Chapter VIII: Part 8

We now turn to the question of the fellowships. The sum of £78,000 was in 1904 divided among seventeen heads of houses and about 315 ordinary fellows. Of this sum the heads of houses received among them, as far as can be ascertained, the not excessive amount of £15,000, very unequally divided. The average stipend of a fellow is thus about £200 per annum. When the last Commission sat, the maximum stipend of a fellow was fixed at £250; and it was thought that this sum would usually be reached. But, except in the case of one or two colleges, which are the fortunate possessors of town property, the maximum is now never reached; and in certain cases the value of a fellowship has fallen to less than £100 per annum. Of the 315 fellows, some 245 were in 1904 resident and some 70 non-resident. Of the residents, about 225 were holding some University or college office, educational or administrative. Of the non-residents, and of the residents who were holding no office, the greater number had earned their fellowships by holding some qualifying position, such as a lectureship for a given number of years, usually twenty. Among the non-residents, in addition to fellows who hold their fellowships as a pension, were to be found students who are prosecuting research away from Cambridge; such students are, as a rule, liable to be summoned to reside, as college exigencies may demand. Several other non-residents are fellows who have but recently received appointments away from Cambridge; their fellowships will, under the new statutes, lapse in a year or two.

The analysis shows that the number of ‘prize fellowships’ is small; and it is believed that they are steadily vanishing. To assist the reader in obtaining a general idea of what is done with the fellowships, the combined result in the case of two colleges is here given. The two colleges in question have been chosen because the writers happen to be in a position to account for the occupant of every fellowship in each college. As will be seen, the two colleges render most valuable assistance to the University; and they have practically rid themselves of the burden of prize fellowships imposed on them by the Commission of 1856. The two colleges dispose, according to the University calendar of 1905-6, of forty fellowships between them. Of these, five are pension fellowships; five are held by professors in the University, as part of their stipend; twelve are held by University lecturers, demonstrators, or other University officers; eleven are held by college officers or lecturers; five are held by research students in Cambridge; two junior fellowships are held by non-residents. One of the latter was recently appointed to a professorship in another University, and his fellowship has just lapsed; the other holds a prize fellowship. It is unlikely that, when his fellowship lapses, another prize fellow will be elected in his place. There are in residence at each of the two colleges a number of University lecturers and officers, and of college lecturers, for whom no fellowship can be found. Speaking generally of the fellowships allotted to college teaching, it may be said that, with the help of a portion of the Tuition Fund, they enable the colleges to provide the college lecturers with stipends on which an unmarried man, occupying rooms in college, may comfortably live. When we turn to the University lectureships, there is often another tale to tell.

The University income, which has to bear almost the whole cost of modern developments, is made up of the following items: matriculation, degree, examination, and other fees, £30,000; direct contributions from colleges, £32,000; income from endowments, £2,000--£64,000 in all.

In 1904 the University, in the course of its ordinary work, expended £65,300, distributed roughly as follows:

£

Officers, secretaries, and servants 4,100

Maintenance of business offices, registry,
senate house, and schools 1,300

Rates and taxes 3,400

Obligatory payments from income 1,300

Stipends of professors 12,400

Stipends of readers, University lecturers,
demonstrators, and other teachers 9,100

Maintenance and subordinate staff of scientific
departments (including the botanic garden
and observatory) 9,600

University library, staff, and upkeep 6,300

Examiners’ fees, etc. 5,900

Debt on buildings, sites, sinking fund, and
interest on building loans 8,500

Printing and stationery 2,600

Pension funds (professors, £200; servants, £150) 350

Miscellaneous expenses 450
-------
£65,300

There are forty-four professors, very few of them receive £800 or more a year (including fellowships), while the lowest limit of a professor’s stipend, unless he holds a fellowship, is about £90 a year. The average annual income of a professor is not more than £550, and of the yearly revenue of £24,000 required to produce this average, £7,000 are paid in the shape of fellowships by the colleges, and about £4,600 from the income of special trust funds and other benefactions, one payment of £800 a year being for a term of years only. One or two professors at most receive a proportion of the fees paid for lectures and laboratories in their respective departments. There are twelve University readers (or sub-professors). The new statutes contemplated for a reader the salary of £400 a year, but, owing to the inadequacy of the University income, none receives more than £300, and in several cases only £100 is paid. There are fifty-three University lecturers whose stipends range from £200 a year to £50, and it is melancholy to note how many of these receive the lower sum, without any assistance from endowments, such as fellowships or the like. There are thirteen University teachers, almost all of them appointed by the Board for Indian Civil Service studies, and occupied, in the main, in teaching eastern dialects; and there are forty-four demonstrators, curators, and superintendents of museums, whose stipends range from £200 a year to nothing at all.

The incomes of some of these gentlemen are supplemented by fellowships, of others by a share of lecture fees; a few, too, may hold two such offices as curator and lecturer simultaneously. But, when the addition from all sources (about £8,000 from fees or special funds, and £13,000 from fellowships) has been made to the annual sum (£9,100) which the University has to give, we arrive at a total of about £30,000, giving the surprisingly low average income of £250 a year for any University teacher other than a professor. A few of the older teachers may hold some college office which adds a little to their income, but these are rare exceptions. There are no resources from which these incomes may be increased according to the service of the holder, and there is practically no provision for pension, except in the case of those teachers (less than one-half of the whole number) who hold fellowships, and may expect, after many years of service, to earn the right to retain them permanently.

In these circumstances it is not surprising that the University finds a difficulty in retaining many of its abler teachers. At the beginning of 1904 it was estimated that over two hundred professors and lecturers at other Universities (as distinct from University colleges) in the United Kingdom had been educated at Cambridge, and, though that is by no means a matter for regret, yet it is not too much to say that, in supplying this demand for teachers, the University has done a great national work for which she is poorly requited by her difficulty in retaining a sufficient staff for herself. Fortunately, when all other funds are exhausted, the fund of patriotism remains inexhaustible. It is not known how many fellows, possessed of some private means, and attached to the University through sheer love of their work, return their stipends to their colleges to be employed for the general good; such men are always anxious that their names should be concealed, but the present writers know of three in the restricted circle of their immediate personal friends. The special correspondent of the _Times_ writes, on the occasion of the royal visit in 1904:

‘I may be permitted to say, as the result of my personal inquiries,
that the amount of work done either gratuitously or for very
inadequate remuneration by professors, readers, lecturers,
demonstrators, and other teachers in many departments of study and
instruction, really constitutes a very substantial endowment,
freely contributed by men who have no worldly goods to give, but
who give lavishly of their time, their energy, their intellectual
capacity, their acquired knowledge, and their disinterested
devotion to the advancement of learning. If this asset were
evaluated in pounds, shillings, and pence, the University
balance-sheet would wear a very different aspect.’

