Chapter II: Part II: , A.D. 1485 to 1890 1/9 (2)

=D.= He was the son of Edward IV. =B.= In the Sanctuary at Westminster 1470. Said to have been =murdered= in the Tower about Aug., 1483. =R.= from April 9 to June 26, 1483.

1483. Richard, duke of Gloucester, the king's uncle, made protector. Lord Hastings, and the earl of Rivers, the king's maternal uncle, executed. =Richard was offered the crown, which he accepted.=

RICHARD III., surnamed CROOKBACK.

=D.= He was brother of Edward IV. =B.= at Fotheringay Castle, 1450. =M.= Anne, daughter of the earl of Warwick, and widow of Prince Edward. =Slain= at Bosworth Field, Aug. 22, 1485. =R.= 2 years (1483 to 1485).

1483. The duke of Buckingham, hitherto Richard's chief adherent, joined in a conspiracy to raise Henry, earl of Richmond, to the throne, but was captured, and beheaded at Salisbury.

1484. A parliament met, and enacted several beneficial laws: these laws were the first entirely drawn up in English. On the death of his son, Richard declared his nephew, John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, heir to the throne.

1485. =Henry of Richmond invaded England.= The two armies met at BOSWORTH, where =Richard was defeated and slain= (Aug. 22).

THE TUDOR LINE.

HENRY VII., of RICHMOND.

=D.= Henry was the son of Margaret (daughter of John Beaufort, duke of Somerset) and of Edmund Tudor. John Beaufort's father was an illegitimate son of John of Gaunt. =B.= probably at Pembroke, 1456. =M.= Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV. =Dd.= at Richmond, April 21, 1509. =R.= 23-3/4 years (1485 to 1509).

1485. The earl of Warwick, son of the duke of Clarence, confined in the Tower. Parliament settled the crown on Henry and his heirs.

1486. Henry married Elizabeth, and =the rival claims of the two houses were blended=. _The Court of Star Chamber established._

1487. Lambert Simnel appeared in Ireland, and, personating the earl of Warwick, was proclaimed king as Edward VI. He and his supporters landed in England, and were defeated at STOKE, near Newark (June 16).

1492. Perkin Warbeck appeared in Ireland, and declared himself to be Richard, duke of York (son of Edward IV.), generally supposed to have been murdered in the Tower. =Columbus discovered America.= Henry invaded France, but soon concluded a peace with Charles VIII. at ~Estaples~ (Nov. 3).

Charles agreed to pay £149,000, partly to reimburse Henry for his
expenses in a war in Brittany, and partly as arrears of Edward's
pension.

1494. Joan Boughton, the first English female martyr, burnt for heresy.

1496. James IV. of Scotland espoused the cause of Warbeck, and invaded England. None of the English joined the invaders, and the Scots returned laden with plunder.

1497. A heavy tax, voted by parliament for war with Scotland, led to an insurrection in Cornwall. The insurgents marched to BLACKHEATH, near London, where they were defeated (June 22). Warbeck landed in Cornwall, and besieged Exeter, but retreated on the approach of the royal forces. He afterwards surrendered, and was sent prisoner to London. John Cabot and his son Sebastian discovered Newfoundland. Vasco de Gama doubled the Cape of Good Hope.

1499. Warbeck and the earl of Warwick executed for high treason.

1501. Prince Arthur married Catherine of Arragon. He died in the following year.

1503. James IV. of Scotland married the king's daughter Margaret. Henry, whose ruling passion was avarice, exacted, in the course of his reign, immense sums from his subjects by unjust and irregular means. He is said to have died worth £1,800,000. The chief instruments of his exactions were two lawyers, named Empson and Dudley.

HENRY VIII.

=D.= He was the son of Henry VII. =B.= at Greenwich, 1491. =M.= (1) Catherine of Arragon, his brother's widow, whom he divorced--she died 1536; (2) Anne Boleyn, beheaded for alleged immorality, May 19, 1536; (3) Jane Seymour, the day after Anne's execution--she died 1537; (4) Anne of Cleves, whom he divorced; (5) Catherine Howard, beheaded for immorality, Feb 13, 1542; (6) Catherine Parr, who survived him. =Dd.= at Westminster, Jan. 28, 1547. =R.= 37-3/4 years (1509 to 1547).

1510. Empson and Dudley executed on a frivolous charge of high treason.

1512. War with France. Sir Edward Howard gained a victory over the French fleet near BREST (Aug. 12).

1513. Henry besieged and captured TEROUENNE. During the siege a body of French troops advanced for its relief, and were defeated at GUINEGATE: their hasty retreat led the battle to be called the "Battle of Spurs" (Aug. 16). =James IV.= invaded England, and =was defeated and slain at= FLODDEN (Sept. 9).

1514. Peace concluded with France and Scotland.

1515. Wolsey made Cardinal by the Pope, and chancellor by the king. In 1518 he was appointed papal legate.

1520. Henry visited Francis I. of France. The place where they met called "The Field of the Cloth of Gold."

1521. Edward, duke of Buckingham, first peer of the realm, executed for high treason. Henry wrote a book against Luther, and, in return, the pope conferred on him the title of =Defender of the Faith=.

1527. =Henry began to express doubts as to the validity of his marriage with Catherine.=

1529. Cardinals Wolsey and Compeggio held a court to try the validity of the marriage, but adjourned it without coming to any decision. Wolsey sentenced, soon after, to the loss of his goods, and imprisonment during the king's pleasure, for having received bulls from Rome. _Henry released from his debts by statute._

1530. Wolsey pardoned, but afterwards arrested for treason. He died in Leicester Abbey on his way to the Tower.

1532. Sir Thomas More, who had succeeded Wolsey as chancellor, resigned his office. COMMENCEMENT OF THE REFORMATION.

1533. Cranmer appointed archbishop of Canterbury. He held a court at Dunstable, and declared that Henry's marriage with Catherine was null and void.

1534. =PAPAL SUPREMACY ABOLISHED IN ENGLAND.= Henry declared to be "the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England." Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas More attainted of high treason for refusing to acknowledge the invalidity of Henry's marriage with Catherine.

1535. =Fisher and More executed= for declining to acknowledge Henry as head of the church. Cromwell appointed the king's vicar-general in ecclesiastical matters.

1536. =Wales incorporated with England=, and subjected to English laws. Suppression of the lesser monasteries. Insurrection in Lincolnshire, and another in Yorkshire, called the =Pilgrimage of Grace=, both of which were caused by the changes in religion.

