Chapter III: Part II: , A.D. 1485 to 1890 1/9 (3)

1746. The rebels were again victorious at FALKIRK (Jan. 17), but were completely defeated at CULLODEN, in Inverness-shire (April 16). Charles escaped to the Continent.

1748. ~Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle~, between England, France, Holland, Spain, and the emperor (Oct. 7).

The principal articles that concerned England were, that there should
be a mutual restitution of all conquests in every part of the world,
and that the Asiento treaty (or right to supply Spanish America with
slaves) should be renewed for four years. "Not a single point was
gained for which England had been fighting with France and Spain for
eight years."

1752. Alteration of the calendar, and adoption of the new style.

1754. Death of Pelham, who was succeeded by his brother, the duke of Newcastle.

1756. The French captured Minorca. War declared against France. COMMENCEMENT OF THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR, in which Prussia was the ally of England, and Austria of France. Calcutta seized by Surajah Dowiah, and 146 persons confined in a dungeon, known as the Black Hole of Calcutta. William Pitt appointed premier.

1757. Recapture of Calcutta by the English. Admiral Byng shot for not attempting to relieve Minorca. Pitt and his colleagues dismissed, but the duke of Newcastle and he coalesced (June), and thus began what may be strictly called PITT'S ADMINISTRATION, though Newcastle was the nominal head. Clive gained the battle of PLASSEY (June 23), and thus laid the =FOUNDATION OF OUR INDIAN EMPIRE=.

1758. The English captured Fort Louis and the island of Goree, in Africa; and Cape Breton, Prince Edward's Island, and Fort Duquesne (afterwards called Pittsburgh), in America.

1759. =The most glorious year, perhaps, that England had ever seen.= Guadaloupe captured. The French defeated at the battle of MINDEN, in Prussia (Aug. 1). Admiral Boscawen defeated the French fleet off LAGOS, in Portugal (Aug. 18). =General Wolfe gained a decisive victory at= QUEBEC, but was mortally wounded (Sept. 13). Sir Edward Hawke almost annihilated the French fleet in QUIBERON BAY (Nov. 20).

1760. Colonel Coote defeated the French at WANDEWASH, in the Carnatic (Jan. 22). Surrender of Montreal and =complete conquest of Canada=.

GEORGE III.

=D.= He was the son of Frederick, prince of Wales (who died in 1751), and grandson of George II. =B.= in London, 1738. =M.= Charlotte, of Mecklenburg Strelitz. =Dd.= at Windsor, Jan. 29, 1820. =R.= 59-1/4 years (1760 to 1820).

1761. Capture of Pondicherry, Dominica, and Belle Isle. Pitt resigned office because the government declined to declare war against Spain.

1762. War declared against Spain for forming an alliance with France. Capture of Martinique, Grenada, and other isles. Bute became premier. Havannah, the capital of Cuba, and Manilla, the capital of the Philippines, taken from Spain.

1763. ~Treaty of Paris~, between England, France, and Spain (Feb. 10). Grenville appointed premier. John Wilkes prosecuted for a libel in the "North Briton," and expelled from parliament the next year. General warrants declared illegal.

By this treaty England recovered, in Europe, Minorca, and restored
Belle Isle; in America, she restored Martinique and Guadaloupe, but
kept her other conquests; Spain gave up Florida for Havannah, and
recovered the Philippines without compensation. This war raised the
national debt to about £138,000,000.

1764. Restraints placed by England on the American trade with the Spanish and French colonies.

1765. _American Stamp Act_ passed, imposing a duty on stamps. The marquess of Rockingham became premier.

1766. Repeal of the American Stamp Act. The duke of Grafton became premier, but Pitt, created earl of Chatham, was the chief member of the cabinet.

1767. Illness of Pitt, who was unable to transact any public business. =Townshend=, the most able minister in his absence, introduced and =carried a bill imposing duties in the British colonies on glass, paper, painters' colours, and tea=.