On a consideration of the analysis just made, and of the additional facts that the Reserve Fund set aside by the University for building and equipment during the years of her development is now exhausted, and that her borrowing powers have been seriously reduced, it would appear that further progress is almost entirely dependent on an increase of endowment.

A few years ago certain of the University authorities, foreseeing the approach of a financial crisis, put away their pride, and, with the countenance of the chancellor, boldly begged for help. Their appeal resulted in the collection of about £100,000, which has been expended on the erection and equipment of various buildings devoted to science, such as the museum of geology and the botany school, the University itself contributing a large proportion of the expense incurred. In the list of contributors occur the names of no fewer than 500 Cambridge men, past and present, out of a total of 620 names. This number is a sufficient retort to the suggestion which has been made that Cambridge does not help herself. It must be remembered, too, that a sum of about £14,000 a year is contributed by members of the Senate to the funds of the University and of the colleges for the privilege of continued membership, and that these fees are often paid out of very slender incomes on grounds which are, as a rule, purely patriotic.

* * * * *

In enumerating the needs of the various departments it is fitting that the older studies and their modern developments should be first passed in review, for, though in certain respects these studies are well equipped, and though the provision of what is necessary would not be so costly as in the case of science, yet, in the deficiency of income available for development, there is real danger that the humanities may be starved.

Theology is well endowed by the piety of former generations. Yet the present Bishop of Winchester, when Hulsean Professor of Divinity, pleaded for an increased stipend for the professors which would permit them to save enough to retire upon; and, in view of the small sum, £200 a year, which the University is able to pay to its pension fund, such an increase cannot be said to be unreasonable. In law, a new post for the teaching of jurisprudence, or of jurisprudence combined with Roman law, is the chief requirement. The teaching of Latin and Greek is largely and effectively supplemented by the provision made by the colleges, but the demand for a professorship instead of a readership in classical archæology cannot be called extravagant, while it is little short of scandalous that the University possesses no professor, and can make no permanent provision for the study of ancient philosophy.

The teaching of Oriental languages is perhaps more dependent than that of any other subject on the self-sacrificing generosity of the staff. Though but a nominal stipend and a nominal duty attach to his chair, the Lord Almoner’s professor of Arabic voluntarily undertakes a large share of the teaching. The payment of the Talmudic reader, depending mainly on the generosity of a private person, is guaranteed only during the tenure of the present reader. The cost of the colloquial teaching of spoken Arabic, Turkish, and Persian by native instructors is guaranteed, and sometimes in part provided, by the Sir Thomas Adams professor of Arabic. The professor of Chinese has the inadequate stipend of £200; and the professorship terminates with the tenure of the present holder. Apart from the necessity of providing teaching for practical students, the proper care of the Chinese library alone renders the permanence of the professorship a necessity. There is no professorship or readership of Japanese. The stipend of the present lecturer in Persian is inadequate. Egyptology is not provided for, although there is a fine collection of mortuary objects in the Fitzwilliam Museum; and Assyriology, although the professor of Assyriology at King’s College, London, lives in Cambridge, is wholly unrepresented. No provision is made for the teaching of the Iranian dialects. Altogether some £2,000 a year could well be spent in Oriental languages alone.

There is no chair of English literature in the University. The professorship of Anglo-Saxon is a recent endowment. By the exertions of the occupant of that chair a sum of £2,100 has been collected, which yields an endowment of £60 a year for an English lectureship. To this small stipend the University adds £50 a year. It is not surprising that the distinguished student who has so long occupied the post should at last have been attracted to London by a higher stipend.

French and German are represented by two readers, who in the last twenty years have taken a large share in the development of a sound and growing school. In the provision for the teaching of modern languages, Cambridge ought not to be behind the northern Universities; and it is most desirable that professorships should be established in at least French and German. The University is indebted to a private fund for a small endowment for the lectureship in Russian and other Sclavonic tongues. This lectureship should be made permanent; and lectureships should be established in Spanish and Italian.

As in the case of classics and mathematics, the University teaching in history is largely supplemented by the colleges; but the Regius professor pleads for an additional reader and two lecturers. A central building with professors’ rooms and lecture-rooms and accommodation for the professorial library is urgently required.

The newly-established school of economics and politics is in urgent need of three or four lectureships, to which definite duties in research should be attached, in order to extend the present range of economic study, and to bring it close to the great problems of modern industry. While in the Universities of Edinburgh, London, Manchester, Leeds, North and South Wales, and Montreal, political economy is taught by economists trained at Cambridge, their _alma mater_ is starved of the means necessary to produce their successors.

The anthropological collections are, for want of space, in a chaotic state. The University is fortunate in possessing many ardent workers; and its collections are most valuable. The existing museum of archæology and ethnology is, however, quite inadequate for their display, or even for their storage; and a disused warehouse has been hired at Newnham to accommodate the further collections which generous donors continue to present. To such an extent has it been necessary to carry the economy practised in this department that the shelves of the warehouse have been made from old boxes. A site for a new museum has been provided by the University, and plans have been prepared; but without the help of extraneous benefactions it is impossible to build at present. An adequate building would cost perhaps £25,000. The removal of the museum to a new site would set free space greatly needed for other purposes. The Disney professor of archæology and the curator of the archæological museum plead also for the foundation of a chair, or at least a readership, for the comparative study of religions; and, in view of the relations of the Empire to every kind of cult, it is scarcely creditable that neither of the older Universities makes any provision for this study.

The present staff consists of the Disney professor of archæology, and a lecturer on ethnology with a salary of £50 a year. The only accommodation for the latter is a room in the basement of the medical school, where he takes classes in practical work. Physical anthropology is associated more directly with the department of human anatomy, and is represented by another lecturer at £50 a year. The collection of skulls brought together by Professor Macalister affords unrivalled material for demonstrations; and, as two recent volumes from the pen of Dr. Duckworth show, good use is made of the material. The University has recently recognized the importance of anthropology by adopting a scheme for granting degrees for research in this subject.

The growing importance of the architect’s profession, and the widespread recognition of the fact that the young architect must have a preliminary scientific training, point to the desirability of establishing a school of architecture at Cambridge, resting on the one hand on the engineering school, and on the other on the Slade professorship of fine arts, and the school of archæology. The school might be organized on lines similar to those of the medical school; and the young architect would pass his early years of professional study on thoroughly practical lines, in the midst of admirable examples of almost all the different styles.