1539. Suppression of the remaining monasteries. Statute passed known as the _Statute of Six Articles_. The abbots of Glastonbury, Reading, and Colchester executed for high treason.

By the Statute of Six Articles--1, Transubstantiation; 2, Communion in
one kind; 3, The celibacy of the clergy; 4, Vows of chastity; 5,
Private masses; and 6, Auricular confession,--were declared to be
agreeable to the law of God. Those who denied the first were to be
burnt; those who denied the rest were to suffer the loss of property
for the first offence, and death for the second.

1540. Cromwell, now earl of Essex, executed for high treason.

1541. Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, executed for high treason. =Henry declared king of Ireland.=

1542. =War with Scotland.= The Scottish army routed on SOLWAY MOSS (Nov. 25); James V. died a few days after, and was succeeded by his daughter Mary, only a week old.

1544. Henry empowered to alter the succession by will. _Parliament remitted to the king all money he had borrowed since 1542, and directed that any sums he had paid back should be returned to him._ He invaded France, besieged and captured Boulogne, but, as his ally the Emperor Charles made a separate peace at Crêpy, he was obliged to return to England.

1545. An indecisive action between the English and French fleets off PORTSMOUTH.

1546. Peace concluded with France. The duke of Norfolk and his son, the earl of Surrey, committed to the Tower for high treason.

1547. Execution of the earl of Surrey. The execution of his father was prevented by the death of the king.

EDWARD VI.

=D.= He was the son of Henry VIII. and of Jane Seymour. =B.= at Hampton Court, 1537. =Dd.= at Greenwich, July 6, 1553. =R.= 6-1/2 years (1547 to 1553).

1547. The earl of Hertford, the king's maternal uncle, appointed protector, and soon after created duke of Somerset. =War with Scotland.= The Scots defeated with great loss at PINKIE (Sept. 10). Repeal of the Statute of Six Articles.

1548. The French sent troops to assist the Scots; and Queen Mary was conveyed to France.

1549. _The Act of Uniformity of divine worship passed._ Execution of Lord Seymour, brother of the protector, for high treason. Insurrections in Cornwall, Devon, and Norfolk;--the western insurrection caused chiefly by the changes in religion; the eastern by the enclosing of land;--the latter, which was the most formidable, was suppressed by the earl of Warwick; and Ket, the leader, was hanged at Norwich Castle. =These outbreaks led to the institution of lords-lieutenant of counties.= Somerset removed from the protectorate by Warwick and his friends, and sent to the Tower.

1550. Peace concluded with France and Scotland. Somerset released, and re-admitted to the council. Joan Bocher (or Joan of Kent) burnt for heresy.

1552. Execution of Somerset on a charge of intending to imprison the earl of Warwick (who had just been created duke of Northumberland).

1553. Edward, on the suggestion of Northumberland, altered the succession, and made Lady Jane Grey heir to the throne.

She was granddaughter of Henry VIII.'s sister Mary, and wife of Lord
Guildford Dudley, fourth son of Northumberland.

MARY.

=D.= She was the daughter of Henry VIII. and of Catherine of Arragon. =B.= at Greenwich, 1516. =M.= Philip (son of Charles V., emperor of Germany), who soon after became king of Spain. =Dd.= at St. James's, Westminster, Nov. 17, 1558. =R.= 5-1/4 years (1553 to 1558).

1553. Lady Jane Grey proclaimed queen; but the people were not disposed to sanction the change of the succession, and soon recognized Mary. Norfolk, Bishop Gardiner, and others, released from prison. Execution of Northumberland for high treason. =Practical re-establishment of the Catholic religion.= Lady Jane Grey, her husband, and Cranmer, convicted of high treason.

1554. Insurrection of Sir Thomas Wyatt to prevent the queen's marriage with Philip. Wyatt taken and executed. Lady Jane Grey and her husband executed. The Princess Elizabeth placed in prison, because she was supposed to be concerned in the insurrection.

1555. =Commencement of the Marian persecution.= Rogers, prebendary of St. Paul's, Bishops Hooper, Latimer, Ridley, and many other persons, burnt for heresy.

1556. Cranmer burnt for heresy, and Cardinal Pole consecrated archbishop the day after his death.

1557. War declared against France. Battle of ST. QUENTIN, in which the Spaniards, aided by the English, defeated the French (Aug. 10).

1558. =Calais taken= by the duke of Guise after it had been in the possession of the English for 210 years (Jan. 7). Death of Cardinal Pole.

ELIZABETH.

=D.= She was the daughter of Henry VIII. and of Anne Boleyn. =B.= at Greenwich, 1533. =Dd.= at Richmond, March 24, 1603. =R.= 44-1/2 years (1558 to 1603).

1558. Sir William Cecil (afterwards Lord Burleigh) chosen by the queen as her chief adviser.

1559. THE PROTESTANT RELIGION RE-ESTABLISHED BY PARLIAMENT: _Act of Supremacy and Act of Uniformity passed_. Peace concluded with France at ~Cateau-Cambresis~ (April 2). Parker appointed archbishop of Canterbury.

1561. Mary, queen of Scots, widow of Francis II. of France, returned to Scotland after an absence of about thirteen years.

1562. =Ratification of the 39 Articles.= The Puritan party were defeated in Convocation.

The Puritans objected to the wearing of ecclesiastical vestments, to
the sign of the cross in baptism, to kneeling at the communion, to
bowing at the name of Jesus, to the ring in marriage, and, some years
later, to the Episcopal form of government. Elizabeth, who was fond of
some of the Romish practices, was bitterly opposed to the Puritans,
but they were secretly supported by Cecil, Leicester, and other of her
councillors.

1565. Mary, queen of Scots, married her cousin, Lord Darnley.

1567. Lord Darnley was murdered; and Mary married Bothwell, who was publicly charged with the crime. She was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle, and compelled to resign the crown to her infant son James.

1568. Mary escaped and raised an army, but was defeated by the regent Murray. She fled into England, and was detained as a prisoner.

1569. The earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland raised an insurrection in the north, for the purpose of re-establishing the Catholic religion, and of liberating Mary, but were soon compelled to abandon the attempt.