1769. Letters of Junius commenced in the "Public Advertiser."

1770. Lord North became premier. All the duties imposed on America, except that on tea, repealed.

1773. Cargoes of tea thrown overboard by an organized mob at Boston, in America.

1775. =THE AMERICAN WAR.= Skirmish between the royal troops and the colonists at Lexington (April 19). The colonies took the title of the United Colonies, and assumed the functions of sovereignty. =Washington appointed commander-in-chief.= Victory of the English at BUNKER'S HILL (June 17). The Americans invaded Canada.

1776. =Declaration of American Independence= (July 4). The English gained a victory at Brooklyn (Aug. 27).

1777. The English victorious at Brandywine (Sept. 11). CONVENTION OF SARATOGA; Burgoyne's army of 5,700 men capitulated--the first great disaster experienced by the English in the American war (Oct. 17).

1778. France recognized the United States, and war consequently ensued. Death of the earl of Chatham. Capture of Pondicherry by the English.

1779. Spain joined in the war against England, and blockaded Gibraltar.

1780. Rodney defeated the Spaniards off Cape ST. VINCENT, and temporarily relieved Gibraltar (Jan. 16). Charleston, the capital of South Carolina, capitulated to the English (May 12); and later in the year they gained a decisive victory at Camden (Aug. 16). Gordon Riots in London, directed against the Catholics. Major André executed by the Americans as a spy. COMMENCEMENT OF THE WAR IN THE CARNATIC WITH HYDER ALI.

1781. Sir Eyre Coote gained a brilliant victory over Hyder Ali at PORTO NOVO (July 1). CAPITULATION OF YORK TOWN; Lord Cornwallis's army surrendered to the Americans--virtual close of the war (Oct. 19). Negapatam, in the Carnatic, taken from the Dutch.

1782. Minorca taken by the Spaniards. The marquess of Rockingham became premier, and on his death Lord Shelburne. =Sir George Rodney gained a splendid victory over the French fleet in the West Indies= (April 12). Unsuccessful bombardment of Gibraltar. =Independence of the United States recognized= (Nov.).

1783. Coalition ministry of Lord North and Charles James Fox. This ministry dismissed, and William Pitt (son of the earl of Chatham) appointed premier. ~Treaty of Versailles~, between England, France, Spain, and America (Sept. 3).

By this treaty, the preliminaries of which were signed during the
Shelburne administration, England recovered from France, Grenada, St.
Vincent, Dominica, St. Christopher's, Nevis, and Montserrat, and ceded
St. Lucia and Tobago. France recovered some possessions in Africa and
the East Indies; and Minorca and the Floridas were ceded to Spain. The
independence of the United States, acknowledged the year before, was
formally recognized by this treaty. At the close of this war the
national debt was about £240,000,000.

1787. Warren Hastings, who had been governor-general for several years, impeached on account of some of his proceedings in India. His trial began in 1788, and was not concluded till 1795, when he was acquitted.

1789. COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.

1793. Execution of Louis XVI. France declared war against England. Napoleon Buonaparte first distinguished himself at the siege of Toulon.

1794. Capture of most of the French West Indies. Lord Howe gained a decisive victory over the Brest fleet (June 1).

1795. War with Holland, and =capture of the Cape of Good Hope=, as well as nearly all the Dutch East Indies.

1796. =Spain declared war against England.=

1797. Sir John Jervis defeated the Spanish fleet off CAPE ST. VINCENT (Feb. 14). Mutinies of the fleet at Spithead and at the Nore. The Dutch defeated by Admiral Duncan off CAMPERDOWN (Oct. 11).

1798. IRISH REBELLION. The rebels defeated several times, and the rebellion suppressed. Battle of THE NILE, in which Nelson almost destroyed the French fleet (Aug. 1).

