Chapter IX: Part 9

Plunkett, Sir Horace, 67

Polarization, 106

Poole, Colonel, Stripes of Kathiawar horses, 83

Port Swettenham, Malaria reduced at, 162

Prepotency, Importance of, in breeding, 91
Obtained by inbreeding, 91
Sport often prepotent, 95

Prismatic layer, 2

Protozoa, Discovery of, in Malaria, 134

Puehler, 17

Pullen, Captain, 21

Pycnogonids, Legs of the, 37

Quagga, Domestication of the, 75, 82

Quinine, Introduction of, into Europe, 139
Use of, in Malaria, 139, 150, 162

Rabbits, Breeding experiments with, 87

Rabies, 123, 124, 125
Attenuated virus of, 123, 124
First inoculation against, 124

Racehorses, Breeding of, 93
Byerly Turk, 93
Darley Arabian, 93
Deterioration in the staying power of, 93
Godolphin Arabian, 93

Radiolarians, 31
‘Phæodaria’ existing in, 34
Skeletons of, 40

Rayleigh, Lord, 187
Gift of the Nobel Prize, 191

Recapitulation theory, 74

Red clay, 31

Redia larva, 111

Redi, Francesco, 111

Redwater fever, 170, 172

Reinke, 66

Remus, 96

_Rhabdopleura_, 41

_Rhinoptera javanica_, 13, 14

_Rhipicephalus annulatus_ conveys Redwater fever, 172
_appendiculatus_ conveys Rhodesian fever, 172
_shipleyi_ conveys Rhodesian fever, 172

Rikitea, 14

Rivers, Dr., and Myers, Dr., Formation of a school for psychophysics, 209

Romanes, on ‘Physiological selection,’ 91
on ‘Regression towards mediocrity,’ 91
on the Swamping effect of inter-crossing, 91
Suggested explanations of telegony, 79

Romulus, 96
Production of, 85

Ross, Sir James, 18
Sir John, 18, 19
Major R., on _Hæmamœba (Proteosoma), relicta_ worked out by, 146
on Number of deaths due to ‘fever’ in India, 129
Researches, 142, 143
Work on the malarial parasite, 125, 141

_Sagitta_, 25, 32

Sambon, Dr. _See_ Low, Dr.

Sandilands, Dr., Investigations on epidemic diarrhœa, 179

Sargasso Sea, Temperature of the, 27

Sars, Professor G. O., Fertilization of the floating ova of the cod, 46
Fertilization of the floating ova of the mackerel, 46
Michael, 19