1572. Execution of the duke of Norfolk for high treason. He was charged with conspiring to dethrone Elizabeth, and to marry Mary. =Massacre of Protestants in France on St. Bartholomew's day.=

1578. Elizabeth concluded an alliance with the people of the Netherlands, who had revolted against Spain.

1579. Treaty of Union between the revolted provinces at Utrecht--the foundation of the Netherland Republic.

1580. Francis Drake returned from his voyage round the world.

1583. _Complete establishment of the High Commission Court._

1585. Elizabeth sent military aid to the Netherlands, and appointed the earl of Leicester commander-in-chief.

1586. Sir Philip Sidney mortally wounded at Zutphen. A plot discovered for assassinating the queen and liberating the queen of Scots. Babington and other conspirators executed. Trial and conviction of Mary for complicity in the plot.

1587. =Execution of Mary, queen of Scots, at Fotheringay= (Feb. 8).

1588. =THE SPANISH ARMADA.= Philip sent a large armada to invade England, but it was defeated and dispersed.

The "Invincible Armada" consisted of about 130 ships and 30,000 men,
and an army of invasion of about 35,000 men was collected in the
Netherlands, under the duke of Parma, ready to be carried across in
transports, under the protection of the Armada. The Spaniards lost 81
vessels and 13,500 men.

1589. Henry IV. succeeded to the crown of France, and was opposed by the confederacy of the Catholic nobles, known as the League, as well as by the pope and Philip II. Elizabeth rendered him military and pecuniary aid.

1596. Cadiz captured by an armament under the earl of Essex and Lord Howard.

1598. Henry IV. granted toleration and protection to the Protestants by the =Edict of Nantes=. Death of Lord Burleigh, and of Philip II. of Spain. The English were defeated at BLACKWATER by the rebel earl of Tyrone (Aug. 14).

1599. The earl of Essex appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland. In stead of resorting to active hostilities, he made a treaty with the earl of Tyrone. On returning home to justify his conduct, he was placed in custody, but was set at liberty the next year.

1600. =Establishment of the East India Company.=

1601. Essex plotted to seize the queen, and compel her to remove his enemies from power. He attempted to raise an insurrection in London, but failed, and was executed for high treason. Great complaints made in Parliament about monopolies. _Poor Law Act passed_: this act, with some modifications, remained in force till 1834.

1602. Submission of the earl of Tyrone.

In the course of this reign several extremely severe laws were passed against the Catholics, and some very intolerant ones against the Protestant Nonconformists. COMMENCEMENT OF THE MARITIME GREATNESS OF ENGLAND.

THE HOUSE OF STUART.

JAMES I.

=D.= James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and of Lord Darnley. Mary was the granddaughter of Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. =B.= at Edinburgh, 1566. =M.= Anne, daughter of Frederick II., of Denmark. =Dd.= at Theobalds, in Hertfordshire, Mar. 27, 1625. =R.= 22 years (1603 to 1625).

1603. Two plots (the Bye and Main) formed against the king, but soon abandoned. Sir Walter Raleigh, charged with being one of the conspirators in the Main plot (the alleged object of which was to raise Lady Arabella Stuart, the king's cousin, to the throne), was convicted, and imprisoned in the Tower, where he remained for more than twelve years.

1604. The Puritans having petitioned for alterations in the ritual of the church, a conference was held between representatives of the Puritans, and of the conservative church party, before the king at Hampton Court, but very few concessions were granted to the petitioners.

1605. Discovery of a plot for blowing up the king and parliament with gunpowder. The principal conspirators were either killed in resisting their arrest, or executed. The executions took place early in 1606.

1607. James Town, in Virginia, founded;--the earliest permanent settlement of the English in North America.

1611. Commencement of British colonization of Ulster. Institution of the order of baronets. Publication of a new translation of the Bible (our present authorized version).

1612. Death of Robert Cecil (earl of Salisbury, and chief minister of the crown), and of Prince Henry, the king's eldest son.

1616. Sir Walter Raleigh released from the Tower. The earl and countess of Somerset convicted of procuring the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury.

1617. Raleigh sailed to Guiana in search of a gold mine, but was unsuccessful, and on his return was committed to prison, because he had engaged in hostilities with the Spaniards, who had attacked him on his landing at St. Thomas.

1618. Raleigh executed on his former sentence.

1620. Emigration of the "Pilgrim Fathers" to New England.

1621. Parliament complained of monopolies, and prosecuted some of the monopolists. Francis Bacon, viscount St. Alban's, convicted of bribery and corruption in the exercise of his office of Lord Chancellor. The Commons recorded in their journal that _the liberties of parliament are the undoubted birthright of the subjects of England_.

1622. On the dissolution of Parliament, Sir Edward Coke, Pym, and some other distinguished and patriotic members were imprisoned.

1623. Prince Charles and the duke of Buckingham proceeded to Spain in disguise, in order that the prince might see the infanta, to whom he was engaged to be married. They were received with great honour, but the marriage treaty was broken off near the close of the year.

1624. The earl of Middlesex convicted of bribery and oppression in the exercise of his office of lord treasurer.

During about half his reign, James governed without the control of parliaments. Loans, the sale of honours, enormous fines levied by the Star Chamber, and, on one occasion, a benevolence, were among the methods he adopted to secure an income.

CHARLES I.

=D.= He was the son of James I. =B.= at Dunfermline, 1600. =M.= Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV., of France. =Executed= at Whitehall, Jan. 30, 1649. =R.= 24 years (1625 to 1649).

1625. Charles's first parliament met at Westminster, but was adjourned to Oxford, as the plague was raging in the capital. The Commons granted a supply, but, contrary to precedent, voted tonnage and poundage for one year only. Parliament dissolved because a further supply was refused unless coupled with a redress of grievances.

1626. Second parliament. Impeachment of the duke of Buckingham, the king's minister, to save whom parliament was dissolved.

1627. Unsuccessful expedition of the duke of Buckingham to aid the Protestants at Rochelle. The king raised money by illegal taxation, and by forced loans: those who resisted the loans were imprisoned.

1628. =Third parliament.= _PETITION OF RIGHT_ drawn up, to which Charles reluctantly agreed.

The Petition of Right declared the illegality--1, of all pecuniary
demands without the consent of parliament; 2, of the punishment of
persons for refusing to pay such demands; 3, of billeting soldiers and
mariners on private subjects; 4, of proceedings for punishing persons
by martial law.

1629. Parliament dissolved for passing resolutions on religion and taxation which were obnoxious to the king. Some of the principal members imprisoned.

1632. Lord Wentworth appointed deputy of Ireland.

1633. Laud appointed archbishop of Canterbury.

1634. =Imposition of ship-money= on seaport towns. It was extended to inland towns in the following year.