In 1877 Cambridge led the way in that difficult science called sometimes physiological psychology, sometimes experimental psychology, and sometimes psychophysics. In that year the present professor of mental philosophy and logic, and Dr. Venn, made a vigorous effort to establish a psychophysical laboratory. They unfortunately failed; had they succeeded, Cambridge would have possessed the first laboratory of this kind in the world. In 1878 Wundt opened his laboratory at Leipzig; and there are now some seven psychophysical laboratories in Germany, two in Russia, ten in the United States, one in Copenhagen, one in Paris, one in Geneva, and one in Canada. It is not that psychophysics is not studied in Cambridge, for Dr. Rivers, the lecturer on the subject, and Dr. Myers, have formed a school there which is second to none in Great Britain; this school has recently supplied a reader to Oxford. But the work is done under most discouraging circumstances. The laboratory is at present established in a dilapidated cottage in Mill Lane and in an adjacent disused granary. Further and better provision for this growing subject is urgent; and the present lectureship should be converted into a readership. The interest which is taken in the subjects under the control of the Board of Moral Science is shown by the successful launching of the _Journal of Psychology_, the first number of which was published by the University Press in 1904. Lecture-rooms and a departmental library are wanted; and the establishment of a readership in pedagogy should not be long delayed.

In mathematics two new professorships are needed, one in pure mathematics and one in applied mathematics; two of the present lecturers should be made readers; and the salaries of all the lecturers should be raised to £100 a year. One pressing need is that for two lecture-rooms, with an adjacent library and a museum of mathematical models. Cambridge is perhaps the most renowned mathematical school in the world; yet its provision for the accommodation of the staff is far behind that of the chief American Universities. A munificent benefactor has recently left a sum of £5,000 for repairs, etc., to the Newall telescope; but there is no stipend forthcoming for Mr. Newall, who for sixteen years has discharged the duties of observer without remuneration. The Lowndean and Plumian professors pay the salary of a demonstrator.

The Cavendish laboratory, owing to the position it has for years taken in the promotion of physical research, is overcrowded with students and researchers. Lord Rayleigh has most generously given to the University the Nobel prize gained by him in 1904. Of this benefaction, £5,000 have been assigned as a contribution towards the desired new wing; but money will be required for maintenance; and the professor estimates that a sum of £7,500 is now wanted for instruments, machinery, and laboratory fittings. The professor of chemistry asks for more apparatus and higher stipends for his teachers. He draws attention to the need for a metallurgical laboratory, the provision of which, in view of the recent establishment of a diploma in mining engineering, is urgent. Mineralogy asks only for a trained attendant and £35 a year; but for meteorology there is no real provision.

The Sedgwick museum, in which the department of geology is now housed, has involved much expense in furnishing. Although the existing furniture was all retained, there is still a demand for more cabinets; and Professor Hughes would like to spend £2,800 on these alone, while a large sum should be set apart for maintenance, wages, and the increase of stipends. The demands of botany are not yet completely satisfied. A readership to deal with the newly recognized study of scientific forestry has recently been created.

In zoology, if we leave out of account the need for higher stipends for teachers and higher wages for attendants, which runs like a thread through all the departments, there are two chief requirements. The first is for a new or, at any rate, a greatly enlarged museum. It is doubtful if the existing site is large enough to allow an adequate increase to the present structure; and to build a new building on another site would probably cost £30,000; nevertheless, with the ever-increasing collections housed in rooms already overstocked, this expenditure must soon be faced.

A branch of experimental science dealing with the study of variation and heredity in plants and animals has recently arisen, and has already attained very considerable proportions in Cambridge. It seems, indeed, that we are entering on a period when such studies will absorb the energies of most of the younger biological students. Under Mr. Bateson some twelve researchers are already at work following out Mendel’s law in many varieties of plant and animal. The extreme importance of these studies, which, if they prove a key to heredity, will place in man’s hands an instrument as powerful as Watt’s application of steam, is shown by the fact that Mr. Biffen has already discovered that susceptibility to rust in wheat is Mendelian, and is thus a property which may be eliminated by breeding. For all these studies land is required, as well as a greenhouse, outbuildings, and a trained gardener. None of these is as yet attainable.

The recent discoveries of the protozoic origin of malaria, sleeping-sickness, and other human and many other animal diseases, has directed attention both to the protozoa, with their complicated life-histories, and to the insects which convey them from one creature to another. Both protozoa and insects are highly specialized groups of animals. The establishment, by the aid of the Quick bequest, of a chair of protozoology will do something to meet the necessities of the case, so far as the protozoa are concerned; but some provision for the study of the insects is still needed.

A chair of physiological chemistry is urgently wanted. The pressing problems of the day in physiology require a chemical solution. Remarkable strides have already been made in this subject; the interaction of the various tissues of the body by means of the blood, the functions of the ductless glands, the problems of immunity, are all being worked out upon a chemical basis. In this country there are but two professors of physiological chemistry, whereas in Germany there are eleven, in Austria eight, in France six. That Great Britain is lamentably behind in this branch of learning is even more markedly shown when we consider the output of original memoirs. In 1903 over 3,000 papers, written by some 2,500 workers, were published; to this total the United Kingdom contributed no more than seventy. Cambridge has produced many brilliant physiologists; but the school cannot afford the outlay for even a necessary piece of apparatus costing £10; and the demonstrators pay, out of their pittances, part of the wages of their attendants.

The new medical schools, opened by the King in March, 1904, are but a portion of the original plan; and, until the remaining laboratories can be erected (at a probable cost of about £12,000), the various departments must necessarily be cramped. Many more teachers in special subjects are wanted, and the need of a professorship, or at least a readership, in hygiene is pressing. A new lecture-room is wanted in the department of human anatomy, which at present shares a room with physiology. A considerable sum is also needed for instruments, fittings, attendants, and libraries.

The school of engineering needs provision in metallurgy, mining subjects, and naval architecture; of the latter, in the greatest shipbuilding country of the world, but two chairs--one at Glasgow, and one at Newcastle-on-Tyne--exist. New workshops and engine-rooms are also greatly needed. The present workshops date from 1878, and are far too small for the demands on them. The provision of a sum of money which can be expended by the professor on the encouragement of research is much needed.

The department of agriculture is fairly well staffed, but at present is obliged to carry on its indoor work in four rooms in the basement of the chemical laboratory. The amount of research carried on by the staff has fully justified them in establishing the _Journal of Agricultural Science_, which appeared for the first time in 1904. This is the only periodical in the country devoted entirely to scientific agriculture. A laboratory for agriculture is a most pressing necessity; a site is available, but at present there is not sufficient money for the building, which, including provision for maintenance, would cost £20,000. The Drapers’ Company has generously promised a conditional £5,000 towards this sum, and some £12,000 has been collected from other sources.

Besides numerous smaller needs, there are two of primary importance which have not yet been mentioned. The first is that for the provision of examination rooms. The University examinations are at present held in the Guildhall, the Corn Exchange, and other hired rooms, often badly lighted, badly heated, and badly ventilated, and in no case well adapted to the purpose of conducting examinations. The hiring and arranging of the rooms costs the University at least £450 a year.

