 1880.

[2043] Masters, in Oliver, _Flora of Trop. Africa_, i. p. 322; and in Hooker, _Flora of Brit. India_, i. p. 347.

[2044] He says, for instance, of _Gossypium herbaceum_, which is certainly of the old world, as facts known before his time show, “_habitat in America_.”

[2045] _Nascitur in calidis humidisque cultis præcipue locis_ (Hernandez, _Novæ Hispaniæ Thesaurus_, p. 308).

[2046] Hemsley, _Biologia Centrali-Americana_, i. p. 123.

[2047] Macfadyen, _Flora of Jamaica_, p. 72.

[2048] Grisebach, _Flora of Brit. W. India Is._, p. 86.

[2049] Triana and Planchon, _Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granatensis_, p. 170.

[2050] The Malvaceæ have not yet appeared in the _Flora Brasiliensis_.

[2051] Cl. Gay, _Flora Chilena_, i. p. 312.

[2052] The _Gardener’s Chronicle_ of Sept. 4, 1880, gives details about the cultivation of this plant, the use of its seeds, and the extensive exportation of them from the west coast of Africa, Brazil, and India to Europe.

[2053] A. de Candolle, _Géographie Botanique Raisonnée_, p. 962.

[2054] Linnæus, _Species Plantarum_, p. 1040.

[2055] R. Brown, _Botany of Congo_, p. 53.

[2056] Bentham, in _Trans. Linn. Soc._, xviii. p. 159; Walpers, _Repertorium_, i. p. 727.

[2057] Maregraf and Piso, _Brasil._, p. 37, edit. 1648.

[2058] _Ibid._, edit. 16538, p. 256.

[2059] Acosta, _Hist. Nat. Ind._, French, trans., 1598, p. 165.

[2060] Aublot, _Pl. Guyan_, p. 765.

[2061] Sloane, _Jamaica_, p. 184.

[2062] Guillemin and Perrottet, _Fl. Senegal_.

[2063] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._

[2064] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, iii. p. 280; Piddington, _Index_.

[2065] Rumphius, _Herb. Amb._, v. p. 426

[2066] Rochebrune, from the extract in the _Botanisches Centralblatt_, 1880, p. 1634.

[2067] _Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works_, p. 18.

[2068] Grisebach, _Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is._, p. 189.

[2069] Richard, Tentamen _Fl. Abyss._, i. p. 349; Oliver, _Fl. Trop. Afr._, iii. p. 180.

[2070] Ritter, quoted in _Flora_, 1846, p. 704.

[2071] Meyen, _Géogr. Bot._, English trans., p. 384; Grisebach, _Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Is._, p. 338.

[2072] H. Welter, _Essai sur l’Histoire du Café_, 1 vol. in 8vo, Paris, 1868.

[2073] Ellis, _An Historical Account of Coffee_, 1774.

[2074] Ebn Baithar, Sondtheimer’s trans., 2 vols. 8vo, 1842.

[2075] Bellus, _Epist. ad Clus._, p. 309.

[2076] Rauwolf, _Clusius_.

[2077] Rauwolf; Bauhin, _Hist._, i. p. 422.

[2078] Bellus, _ubi supra_.

[2079] Richard, Tentamen _Fl. Abyss._, p. 350.

[2080] An extract from the same author in Playfair, _Hist. of Arabia Felix_, Bombay, 1859, does not mention this assertion.

[2081] _Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._, iv. p. 552.

[2082] Ellis, _ubi supra_; _Nouv. Dict._, _ibid._

[2083] This detail is borrowed from Ellis, _Diss. Caf._, p. 16. In the _Notices Statistiques sur les Colonies Françaises_ (ii. p. 46) I find: “About 1716 or 1721, fresh seeds of the coffee having been brought secretly from Surinam, in spite of the precautions of the Dutch, the cultivation of this colonial product became naturalized at Cayenne.”

