Chapter IV: Appendix: 233

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1. An observation point for finding forest fires.
Vigilance is the watchword on the National Forests. During
During 1916 forest officers extinguished 5,655 forest
fires. Photo by the author _Frontispiece_

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Figure 2. A typical National Forest landscape in the
high mountains. Potosi Peak, 13,763 feet, from Yankee Boy
Basin, Uncompahgre National Forest, Ouray County, Colorado xviii

Figure 3. The climate of most of the National Forests
is severe. This view was taken in the early summer and
shows the high mountains still covered with snow. Most of
the National Forest lands are therefore of small value for
agriculture. Photo by Abbey xxviii

Figure 4. On many high mountains on the National
Forests snow banks persist throughout the summer. This
view was taken in the latter part of August. Lassen
National Forest, California. Photo by the author xxviii

Figure 5. The Big Trees. "Mother of the Forest" in the
background. North Calaveras Grove, California xxxii

Figure 6. A scene on one of the famous National Parks.
Upper Lake, Glacier National Park, Northern Rockies,
Montana xxxvi

Figure 7. The remains of the old boiler house. The
town once had a sawmill, planing mill, lath mill, besides
modern conveniences. All these are now gone after the
forests have been cut. Lemiston, Montmorency County,
Michigan xlii

Figure 8. Deserted houses, abandoned after the sawmill
left. These are the remains of what was once a prosperous
town. Lemiston, Montmorency County, Michigan xlii

Figure 9. Forest officers in front of the Forest
Supervisor's summer headquarters. Note the many telephone
wires that lead from the office. This is 50 miles from the
railroad. Lassen National Forest, California 32

Figure 10. Scene in front of the Forest Supervisor's
headquarters. Sheep leaving the National Forest summer
range in the fall to go to winter range in the valley.
Lassen National Forest, California 32

Figure 11. Forest officers and lumberjacks burning
the slash resulting from a timber sale. The snow on the
ground makes the burning less dangerous. Washakie National
Forest, Wyoming. Photo by the author 38

Figure 12. Forest officers at a winter timber-cruising
camp repairing snow shoes. Besides cruising the timber,
these men make a logging map of the government lands, to
show how the timber can best be taken out. Lassen National
Forest, California. Photo by the author 38

Figure 13. A forest fire lookout tower on Leek Springs
Mountain, Eldorado National Forest, California 50

Figure 14. A typical Forest Ranger's headquarters.
Idlewood Ranger Station, Arapaho National Forest, Colorado 52

Figure 15. A typical view of the National Forest
country in Montana. Forest Service trail up Squaw Peak
Patrol Station, Cabinet National Forest 54

Figure 16. Forest Rangers repairing a bridge over a
mountain stream. Arapaho National Forest, Colorado 56

Figure 17. A forest fire lookout station on the top
of Lassen Peak, elevation 10,400 feet, Lassen National
Forest, California. The cabin was first erected complete
in a carpenter's shop in Red Bluff, about 50 miles away.
It was then taken to pieces and packed to the foot of
Lassen Peak. On the last two miles of its journey it
was packed piece by piece on forest officers' backs
and finally reassembled on the topmost pinnacle of the
mountain. Photo by the author 58

Figure 18. Forest officers and laborers building a
wagon road through trap rock. Payette National Forest,
Idaho 58

Figure 19. Drying pine cones preparatory to extracting
the seed. Near Plumas National Forest, California 66

Figure 20. Extracting tree seed from the cones. The
dried cones are shaken around until the seeds drop out
through the wire mesh which forms the sides of the machine 66

Figure 21. Preparing the ground with a spring-tooth
harrow for the broadcast sowing of tree seeds. Battlement
National Forest, Colorado. This view was taken at
approximately 10,000 feet elevation. Photo by the author 70

Figure 22. A local settler delivering a load of
Lodgepole pine cones at the seed extractory, for which he
receives 45 cents per bushel. Forest officers receiving
them, Arapaho National Forest, Colorado 70

Figure 23. In a forest nursery a trough is often used
for sowing seeds in drills. The seed scattered along the
sides of the trough rattles into position at the bottom
and is more even than when distributed by the ordinary
worker at the bottom of the trough. Pike National Forest,
Colorado 72

Figure 24. Uncle Sam grows the little trees by the
millions. These will soon cover some of the bare hillsides
on the National Forests of the West 72

Figure 25. One of the largest Forest Service nurseries
where the young trees are given the utmost care before
they are large and strong enough to endure the rigorous
climate of the National Forests. McCloud Nursery, Shasta
National Forest, California 76

Figure 26. A view of seed sowing with a corn planter.
San Isabel National Forest, Colorado 78

Figure 27. Sowing seed along contour lines on the
slopes. Pike National Forest, Colorado 78