The other great need is some adequate provision for that priceless national treasure, the University library. Mr. J. W. Clark has himself inaugurated an appeal on its behalf. The list of donors which he is already able to print is headed by His Majesty the King; and a sum of over £18,000 has already been collected. This sum includes a donation of £5,000 from the Goldsmiths’ Company, and £2,700 assigned by Lord Rayleigh from the Nobel prize; to the remainder, resident masters of arts have largely contributed. When it has been shown by their contributions how keenly the residents feel on the subject of the library, it is hoped that some generous measure of help may be forthcoming from hands more able to give it. The library is the mainspring of University activity; and its well-being and good organization are important to all departments alike. Every member of the Senate, and every other person entitled to use the library, have access to the shelves; and no serious student, whether a member of the University or not, is refused.

But, in its restricted area, the library cannot expand further; and the result is congestion and inevitable disorder. The furniture and fitting up of the rooms recently rendered available for the library will cost some £15,000. Towards this expenditure the Financial Board has been able to grant only £5,000, spread over three years. The cost of furnishing a reading and reference-room is estimated at from £800 to £1,000. Further, an increase of the staff is urgently needed. The library grows at the rate of about 11,000 books per annum; and there are considerable arrears of cataloguing to be overtaken. The magnificent gift of Lord Acton’s library, for which the University is indebted to Mr. Carnegie and Mr. John Morley, has involved considerable outlay. The number of volumes presented is about 59,000; the binding, cataloguing, printing of titles, and the provision of bookcases will cost about £8,000, to which the University has contributed £6,900. Gifts such as these are of priceless value to Cambridge; but they entail heavy expenditure. Additional assistants, moreover, are needed to look after them; and every new room added to the library increases the cost of maintenance. Altogether, it is estimated that a sum of £21,200 is required for present use; and that £3,800 a year is required for additions to the staff, the purchase and binding of books, and for the additional expense entailed by the Acton library. This annual income, if capitalized, represents a sum of £126,700.

* * * * *

Modern education is a costly thing; and when, in 1904, the heads of departments in the University made an estimate of the outlay necessary to place their several provinces in a state of efficiency, their deliberate and responsible calculations showed that a sum of £270,000 was required for building and equipment, and an additional annual income of £38,000 for the increase of salaries on the very moderate scale suggested, and for maintenance; in all, say a capital sum of a million and a half. Even this estimate takes no account of the desirability of providing pensions for professors who have reached the age of seventy. As the published list of benefactions shows, Cambridge has reason to be grateful to her recent benefactors. But to raise an endowment comparable to that of £1,400,000 which the Johns Hopkins University received from private munificence seems in this country to be hardly within the bounds of possibility.

Had an appeal such as that issued by Cambridge been made in the United States, there is little doubt that it would have met with a prompt response. There is in Montreal a University, officered largely by Cambridge men, and equipped with a princely magnificence of which Cambridge dares not even dream. Dr. Ewing’s comment is pertinent. ‘It is good,’ said he, ‘to see the colonial daughter sitting down to so lavish a table; but is it well that the _alma mater_ at home should be left looking wistfully at the crumbs?’ Nearer home, Mr. Carnegie has shown what a large-minded liberality can do for the Scottish Universities. A great benefactor who would free the University of Cambridge from a sordid struggle, in which every pound spent on development has to be laboriously begged, would earn an enduring fame in the annals of British education. It has been the earnest desire of the authors of this paper to show that the University is not unworthy of such generosity; that she has displayed great courage and great self-denial in facing modern conditions; and that her reputed wealth is a fiction, while her poverty is a grim fact.

INDEX

Acarines, 171

Acids, butyric, Formation of, 110
glycerine and succinic, Formation of, 110
lactic, Fermentation of, 110
tartaric, 105

_Acrobothrium_, 14

Acton, Lord, Library of, 214

Africa: Native children infected with malaria, 162
Native population permeated with the malarial parasite, 152
West Coast of, Average of two malarial attacks a year amongst
British soldiers on the, 131

Agassiz, A., 20, 77

Alcohol, Fermentation of, 110

Alexander’s Bucephalus, 84

Algæ, 24, 25
Absence of, below 200 fathoms, 21

Allman, Professor, 22, 67

_Amblyomma hebræum_ conveys the heartwater disease in sheep, 172, 173

America, Distribution of malaria in, 132
Gifts of the Universities of, 185

_Anodonta_, 4

_Anopheles_, 144, 145
_bifurcatus_, 147
does not fly far by itself, 161
Eggs of, 148
Larvæ of, 148
Life-history of, 148, 149
_maculipennis (claviger)_, 147, 148
Male, 149
_nigerrimus_, 158
_nigripes_, 147
Position of, 159
Pupæ of, 148

Anthrax, 120, 121 produced by _Bacillus anthracis_, 121 _Appendicularia_, 39

Arbois, 103, 106

_Argas persicus_ conveys the chicken disease of Brazil, 173

_Aristoeopsis_, Antennæ of, 37

Arnold, Sir Edwin, 1

Arragonite, 1

Arripo, 4

Arsenic-eaters of the Tyrol, 124

Austen, Map of the geographical distribution of the tsetse fly by, 166
Mortality amongst the horses in the Abyssinian campaign
caused by the tsetse fly, 166
On the distribution of the fly, 176

Australia, Distribution of malaria in, 132

Baciocchi, Princess, 118

_Bacillus anthracis_, Behaviour and life-history of, 121
susceptible to variations of temperature, 121
_butyricus_, 110
_typhosus_, 178

Bacilli, Aerobic, 111
Anaerobic, 111

Bache, 19

Bailey, 19

Balard, 104

Barrow Channel, Mussel-beds of 6, 7

Bastianelli, 143

Bateson, W., Materials for the study of variation, 74
Researches on Mendel’s law, 211