[2084] The name of this sailor has been spelt in several ways—Declieux, Duclieux, Desclieux. From the information supplied me at the _ministère de la guerre_, I learn that de Clieu was a gentleman, and a connection of the Comte de Maurepas. He was born in Normandy, went into the navy in 1702, and retired in 1760, after a distinguished career. He died in 1775. The official reports have not neglected to mention the important fact that he introduced the coffee plant into the French colonies.

[2085] Deleuze, _Hist. du Muséum_, i. p. 20.

[2086] _Not. Stat. Col. Franç._, i. p. 30.

[2087] _Ibid._, i. p. 209.

[2088] Martin, _Stat. Col. Brit. Emp._

[2089] _Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat._, iv. p. 135

[2090] _Not. Stat. Col. Franç._, ii. p. 84.

[2091] H. Welter, _Essai sur l’Histoire du Café_, 1 vol. 8vo, Paris, 1868.

[2092] In Hiern, _Trans. Linn. Soc._, 2nd series, vol. i. p. 171, pl. 24. This plate is reproduced in the Report of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew for 1876.

[2093] Oliver, _Fl. Trop. Afr._, iii. p. 181.

[2094] Cl. Gay, _Fl. Chilena_, iv. p. 268.

[2095] Asa Gray, in Watson, _Bot. of California_, i. p. 359.

[2096] A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 1047.

[2097] Rumphius, _Amboin._, ii. p. 17; Blume, _Rhumphia_, i. p. 180.

[2098] Roxburgh, _Fl. Indica_, iii. p. 845.

[2099] Bentham and Hooker, _Genera Pl._, ii. p. 1059.

[2100] Pickering, _Chronol. History of Plants_, p. 223; Rumphius, _Herb. Amb._, v. p. 204; Miquel, _Flora Indo-Batava_, ii. p. 760; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 273; Grisebach. _Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is._, p. 458.

[2101] Blume, _Bijdragen_, p. 778.

[2102] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 100; Piddington, _Index_.

[2103] Thunberg, _Fl. Jap._, p. 254.

[2104] Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 23, 1801.

[2105] _Ibid._, _On Study_, etc., p. 16.

[2106] Theophrastus, lib. viii. cap. 1, 5; Dioscorides, lib. ii. cap. 121; Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. cap. 10.

[2107] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xv. cap. 7.

[2108] Wilkinson, _Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians_, vol. ii.; Unger, _Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, p. 45.

[2109] Reynier, _Écon. Pub. des Arabes et des Juifs_, p. 431; Löw, _Aramäeische Pflanzennamen_, p. 376.

[2110] E. Meyer, _Geschichte der Botanik_, iii. p. 75.

[2111] Herodotus, lib. i. cap. 193.

[2112] Thwaites, _Enum._, p. 209.

[2113] Piso, _Brazil._, edit. 1658, p. 211.

[2114] Ball, _Floræ Maroccanæ Spicilegium_, p. 664.

[2115] Müller, _Argov._, in D.C., _Prodromus_, vol. xv. part 2, p. 1017.

[2116] Richard, _Tentamen Fl. Abyss._, ii. p. 250; Schweinfurth, _Plantæ Niloticæ a Hartmann_, etc., p. 13.

[2117] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 262.

[2118] Forskal, _Fl. Arabica_, p. 71.

[2119] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iv. p. 1143.

[2120] Rheede, _Malabar_, ii. p. 57, t. 32.

[2121] Rumphius, _Herb. Amb._, vol. iv. p. 93.

[2122] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Japon._, i. p. 424.

[2123] Unger, _Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, p. 61.

[2124] Theophrastus, _Hist._, lib. i. cap. 19; Dioscorides, lib. iv. cap. 171; Fraas, _Syn. Fl Class._, p. 92.

[2125] Nemnich, _Polyglott. Lexicon_; Forskal, _Fl. Ægypt._, p. 75.

[2126] Jonah iv. 6. Pickering, _Chron. His. Plants_, p. 225, writes _kykwyn_.

[2127] Flückiger and Haubury, _Pharmacographia_, p. 511.