1799. Generals Harris and Baird besieged and captured SERINGAPATAM: Tippoo Saib killed (May 4). Buonaparte unsuccessfully besieged Acre, which was defended by Sir Sidney Smith. He returned to France, and was declared First Consul.

1800. =The Irish parliament agreed to a legislative union with England.= Malta taken from the French (Sept. 5). Maritime confederacy formed against England by Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Denmark.

1801. UNION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Mr. Addington succeeded Pitt as premier. The French defeated by the English at ALEXANDRIA (Mar. 21). Battle of =COPENHAGEN= (April 2); this victory, and the assassination of the emperor Paul, broke up the maritime confederacy.

By the terms of the union with Ireland, four spiritual peers,
twenty-eight temporal peers, and a hundred commoners were to represent
Ireland in the united parliament. The churches of England and Ireland
were to be united into one Protestant episcopal church, called the
United Church of England and Ireland; both countries were to enjoy the
same commercial privileges; and the laws and courts of each country
were to remain the same as before, subject to alterations by the
united parliament.

1802. ~Treaty of Amíens~, between England, France, Spain, and Holland (Mar. 27). Buonaparte declared consul for life.

This treaty was merely a truce. England surrendered all her conquests
except Ceylon and Trinidad. Malta was to be given back to the knights
of St. John.

1803. =Renewal of the war with France=: all the English travelling in France arrested. =War with the Mahrattas= in India. General Lake gained great victories at DELHI (Sept. 11) and LASWAREE (Nov. 1), and General Wellesley at ASSAYE (Sept. 23) and ARGAUM (Nov. 28).

1804. Pitt reinstated as premier. Buonaparte became emperor of France under the title of Napoleon I.

1805. Napoleon prepared to invade England. Victory over the French and Spanish fleets off CAPE FINISTERRE, by Sir Robert Calder (July 22), and off =TRAFALGAR= by Nelson, who was killed (Oct 21): naval power of France destroyed.

1806. Death of Pitt. A coalition ministry formed, the most important member of which was Fox, who died the same year. The French defeated by Sir John Stuart at MAIDA, in Calabria (July 6). Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree, to destroy the trade of England.

1807. Slave trade abolished by parliament. The duke of Portland appointed premier. COPENHAGEN bombarded by the English (Sept. 5), who seized the Danish fleet, which otherwise would have fallen into the hands of Napoleon. Portugal occupied by the French.

1808. The king of Spain compelled to resign his crown, which was conferred by Napoleon on his brother, Joseph Buonaparte. The people of the Peninsula resolved to resist, and England to render aid. =THE PENINSULAR WAR.= Sir Arthur Wellesley landed in Portugal, and defeated the French at Roliça (Aug. 17) and Vimiera (Aug. 21). After the latter battle, the =Convention of Cintra= was concluded, by which the French agreed to evacuate Portugal.

1809. Battle of CORUNNA, in which the French were defeated, and Sir John Moore, the English general, slain (Jan. 16). Wellesley gained a great victory at TALAVERA (July 27-8). The unfortunate Walcheren expedition, in which a large number of our troops died from disease. Perceval became premier.

1810. Wellesley, now Lord Wellington, defeated the French at Busaco (Sept. 27), but his opponents in the Peninsula being greatly superior in numbers, he entered the impregnable lines of Torres Vedras, where it was impossible to attack him with success. George III. became incurably insane.

1811. =George, prince of Wales, appointed regent.= The English defeated the French at BARROSA (Mar. 5), FUENTES D'ONORE (May 5), and ALBUERA (May 16).

1812. Wellington took CIUDAD RODRIGO (Jan, 19), and BADAJOZ (April 7), by storm, and gained a great victory at SALAMANCA (July 22). Perceval shot by an assassin, and Lord Liverpool made premier. =United States declared war against England= on account of our searching their vessels for deserted seamen, and other alleged grievances. =Napoleon invaded Russia=; but, as the Russians burnt Moscow, he was compelled to retreat,--during this campaign and retreat, his army was almost destroyed.