_Bathochordæus charon_, named by Chun, 39

_Bathybius_, 21

_Bathynomus_, Eyes of the, 35

_Bathysaurus_, Blackness of the mouth of, 37

Battipaglia, malarious district of, 151, 152

Beelzebub called Lord of Flies, 173

Benazrek mated with Mulatto, 85

Benthos often stalked, 31, 32

Berlin, University of, State endowments of the, 185

Bernard, Claude, 117

Berryman, Lieutenant, 21

Berzelius, 109

Besançon, 102, 106
Royal College of Franche-Comté, 104

Bidder, G. P., Experiments with weighted bottles on the
intensity of fishing, 61

Biffen, Mr., Discovery that susceptibility to rust in
wheat is Mendelian, 211

Bignami, 143

Billiers, Mussel-beds of, 6

Biot, 106, 107

Blackwater fever, 170

Bos, Ritzema, Experiments of in-breeding with rats, 92

Bouché, Description of the larva of the house-fly, 174

Bouguer, 18

Boutan, 14

Boyle, Robert, 18, 120

Brandt, Professor, 57, 66

British sea-fisheries. _See_ Sea-Fisheries, British

Bronn, 88

Bruce, Colonel D.: Female tsetse fly does not lay eggs, 166

Buache, Philippe, 16

Buchanan, John Y., of the _Challenger_, 21

Buddha, Mother-of-pearl images of, 2

Bulman, 87

Buvma, Sleeping-sickness in, 169

Burchell’s zebras, 82
Stripes of, 82, 85

Busoga, Sleeping-sickness in, 169

Butterflies, Hybridizing, 95

Byerly Turk, 93

Cable, Recovery of the, by Fleeming Jenkin, 22

Cable-laying: Survey by Lieutenant Berryman, of the _Arctic_, 21
by Captain Pullen, of the _Cyclops_, 21
by Dr. Wallich, in the _Bulldog_, 21

Cæsar, Julius, and British pearls, 5
Favourite horse was polydactylous, 84

Caird, Sir J., 45

Cambridge, 183
Agriculture, Department of, conducted on the most practical
and progressive lines, 193
Experimental farm, upheld by County Councils of
Cambridgeshire and nine neighbouring counties, 193
_Journal of Agricultural Science_, established
in 1904, 213
Need of Laboratory for, 213
Professorship of, founded in 1899, 193
Anglo-Saxon, Professorship of, 206
Appeal of authorities of, 184, 204
Archæology, Disney professorship of, founded 1851, 187
Architecture, school of, Desirability of establishing, a, 208
Botanic garden, 193
Botany housed in a separate building in 1904, 192
Cavendish laboratory, opened in 1874, 191, 210
Chemical laboratory, built in 1887, 192
Chemistry, physiological, Chair of, needed, 211
Chinese, Chair of, 190
Chinese library, Proper care of, renders the permanency
of the professorship a necessity, 205
Gift of Sir Thomas Wade, 190
Colleges, Analysis of the resources of, 196
Collegiate system, 196
Corporate income of the seventeen, 197
Day training, 195
Fall of agricultural rent on incomes of, 198
Fellows, Average stipend of, 199
Fellowships and stipends of the heads of houses, 197
Fellowships, Number of prize, is small, 199
Expenses of estate management of the, 197
Income of, £300,000 a year, 185
Scholarships, 198
Tuition Fund, 197
Commission of, 1850, 187
Diplomas in forestry, 195
in geography, 195
in mining engineering, 195
Downing Professor of the Laws of England, 188
Economics, school of, Need of lectureships in the, 206, 207
Tripos in, founded, 190
Endowments of the University of, 184
Engineering laboratories opened during the tenure of the
professorship by Dr. Ewing in 1894, 191
New wing added in 1899 through the generosity of Mrs. Hopkinson, 192
Ethnology and anthropology, Recognition of, 187
Examinations, Inadequate rooms for, 213
Expenditure for the maintenance of buildings and staffs, 196
in 1904, 201
on buildings devoted to science since 1862, 195
French and German professorships, Need of, 206
Historical Tripos founded in 1875, 189
History, Ancient, Professorship of, founded in 1898, 189
Income, University, 200, 201
of lecturers, 202
of professors, 201
of readers, 202
of teachers, 202
Indian Languages Tripos, founded in 1879, 190
Latin, Professorship of, 189
Law School, 188
Law Tripos replaces the ‘Civil Law Classes’ in 1858, 188
Library, J. W. Clark’s appeal on behalf of the, 213
Lord Acton’s, 214
Library, Needs of, Donation of the Goldsmiths’ Company for the, 213
Mathematics, Newall telescope, 209
Mechanical Sciences Tripos, First examination for the, held in 1894, 191
Mechanism and applied science, Professorship of, established in 1875, 191
Medicine, School of, 188, 189
Tropical, Diploma of, instituted in 1904, 188
Medieval and Modern Languages Tripos, founded in 1886, 190
Metallurgical laboratory, Need of a, 210
Military studies, Provision for, 195
Moral Science Tripos, New avenues to an honours degree
opened in 1851 by the, 187, 188
Museums for natural sciences commenced in 1863, 188
Additions to, made in 1877, 1880, 1882, 1884, 1890, 188
Natural Sciences Tripos, 188
Needs of the various departments, 204
Nobel Prize, Gift of the, by Lord Rayleigh, 191
Observatory, building commenced in 1822, 191
Oriental Languages Tripos, founded in 1895, 190
Pathology, Professorship of, founded in 1883, 188
Physics, Chair of experimental, founded in 1871, 191
Held in succession by Clerk Maxwell, Lord Rayleigh, and J. J. Thomson, 191
Physiology, Professorship of, founded in 1883, 188
Professors and lecturers of other Universities educated at, 203
Proto-zoology, Establishment of a chair of, by the aid
of the Quick bequest, 211
_Psychology, Journal of_, first published, in 1904, 209
Psychology, Physiological, in 1877, 208
Psycho-physical Laboratory, Efforts made in 1877 to establish a, 208
Psychophysics, Study of, 209
Public Health, Diploma of, instituted in 1875, 188
Sadlerian professorship of pure mathematics, founded in, 1857, 188
Sanskrit, Professorship of, founded in 1867, 190
Sedgwick Museum, 210
Semitic Languages Tripos, founded in 1878, 190
Slade professorship of fine art, founded in 1869, 189
Surgery, Professorship of, founded in 1883, 188
Whewell professorship of international law created in 1867, 188
Zoology, Professorship of, founded in 1866, 188

Cambridgeshire, County Councils of, and nine neighbouring
counties, assist in upholding the agricultural
experimental farm, 193

‘Cane moulière,’ 6

_Cardium edule_, 7

_Carinaria_ captured by the _Valdivia_, 39

Carnegie, A., and Morley, John, Gift of Lord Acton’s
library to Cambridge University, 214

Carpenter, W. B., 20

Carter, R. M., House-fly harbours a larval nematode,
named _Habronema muscæ_ by, 181
Tsetse flies not confined to Africa, but also found in South Arabia, 178

Cavendish, 18

Cecil, Lord Arthur, 85

_Cephalodiscus_, 41

Cercaria as nuclei of pearls, 4, 5

Cercariæum, 6

‘Charbon’ or ‘sang de rate,’ Disease of, in cattle, 120

Charrin, M., Suggested explanations of telegony, 79

Chicken, Disease of, Brazil, conveyed by the _Argas persicus_, 173
Cholera, 122

Chinchon, Countess of, Quinine introduced into Europe in 1640 by the, 139
Cured of tertian fever by Peruvian bark, 139