[2128] A. de Candolle, _Prodr._, xvi. part 2, p. 136; Tchihatcheff, _Asie Mineure_, i. p. 172; Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, i. p. 507; Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, iii. p. 630; Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iv. p. 1160; Brandis, _Forest Flora of N.W. India_, p. 498; Kurz, _Forest Flora of Brit. Burmah_, p. 390.

[2129] C. Koch, _Dendrologie_, i. p. 584.

[2130] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum, Plant. Jap._, i. 453.

[2131] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, p. 702; Bunge, _Enum._, p. 62.

[2132] Heldreich, _Verhandl. Bot. Vereins Brandenb._, 1879, p. 147.

[2133] Theophrastus, _Hist. Plant._, lib. iii. cap. 3, 6. These passages, and others of ancient writers, are quoted and interpreted by Heldreich better than by Hehn and other scholars.

[2134] Heuffel, _Abhandl. Zool. Bot. Ges. in Wien_, 1853, p. 194.

[2135] De Saporta, _33rd Sess. du Congres Scient. de France_.

[2136] Dioscorides, lib. i. cap. 176.

[2137] Pliny, _Hist. Plant._, lib. xv. cap. 22.

[2138] Pliny, _Hist. Plant._, lib. xv. cap. 22.

[2139] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 31.

[2140] Sordelli, _Sulle piante della torbiera_, etc., p. 39.

[2141] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 16; and letter of Aug. 23, 1881.

[2142] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Europ._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 289; Hehn, _Culturpflanzen und Hausthiere_, edit. 3, p. 341.

[2143] Martius, _Hist. Nat. Palmarum_, in folio, vol. iii. p. 170 (published without date, but before 1851).

[2144] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, iii. p. 616; Brandis, _Forest Fl. of India_, p. 551; Kurz, _Forest Fl. of Brit. Burmah_, p. 537; Thwaites, _Enum. Zeylan._, p. 327; Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin-Ch._, p. 695.

[2145] Blume, _Rumphia_, ii. p. 67; Miquel, _Fl. Indo-Batava._, iii. p. 9; _suppl. de Sumatra_, p. 253.

[2146] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 28.

[2147] Blanco, _Fl. di Filipinas_, edit. 2.

[2148] Da Mosto, in Ramusio, i. p. 104, quoted by R. Brown.

[2149] Brown, _Bot. of Congo_, p. 55.

[2150] Martius, _Hist. Nat. Palmarum_, ii. p. 62; Drude, in _Fl. Brasil._, fasc. 85, p. 457. I find no author who asserts that this palm is wild in Guiana, as Martius affirms it to be in Brazil.

[2151] _Elæis melanocarpa_, Gærtner. The fruit also contains oil, but it does not appear that the species is cultivated, as the number of oleaginous plants is considerable in all countries.

[2152] Sloane, _Nat. Hist. of Jamaica_, ii. p. 113.

[2153] Grisebach, _Flora of Brit. W. Ind. Is._, p. 522.

[2154] Piso, _Brasil._, p. 65; Marcgraf, p. 138.

[2155] Martius, _Hist. Nat. Palmarum_, 3 vols. in folio; see vol. ii. p. 125.

[2156] Aublet, _Guyane_, suppl., p. 102.

[2157] Sloane, _Jamaica_, ii. p. 9.

[2158] J. Acosta, _Hist. Nat. des Indes_, French trans., 1598, p. 178.

[2159] Vafer, _Voyage de Dampier_, edit. 1705, p. 186; Vancouver, French edit., p. 325, quoted by de Martius, _Hist. Nat. Palmarum_, i. p. 188.

[2160] Seemann, _Bot. of Herald._, p. 204.

[2161] Hernandez, _Thesaurus Mexic._, p. 71. He attributes the same name, p. 75, to the cocoa-nut palm of the Philippine Islands.

[2162] Oviedo, Ramusio’s trans., iii. p. 53.

[2163] A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée_, p. 976.