Figure 28. A planting crew at work setting out small
trees. The man ahead digs the hole, and the man behind
plants the tree. Wasatch National Forest, Utah 82

Figure 29. At the Fort Valley Forest Experiment
Station, Coconino National Forest, Arizona. A typical
meteorological station. Forest officer measuring
precipitation. Note the shelter which contains
thermometers and also the electrically equipped
instruments to record the direction and velocity of the
wind 90

Figure 30. Forest officer ascertaining the amount of
evaporation from a free water surface. Fort Valley Forest
Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona 90

Figure 31. Forest Ranger with his pack horses
traveling over his district. Meadow Creek, foot of Mt.
Wilson, Montezuma National Forest, Colorado 102

Figure 32. A plank of Incense cedar affected by a
disease known as "pin rot." By cutting the cedar timber
when it is mature this can be largely avoided. Lassen
National Forest, California. Photo by the author 114

Figure 33. The western pine forests will some day
be a great source for naval stores. By distilling
the crude resin of the Jeffrey pine a light volatile
oil--abietene--is secured which has great healing and
curative properties. Lassen National Forest, California.
Photo by the author 114

Figure 34. A forest fire lookout station at the summit
of Mt. Eddy. Mt. Shasta in the background. California 124

Figure 35. A forest fire lookout station on the
summit of Brokeoff Mountain, elevation 9,500 feet. Lassen
National Forest, California. Photo by the author 128

Figure 36. Turner Mountain lookout station, Lassen
National Forest, California. This is a 10 ft. by 10 ft.
cabin with a stove and with folding bed, table, and
chairs. The forest officer stationed here watches for
forest fires day and night throughout the fire season.
Photo by the author 128

Figure 37. A fire line cut through the low bush-like
growth of "Chaparral" on the Angeles National Forest,
California. This "Chaparral" is of great value for
regulating stream flow. The streams are used for water
power, domestic purposes, and for irrigating many of the
largest lemon and orange groves of southern California 132

Figure 38. A forest officers' temporary camp while
fighting forest fires. Near Oregon National Forest, Oregon 132

Figure 39. Putting out a ground fire. Even if the fire
does not burn the standing timber, it kills the young
trees and so weakens the larger ones that they are easily
blown over. Wallowa National Forest, Oregon 136

Figure 40. Forest officers ready to leave a tool
box for a forest fire in the vicinity. Such tool boxes
as these are stationed at convenient places on National
Forests ready for any emergency. Arapaho National Forest,
Colorado 136

Figure 41. A forest fire on the Wasatch National
Forest, Utah. Forest officers trying to stop a forest fire
by cutting a fire line. Note the valuable growth of young
trees which they are trying to save at the right 140

Figure 42. A forest fire running in dense underbrush
on one of the National Forests in Oregon 144

Figure 43. Men in a dense forest with heavy
undergrowth clearing away brush to stop the fire as it is
running down hill. Crater National Forest, Oregon 144

Figure 44. Fire in a Lodgepole pine forest in
Colorado. Arapaho National Forest, Colorado 148

Figure 45. A mountain fire in "Chaparral" five hours
after it started. Pasadena, California 148

Figure 46. A few years ago this was a green, luxuriant
forest. Picture taken after the great fires of August 20,
1910, on the Coeur d'Alene National Forest near Wallace,
Idaho 152

Figure 47. The first evidence of insect attack are
the reddish brown pitch tubes on the bark. Lodgepole pine
infested by the mountain pine beetle. Lassen National
Forest, California. Photo by the author 156

Figure 48. The last stage of an insect-attacked tree.
The tree is dead and the dry bark is falling off. Lassen
National Forest, California. Photo by the author 156

Figure 49. Wrecked farm buildings due to flood of May
21, 1901, Nolichucky River, near Erwin, Tenn. This is one
result of denuding the Appalachian Mountains of their
forest cover 162

Figure 50. When steep hillsides are stripped of
their forest growth, erosion results. Erosion has been
especially serious in the Appalachian Mountains. View
taken in Madison County, North Carolina 162

Figure 51. A fertile corn-field covered with sand,
gravel and débris brought down from the mountains by
floods. These farm lands are ruined beyond redemption.
This could have been prevented by preserving the forests
on the watershed of this river 166

Figure 52. A view towards Mt. Adams and the headwaters
of Lewis River. Council Lake in the foreground. National
forest lands lie at the headwaters of practically every
large western river. This means that the water supply for
the western people used for domestic use, water power,
and irrigation is being protected from pollution and
destruction. View taken on the Rainier National Forest,
Washington 172

Figure 53. A large storage reservoir used to irrigate
the ranches in the valley below. Elevation 10,500 feet.
Battlement National Forest, Colorado. Photo by the author 176

Figure 54. A sheep herder's camp used temporarily by
Forest Service timber cruisers. Elevation about 10,000
feet. Battlement National Forest, Colorado. Photo by
author. 176