Cholera, Investigations into, 117

Christophers, S. R., Children of African natives infected with malaria, 152

Chun, Eyes of fishes, in his account of the voyage of the _Valdivia_, 35

‘Circaria.’ _See_ Cercaria

Clark, J. W., Appeal on behalf of the Cambridge University Library, 213

Cocoons, Value of, 114

Cod, Fertilization of the floating ova of the, 46

Colombo, 11, 13

_Columba livia_, 89

Cornalia and Filippi, Corpuscles of, 115

Crawford’s, Donald, Committee on the scarcity of herrings, 1904, 43

Cromwell, O., Death of, from a ‘bastard tertian ague,’ 133

Crossland, C., 14

Ctenophores, Deep-sea, 32

_Culex_, Position of, 159

Culicidæ, 156
Anophelina, 156
Culicina, Sub-families of, 156
Female alone that bites, 161

Cusanus, Nicolaus, 17

Dana, 19

Dante, A., on flies, 167

Darley, Arabian, 93

Darwin, 76, 187
Breeding experiments with pigeons, 89
on pangenesis, 80
on stripes of a foal bred by, 85

Day-mosquito, 163

De Geer: First description of the transformation of the house-fly, 174

De Pourtalès, 19

Diarrhœa, Epidemic, 179
Infantile, 180

Diatoms, 31

Diptera, Characteristics of, 156
Species of, Forty thousand estimated as only a tithe by D. Sharp, 156

_Dispharagus nasutus_ (Rud.), 181

_Distomum duplicatum_, 4

Dôle, 101, 103

Donati, 18

Dourine disease caused by _T. equiperdum_, 168

Drapers’ Company, Promised donation of the, for
establishing an agricultural laboratory, 213

Dubois, 15
on pearls, 5, 8

Dumas, Lectures of, 104
Report on the epidemic of the destruction of silkworms, 113, 114

Durham, Captain, 22

Edwards, A. Milne, 22

Eider-duck, 5

Ellis, Captain, 17

Emin Pasha on the importance of mosquito-nets, 141

_Empusa muscæ_, 181

England, Malaria in, 133

Equidæ, 82
Reversion hypothesis in the, 84

Eryonidæ, 41

Europe, Distribution of malaria in, 131, 132, 133, 134

Ewart, Cossar, 67

Experiments in heredity, 74

Fen districts, Malaria in the, 133

Fermentation, Acetous, of wine, 113
Alcoholic, 110
First physical view of, 109
Lactic acid, 110
Presence of oxygen, 109
Processes of putrefaction and decay, 109
regarded as a contact action, 109
Studies on, 119
Vitalistic theory, 109
Opposition against the, 109
Yeast-cells, 109

Fever in India, 129
Redwater, conveyed by _Rhipicephalus annulatus_, 172
conveyed by _Ixodes reduvius_ in Europe, 172
Rhodesian, conveyed by _Rhipicephalus appendiculatus_, 172
conveyed by _Rhipicephalus shipleyi_, 172
Rocky Mountain, 171
Spotted, 171
Texas, 170
Tick, 170
Yellow, Cause of the spread of, 163
Organism not known which causes, 163

_Filaria_, 141
Elephantiasis, 159
_bancrofti_, 180
_immitis_, existing in the heart of dogs, 180
_nocturna_, 157
Round-worms in the disease of, 157

Filariasis, Disease of, 157
Elephantiasis, a variety of, 157

Filhol, on luminous slime, 33

Filippi, on origin of pearls, 4

Flacherie disease in silkworms, 116

Flies. _See_ also under Anopheles, Culicidæ, Diptera, Filaria
Beelzebub called Lord of, 173
Blue-bottle fly, 167
Danger of, 174
Destruction of, creolin deters flies from ovipositing, 182
‘Fly-belts,’ 166
House-fly, 167
Agent in the dissemination of cholera and enteric fevers, 178
Distribution of the, 176
First described and named _Musca domestica_ by Linnæus, 174
Larva of, described by Bouché, 174
of the, turning into a dark brown pupa or chrysalis, 175
Larvæ of, Food of the, 175
Life-history of, 175
Transformation of, described by de Geer, 174
Meat, or blow-fly, _Musca vomitoria_, Maggot in the Larva of, 175
Parasites of, 181
_Dispharagus nasutus_ (Rud.), 181
_Empusca muscæ_, 181
_Habronema muscæ_, 181
_Nematodum sp._ (?), 181
Tsetse fly conveys sleeping-sickness, 169
Female does not lay eggs, 166
Larva of, 166
Pupa of, 166
Geographical distribution of the, 166
(_Glossina_), 164
Habits of, 165
Mortality amongst the horses in the Abyssinian
Campaign perhaps caused by the, 166
Prey of the, is the big game of Africa, including crocodiles, 167
and bacilli, 179
Epidemic diarrhœa caused by, 179
Infantile diarrhœa caused by, 180
and disease: Agencies for carrying disease-causing organisms, 155
Agencies for transmitting the plague bacillus, 155, 177
Agencies for carrying Egyptian ophthalmia, and the
‘sore-eye’ so common in Florida, 155, 156, 177
Agencies for carrying the bacilli of enteric fever, 155
Agencies for carrying the _Bacillus typhosus_, 178
Agencies for disseminating cholera, 177
Cause of woolsorter’s disease, 155, 177
_Musca domestica_ carry the bacillus of anthrax, 155, 177

Flounder, Fertilization of the eggs of the, 46

Foraminifera, 31

Forbes, Edward, 19, 23

Foster, Sir Michael, 188

Fowl, Wild ancestor of the Barn-door, 90

Frederick, Cæsar, 9

Fulton, Dr., Diminution of plaice and lemon-soles due to
their spawning only in deep water, 51
Increase of dabs due to their spawning in protected waters, 51, 52

Gabes, Gulf of, 8

Gadow, H., 88

Galle, 13

Gall-sickness caused by _T. theileri_, 168

_Gallus bankiva_, 90

Galton, F., on prepotency as a sport, 95

Gambier group, 14

Garner, 5

Garstang, W., Transplantation of small plaice, 57
Evidence before the House of Lords Committee in 1904, 63

Gas, Invention of the word, 108

Gay-Lussac on racemic acid, 105

Generali: House-fly harbours a larval nematode called _Nematodum sp._ (?), 181

Generation, Spontaneous, 111, 112

Giard on pearls, 5, 8, 14

Globigerina, 31

_Glossina morsitans_, named by Westwood, 164
_palpalis_, conveyer of sleeping-sickness, 170
_tachinoides_, 178