[2164] Grisebach, _Vegetation der Erde_, pp. 11, 323.

[2165] Seemann, _Flora Vitiensis_, p. 275.

[2166] The cocoa-nut called Maldive belongs to the genus Lodoicea. _Coco mamillaris_, Blanco, of the Philippines is a variety of the cultivated _Cocos nucifera_.

[2167] Drude, in _Bot. Zeitung_, 1876, p. 801; and _Flora Brasiliensis_, fasc. 85, p. 405.

[2168] Stieler, _Hand Atlas_, edit. 1867, map 3.

[2169] Stieler, _ibid._, map 9.

[2170] Grisebach, _Flora of Brit. W. Indies_, p. 552.

[2171] Eugène Fournier has indicated to me, for instance, _drdapala_ (with hard fruit), _palakecara_ (with hairy fruit), _jalakajka_ (water-holder), etc.

[2172] Blume, _Rumphia_, iii. p. 82.

[2173] Forster, _De Plantis Esculentis_, p. 48; Nadeaud, _Enum. des Plantes de Taiti_, p. 41.

[2174] Blume, _ubi supra_.

[2175] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 24.

[2176] Seemann, _Fl. Vitiensis_, p. 276; Pickering, _Chronol. Arrangement_, p. 428.

[2177] Dr. Bretschneider writes to me from Pekin, Dec. 22, 1882, that the species is mentioned in the _Ryd_, a work of the year 1100 B.C. I do not know if we must suppose the original habitat to be China or western Asia.

[2178] _Essai sur la Géographie des Plantes_, p. 28.

[2179] Counting two or three forms which are perhaps rather very distinct races.

[2180] See the list of the useful plants of Australia by Sir J. Hooker, _Flora Tasmania_, p. cx.; and Bentham, _Flora Australiensis_, vii. p. 156.

[2181] The proportions which I give for the Phanerogams collectively are based upon an approximative calculation, made with the aid of the first two hundred pages of Steudel’s _Nomenclator_. They are justified by the comparison with several floras.

[2182] The species in italics are of very ancient cultivation (A or D), those marked with an asterisk have been less than two thousand years in cultivation (C or F).

[2183] Since this list was printed, I have been informed that the quinoa is wild in Chili. Some of the figures need modification in consequence of this error.

[2184] For reasons which I cannot here express, monotypical genera are for the most part in process of extinction.

INDEX.

