Chapter XX: Letter IV: October 12th, 1787 (7)

Senate, (_see also Congress, Constitution, Executive, Representation,
Treaties_,)
a compromise between contending interests, 158;
advantages of, 30;
appointing power of, 341;
a restraint on the House of Representatives, 141;
aristocratic tendencies in, 158;
compared with Roman and English senates, 148; 371;
composition and powers of, 37; 140; 297; 338;
conservative nature of, 340;
constitution of ancient, 189;
dangers from, 172; 203;
dangerous powers of, 173; 297; 329;
detached from local prejudices, 142;
equal suffrage in, 38; 40; 207; 275;
federal formation of, 297;
frequency of election of, 338;
House of Representatives a check on, 338;
irresponsibility of, 12;
length of term, 12; 170;
mixture of functions in, 103; 229; 231; 299;
money bills in, 340;
necessity to be small, 169;
power to remove officers, 142;
qualifications for, 42; 141;
reply to Mason’s objections to, 255;
representation in the, 40; 206;
the representatives of state sovereignties, 169; 224;
uselessness of the, 34;
useless power of impeachment, 300;
vacancies in, 170.

Sherman, Roger, biographies of, 436;
cited, 341.

Shipping, (_see also Commerce_,) 73;
cessation of, 73;
decline of, 73;
necessities of encouraging, 377.

Slavery, abolition of, would bring ruin, 54;
legislation left to the states, 54.

Slaves, representation of, 319.

Slave trade, desire of South Carolina and Georgia for continuance of,
367;
foundation for prevention of, 146;
interest of the eastern states to allow, 378;
lack of restriction on, 54;
necessity of the evil of, 367;
power to prohibit after twenty-one years, 378;
weakening effect of, 331.

Smith, C. C., review by, 391.

Smith, Melancthon, pamphlet by, 67; 87; 421.

South Carolina, address to the freemen of, 371;
and the constitution, 440;
debates of legislature, 421;
local weakness of, 373;
protection of, 377.

Southern confederacy, (_see also Confederacy_,)
proposition for, 270.

Southern states, _see States_.

Spraight, R. D., biographies of, 436.

State Conventions, _see Conventions, State_.

State Legislatures, (_see also Constitution and each state_,)
absorption of, 48; 252;
a check on senators, 142;
control of commerce, 265;
division of, 30; 32; 33;
misbehaviour of, 254;
omitted in consideration of constitution, 14;
restraints on, 243.

State Sovereignty, _see Congress, Constitution, States_.

States, (_see also Congress, Constitution, Judiciary, Jury,
Representation, Senate, United States government, and each state_,)
a check on the general government, 126; 152;
all necessary for present exigencies, 96;
Bills of Rights in constitutions, 359;
boundaries of, 62;
cases between citizens and, 307;
civil war during the, 97; 264; 373;
constitution of, 286; 289; 294; 299; 320;
constitutional control of, 46; 120; 129; 145; 292;
constitutions and laws of, 262;
contention between, adjusted by general government, 120; 267;
controversies between the, in the convention, 297;
delusory promise to guarantee republican government to, 11;
differences in the governments of, 291;
dissolution of, 268;
embarrassment of all issuing paper money, 374;
excluded from all agency in national government, 267;
failure to secure liberty and property, 55;
interest of, to unite, 373;
jurisdiction of, as opposed to national, 48; 97; 121; 267; 275; 314;
necessity of coercive power against, 266;
partial confederacies of, 120; 127; 204; 247; 269; 270; 278;
power over their own citizens, 128;
protected from each other, 128;
rebellion in, 264;
reservations in constitutions of, 313;
separate interests of, 39;
sovereignty of, 11; 14; 38; 46; 179; 207; 379.

——Eastern, 357;
advantages from new constitution, 319;
advantages of encouraging the shipping of, 377;
future miserable condition of, 3;
loss of, by revolution, 377;
loss of markets by, 377;
representation of, 375.

——Southern, advantages of navy to, 374;
advantages to, of union, 319; 374;
danger to, from commercial laws, 331;
future hopeless poverty of, 3;
gain of, by revolution, 377;
position of, if constitution is rejected, 378;
probable ascendency over eastern, 375;
representation of, 375.