1637. John Hampden having refused to pay ship-money, the legality of the tax was discussed before the judges, who decided in its favour. An attempt to introduce a book of canons and a liturgy in Scotland led to great disturbances.

1638. =The Scots drew up a covenant=, by which they pledged themselves to resist all innovations in religion.

1639. Charles determined to coerce the Scots, who assembled an army. Not having confidence in his forces, he agreed to an accommodation with the Scots, known as the ~Pacification of Berwick~.

1640. Fourth parliament assembled, and was soon dissolved, because it refused to grant money without a redress of grievances. The Scots invaded England, and defeated the royal vanguard at NEWBURN (Aug. 28). ~Treaty of Ripon~, by the terms of which the Scottish army was to abstain from all acts of hostility, on condition of receiving a weekly payment till the differences between them and the king were adjusted. =THE LONG PARLIAMENT= assembled (Nov. 3). The earl of Strafford (Lord Wentworth) impeached of high treason.

1641. A statute passed, enacting that _parliament should not be dissolved without its own consent_. Execution of the earl of Strafford. The Star Chamber, High Commission Court, and other arbitrary courts abolished. =Insurrection of the Catholics in Ireland=, and fearful excesses committed. The Commons drew up a REMONSTRANCE on the state of the nation.

1642. =Charles went to the House of Commons to arrest five members=--Pym, Hampden, Haselrig, Hollis, and Strode, whom, with Lord Kimbolton, he had charged with high treason; but he failed in his attempt, as the obnoxious members were designedly absent. _The parliament passed a bill for regulating the militia_, to which he refused his assent. The =CIVIL WAR=, or =GREAT REBELLION=: Charles raised his standard at Nottingham (Aug. 22). Indecisive battle at EDGEHILL, in Warwickshire (Oct. 23).

The immediate cause of the rebellion, says Lord Brougham, were--1. The
religious zeal, or rather fury, excited by the encouragement which the
king and queen gave to Popery, and which was greatly magnified, at
least as concerned him. 2. A conspiracy was discovered of some leading
persons in the king's party to march the army to London and subdue the
parliament. 3. That which, more than all the rest, hurried on matters
to extremities, was the insane step he took of entering, in person,
the House of Commons, and claiming the surrender of five members, the
leaders of the party opposed to him, but who had the whole Commons and
nearly the whole Lords for their followers. That it led immediately to
the vote which vested in parliament the nomination of militia
officers--in other words, the command of the army--cannot be doubted;
and this was the commencement of the Civil War.

1643. Battle of CHALGROVE FIELD, near Oxford, where Hampden was mortally wounded (June 18); Royalist victories at ATHERTON MOOR, in Yorkshire (June 30), and ROUNDWAY DOWN, near Devizes (July 13). Prince Rupert, the king's nephew, took BRISTOL, but the king himself failed in an attempt on GLOUCESTER. Royalists defeated at NEWBURY, in Berkshire, where the earls of Sunderland and Carnarvon and Lord Falkland were slain (Sept. 20). Death of Pym.

1644. The king assembled a rival parliament (consisting of the loyal members) at Oxford. The Scots entered England to aid the Long Parliament. Royalists defeated at NANTWICH (Jan. 25). The parliamentarians, mainly by the military genius of Oliver Cromwell, gained a great victory at MARSTON MOOR, in Yorkshire (July 2). Indecisive battle at NEWBURY (Oct. 27).

1645. Archbishop Laud executed for high treason. A treaty of peace begun at Uxbridge, but the two parties could not agree as to the terms. =Self-denying ordinance= passed, ordaining that no member of parliament should hold in future any civil or military office. =The parliamentarians gained a decisive victory at= NASEBY, in Northamptonshire (June 14). Bristol retaken by Sir Thomas Fairfax. The earl of Montrose, who had gained several victories over the covenanters, was totally defeated at PHILIPHAUGH, near Selkirk (Sept. 13).

1646. The king surrendered himself to the Scots who were stationed near Newark (May 5).

END OF THE FIRST CIVIL WAR.

1647. The Scots gave Charles up to the parliament on payment of part of their arrears. The latter endeavoured to disband the English army, but failed: and the army seized the king. About five months after, he escaped to the Isle of Wight, but was arrested and imprisoned in Carisbrooke Castle.

1648. SECOND CIVIL WAR. A royalist insurrection in Wales was soon suppressed by Cromwell, who also defeated, at PRESTON, a Scotch army that had invaded England in behalf of the king (Aug. 17). The Presbyterians, in the absence of the army, being predominant in parliament, began a treaty with Charles at Newport; but while the negotiations were proceeding, the army directed Charles to be removed to Hurst Castle, and Colonel Pride "purged" the House by forcibly excluding many of the members unfavourable to the army: this proceeding was known as =Pride's Purge=. The remainder, or =Rump Parliament=, voted that the king should be brought to trial as guilty of high treason against the people.

1649. =THE KING= was tried in Westminster Hall, and though he refused to acknowledge the jurisdiction of the high court of justice, he was =CONDEMNED AND EXECUTED=.

PRINCIPAL OFFICERS IN THE CIVIL WAR.--Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice
(the king's nephews), the earls of Lindsey, Newcastle, and Montrose,
Sir Ralph Hopton, Sir Marmaduke Langdale, and Goring, royalist
commanders. The earl of Essex, Lord Kimbolton, afterwards earl of
Manchester, Sir William Waller, Sir Thomas Fairfax, Hampden, Cromwell,
Ireton, and Lambert, parliamentary commanders.

The Commonwealth.

1649 to 1660.

1649. Charles II. proclaimed king in Scotland, and soon after in Ireland. The Commons voted that the House of Lords and the office of King should be abolished. A council of forty-one persons appointed to conduct the government. Cromwell went to Ireland, took DROGHEDA and WEXFORD by storm, and captured several other towns.

1650. Montrose appeared in arms in Scotland on behalf of Charles II., but was captured, and executed at Edinburgh. Cromwell returned from Ireland, and about a month after Charles's arrival in Scotland, he crossed the Tweed (July), and defeated the Scots under General Leslie at DUNBAR (Sept. 3).

1651. Charles crowned at Scone. He raised an army and invaded England, but was pursued by Cromwell, and defeated at WORCESTER (Sept. 3). After a series of perilous adventures he escaped to France. _Navigation Act_ passed.