1813. Wellington completely routed the French at VITTORIA (June 21), and defeated them in the BATTLES OF THE PYRENEES. Wellington crossed the Bidassoa, and thus England was the first of the powers of Europe which succeeded in planting its victorious standard on the soil of France.

1814. The Russians, Prussians, and Austrians invaded France. Wellington defeated the French at Orthes (Feb. 27) and Toulouse (April 10). NAPOLEON ABDICATED, and was allowed to retire to Elba. Louis XVIII. acknowledged king. ~Treaty of Paris~ (May 30). Washington taken by the English. Peace concluded between England and the United States at ~Ghent~ (Dec. 24).

By the treaty of Paris, France was reduced to its limits as they stood
in 1792. Malta was ceded to England, and England restored all the
colonies taken from France and her allies except Tobago, St. Lucia,
and the Isle of France.

During the war with the United States many engagements took place at
sea; and as the Americans usually attacked much smaller vessels than
their own, they gained several victories; but the superiority of the
British navy was unmistakably proved in the ocean duel between the
Shannon and Chesapeake, for the latter, though containing a much
larger crew, was taken in fifteen minutes.

1815. The English, shortly after the peace was signed in Europe, defeated at NEW ORLEANS (Jan. 8). Napoleon escaped from Elba, and returned to France; and the allies declared war against him. The Prussians were defeated by the French at LIGNY (June 16), but =Wellington= repulsed them at QUATRE BRAS (June 16), and =gained a decisive victory at WATERLOO= (June 18). Second abdication of Napoleon, who was sent to St. Helena. ~Second treaty of Paris~ (Nov. 20). Enactment of a corn law.

This treaty further restricted the limits of France, provided for the
occupation of the northern and eastern frontier, and certain
fortresses, by the allies for three years, and fixed the amount to be
paid towards the expenses of the war. At the end of this war the total
national debt reached nearly £900,000,000.

1816. Algiers bombarded by Lord Exmouth.

1817. Death of the Princess Charlotte, daughter of the Prince Regent.

1819. A public meeting at Manchester forcibly dispersed, and several persons killed and wounded. _The Six Acts_ passed: this unconstitutional code was the latest violation of our free constitution.

GEORGE IV.

=D.= He was the son of George III. =B.= at St. James's, 1762. =M.= Caroline, of Brunswick. =Dd.= at Windsor, June 26, 1830. =R.= 10-1/2 years (1820 to 1830).

1820. Conspiracy discovered for assassinating the king's ministers. Bill of pains and penalties introduced against Queen Caroline for adultery, but afterwards abandoned.

1823. War with the Burmese: it ended in 1826.

1827. Death of Lord Liverpool. Canning became premier, and on his death Lord Goderich. The Turkish and Egyptian fleet defeated by the English, French, and Russian fleet at NAVARINO (Oct. 20).

1828. The duke of Wellington became premier. _Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts._

1829. _Catholic Emancipation Bill_ passed.

WILLIAM IV.

=D.= He was the brother of George IV. =B.= at Buckingham House, London, 1765. =M.= Adelaide, of Saxe-Meiningen. =Dd.= at Windsor, June 20, 1837. =R.= 7 years (1830 to 1837).

1830. Revolutions in France and Belgium. Earl Grey appointed premier.

1831. Reform Bill introduced and rejected. Riots at Bristol and other towns.

1832. _REFORM BILL_ passed, by which many towns were disfranchised, and others empowered to return members, while at the same time the franchise was largely extended.

1833. Bill passed for the abolition of slavery.

1834. Lord Melbourne appointed premier. _New Poor Law_ passed. Houses of Parliament destroyed by fire. Sir Robert Peel succeeded Lord Melbourne.

1835. Melbourne returned to office. _Municipal Corporation Reform Bill_ passed.

1836. Marriage and Registration Acts passed, as well as an Act for allowing prisoners counsel in cases of felony.

VICTORIA.