Sassari, Extermination of mosquitoes by the use of petroleum, 154

Schwann, 109

Scoter, 6

Sea, Atlantic current, Temperature of the, 44
Colour of the, 18
Deep, Explorations, A. Agassiz’s voyage in the _Blake_, 20
_Albatross’s_ voyage, 20
Bache’s, 19
Bailey’s, 19
Captain Wilkes and Dana’s Expedition, 19
De Pourtalès, 19
Discovery of extinct species, 22
Dr. W. B. Carpenter’s and G. Jeffrey’s voyage in the _Porcupine_, 20
Expedition in the _Discovery_, 21
in the _Drache_, 20
in the _Gauss_, 21
in the _Gazelle_, 20
in the _Travailleur_, 20
in the _Talisman_, 20
in the _Valdivia_, 20
in the _Washington_, 20
Lord Mulgrave’s Expedition to the Arctic Sea, 18
Lovén’s, 19
Maury’s, 19
Michael and G. O. Sars’s, 19
Prince of Monaco’s expedition in the _Hirondelle_ and _Princess Alice_, 20
Plankton Expedition, 20
‘Pola’ Expedition, 20
Professor E. Forbes’s voyage in the _Beacon_, 19
Professor W. Thomson’s and Dr. W. B. Carpenter’s
voyage in the _Lightning_, 19, 20
Russian investigations in the Black Sea, 20
_Siboga_ Expedition, 20
Sir James Ross and Sir Joseph Hooker’s Antarctic Expedition, 18, 19
Sir John Franklin’s expedition with H. Goodsir in the _Erebus_, 19
Sir John Murray’s voyage in the _Challenger_, 20
Sir John Ross’s voyage to Baffin’s Bay, 18, 19
Soundings, History of, 17, 18, 19
Voyage of the _Novara_, 19
Depths of the, 16
Absence of storms in the, 28
Absence of stripes, bands, spots, or shading in animals from the, 36
Absence of sunlight in, 24
Abundance of animal life in the, 32
Air-bladder of animals from the, 38
_Algæ_ living in the, 24, 25
Bones of many abysmal fishes deficient in lime, 39, 40
Cavities of the bodies of animals lined with a black epithelium, 36, 37
_Challenger_ dredgings in the, 29
Colour of creatures from the, 35
Currents in the, 28
Diatoms in the, 25, 26
Distribution of animal life in the, 25
Division into zones by E. Forbes, 23
Effect of the absence of sunlight on the animals in the, 33
Enormous jaws of animals from the, 38
Eyes in the animals from the, 35
Fauna of the Antarctic shown by the _Challenger_ and
the _Valdivia_ to be exceptionally rich, 32
Feelers and antennæ of the animals from the, 37
Foraminifera in the, 26
Formation of a skeleton of silex by animals from the, 40
of the, Holothurians in the, 29
Inability of the deep-sea fauna to form a skeleton of
calcareous matter, 39, 40
Inhabitants of the, 24
in the Carolines, 23
in the Friendly Islands, 23
Jelly-fish in the, 25
Large size of Polar animals from the, 39
Mudline of Sir J. Murray, 30
Old-world forms from the, 40, 41
Phosphorescence of animals from the, 33
Radiolarians in the, 26
Records of Captain Durham in the South Atlantic, 22
of the _Challenger_ and _Gazelle_, 22
of the _Tuscarora_ East of Japan, 23
Reduction and diminution in size of the respiratory
organs in animals from the, 40
Replacement of visual organs by tentacles or feelers
by the inhabitants of the, 34
_Sagitta_ in the, 25
Salinity of the, 17
Scenery of the, 31
Spines of animals from the, 39
Sponges in the, 28
Stillness in the, 28, 29
Symmetry of animals in the, 29
Temperature of the, 17, 18, 26, 27
in the Mediterranean Sea made by the _Washington_, 27
in the Sargasso Sea made by the ‘Plankton’ Expedition, 27
near the Sulu Islands, 27
on the westerly side of Sumatra, 27
Transparency of sea-water, 18
Uniformity of physical conditions in the, 26
Fisheries Act, 1868, 47
America, American Commission, 66
Fish-breeding institution, 67
Beam-trawls used in steam-trawlers until 1893, 47
Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, Central Staff, 68
Bounty system, Objections to the, 46
British, Extent of, 43
Statistics of, 42
Value of the industry to the inhabitants, 42
Bye-laws, 69
Carriers, Employment of, 47
Causes of impoverishment, 56
‘Accumulated stock’ has been fished out, 56, 59
consumption of the plaice’s food by small haddocks, 57
Dab has usurped the position of the plaice on the Dogger Bank, 57
destruction of young fish, 58, 59
limited area for fish in a limited volume of water, 57
Christiania Conference, 1901, 55
Commissions of, 45
Dabs, Increase of, due to their spawning in protected waters, 51, 52
Denmark, Development of the local fishery on the west coast of Denmark, 64
Determination of the age of fish, 61
Diminution of fish recorded by the Trawling Commission of 1885, 50
of fish-supply being caused by the trawl disproved, 51
Distinction between ‘small’ and ‘large’ fish, 58
Dogger Bank, 57, 60
Eggs, Number of, in various fish, 49
English fishing authorities, 45
Experimental Investigations, 56
Experiments with marked fish, 52, 60, 61
with marked plaice, 60
Firth of Forth and St. Andrews Bay, Closure of, 51
Fish-breeding experiments, 69
Fishmongers’ Company, Seizure of small fish, 58
Fleeting, Process of, 48
Free Trade in, 47
Germany, Kiel Commission, 66
Haddock, Diminution of the, 56
Heligoland, Biological Station, 66
Herrings, Scarcity of, doubtful if due to whaling, 43
Spawning-grounds of the, 49
Ice, Introduction of the use of, 47
Increase in the employment of steam vessels, 47
Inquiries, Seventeen, within the last seventy years into, 44
Inspectors attached to the Home Office, 1861, 68
transferred to the Board of Trade, 1886, 68
transferred to the Board of Agriculture, 1903, 68
Intensity in the conduction of fishing, 60
in the conduction of fishing shown by experiment
with weighted bottles, 61
International character of problems, 65, 66
Lancashire and Western Sea-Fishery Committee, 69
Local Committees, 68
Marine Biological Association, 70, 71, 72
Marine Biological Association Memoirs, 70
Marine Biological Association, Transplantation experiments of the, 58
Methods of renewing and aerating the water in fish-tanks, 47
Migration of the common eel in the Atlantic, 50
of the Lofoten cod-fishery, 50
North Sea, 45
Area of the, 48, 49
International investigations of the, 60, 71
International measures for the improvement of the, 1902, 55
‘Liners’ used for catching fish in the, 49
Otter-trawl used since 1893, 47
Parliamentary Committee on the Sea-Fisheries Bill, 1900, 54
Peel, Fish-hatchery, 69
Plaice, Average annual catch of, 54
Demand of, in the fried-fish shops in the East End of London, 62
Diminution of, and lemon-soles due to their spawning
only in deep water outside the closed areas, 51
Diminution of soles and plaice recorded by the Select
Committee of 1893, 50
Rise in the price of, 54
Small, increase of, transplanted to the Dogger Bank, 57
Plaice, small, Protection of, 64
Port Erin, Marine Station at, 69
Price of fish, 53, 54
Productivity of the sea, 57
Relation of the ova to the trawl, 51
Royal Commission of, 1863, 45, 57
Royal Commission Report, 1866, 45
Salmon Fishery Act of 1861, 68
Sardines more valuable than their adult form, the pilchard, 59
Scottish and Irish Fishery Boards, 67
Select Committee of 1893, 71
‘Shell-Fisheries,’ 69
Soles, Diminution of, and plaice recorded by the Select
Committee of 1893, 50
Statistics, 52, 53, 54, 55
Suggested remedies, 65
Undersized fish, 63
United States, Commission of Fish and Fisheries. _See_
Sea-Fisheries, America, American Commission.
Whitebait fetch more in the market than the parent form, 59