A

Abi, 285

Agava americana, 153

Alexanders, 91

Alexandrine clover, 107

Alligator pear, 292

Allium Ampeloprasum, 101

—— Ascalonicum, 68

—— Cepa, 66

—— fistulosum, 68

—— sativum, 63

—— Schœnoprasum, 72

—— Scorodoprasum, 71

Almond, 218

Alocasia macrorhiza, 75

Aloe, American, 153

Amarantus frumentaceus, 352

—— gangeticus, 100

American Aloe, 153

—— indigoes, 137

Amorphophallus Konjak, 76

—— Rivieri, 76

Amygdalus communis, 218

—— Persica, 221

Anacardium occidentale, 198

Ananassa sativa, 311

Andropogon saccharatus, 382

—— Sorghum, 380

Angular Luffa, 371

Angurian cucumber, 267

Annual capsicum, 289

Anona Cherimolia, 174

—— muricata, 168, 173

—— reticulata, 174

—— squamosa, 168

Anthriscus Cerefiolum, 90

Apé, 75

Apium graveolens, 90

Apple, 233

—— custard, 168, 174

—— Malay, 241

—— mammee, 189

—— pine, 311

—— star, 285

—— sugar, 168

—— Tahiti, 202

Apricot, 215

Arab tea, 134

Arachis hypogæa, 411

Areca catechu, 427

Armeniaca vulgaris, 215

Arnotto, 401

Arracacha esculenta, 40

Arrowroot, 81

Artichoke, 92

—— Jerusalem, 42

Artocarpus incisa, 298

—— integrifolia, 299

Arum esculentum, 73

—— macrorhizon, 75

Aubergine, 287

Avena orientalis, 373

—— sativa, 373

—— strigosa, 375

Avocado pear, 292

B

Bambarra ground-nut, 347

Banana, 304

Barbados cotton, 408

Barleys, 367

Batatas edulis, 53

Batata mammosa, 57

Bean, broad, 316

—— kidney, 338

Beetroot, 58

Benincasa, 268

Beta vulgaris, 58

Bird-cherry, 205

Bird’s foot, 113

Bitter orange, 183

Bixa Orellana, 401

Black currant, 278

Brassica campestris, 36

—— Napus, 36

—— oleracea, 36, 83

—— Rapa, 36

Bread-fruit, 298

Broad bean, 316

Bromelia Ananas, 311

Buckwheat, common, 348

—— notch-seeded, 351

—— Tartary, 353

Bullace, 214

Bullock’s heart, 174

C

Cabbage, 83

Cacao, 313

Caïmito, 285

Calabash, 245

Cannabis sativa, 148

Capsicum annuum, 289

—— frutescens, 290

Cardoon, 92

Carica Papaya, 273

Carob, 334

Carthamine, 164

Caryophyllus aromaticus, 161

Cashew, 198

Cassis, 278

Castanea vulgaris, 353

Castor-oil plant, 422

Catha edulis, 134

Celery, 89

Cerasus vulgaris, 207

Ceratonia Siliqua, 334

Chayote, 273

Chenopodium Quinoa, 351

Cherry, bird, 205

—— sour, 207

Chervil, 90

Chestnut, 353

Chickling vetch, 110

Chick-pea, 323

Chicorium Endivia, 97

—— Intybus, 96

Chicory, 96

China grass, 146

Chinese pear, 233

Chirimoya, 174

Chives, 72

Chocho, 273

Chrysophyllum Caïmito, 285

Cinnamon, 146

Cinnamonum zeylanicum, 146

Citron, 178

Citrullus vulgaris, 262

Citrus Aurantium, 188

—— decumana, 177

—— medica, 178

—— nobilis, 188

Clove, 161

Clover, crimson, 106

—— Egyptian, 107

—— purple, 105

Coca, 135

Cochlearia Armoracia, 33

Cocoa-nut palm, 429

Cocos nucifera, 429

Coffee, 415

Coffea arabica, 418

—— liberica, 418

Colocasia, 73

Convolvolus Batatas, 53

—— mammosa, 57

Corchorus capsularis, 130

—— olitorius, 130

Corn salad, 91

Corn spurry, 114

Cotton, Barbados, 408

—— herbaceous, 452

—— tree, 408

Cress, garden, 166

Crocus sativum, 86

Cucumber, 264

Cucumis Anguria, 267

—— Melo, 258

—— sativas, 264

Cucurbita citrullus, 263

—— ficifolia, 257