=D.= She is the only daughter of Edward, duke of Kent, fourth son of George III. =B.= at Kensington, 1819. =M.= Albert, prince of Saxe Coburg, who died in 1861. =Became Queen= June 20, 1837.

1837. The duke of Cumberland (the queen's uncle, and eldest male heir of George III.) became king of Hanover, by virtue of the Salic law, which prohibits the accession of females. Rebellion in Canada.

1838. Chartist movement. Commencement of the agitation for the repeal of the corn laws.

The Chartists were so called because they drew up what they termed the
People's Charter, in which were embodied their demands. They were--1,
Annual parliaments; 2, Universal suffrage; 3, Vote by ballot; 4, Equal
electoral districts; 5, Abolition of property qualification for
members of parliament; 6, Payment of members of parliament. Some of
the demagogues soon began to talk about resorting to physical force
for the accomplishment of their objects, and several disturbances
occurred, but the only serious attempt at insurrection was at Newport,
where more than twenty persons were killed (1839).

1840. Penny Postage established. =War with China=, which arose out of disputes about the opium trade. England assisted Turkey against Mehemet Ali, the pasha of Egypt, who had seized on Syria: Acre stormed by the British fleet, on which he agreed to evacuate Syria.

1841. Sir Robert Peel appointed premier.

1842. Late in 1841 the Afghans rose against the English, who were compelled to make a disastrous retreat. Generals Nott and Pollock restored the prestige of the British army, and then retired from Afghanistan. ~Peace with China.~

Besides the payment of about four and a quarter millions, the Chinese
ceded Hong Kong, and opened five of their ports to our merchants.

1843. =War with the Ameers of Scinde=: Sir Charles Napier defeated them at Meeanee (Feb. 17), and Hyderabad (Mar. 24). Rebecca riots in Wales. Secession of many of the clergy of the Scotch established church; and formation of the Free Church. =War in Gwalior.= Sir Hugh Gough gained a decisive victory at Maharajpoor (Dec. 29), and General Grey, on the same day, was victorious at Punniar. The agitation in Ireland for the Repeal of the Union assumed a very serious character; Daniel O'Connell and other leaders were arrested for conspiracy and sedition.

1844. Trial and conviction of Daniel O'Connell, and the other conspirators; the sentence was afterwards reversed by the House of Lords.

1845. =War with the Sikhs.= Sir Hugh Gough and Sir Henry Hardinge defeated them at Moodkee (Dec. 18), and Ferozeshah (Dec. 21, 22).

1846. Sir Harry Smith gained a complete victory over the Sikhs at Aliwal (Jan. 28); and Gough completely routed them at Sobraon (Feb. 10). The conquerors dictated terms of peace. Failure of the potato crop in Ireland, which led to a famine in the ensuing winter. _REPEAL OF THE CORN LAWS._ Lord John Russell appointed premier. Minutes of Council on education issued.

1848. =Revolution in France=, and Prince Louis Napoleon, nephew of the emperor, elected president of the French Republic. Smith O'Brien tried to raise an insurrection in Ireland, and signally failed. =War with the Sikhs=, and indecisive battle of Ramnuggur (Nov. 22).

1849. Lord Gough again met the Sikhs at Chilianwallah, where a sanguinary and indecisive battle was fought (Jan. 13), but he soon after gained a great victory at Goojerat (Feb. 21). ANNEXATION OF THE PUNJAUB.

1850. Death of Sir Robert Peel.

1851. The Great Exhibition of Industry, open for twenty-four weeks, and attended by 6,000,000 people.

1852. Louis Napoleon elected president for life. War with the Burmese, and annexation of Pegu. The earl of Derby appointed premier, and succeeded, several months after, by the earl of Aberdeen, at the head of a coalition ministry. Death of the duke of Wellington. Louis Napoleon elected emperor.