Gnome, Invention of the word, 108

Godolphin, Arabian, 93

Goldsmiths’ Company, Donation of the, for Cambridge University Library, 213

Golgi, 137

Goodsir, H., 19, 67

Gordon, General, on the Importance of mosquito-nets, 141

Graham, Extract on the social life of Scotland, 132, 133

Grassi, 143, 151

Green, Rev. S., 68

Grévy’s zebra, 82

Gruby, Trypanosoma parasites first seen by, 168

Gulf Stream, 44

_Habronema muscæ_, 181

Haeckel, on ‘Benthos,’ 31
on Deep-sea medusæ as archaic, 41

_Hæmamœba malariæ_, 135
_præcox_, 135
_vivax_, 135

_Hæmatopota_, 165

Hæmatozoa, Three species of, which correspond to three kinds of Malaria, 135

_Hæmophysalis leachi_ conveys the _Piroplasma_, 171
life-history of, 171, 172

Haffkine, 125

Hales, Rev. Stephen, 18

Hansen on the Common diseases of beer caused by certain
species of yeast-cell, 119

Hayes, Captain, 77

Heartwater disease in sheep conveyed by _Amblyomma hebræum_, 171, 172, 173

Helmont, van, Gas set free when fermentation occurs, 108
Inventor of the word ‘gas,’ 108
receipt for producing mice, 111

Hensen, Professor, 57, 66

Herdman, W. A., 7, 11, 13, 15, 70

Heredity a factor in the origin of species, 74
Experiments by C. Ewart, 74

Hewitt, C. Gordon, on the house-fly, 174, 176

Hippocrates, 131

Holt, E. W. L., on Fishery statistics, 58, 62, 68

Home, Sir Everard, 77

Hooke, Robert, 17

Hooker, Sir Joseph, 19

Hopkinson, Mrs., adds new wing to engineering laboratory, Cambridge, 192

Hornell, J., 11, 13, 14, 15

Horses, 73
Bucephalus, 84
Polydactylous, 84
Striped ancestors of, 83
Kathiawar horses, 83
Norwegian ponies, 83
in Mexico, 83

Howard, L. O., on the House-fly, 174, 176

Hubrecht, Professor, Suggested explanations of telegony, 79

Humbert, 4

Humphry, Sir George, 188

Huxley, Professor, 21, 30, 45

Hybrids, 73, 95
Female production of, 75
Hardiness of, 96
Healthiness of, 97
Romulus, 85, 96
Unhealthiness of, caused by strongylus worm, 97
caused by tsetse fly, 97
Zebra, 96

Hydrophobia, First inoculation against, 124

Inbreeding, 91
Effects of, 92
Experiments, 92
in racehorses, 93

India, British Army in, Death-rate from malaria of the, 129, 130

Inoculation, Success of, 123
Saving of cattle due to, 123

_Ipnops_, Blindness of, 35

Intercrossing, Swamping effect of, 91

Ireland free from malaria, 134

Ismailia, Malaria reduced at, 162

Isobathic curves, 17

Italy, Average mortality in, from malaria, 130

_Ixodes pilosus_, cause of paralysis in sheep during the early autumn, 173
_reduvius_ conveys redwater fever in Europe, 172

James I., Death of, by a ‘tertian ague,’ 133

Jameson, Lyster, on formation of pearls, 5, 7

Jeffreys, Gwyn, 20

Jelly-fish, Tentacles of, 37

Jenkin, Fleeming, 22

Jenkins, Dr., 70

Johnstone, James, 70

Jordanus, 9

Kathiawar horses, 83

Kelaart, 4

Kennedy, Dr., 189

King, Professor A. F. A., Essay on the mosquito theory, 141

Kipling, Rudyard, 16, 26, 31, 34

Kitasato, 125

Koch, 125

‘Kottus,’ 11

Krümmel, 66

Kühn, Professor, Telegony not proved, 81

Lankester, Sir E. Ray, Description of a parasitic organism, 135

Latour, Cagniard de, 109

Laveran, Discovery of Protozoa organism in malaria, 134, 137

Lavoisier, 117

Leeuwenhoek, 109

Lefevre, G. Shaw, 45

_Leucithodendrium somateriæ_, 5

Liebig, 109, 118

Lille, Faculty of Science at, 109

Linnæus, on Peruvian bark, 139
House-fly named _Musca domestica_ by, 174

Lister, Lord, First operations under antiseptic treatment, 113

Livingstone, Importance of mosquito-nets, 141

Loch Corrie mated with Mulatto, 85

London School of Tropical Medicine, 151

London, Zoological Society of, 99

Longfellow, 111

Lounsbury, C. P., Life-history of _Hæmophysalis leachi_, 171

Lovén, 19

Low, Dr., and Sambon, Dr., Experiment against the bites of the mosquito, 151

Lowe, Bruce, Effects of inbreeding foxhounds, 92
On the saturation hypothesis, 78

Lugard, Colonel, 97

MacCallum on Malaria parasite, 143

McIntosh, W. C., 67

Mackerel, Fertilization of the floating ova of the, 46

_Macrurus_, Eyes of the, 35

Magellan, Ferdinand, 16

Malaria, 129
Æstivo-autumnal, 135, 138, 139
Africa, Children of natives infected with, 152, 162
Amœbula, 136
carried by gnats, 159
Cause of, 134
Death of James I. from, 133
Oliver Cromwell from, 133
Death-rate, Average, of white troops in Sierra Leone from, 130
Average, of coloured troops in Sierra Leone from, 130
Average, in Italy from, 130
of the British Army in India from, 130
Discovery of Protozoa organism in, 134
Distribution of, in America, 132
in Australia, 132
in Europe, 131, 132, 133, 134
Endemic foci of the disease, 131
Gametocytes, 136
_Hæmamœba_, 135, 138, 140
_vivax_, 135, 138
_Hæmomenas_, 140
_præcox_, 135, 139
in England, 133
in Fen Districts, 133
in the British Army in India, 129
Ireland free from, 134
Loss of the European population of India from, 129
Malarial pigment or melanin, 136
Mosquito origin of, 141
Quartan, 135, 138
Quinine, Use of, in, 139, 150
‘Quotidian intermittent fever,’ 138
Sporocytes, 136
Tertian, 135, 138

Malarial parasite, Destruction of, by quinine, 162
Life-history of the, 145
Major Ross’s work on the, 125
Natives in Africa permeated with the, 152

‘Mal de caderas,’ caused by _T. equinum_, 168

Malm, Professor, of Göteborg, Fertilization of the eggs of the flounder, 46

Manaar, Gulf of, 8, 10, 13

Mangareva, 14

Manson, Sir Patrick, Researches on _Filaria_, 141
T. P., Experiment on, to prove that an infected
mosquito can convey malaria, 150, 151

Marco Polo, 9

_Margaritifera vulgaris_, 8

Marichikaddi, 14

Marsigli, Count, 17, 18

Matopo, 82, 84, 86, 95

Maury, 19

Maxwell, 187

Mediterranean Sea, Temperature of the, 27

Mexico, Striped horses of, 83

_Micrococcus bombycis_, 116
_ovatus_, Examination of the moth for traces of, 115

Millais, Sir Everett, Telegony not proved, 81

Mitscherlich, Observations on the optical properties of tartaric acid, 105

Möbius on pearl formation, 4

Mollusca, Fossil, 2

Monaco, Prince of, 20

_Monocaulus imperator_, Size of, 39

_Monorhaphis_, 39

Moore, Thomas, 1

Morley, John. _See_ Carnegie, A.