Sedgwick, Adam, 187

Seeley, Professor, 189

Settegast, Telegony not proved, 80

Seurat, G., 14

Seychelles, 33

Sharp, D., Diptera, 156

Siam, Mother-of-pearl in ages made by the coast population of, 2

Sierra Leone, Average death-rate of coloured troops from malaria, 130
Average death-rate of white troops from malaria, 130

Silkworms, Cocoons, Value of, 114
Disease, Detection of the corpuscles of Cornalia and Filippi in, 115
‘Flacherie,’ 116
Parasitic organisms being conveyed from one generation to
another by the egg, 115
Pébrine, 115, 116

Sleeping-sickness conveyed by _Glossina palpalis_, 170
Conveyed by the tsetse fly, 169
Due to _Trypanosoma gambiense_, 170
in Busoga, 169
in Buvuma, 169
in Uganda, 169

Somali zebra, Stripes of a, 82, 85

_Somateria mollissima_, 5

Species, Constitution of, 95
Intersterility test, 95
Origin of, Heredity and variation chief factors in the, 74

Spencer, Herbert, Supporter of telegony, 77
Suggested explanations of telegony, 80

Sponges, 28

Spores, Production of, by a pathogenic organism, 116

_Sporocyst_, 7

Squire, Miss, Donation of, to Law School in Cambridge, 188

Stahl, 109

Standfuss’s experiments in hybridizing butterflies, 95

_Stegomyia_, 180
_fasciata_, Cause of the spread of yellow fever, 163
Larva of, 163

Stephens, J. W. W., Children of African natives infected with malaria, 152

Stereo-chemistry, 107

Stomiadæ, Light produced by eye-like lanterns of the, 33, 34

_Stomoxys_, 165

Strasbourg, 106

Strongylus worm, 97

Surgery, Operative, 113

‘Surra’ disease caused by _T. evansii_, 168

Sutherland, 77

Sylph, Invention of the word, 108

Tacitus on British pearls, 5

_Tapes decussatus_, 7

Tartaric acid, Observations on the optical properties of, 105

Tegetmeier, 77
Breeding experiments with pigeons, 89

Telegony, 75
Explanations of, by Herbert Spencer, 80
by infection hypothesis, 78
by M. Charrin, 79
by the pangenesis of Darwin, 80
by the Penycuik experiments, 79
by Professor Hubrecht, 79
by reversion hypothesis, 80, 83, 84
by Romanes, 79
by saturation hypothesis, 78
Opponents of Kühn, 81
Nathusius, 81
Settegast, 81
Sir Everett Millais, 81
Weismann, 81
Supporters of: Agassiz, 77
Captain Hayes, 77
Herbert Spencer, 77
Romanes, 77
Sir Everard Home, 77
Sutherland, 77
Tegetmeier, 77
Weismann’s inheritance of acquired characters in, 83