1853. The Sultan declared war against Russia on account of the aggressive measures of the Emperor Nicholas.

1854. England and France determined to assist Turkey, and declared war against Russia. THE CRIMEAN WAR. The allies invaded the Crimea, and defeated the Russians at THE ALMA (Sept. 20). Siege of Sebastopol. The Russians defeated at BALACLAVA (Oct. 25), and INKERMANN (Nov. 5). Sir Charles Napier destroyed Bomarsund, on the Aland Isles (Aug.).

1855. Lord Palmerston became premier. Death of the Emperor Nicholas. Sir Edmund Lyons took Kertch and other towns. Final bombardment of Sebastopol: the Russians effected a masterly retreat to the northern side of the town (Sept.).

1856. ANNEXATION OF OUDE. ~Peace concluded with Russia~ (March). Hostilities with China, on account of the Chinese authorities seizing a small vessel bearing the British flag.

Russia receded from all her previous demands, agreed to dismantle the
fortifications of Sebastopol, and pledged herself not to keep ships of
war in the Black Sea. The national debt and interest, at the close of
this war, reached £836,000,000.

1857. INDIAN MUTINY. The rebels captured DELHI, and treacherously massacred the English at Cawnpore. General Havelock repeatedly defeated the rebels, and temporarily relieved Lucknow, which was finally relieved by Sir Colin Campbell (Nov. 17), who had been sent from England as commander-in-chief. Death of Havelock. DELHI was recovered immediately before the first relief of Lucknow (Sept. 14). CANTON taken by the English.

1858. Lord Derby appointed premier. The mutiny completely suppressed. ~Treaty of Tien-Tsin~, between England and China. Commercial treaty with Japan. =Abolition of the East India Company.=

1859. Lord Palmerston succeeded Lord Derby. The volunteer movement originated.

1860. Renewal of the war with China. Occupation of Pekin; and ~Convention of Pekin~ (Oct.).

1861. =The Southern States seceded from the United States=, and war ensued. _Death of the Prince Consort._ Repeal of the paper duty.

1862. Distress in the cotton districts, from the want of the usual supplies of cotton from America. International Exhibition open for more than six months. Discussions in parliament concerning popular education.

1863. Marriage of the prince of Wales. Continuance of the war in America. Sir John Lawrence, who had mainly contributed to save India at the time of the mutiny, appointed governor-general on the death of Lord Elgin.

1864. The Ionian Isles annexed to Greece.

1865. The Southern States subjugated. Death of Lord Palmerston. Earl Russell became premier, and Mr. Gladstone chancellor of the exchequer. The Fenian conspiracy assumed a serious aspect. Outbreak of the cattle plague.

1866. The ministry, being defeated on one of the clauses of a Reform Bill, resigned. Earl Derby appointed premier, and Disraeli chancellor of the exchequer. Atlantic cable laid. Overend and Gurney's great bank failure for £10,000,000.

1867. _REFORM BILL_ passed (August 16). War with Abyssinia.

This act confers the franchise in boroughs on all householders and on
all lodgers paying a rent of not less than £10 per annum, and in
counties on all householders rated at £12 and upwards. It partially
disfranchises several constituencies, and creates others.

1868. Disraeli appointed premier (March), resigns (Dec.) owing to defeat of the government, and is succeeded by Mr. Gladstone. MAGDALA taken, and Abyssinian War ended. Death of Lord Brougham (May). First private execution (Aug.).

1869. Suez Canal opened (March). _Disestablishment and disendowment of the Irish Church_ (July). Earl Derby died (Oct.).

1870. Mr. Gladstone's first Irish Land Act, and Forster's _ELEMENTARY EDUCATION ACT_ passed.

This Act provides for the election of School Boards, empowered to
raise funds for the building and maintenance of schools, and of
compelling the attendance of children at efficient schools, either
voluntary or board.