Morton, Lord, Letter to Dr. W. H. Wollaston, 75
Lord Morton’s Mare, 75, 80

Mosely Educational Commission, 183

Mosquitoes, _Anopheles_. _See_ under _Anopheles_
Blasts, 144
_Boöphilus bovis_, 146
_Culex_, 147
_fatigans_, 158
_pipiens_, 146, 147
Culicidæ, 147
‘Day-mosquito,’ 163
Derivation of the word ‘mosquito,’ 147
Destruction of, 152, 153, 154
by paraffin, 162
Fish used in the, 153
Kerosene oil used in the, 153
at Sassari, 154
Growth of the zygote in, 144
Lesions in the bodies of, 160
Meres, 144
Mosquito-nets, Importance of, 141
Origin of malaria in, 141
Process of ‘biting’ by, 160
Production of the zygote in, 144
Proof of mosquito theory, 151
Suffering of, 150

Mother-of-pearl, Formation of, 1, 2

Mulatto mated with Benazrek, 85
Loch Corrie, 85
Matopo, 84

Mulgrave, Lord, 18

Murray, Sir John, 20, 30, 32, 67

_Musca domestica_, or house-fly, described and named by Linnæus, 174, 175

Muscidæ, 167

_Mycoderma aceti_, 112

Myers, Dr. _See_ Rivers, Dr.

_Mytilus_, 5
_edulis_, 5, 7
_galloprovincialis_, 8

Nacreous layer, 2

‘Nagana’ disease caused by _Trypanosoma brucei_, 168

Nathusius, 88
Telegony not proved, 81

Needham, 112

_Nematocarcinus_, Walking-legs of, 37

_Nematodum sp._ ? 181

Newall Telescope, 209

Newsholme, Dr., 179

Newstead on _Glossina tachinoides_, 178

Newton, 88, 187

Noè and Grassi, Mode of infection for the _Filaria immitis_, 180

Nora, 86

Nordenskiöld, 26

Norwegian Ponies, 83
Whaling Companies, Establishment of, in the Shetlands, 43

_Œdemia nigra_, 5

Osborne, Joseph, 92

Ouseley, Sir Gore, 76

Oysters, Artificial rearing of, 13
Sale of, 11

Paars, 8

Packard, A. S., Metamorphosis of the house-fly, 176
Reinvestigations on the house-fly, 174

Paestum, Malarious district, 151

Paget, Sir George, 188

_Panoplites_, 180

Parasite, Malarial, Major Ross’s work on the, 125

Paris, École Normale, 104, 110, 117
Lycée Saint-Louis, 103, 104

Parker, Lieutenant, 22

Pasteur, Claude, 101
Claude-Étienne, 102
Denis, 101
Jean-Henri, 102
Jean-Joseph, 102
Character of, 103
Marriage to Jeanne-Étiennette Roqui, 103
Jeanne-Étiennette, Character of, 103
Louis, 101
Administrative work, 117
Appointed Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Science at Lille, 109
Professor of Chemistry at Strasbourg, 106
Scientific Director at the École Normale, 110
Awarded the ribbon of the Legion of Honour, 107
the Rumford Medal by the Royal Society, 107
Death, September 28, 1895, 126
Discovery of the attenuated virus, 122
Education at the École Normale, Paris, 104
at the Lycée Saint-Louis, Paris, 103, 104
at the Royal College of Franche-Comté at Besançon, 104
under Dumas and Balard, 104
Elected a foreign member of the Royal Society, 117
Member of the Academy of Sciences, 112
‘Études sur la Bière,’ 119
Fermentation, Work on, 108, 119
Investigations into cholera, 117
into the cause and prevention of contagious disease, 120
into the manufacture of vinegar, 112
Life of, by M. Vallery-Radot, 126, 127, 128
Marriage with Marie Laurent, 107
Nominated a Senator, 118
Originator of methods for the production of immunity, 122
Pasteur Institute, Opening of the, 126
Pedigree, 101, 102, 103
Promoting the publication of Lavoisier’s works, 117
Receives a pension of 12,000 francs a year, 126
increased to 25,000 francs a year, 126
the degree of Bachelier ès Lettres, 104
Researches, Chemical, 105, 106, 107
Strokes of paralysis, 126
Studies on the behaviour and life-history of _Bacillus anthracis_, 121
Succession to Lìttré’s _fauteuil_ at the Academy, 126
Teacher of physics at the Lyceé of Tournon, 104
Work on rabies, 123

Pearl Fisheries, Bavarian, 5
Bohemian, 5
British, 5
Ceylon, 4, 8, 9
Chief causes of the failure of the, 12
Failure of oysters, 9
Report on the, 12
Cingalese records of, 8
Dutch, 9
English, 9
Recent, 14
Saxony, 5
Scotch, 5
Syndicate, 15
Trade in the hands of the Arabs and Persians, 8, 9
Welsh, 5
Fishery, Mode of, 10
oyster, Filaria in, 4
oyster-beds of the Red Sea, 14

Pearls, Finest, 10
Formation of, 3
by larval cestodes, 13
by tapeworms, 13
in mussels, 7
Origin of, 1
of Oriental, 13
Sale of, 11

Pébrine disease, 115, 116, 117, 149

_Pectis_, Stalks and tentacles of the, 33

_Pelagothuria ludwigi_, 33

Penycuik, Experiments on telegony at, 79, 84

Periostracum, 2

Periya paar, 12

Peruvian bark, Use of, 139

‘Phæodaria’ existing in radiolarians, 34

Philippine Islands, 16

Piana, House-fly harbours a larval nematode, _Dispharagus nasutus_ (Rud.), 181

Pigeons, Breeding experiments with, 89

‘Pintadin,’ 8

_Piroplasma_, 170
conveyed by _Hæmophysalis leachi_, 171
Malignant jaundice or bilious fever in dogs caused by a, 171

Piroplasmosis spoken of as Texas fever, tick fever,
blackwater, redwater, etc., when present in cattle, 170

Piroplasmosis, Heartwater in sheep a form of, 171
Under the name of Rocky Mountain fever, spotted or
tick fever, the disease attacks man, 171

Plankton Expedition, 27

Pliny, 1
on British pearls, 5
on Ceylon pearls, 8