This act, which aimed a deadly blow at the Dutch carrying trade,
forbade the importation of goods from Asia, Africa, or America, in any
ships except such as belonged to English subjects, and in the case of
European goods they must be imported in English ships, or in ships
that were the property of the people of the country producing the
goods.

1652. WAR WITH THE DUTCH. Van Tromp defeated by Blake off DOVER (May 19), and an indecisive battle was fought between De Ruyter and Ayscue off PLYMOUTH (Aug. 16). The English were victorious in the DOWNS (Sept. 28), and defeated in the same neighbourhood two months after (Nov. 29).

1653. The Dutch defeated with great loss off PORTLAND (Feb. 18-20); and they were again defeated off the NORTH FORELAND (June 2, 3), and off TEXEL (July 31): Van Tromp killed in the last battle. =Cromwell forcibly dissolved the Rump Parliament= (April 20). The Little Parliament met, and about five months after surrendered their power into the hands of =CROMWELL=, who was declared =LORD PROTECTOR OF THE COMMONWEALTH= (Dec. 16).

1654. Peace concluded with Holland. Scotland incorporated with England. Cromwell called a new parliament, which met Sept. 3, and was dissolved early in the next year (Jan. 22).

1655. Capture of Jamaica. The Jews were again allowed to settle in England.

1657. A parliament, which had first assembled in =1656= (Sept. 17), offered Cromwell the title of king, which he refused. He was then empowered to name his successor, and to create a second legislative assembly.

1658. The French and English defeated the Spaniards at the DUNES, near Dunkirk (June 4). Dunkirk taken, and surrendered to the English. =DEATH OF THE PROTECTOR= (Sept. 3). He was succeeded by his son Richard.

1659. A new parliament assembled, but after sitting three months was dissolved by Richard Cromwell, at the request of the army leaders. He resigned the Protectorate. The Long (Rump) Parliament reassembled. The royalists attempted an insurrection, but were defeated at NANTWICH. The parliament expelled by the army, and a Committee of Safety appointed; but two months later the parliament was reinstated.

1660. General Monk, the parliamentary commander in Scotland, came to London with his troops, and at his desire the members expelled by Pride were readmitted. This parliament resolved that a new parliament should assemble, and dissolved itself. The =Convention Parliament= met, and Charles, who was residing at Breda, and with whom Monk had been lately holding communications, sent, at his suggestion, a letter containing the =Declaration from Breda=. CHARLES RECALLED. His restoration dates from his public entry into London (May 29).

In the Declaration from Breda he promised, among other things,--1. A
general pardon to all persons, save those who should be afterwards
excepted by parliament, who should return to their obedience within 40
days. 2. That all differences about the grants, sales, and purchases
of estates should be settled in a free parliament. 3. That no man
should be disquieted for differences of opinion in religion that did
not disturb the peace of the kingdom.

PRINCIPAL COMMANDERS.--Ireton, Monk, Lambert, Desborough, Fleetwood,
generals; Blake, Penn, Venables, Ayscue, admirals.

HOUSE OF STUART RESTORED.

CHARLES II.

=D.= He was the son of Charles I. =B.= at St. James's Palace, 1630. =M.= Catherine, daughter of John IV., of Portugal. =Dd.= at Whitehall, Feb, 6, 1685. =R.= 24-3/4 years (1660 to 1685).

1660. The system of military tenures abolished by parliament, and an excise tax on beer and other liquors imposed in its stead. Ten of the regicides executed. The Convention Parliament dissolved.

1661. A new parliament, sometimes called the =Pension Parliament=, met, and sat for seventeen years. _Corporation Act_ passed. Savoy Conference, between some of the bishops and leading presbyterian divines.

1662. _Act of Uniformity_ passed. Iniquitous execution of Sir Harry Vane. Dunkirk sold to the French.

1664. _Conventicle Act_ passed. Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam (now New York) surrendered to the English.

1665. =War with the Dutch.= The English gained a great victory over them off LOWESTOFT (June 3). The =Great Plague= raged in London, and carried off more than 100,000 victims. _Five Mile Act_ passed.

The Corporation Act, the Act of Uniformity, the Conventicle Act, and
the Five Mile Act are called the Clarendon Code. The Corporation Act
required all persons holding offices in municipal corporations to take
the sacrament of the Lord's Supper according to the rites of the
Church of England--to renounce the Solemn League and Covenant--and to
swear that they believed it unlawful to take up arms, upon any
pretence whatsoever, against the king. The Act of Uniformity required
all clergymen to declare their assent to everything contained in the
Prayer Book, and all schoolmasters were obliged to have a licence from
the bishop. About 2,000 clergymen declined to subscribe, and were
ejected from their livings: and, receiving no compensation from the
state, were, in many cases, reduced to the utmost poverty. The
Conventicle Act declared all meetings of more than five persons,
except the household, for religious worship not according to the
Prayer Book, seditious; and all persons above sixteen years old, who
attended, for a first offence were to be fined or imprisoned for three
months; for a second, fined or imprisoned for six months; and for a
third, transported for seven years. The Five Mile Act required all
dissenting ministers to take an oath similar to that imposed by the
Corporation Act, and, in case of refusal, they were not to approach
within five miles of any borough or place where they had ever
preached, nor to act as schoolmasters, under a penalty of £40 and six
months' imprisonment.

1666. Louis XIV. of France joined the Dutch against England. The Dutch defeated the English off the NORTH FORELAND (June 1-4), but were afterwards vanquished in the same neighbourhood (July 25). =Great Fire of London=: the loss caused by the fire estimated at more than £7,000,000. Some of the presbyterians rose in Scotland, and were defeated on the PENTLAND HILLS (Nov. 28).

1667. The Dutch sailed up the Medway, and burnt several ships; and for some time insulted our coasts. ~Treaty of Breda~, between the English, Dutch, and French (July 21). Lord Clarendon, the king's chief minister from the beginning of the reign, dismissed and banished. The Cabal ministry formed; the chief ministers being Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale.

1668. ~Triple Alliance~ between England, Holland, and Sweden, to check the aggressive policy of Louis. ~Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle~.

1670. A new act passed against conventicles. Secret treaty concluded between Charles and Louis at Dover.

Charles agreed to declare himself a Catholic, to support Louis's
foreign policy, to receive a pension, and to be aided by foreign
troops in case of a rebellion. But, on account of the temper of the
country, he was afraid to carry out the first stipulation.