Russia repudiates her pledges made at the Treaty of Peace in 1856, with regard to the Black Sea clause. Suppression of the Red River Rebellion (Aug.). Loss of H.M.S. "Captain" and 523 hands (Sep.). Half-penny Postcards came into use.

1871. Serious illness of the Prince of Wales. Army purchase abolished. ~Treaty of Washington~, between Great Britain and the United States, providing for the settlement, by arbitration, of the "Alabama" claims, which resulted in the United States receiving 15,000,000 dollars (about £3,000,000), awarded by the Tribunal of Arbitration, which met at Geneva in the following year.

1872. The Queen and royal family attend a public thanksgiving service at St. Paul's Cathedral, for the recovery of the Prince of Wales. _The Ballot Act_ passed. Assassination of Lord Mayo, Viceroy of India.

1873. Death of Napoleon III. at Chislehurst, Kent (Jan.). =Ashantee War= commenced. Constitution of the Supreme Court of Judicature.

1874. End of the first Gladstone Ministry. Disraeli became premier. Capture of COOMASSIE, and termination of the Ashantee War. ANNEXATION OF THE FIJI ISLANDS.

1875. The postal union ratified.

1876. =The Queen proclaimed "Empress of India."= Disraeli created Earl of Beaconsfield. Purchase of the Khedive's share of the Suez Canal for £4,000,000. Terrible famine in Southern India.

1877. Lord Salisbury represented England at the Conference held at Constantinople to discuss the Eastern question. War between Russia and Turkey.

1878. The Berlin Congress on the Eastern question, at which England was represented by Lords Beaconsfield and Salisbury, brought to a successful issue. ~Treaty of Berlin.~ Cyprus ceded to England by Turkey. Shere Ali, of Cabul, having refused to receive a British ambassador, the SECOND AFGHAN WAR commenced (Sep.). Death of Prince Alice (Dec. 14).

1879. =War in Zululand.= The Prince Imperial (only son of the late Emperor Napoleon III.), who had accompanied the British troops, killed by Zulus. Cetewayo, the Zulu king, captured, and the war ended. Zululand divided among a number of chiefs subject to British rule.

1880. Dissolution of parliament. Mr. Gladstone became premier. _Burial Laws Amendment Act_ passed, permitting nonconformists to be buried in Church of England burial grounds, without the service of that church. The Speaker of the House of Commons invested with the power of the Closure. Rising of the Boers in the Transvaal. Abdul Rahman (nephew of Shere Ali) proclaimed Ameer of Cabul by the British: and end of the second Afghan war.

1881. Defeat of the British by the Boers at Majuba Hill. Assassination of Alexander II., Emperor of Russia. Death of Lord Beaconsfield. Irish Land Act passed, to improve the relations between landlord and tenant.

1882. Assassination of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke in Phoenix Park, Dublin. =English occupation of Egypt.= Alexandria bombarded. BATTLES OF KASSASSIN and TEL-EL-KEBIR. Arabi Pasha taken prisoner and sent into exile.

1883. =War in the Soudan.= Destruction by the Mahdi (leader of the rebels) of the army of Hicks Pasha.

1884. Continuance of the War in the Soudan. Defeat of the Mahdi at EL TEB. _REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT passed, which extended the household and lodger franchise of the boroughs to the counties, and added about 2-1/2 million voters._

1885. Betrayal and assassination of General Gordon at Khartoum. Mr. Gladstone resigns the premiership, and is succeeded by Lord Salisbury. _Redistribution of Seats Act_ passed, by which the parliamentary representatives were increased from 658 to 670. Revised version of the Bible, the result of fourteen years' preparation, was published.

1886. ANNEXATION OF UPPER BURMAH. Lord Salisbury resigns the premiership, and is succeeded by Mr. Gladstone, who gives up office on the rejection of his measure for Home Rule in Ireland, and the Conservatives under Lord Salisbury return to power, supported by about eighty Liberals, since known as "Liberal Unionists," who could not follow Mr. Gladstone in reference to the Irish question.