Stone, Frederick D., 412.

Strong, Caleb, biographies of, 436.

Taxation, absorption of production by national, 3;
and representation inseparable, 148; 186;
certainty of increase under proposed government, 108;
direct, 160; 253; 310;
internal, 48; 302;
laws of, interfering with state laws, 302;
method of collection, 49; 253; 310;
powers of congress over, 48; 102; 301; 303;
relief from, 106; 108.

Tender laws, conduct of the state legislatures concerning, 284.

Territories, _see Constitution, Western Territory_.

Trade, (_see also Commerce, Treaties_,) 73; 379;
balance against the U. S., 107;
congressional power over, 107;
necessity of government to, 7;
regulation of, approved by the eastern states, 319.

Treaties, (_see also Commerce, Congress, Executive, Representatives,
Senate_,)
dangers arising from, 312;
dangers of making them the supreme law, 311;
necessity of commercial, 358;
of the confederation not binding under, 317;
power of Executive and Senate in, 376;
powers to make, 356;
safer in new government than under the confederation, 376;
should not be trusted to House of Representatives, 376;
the supreme law of the land, 355;
undue influence of Executive and Senate in, 331.

Tucker, J. R., History of the Convention, 422.

Tyler, M. C., 416.

Union, not possible without adequate power, 122;
true friends of opposed to constitution, 7.

United States, condition of, 94; 281;
credit of, 244;
extension of, 203;
future additions to, 248;
future of, 208;
is it too large for one, 13; 122; 127; 204; 247;
necessity of supreme government for, 119;
neglect of laws of, 293;
opulence of, 270;
parties in, 321;
position if constitution is rejected, 378;
suitable government for, 119; 127; 286.

United States, Government of, a moderate aristocracy 332;
checks on, 152;
composition of, 292;
control over the states, 120; 129; 145; 292;
dangers of weak, 119;
division of, 228;
great increase in cost predicted, 108;
institution of, after the separation from England, 136;
lack of, during the revolution, 136;
necessary concessions in order to form, 265;
necessary conditions of, 289;
necessary powers of, 120; 129; 287; 301;
necessity of, 280;
not restricted from issuing paper money, 374;
powers must be equal to territory, 123;
responsibility to foreign nations, 266;
separate functions of, 225;
tendency of, 369;
unreasonable accumulation of powers in, 299;
want of independence in departments of, 103; 229.

Vermont, probable combination with New Jersey and Connecticut in
opposition to New York, 84.

Veto power, _see Executive_.

Vice-President, (_see also Executive_,)
method of selection, 330; 349;
position in Senate, 350;
qualifications of, 310;
necessary, 298.

Virginia, alterations wished by, in constitution, 275;
and the constitution, 441;
debates in convention of, 422;
delay in appointing convention, 250;
delegates to federal convention, 284;
hesitation of, to ratify, 20;
journal of convention of, 423;
possibility of her obtaining a partial confederacy, 269.

Warrants, insecurity from, 12;
protection from, 315.

Washington, George, 64; 67; 390;
biographies of, 436;
dedication to, 218;
letters to, 327;
opinion of, 350;
opinion of The Federalist, 395.

Webb, S. B., 67.

Webster, Noah, pamphlet by, 25; 423;
reply to minority of Pa. convention, 385;
review by, 67; 87; 217.

Webster, Pelatiah, pamphlet by, 118; 424.

Wells, John, editor of The Federalist, 397.

Western posts, method of obtaining, 96.

Western Territory, claims of the states to, 239;
question of ownership, 317.

West Indies, exclusion of American vessels from, 73;
will be opened to trade by new government, 379.

Williamson, Hugh, 424;
biographies of, 436.

Wilson, James, 242; 390; 412;
biographies of, 436;
cited, 336;
invents title of “Federal Republic,” 8;
speech of, 134; 155; 385; 425.

Witherspoon, D., quotation from letters of, 333.

Writs of Assistance in Massachusetts, 13.

Wyoming, action of Pennsylvania legislature in reference to, 33.

Wythe, George, biographies of, 437.

Yates, Robert, 425; 424;
biographies of, 437.

FINIS.