1672. Charles shut up the exchequer, and thereby ruined a large number of persons whose money was in the hands of the government. He issued a declaration of indulgence to Catholics and Protestant Nonconformists, but it was withdrawn the next year, at the request of parliament. England and France declared war against Holland, and the Dutch were defeated off SOUTHWOLD BAY (May 28).

1673. _Test Act_ passed. The duke of York, being a Catholic, resigned his office of lord high admiral. Sir Thomas Osborne, better known as the earl of Danby, became chief minister.

By the Test Act all officers of the Crown were required to take the
oath of allegiance and supremacy, to take the sacrament according to
the usage of the Church of England, and to declare their disbelief in
transubstantiation.

1674. Peace concluded with Holland.

1677. _The statute for burning heretics repealed._ William, prince of Orange, married Mary, daughter of James, duke of York.

1678. =Titus Oates' plot.= He falsely asserted that the Catholics were plotting against the king's life, and several persons were executed for their alleged share in the plot. Impeachment of the earl of Danby; but the proceeding was stayed by the prorogation of the parliament, which was dissolved in 1679.

1679. Charles called a third parliament.[2] A new ministry formed by Sir William Temple, of which the earl of Shaftesbury was president. _HABEAS CORPUS ACT_ passed.

[2] _I.e._ if we regard the Convention Parliament as the first.

A bill introduced to exclude the duke of York from the throne, but frustrated by the dissolution of parliament. Insurrection in Scotland; the duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate son of the king, defeated the rebels at BOTHWELL BRIDGE (June 22). =Meal Tub Plot=, so called because some documents relative to another plot were placed in a meal tub. The earl of Shaftesbury (Ashley) removed from the presidency of the council, and Sir William Temple and other ministers soon resigned.

The Habeas Corpus Act was passed to prevent the illegal and indefinite
imprisonment to which persons obnoxious to the government could be
subjected. By its provisions--1. All persons except those charged with
treason or felony could demand from one of the judges a writ of Habeas
Corpus, directing the jailor to bring them before him, so that the
validity of their detention might be tested. 2. All persons charged
with treason or felony must be tried at the next sessions after
commitment, or else admitted to bail, and if not tried at the second
sessions they must be discharged. 3. No person could be recommitted
for the same offence. 4. No person was to be imprisoned beyond sea. 5.
Heavy penalties were imposed on those who violated the provisions of
the Act.

1680. A fourth parliament, summoned in 1679, did not actually meet till Oct., 1680. The Commons passed a bill for excluding the duke of York, but it was rejected by the Lords, and the parliament was dissolved in the following January.

1681. A fifth parliament met at Oxford, but as the Commons resolved to introduce an exclusion bill it was hastily dissolved. Shaftesbury charged with high treason, but the grand jury threw out the bill. =The king's government became very despotic.=

1683. =The Rye House Plot= discovered: some of the principal parties concerned--as the duke of Monmouth, Lord Russell, and Algernon Sidney--had apparently discussed the feasibility of compelling the king to establish a constitutional government, but some of the inferior persons implicated had formed a design to assassinate him. Russell and Sidney tried for high treason, and executed. Monmouth was pardoned, but withdrew to Holland.

1684. Titus Oates convicted of having libelled the duke of York, fined £100,000, and imprisoned in default of payment.

JAMES II.

=D.= He was the brother of Charles II. =B.= at St. James's, 1633. =M.= (1) Anne Hyde, daughter of Lord Clarendon; (2) Mary d'Este, sister of the duke of Modena. =His reign ended= Dec. 11, 1688. =Dd.= at St. Germains, Sept. 6, 1701. =R.= 3-3/4 years (1685 to 1688).

1685. Catholic worship publicly celebrated in the palace. Meeting of parliament; the majority of the members very favourable to the king. =Rebellions of Argyle and Monmouth=: the earl of Argyle landed in Scotland, and attempted to raise a rebellion, but was taken and executed; and the duke of Monmouth landed in Dorsetshire, raised a rebellion, and assumed the title of king, but was defeated at SEDGEMOOR, in Somersetshire (July 6), and afterwards executed. =Jeffreys' bloody campaign=, during which he condemned a large number of persons for their share in the rebellion. Persecution of Dissenters. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, in France. The parliament was prorogued because it disapproved of the king's violation of the Test Act, and of his maintaining a standing army.

1686. The judges servilely decided that the king could dispense with penal laws in particular cases--a decision which enabled him to confer offices in church and state on Catholics, contrary to the Act of Uniformity and the Test Act. Establishment of a court similar to the High Commission Court.

1687. Rochester, the king's brother-in-law, deprived of the lord-treasurership because he would not become a Catholic. Declaration of Indulgence published, allowing Catholics and Protestant Dissenters to perform their religious services openly. The universities resisted the king's attempts to infringe their rights.

1688. He re-issued the Declaration of Indulgence, and ordered the clergy to read it in the churches. Seven of the bishops presented a petition to him, praying that he would not insist on their distributing and reading the Declaration, and were on that account prosecuted for libel, but acquitted, to the great joy of the nation. Birth of the Old Pretender. William, prince of Orange, being invited to invade England, landed at Torbay; and James, distrusting his army, tried to escape from the country, but failed. Close of his reign (Dec. 11). =THE REVOLUTION.=

* * * * *

1688. William arrived in London, and James escaped to France. The peers, and a second chamber, consisting of members who had sat in Charles II.'s parliaments, together with the aldermen of London, and a deputation from the Common Council, requested William to call a Convention, and to take on himself the executive administration in the interim.

1689. The Convention declared the throne vacant, and offered the crown to William and Mary, the former of whom was to exercise the executive power; they also drew up a Declaration of Rights, which was subsequently embodied in the Bill of Rights. William and Mary accepted the crown (Feb. 13). THE REVOLUTION COMPLETED.

WILLIAM AND MARY.

=D.= William was the son of William, prince of Orange, and of Mary, daughter of Charles I. =B.= at the Hague, 1650. =M.= Mary, daughter of James II. (b. 1662). =Dd.= at Kensington, Mar. 8, 1702. Mary. =Dd.= at Kensington, Dec. 28, 1694. =R.= together 5 years (1689 to 1694). William reigned alone 8-1/4 years (1694 to 1702).

1689. The Convention turned into a parliament. _First Mutiny Act._ =Civil War in Ireland=, where James landed to recover his crown. =War declared against France.= _Toleration Act_ passed. Battle of KILLIECRANKIE, in Perthshire, in which William's troops were defeated, but Dundee, the Jacobite general, was slain (July 27). Siege of Londonderry raised by General Kirke (July 30). _BILL OF RIGHTS_ passed.