—— Lagenaria, 245

—— maxima, 249

Cucurbita Melopepo, pepo, 253

—— moscbata, 257

Currant, black, 278

—— red, 277

Custard apple, 168

Cydonia vulgaris, 236

Cynara Cardunculus, 92

—— Cytisus Cajan, 332

—— Scolymus, 92

D

Date-palm, 301

Dioscorea, 76

Dolichos Lablab, 346

—— Lubia, 347

—— Soja, 330

Dyer’s indigo, 136

E

Egyptian clover, 107

—— lupin, 327

—— wheat, 259

Elæis guineensis, 429

Eleusine Coracana, 384

Endive, 97

Ervilla, 107

Ervum Ervilia, 107

—— lens, 321

Erythroxvlon Coca, 135

Eugenia Jambos, 240

—— malaccensis, 241

F

Faba vulgaris, 316

Fagopyrum emarginatum, 351

—— esculentum, 348

—— tataricum, 350

Fenugreek, 112

Ficus Carica, 295

Field-pea, 327

Fig, 295

Fig-leaved pumpkin, 257

Fig, Indian, 274

Flat-podded pea, 109

Flax, 119

Fragaria chiloensis, 205

—— vesca, 203

—— virginiana, 205

French honeysuckle, 104

G

Garcinia Mangostana, 118

Garden cress, 86

—— pea, 328

Garlic, 63

Glycine soya, 330

—— subterranea, 347

Gombo, 189

Gooseberry, 276

Gossypium arboreum, 408

—— barbadense, 408

—— herbaceum, 402

Gourd, 245, 249

—— snake, 273

—— towel, 269

Grass, China, 146

Grass, guinea, 115

Green gram, 346

Guava, 241

H

Haricot bean, 338

Hedysarium coronarium, 104

Helianthus tuberosus, 42

Hemp, 148

Henna, 138

Hibiscus esculentus, 189

Holcus saccharatus, 382

—— Sorghum, 380

Hop, 162

Hordeum distichon, 367

—— hexastichon, 369

—— vulgare, 368

Horse-radish, 33

Humulus Lupulus, 162

I

Ilex paraguariensis, 135

Indian fig, 274

Indigo, American, 137

—— dyer’s, 136

—— silver, 137

Indigofera argentea, 137

—— cerulea, 137

—— tinctoria, 136

Ipomea mammosa, 57

J

Jack-fruit, 299

Jambosa Malaccensis, 241

—— vulgaris, 240

Jatropha manihot, 59

Jerusalem artichoke, 42

Juglans regia, 425

Jujube, common, 194

—— Indian, 197

—— Lotus, 196

Jute, 130

K

Kidney bean, 338

—— moth, 344

—— three-lobed, 345

Kiery, 352

Khât, 134

Konjak, 76

L

Lablab, 347

Lagenaria vulgaris, 245

Lamb’s lettuce, 91

Lathyrus Cicera, 109

—— Ochrus, 110

—— sativus, 111

Lattuca scariola, 95

Lawsonia alba, 138

Leek, 101

Lemon, 178

Lens esculenta, 221

Lentil, 321

Lepidum sativum, 86

Lettuce, 95

—— lamb’s, 91

Linum usitatissimum, 119

Litchi, 314

Longan, 315

Lotos jujube, 196

Lubia, 347

Lucern, 102

Lucuma Caïmito, 285

—— mammosa, 286

Lupin, 325

Lupinus albus, 325

—— termis, 327

Lycopersicum esculentum, 290

M

Madder, 41

Madia sativa, 418

Maize, 387

Malay apple, 241

Mammee, 199

—— americana, 189

—— Sapota, 286

Mandarin, 188

Mandubi, 411

Mangifera indica, 200

Mango, 200

Mangosteen, 188

Manioc, 59

Manihot utilissima, 59

Maranta arundinacea, 81

Marmalade plum, 286

Maté, 135

Medicago sativa, 102

Melon, 258

—— pumpkin, 256

—— water, 262

—— white gourd, 268

Millet, common, 276

—— Italian, 278

Momordica cylindrica, 269

Monkey-nut, 411

Morus alba, 149

—— nigra, 152

Mulberry, 149

Mung, 346

Musk pumpkin, 356

Myristica fragrans, 419

N

Nephelium lappaceum, 315

—— litchi, 314

—— longana, 315

New Zealand spinach, 89

Nicotiana tabacum, 139

Nutmeg, 419

O

Oats, 372

Ochro, 189

Ochrus, 111

Oil-palm, 429