1887. THE JUBILEE OF THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA. _Prevention of Crimes (Ireland) Act_ passed. Proclamation of the Irish National League.

1888. Death of the Emperor William of Germany, followed by that of his son, the Emperor Frederick William. _THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT_ received Royal Assent.

The principal object of this Act is the division of England and Wales
into counties and county boroughs for local government, with
boundaries as nearly as possible corresponding to the geographical
counties, and the establishment in each of a representative Council
having control over most of the administrative business and finance of
the district it represents. The Metropolitan Board of Works ceases to
exist, and its powers, business, and officers are transferred to the
London County Council.

The national debt and interest at this date slightly exceeded £705,000,000.

1889. Local Government Act for Scotland passed, establishing Elective County Councils. H. M. Stanley reached the East Coast of Africa with Emin Pasha, whom he had gone to relieve.

1890. Heligoland ceded to Germany, and the protectorate of Zanzibar granted to Great Britain. The Forth Bridge, which cost £4,000,000, and is the largest bridge in the world, opened.

1891. Death of Parnell, leader of the Irish party.

1892. Duke of Clarence died. The Conservative Ministry defeated. Mr. Gladstone returns to power. Death of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Poet-Laureate.

1893. The Imperial Institute inaugurated. Marriage of the Duke of York and Princess Victoria Maud of Teck.

1894. Parish and District Councils appointed. The Manchester Ship-Canal opened for traffic. The Tower Bridge, London, completed.

1895. Advance against Umra Khan, usurper of Chitral. The "Unionists" return to power with a majority of 152.

1896. Dr. Jameson made an unsuccessful raid into the South-African Republic. The National Debt and interest at this date amounted to nearly £657,000,000.

GRAMMAR (_continued_)

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are very full and clear."--_National Schoolmaster._

GEOGRAPHY.

12.--Outlines of Geography. 211,000 sold. Fcap. -/6

"Excessively cheap."--_School Board Chronicle._

"A most excellent little manual of geography, complete, yet concise,
and with its facts put in a form likely to attract the attention of
the scholar."--_Court Circular._

13.--Geography of Great Britain and Ireland. 28,000 sold. Fcap. -/6

"An excellent little treatise, which we can cordially recommend for
school use; it is full, accurate, and concise."--_Educational
Reporter._

"A very useful and compact manual. It contains a large amount of
useful matter, well arranged and clearly set out."--_Educational
Times._

"This is really an excellent little work. We approve very much of the
method pursued in dealing with the outlines and general features of
each country."--_Irish Teachers' Journal._

14.--A First Book of Geography. 12,000 sold. Fcap. -/3

"It is clearly arranged, well printed, and just the treatise to push
its way."--_Scholastic Register._

"Mr. Curtis has a happy knack of condensing his materials, and at the
same time making them intelligible."--_Educational Register._

READERS.

15.--The Poetical Reader. 139,000 sold. 1/-

"An excellent selection, made with great judgment."--_Nonconformist._

"A mass of brilliancy, wit, humour and pathos which it would be
difficult to surpass."--_British Standard._

16.--The New Poetical Reader. 35,000 sold. Fcap. 1/-

"An exquisite series of extracts. The volume needs only to be known to
be highly appreciated."--_Educational Reporter._

17.--The Complete Poetical Reader. Being "The Poetical Reader" and "The New Poetical Reader" in one volume 2/-

18.--The Junior Reader. Fcap. 1/-

"An admirable little Reader."--_Norfolk News._

ARITHMETIC.

19.--The New School Arithmetic. Upon a new and improved plan. With copious Exercises. Fcap. -/6

20.--Answers to the above -/3

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., LTD.

Transcriber's Notes:

Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.

Passages in bold are indicated by =bold=.

Passages in Gothic font are indicated by ~Gothic~.

End of Project Gutenberg's Outlines of English History, by John Charles Curtis