The Toleration Act exempted Dissenters from the penalties of the
existing statutes on religion, and enabled their ministers to conduct
public worship on making certain subscriptions and declarations. The
Bill of Rights declared--1, That it is illegal to suspend laws without
consent of parliament; 2, That the pretended power of dispensing with
laws, as it hath been exercised of late, is illegal; 3, That the
commission for creating the late court of commissioners for
ecclesiastical causes is illegal; 4, That it is illegal to levy money
without consent of parliament; 5, That subjects have a right to
petition the king; 6, That it is illegal to maintain a standing army
in time of peace without consent of parliament; 7, That Protestant
subjects may have arms for their defence; 8, That election of members
of parliament ought to be free; 9, That freedom of speech and debate
in parliament ought not to be questioned in any place out of
parliament; 10, That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted;
11, That juries ought to be impartially selected; 12, That grants of
fines and forfeitures before conviction are illegal; 13, That for the
redress of grievances parliaments ought to be held frequently. It was
further enacted, that every English sovereign should, in full
parliament, repeat and subscribe the declaration against
transubstantiation; and that if a sovereign should marry a papist, the
subjects should be absolved from allegiance.

1690. William went to Ireland, and defeated James at the battle of the BOYNE (July 1). James returned to France. The English and Dutch fleets were defeated by the French off BEACHY HEAD (June 30).

1691. The nonjuring bishops (those who refused to take the oaths to William) deprived of their sees. General Ginkel captured ATHLONE, gained the battle of AGHRIM (July 12), and besieged LIMERICK, which capitulated (Oct. 1).

1692. Massacre of the Macdonalds in the valley of Glencoe. The French fleet defeated by the English and Dutch fleets off LA HOGUE (May 19). =Foundation of the National Debt.=

1694. _Bill passed for holding triennial parliaments._ Incorporation of the Bank of England. About this time =a Cabinet Ministry was first established=.

WILLIAM III.

1695. William besieged and captured NAMUR, in Belgium (Aug. 26). _Statute passed for regulating trials for high treason._

Prisoners were to be allowed counsel; and two witnesses were required
to prove each overt act.

1697. A bill of attainder passed against Sir John Fenwick, for participation in a plot for assassinating the king, and he was executed accordingly. =He was the last person condemned by bill of attainder.= ~Treaty of Ryswick~, between England, France, Spain, Holland, and the emperor of Germany (Sept. 20).

By this treaty William was acknowledged king of England; and nearly
all the places in the Spanish dominions conquered by France were to be
restored.

1698. First partition treaty between William and Louis for dividing the Spanish dominions on the death of Charles II., king of Spain. A second treaty was concluded in 1700.

The purpose of these private treaties was to prevent the
disarrangement of the balance of power which would ensue in case the
whole of the Spanish dominions fell into the hands of Louis' son, the
dauphin. By the first treaty they were to be divided between the
electoral prince of Bavaria, the Dauphin, and the archduke Charles,
all of whom had pretensions to the Spanish throne. On the death of the
electoral prince (in 1699) they were to be divided between the
survivors. Charles, on his death, left the whole to Philip of Anjou,
grandson of Louis, who determined, in spite of his agreement with
William, to support his grandson; and hence ensued the war in the next
reign.

1700. Death of the duke of Gloucester, son of the Princess Anne, and heir presumptive to the throne.

1701. _ACT OF SETTLEMENT_ passed. William formed a grand alliance against France in behalf of the Archduke Charles, whom the allies recognised as king of Spain. Death of James II., whose son James was acknowledged king of England by Louis XIV.

By the Act of Settlement, Anne was to succeed William; and if she died
without issue, the heirs of William were to succeed: in failure of
these, the Electress Sophia (granddaughter of James I.), the next in
succession who held the Protestant faith, was to become sovereign.
Several provisions were inserted which were to take effect from the
accession of the new line:--1. The sovereign must join in communion
with the Church of England. 2. The nation shall not be obliged to go
to war for the defence of any dominions not belonging to the English
crown. 3. No English sovereign shall leave the kingdom without consent
of parliament. 4. All important matters of state are to be transacted
in the privy council, and all resolutions adopted signed by such of
the privy council as shall advise and consent to the same. 5. No
foreigner shall hold any office, civil or military, or receive any
grant from the crown. 6. No person, holding any office or place of
profit under the crown, and receiving a pension therefrom, shall be
capable of sitting in the house of commons. 7. Judges shall hold
office during good behaviour, but they may be removed on address of
both houses of parliament. 8. No pardon under the great seal shall be
pleadable to an impeachment by the Commons. The third provision was
repealed in the first year of George I.'s reign.

ANNE.

=D.= Anne was the second daughter of James II. =B.= at St. James's, 1665. =M.= Prince George, of Denmark. =Dd.= at Kensington, Aug. 1, 1714. =R.= 12-1/2 years (1702 to 1714).

1702. The earl of Marlborough appointed captain-general of the royal forces. Lord Godolphin made treasurer--Marlborough and he became ascendant, and, though nominally Tories, were supported by the Whigs, who approved of their war policy. WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION: War declared against France and Spain.

1703. The duke of Marlborough captured Bonn and other towns.

1704. Gibraltar taken by Sir George Rooke (July 23). =Marlborough and Prince Eugene gained a splendid victory over the French and Bavarians at BLENHEIM=, in Bavaria (Aug. 13).

1705. Barcelona captured by the earl of Peterborough (Sept.).

1706. Marlborough gained a great victory over the French at RAMILIES, in Belgium (May 23).

1707. ACT OF UNION PASSED BETWEEN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND. The English and their allies disastrously defeated at ALMANZA, in Spain, by the duke of Berwick (April 25). _First United Parliament of Great Britain met_ (Oct. 23).

The chief provisions of the Act of Union were--1, That the succession
of the crown should vest in the Princess Sophia and her heirs, being
Protestants; 2, That both nations should have full freedom of trade,
and should enjoy equal rights and privileges, except where otherwise
agreed; 3, That Scotland should retain the presbyterian church, her
own municipal laws, and her own courts of justice; 4, That the united
kingdom should be governed by one parliament; 5, That 16 peers and 45
commoners should represent Scotland in parliament; 6, That the
regulations relating to trade, customs, and excise, should be the same
in both countries, and that Scotland should only pay one-fortieth of
the land tax paid by England.