Olea europea, 279

Olive, 279

Onion, 66

—— spring or Welsh, 68

Onobrychis sativa, 104

Opuntia ficus Indica, 274

Orange, 181

—— bitter, 185

—— sweet, 183

Ornithopus sativus, 113

Oryza sativa, 385

P

Palm, cocoa-nut, 429

—— oil, 429

Panicum italicum, 378

—— maximum, 115

—— miliaceum, 376

Papava somniferum, 397

Papaw, 293

Papaya vulgaris, 293

Parsley, 90

Pea, 327

—— field, 327

—— garden, 328

—— nut, 411

—— pigeon, 382

Peach, 221

Pear, 229

—— avocado, 272

—— Chinese, 233

—— prickly, 274

—— sand, 233

—— snowy, 232

Pepper, red, 288

Persea gratissima, 292

Persica vulgaris, 221

Petroselinum sativum, 90

Phaseolus aconitifolius, 345

—— lunatus, 344

—— Mungo, 346

—— vulgaris, 338

Phœnix dactylifera, 301

Pigeon-pea, 332

Pine-apple, 311

Pistachio nut, 316

Pistacia vera, 316

Pisum arvense, 327

—— Ochrus, 111

—— sativum, 328

Plum, 211

Polygonum emarginatum, 351

—— fagopyrum, 348

—— tataricum, 353

Pomegranate, 327

Poppy, 397

Portulaca oleracea, 87

Potato, 45

—— sweet, 83

Prickly pear, 274

Prunus Amygdalus, 218

—— Armeniaca, 215

—— avium, 205

—— Cerasus, 207

—— domestica, 212

—— insititia, 214

—— Persica, 221

Psidium guayava, 241

Pumpkin, fig-leaved, 257

—— musk or melon, 256

Punica Granatum, 237

Purslane, 87

Pyrus communis, 229

—— malus, 233

—— nivalis, 233

—— sinensis, 233

Q

Quince, 236

Quinoa, 351

R

Radish, 29

—— horse, 33

Rambutan, 315

Raphanus sativus, 29

Rhus Coriaria, 133

Ribes Grossularis, 276

—— nigrum, 278

—— rubrum, 277

—— Uva-crispa, 276

Rice, 385

Ricinus communis, 422

Rocambole, 72

Rose-apple, 240

Rubia tinctorum, 41

Rye, 370

S

Saccharatum officinale, 154

Saffron, 166

Sainfoin, 104

—— Spanish, 104

Salsify, 44

Sapodilla, 286

Sapota achras, 286

Scandix cerefolium, 90

Scorzonera hispanica, 44

Secale cereale, 370

Sechium edule, 272

Sesame, 419

Sesamum indicum, 419

Setaria Italica, 380

Shaddock, 177

Shallot, 68

Sium Sisarum, 39

Skirret, 39

Smyrnium Olus-atrum, 91

Snake gourd, 272

Solanum Commersonii, 46

—— immite, 49

—— maglia, 49

—— tuberosum, 45

—— verrucosus, 49

Sorghum saccharatus, 382

—— vulgaris, 380

Sour sop, 173

Soy, 330

Spanish sainfoin, 104

Spelt, 362

Spergula arvensis, 114

Spinach, 98

—— New Zealand, 87

Spinacia oleracea, 98

Spondias dulcis, 202

Spurry, corn, 114

Strawberry, 203

—— Chili, 205

—— Virginian, 205

Sugar apple, 168

—— cane, 154

Sumach, 133

Sweet potato, 83

—— sop, 168

T

Tahiti apple, 202

Tare, 108

Tea, 117

Tetragonia expansa, 89

Thea sinensis, 117

Theobroma Cacao, 313

Tobacco, 139

Towel gourd, 269

Trigonella Fœnum-græcum, 112

Trifolium Alexandrinum, 107

—— incarnatum, 146

—— pratense, 105

Triticum æstivum, 354

—— compositum, 359

—— dicoccum, 365

—— durum, 360

—— hybernum, 354

—— moncoccum, 365

—— polonicum, 361

—— spelta, 262

—— vulgare, 354

Turnip, 36

V

Valerianella olitoria, 89

Vetch, chickling, 110

—— common, 108

Vicia ervilla, 107

—— sativa, 108

Vine, 191

Vitis vinifera, 191

Voandzeia subterranea, 347

W

Walnut, 245

Wheats, 354

Y

Yams, 76

Z

Zea Mays, 387

Zizyphus jujube, 197

—— Lotus, 196

—— vulgaris, 194