Terzi, Signor, Experiment against the bites of the mosquito, 151

_Tetrarhynchus unionifactor_, 13

Texas fever, Cause of, 149
Germ of, 115

Theobald, 147

Thompson, D’Arcy, 67

Thomson, Wyville, 20

Thurn, Sir Everard im, 9

Ticks convey piroplasma, 171

Tinnevelly pearl banks, 4

Tournon, Lycée of, 104

_Trypanosoma brucei_ causes the ‘nagana’ disease, 168
_equinum_ causes the ‘mal de caderas’ disease, 168
_equiperdum_ causes the ‘dourine’ disease, 168
_evansii_ causes the ‘surra’ disease, 168
_gambiense_ causes sleeping-sickness, 170, 177
_theileri_ causes ‘gall-sickness,’ 168

Tsetse fly, 97. _See_ also under _Glossina_ and Flies

Tundra, 86

Tyndall, 112

Tyrol, Arsenic-eaters of the, 124

Uganda, Sleeping-sickness in, 169

_Unio_, 2, 4

Universities, New, in England, 183

Valentinus, Basilius, Explanation of fermentation, 108

Vallery-Radot, M., ‘Life of Pasteur,’ 126, 127

Vallisnieri, 112

Variation a factor in the origin of species, 74
‘Materials for the study of,’ 74

Veeder, Dr., Flies the carriers of the _Bacillus typhosus_, 178

Venn, Dr., Effort to establish a psychophysical laboratory
in the University of Cambridge, 208

Venus Genitrix, 5

Vijaya, King, 8

Vinegar, Manufacture of, 112

Virchow, Malarial pigment or melanin, 136

Virus, Attenuated, Discovery of the, 122

Waddell, Major, 84

Wade, Sir Thomas, Chinese library presented to Cambridge University by, 190

Wallich, Dr., 21

Watson, Dr. Malcolm, Reduction of malaria at Port Swettenham, 162

Weismann, Inheritance of acquired characters in telegony, 80

Westwood, _Glossina morsitans_ named by, 164

Wiedemann, First description of the tsetse fly, 164

Wilkes, Captain, 19

Willis, 109

Wilson, Major L. M., 130

Wine, Acetous fermentation of, 113
Bouquet of, 113

Winterbottom, 169

Wollaston, Dr. W. H., 75

Woolsorter’s disease, 177
in man, 120, 177

Wundt opened the first psychophysical laboratory at Leipzig in 1878, 208

Yeast-cell, Nucleus of the, 120
Thirty different species of, 120

Yellow fever. _See_ Fever

Yersin, 125

Zebras, Attempts to cross, with Shetland ponies, 86
Burchell’s, 82
Stripes of, 85
Experiments with, 82
Grévy’s, 82
Mountain, 82
Somali, 82
Stripes of, 85
Striped ancestors of horses, 83
Zebra-hybrids, 96

Zoological Society of London. _See_ London

Zygote, Blasts, 144
Growth of the, 144
Meres, 144
Production of the, 144

Zymase, 120

BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Owing to the comparative absence of bacteria in deep-sea water their bodies undergo little decay.

[2] The illustration shows the difference between the facial marks of the zebra and those of the hybrid. The latter, in this respect, bears much the same relation to the former as a blue-rock pigeon does to a fancy type.

[3] A volume of Redi’s poems, entitled ‘Bacco in Toscano,’ was published in 1804. Longfellow says of him:

‘Even Redi, when he chanted
Bacchus in the Tuscan valleys,
Never drank the wine he vaunted
In his dithyrambic sallies.’

[4] It had been seen before by Virchow and others, who, however, did not recognize its importance.

[5] The _Times_, September 21, 1900, and medical papers.

[6] _Vide_ p. 162.

[7] ‘Inferno,’ xxvi. 26-28.

[8] _Brit. Med. Journ._, No. 2,394, November 17, 1906, p. 1393.

[9] Austen, _Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps_, vol. ii., 1904, pp. 651-667.

[10] _Medical Record_, vol. liv., 1898, pp. 429, 430.

[11] _Journal of Hygiene_, vol. vi., 1906, pp. 77-92.

[12] _Ann. Nat. Hist._, ser. 3, vii., p. 29.

[13] _Atti Soc. Modena_, ser. 3, ii., _Radiconte_, p. 88.

[14] _Atti Mus. Milano_, xxxvi., 1896, p. 239.

[15] Theobald, ‘Second Report on Economic Entomology,’ British Museum (Natural History), London, 1904, p. 125.

[16] The dates given for the triposes are those of the first public examinations held.

[17] Rates, taxes, and tithe _alone_ swallow up £45,000.

[18] Including about £10,000 capitation tax.