1708. The French defeated by Marlborough at OUDENARDE, in Belgium (July 11). Conquest of Minorca. Lille surrendered to the allies after an active siege. Mrs. Masham was gradually supplanting the duchess of Marlborough as the queen's favourite, and was intriguing to bring the Tories into power.

1709. The French defeated by Marlborough and Prince Eugene at MALPLAQUET, in Flanders, but the loss of the victors was greater than that of the vanquished (Sept. 11).

1710. Dr. Sacheverell tried and convicted for publishing sermons reflecting on the revolution and the Protestant succession; but the lenity of the sentence was regarded as a triumph by the High Church party. Mrs. Masham obtained a complete ascendancy, and the duchess of Marlborough was dismissed at the beginning of the next year. Lord Godolphin and the other Whig ministers dismissed; Harley made chancellor of exchequer, and St. John secretary of state (Aug. 8). The allies, under General Stanhope, gained the battles of ALMENARA (July 27) and SARAGOSSA (Aug. 20), but he was afterwards compelled to capitulate at BRIHUEGA (Dec. 9), and General Staremberg, though nominally victorious at VILLA VICIOSA (Dec. 10), was obliged to make a forced retreat.

1711. Harley created earl of Oxford, and appointed lord treasurer. Marlborough forced the lines of the French, and took Bouchain, but was afterwards removed from office.

1713. ~Treaty of Utrecht~: between France, England, and all her allies, except the emperor; a treaty most discreditable to the English ministry (April 11 and July 13).

The terms of this treaty were very much more favourable to the French
than they could have reasonably expected, and than they would have
been, had the Whigs remained in power. Among the principal terms that
concerned England were--1, That the French and Spanish crowns should
never become united; 2, That the Protestant succession should be
acknowledged by France; 3, That the fortifications of Dunkirk should
be destroyed; 4, That Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
Gibraltar, and Minorca should be ceded to England. The principal
object of the war--the exclusion of the Bourbons from the throne of
Spain--was not secured. At the close of the war the national debt was
about £38,000,000.

1714. Death of the Princess Sophia. _Schism Act_ passed. Harley removed from office, and succeeded by his colleague St. John, created Viscount Bolingbroke. He plotted to restore the Pretender on the death of the queen, but her sudden illness enabled the dukes of Shrewsbury, Somerset, and Argyle, three of the Whig leaders, to thwart his intentions, for the lord treasurer's staff was bestowed on the first-mentioned peer--"the only individual who mainly assisted in both the great changes of dynasty of 1688 and 1714."

The object of the Schism Act was to prevent Dissenters from acting as
tutors or schoolmasters; but it did not come into operation, on
account of the death of the queen.

HOUSE OF HANOVER.

GEORGE I.

=D.= George I. was the son of the Electress Sophia, daughter of Elizabeth. (Elizabeth was the daughter of James I.) =B.= at Hanover, 1660. =M.= Sophia Dorothea, of Zell. =Dd.= near Osnabruck, June 10, 1727. =R.= 13 years (1714 to 1727).

1714. The king arrived in England. Lord Townshend appointed chief minister.

1715. Oxford, Bolingbroke, and Ormond impeached for their conduct in negotiating the Peace of Utrecht. The first was committed to the Tower; the other two escaped to the Continent, and were attainted. _Riot Act_ passed. REBELLION IN SCOTLAND, in behalf of the Pretender (son of James II.), headed by the earl of Mar. Battle of SHERIFFMUIR, Perthshire (Nov. 13), in which the royalists gained a slight advantage. The Pretender landed at Peterhead (Dec.), but, finding his cause hopeless, he re-embarked (Feb., 1716).

1716. The earls of Derwentwater and Kenmure, two of the rebels, executed. _SEPTENNIAL BILL_ passed for extending the duration of parliaments from three to seven years. General Stanhope (afterwards created earl) and the earl of Sunderland became chief ministers of the crown.

1718. ~Quadruple Alliance~ between England, France, the emperor, and Holland, to resist the aggressive policy of Cardinal Alberoni, the chief minister of Spain. Sir George Byng defeated the Spanish fleet off CAPE PASSARO, in Sicily (Aug. 11).

1720. The South Sea Company was invested with certain exclusive commercial privileges, and authorized to take up the whole of the National Debt, so as to become the sole public creditor.

1721. Robert Walpole and Lord Townshend became the king's principal ministers.

The £100 shares of the company, by fraudulent means, were raised to
more than £1000; but the bubble soon burst, and ruined thousands of
families. The financial credit of the nation was restored by the
judicious measures of Robert Walpole.

1723. Atterbury, bishop of Rochester, banished for taking part in a Jacobite conspiracy. Bolingbroke allowed to return.

1725. The earl of Macclesfield, lord chancellor, impeached for selling offices in Chancery, and misappropriating the money of suitors, widows, and orphans. He was convicted, and fined £30,000.

1727. The Spaniards besieged Gibraltar, but abandoned the enterprise after it had lasted four months.

GEORGE II.

=D.= He was the son of George I. =B.= at Hanover, 1683. =M.= Caroline, of Anspach. =Dd.= at Kensington, Oct 25, 1760. =R.= 33-1/4 years (1727 to 1760).

1730. Sir Robert Walpole became supreme in the government.

1733. Excise bill introduced, but abandoned on account of the violent opposition which it experienced.

1739. War with Spain. PORTO BELLO, on the Isthmus of Darien, taken by Admiral Vernon.

1741. Frederick, king of Prussia, invaded Silesia, and thus arose a war with the empress.

1742. Resignation of Walpole. The earl of Bath and Lord Carteret became chief ministers. England espoused the cause of the empress against Prussia; the latter was aided by France.

1743. George II. defeated the French at DETTINGEN, in Bavaria (June 27).

1744. France declared war against Great Britain. Anson returned from his voyage round the world, during which he inflicted great damage on the Spaniards. Coalition ministry, of which Henry Pelham was head.

1745. The English and their allies, under the duke of Cumberland, were defeated at FONTENOY, in Belgium (May 11). Cape Breton taken from the French. REBELLION IN SCOTLAND in behalf of the Pretender; his son, Charles Edward, landed, and defeated the royalists at PRESTON PANS, near Edinburgh (Sept. 21). He invaded England, and proceeded as far as Derby, but retreated on the advance of the royalists.