Figure 55. View taken in the Coast Range mountains
of California where Sugar pine and Douglas fir and the
principal trees. Klamath National Forest, California.
Photo by the author 180

Figure 56. A typical mountain scene in the California
Coast Range. On these steep slopes a forest cover is of
vital importance. Klamath National Forest, California.
Photo by the author 180

Figure 57. A forest officer at work on a high mountain
peak making a plane-table survey and timber estimate of
National Forest lands. Photo by the author 182

Figure 58. A government timber cruiser's summer camp.
These cruisers get a fairly accurate estimate of Uncle
Sam's timber resources at a cost of from 2 to 5 cents an
acre. Photo by the author 182

Figure 59. Forest officers moving camp while engaged
in winter reconnoissance work. All food, beds, and
clothing are packed on "Alaska" sleds and drawn by the men
themselves. Photo by the author 184

Figure 60. A winter reconnoissance camp showing
snow-shoes, skis, "Alaska" sleds, and bull hide used to
repair the webbing on the snow-shoes. Lassen National
Forest, California. Photo by the author 184

Figure 61. A group of giant redwoods. Santa Cruz
County, California 186

Figure 62. A big Sugar pine tree about six feet in
diameter. This is the most valuable timber species in
California. Photo by the author 188

Figure 63. A Western Yellow pine forest in California.
These trees are from four to six feet in diameter and
from 150 to 200 feet high. Note the Forest Service timber
cruiser measuring the tree at the left. Photo by the
author. 188

Figure 64. Logging in California. Powerful steam
engines pull the logs from the woods to the railroad and
load them on flat cars. Photo by the author 190

Figure 65. The loaded flat cars reach the sawmill
where the logs are unloaded and sawn into lumber. During
the fiscal year 1917 timber sales on the National Forests
brought into the National Treasury almost $1,700,000.00.
Photo by the author 190

Figure 66. Scene in Montana. Forest officers
constructing a telephone line through the Flathead
National Forest 192

Figure 67. Forest Ranger, accompanied by a lumberman,
marking National Forest timber for cutting in a timber
sale. Coconino National Forest, Arizona 192

Figure 68. An excellent illustration showing the
difference between unrestricted logging as practiced by
lumbermen, and conservative logging as practiced by the
Forest Service. In the foreground is the unrestricted
logging which strips the soil of every stick of timber
both large and small; in the background is the Forest
Service logging area which preserves the young growth to
insure a future supply of timber for the West. Bitterroot
National Forest, Montana 194

Figure 69. View showing the Forest Service method of
piling the brush and débris after logging, and also how
stump heights are kept down to prevent waste. New Mexico 196

Figure 70. A tie-cutting operation on a National
Forest. These piles of railroad ties are being inspected,
stamped, and counted by Forest rangers. From this point
the ties are "skidded" to the banks of a stream to be
floated to the shipping point. Near Evanston, Wyoming 196

Figure 71. Brush piles on a cut-over area before
burning. Forest Service methods aim to clean up the forest
after logging so that forest fires have less inflammable
material to feed on. Bitterroot National Forest, Montana 198

Figure 72. At a time of the year when there is least
danger from fire the brush piles are burned. Missoula
National Forest, Montana 198

Figure 73. Counting sheep as they leave the corral.
Sheep and cattle are pastured on the National Forests at
so many cents per head, hence they must be counted before
they enter in the spring. Wasatch National Forest, Utah 208

Figure 74. Logging National Forest timber. Santa Fe
National Forest, New Mexico 208

Figure 75. Sheep grazing on the Montezuma National
Forest at the foot of Mt. Wilson, Colorado. Over 7,500,000
sheep and goats grazed on the National Forests during the
fiscal year 1917 216

Figure 76. Grazing cattle on a National Forest in
Colorado. Permits were issued during 1917 to graze over
2,000,000 cattle, horses, and swine on the National
Forests 216

Figure 77. North Clear Creek Falls, Rio Grande
National Forest, Colorado. The National Forests contain
about one-third of all the potential water-power resources
of the United States 230

Figure 78. The power plant of the Colorado Power
Company, on the Grand River, Holy Cross National Forest,
Colorado. Every fiscal year there is a substantial
increase in water power development on the National
Forests 230

Figure 79. This is only one of the thousands of
streams in the National Forests of the West capable of
generating electric power. It has been estimated that over
40 per cent. of the water resources of the Western States
are included in the National Forests. Photo by the author 232

Figure 80. View in the famous orange belt of San
Bernardino County, California. These orchards depend
absolutely upon irrigation. The watersheds from which
the necessary water comes are in the National Forests
and are protected by the Forest Service. Some of the
smaller watersheds in these mountains are said to irrigate
orchards valued at $10,000,000 232

OUR NATIONAL FORESTS