Chapter III: Treatment of the Insane (2)

Gaol fees were abolished in 1774 by 14 Geo. III. c. 20.

Footnote 172:

J. M. D. Meiklejohn, _Hist. Eng._ ii. p. 276. London, 1890.

Footnote 173:

See _The Tryal of William Acton, Deputy-Keeper of the Marshalsea
Prison_, p. 4, etc. London, 1729.

And also _Cases in Parliament_, 1684–1737. _British Museum_, 515, l. 5
(39), _re_ Bambridge, etc.

Footnote 174:

Howard, p. 17.

Footnote 175:

_Tryal of Acton_, p. 5.

Footnote 176:

See Murray, _English Dictionary_, under “Bull,” iv. B.

Footnote 177:

See _Report of the Committee of 1729_, p. 9. _Brit. Mus. Cat._ 522, m.
9 (28).

Footnote 178:

There were seven trials for murder in 1730.—Du Cane, p. 36.

Footnote 179:

The old-time prisoners depended mainly upon their friends and upon
outside charity for their sustenance (_vide_ Britton; Bracton, lib.
iii., etc.). After the reign of Elizabeth they were supposed to
receive 1_d._ or 2_d._ a day, or seven to eight ounces of bread. (Du
Cane, p. 40.)

From 1759, by 32 Geo. II. c. 28, each debtor was ordered to receive
2_s._ 4_d._ a week from his detaining creditor, but Howard found (p.
6) that, in practice, they could not get it, and numbers actually
starved.

Footnote 180:

By an Act passed in 1784 (24 Geo. III. c. 54) the gaolers were to
receive payment as compensation for the loss of their former profits
made out of alcohol, which they were thereby forbidden to sell to
prisoners from the year 1785.

Footnote 181:

Howard, p. 16.

Footnote 182:

_Report of the Committee of 1729_, p. 2.

Footnote 183:

Howard, p. 5.

Footnote 184:

Mayhew and Binny, “Criminal Prisons of London” (quoting from the
_Fifth Annual Report of the Prison Discipline Society_), p. 97.
London, 1862.

Footnote 185:

Du Cane, p. 43.

Footnote 186:

London prisons (_British Museum Catalogue_, 6056, b. 74), bound
pamphlets, p. x. London, 1789.

Footnote 187:

Du Cane, p. 41, etc.

Footnote 188:

E. B. Tylor in _Ency. Brit._ ninth ed. art. “Ordeal.”

Footnote 189:

For account of the elaborate ritual, see W. Besant, _Mediæval London_,
vol. ii. chap. vi.

W. Dugdale, _Origines Juridiciales_, chap. xxix.

Footnote 190:

Stubbs, _Charters_, p. 71.

Footnote 191:

Besant, _Mediæval London_, ii. p. 193.

Footnote 192:

Thorpe, fol. ed. p. 517.

Footnote 193:

Glanville, J. Beames’ ed. p. 350, note.

Footnote 194:

Maitland, _Const. Hist._ p. 128.

Footnote 195:

Reeves, _Hist. Eng. Law_, i. p. 234. London, 1860.

Footnote 196:

Pike, _Hist. Crime_, p. 131.

Footnote 197:

Madox, _Hist. Exchequer_, i. p. 546.

Footnote 198:

_Ency. Brit._ art. “Ordeal,” p. 820, ninth ed.

Footnote 199:

E. A. Freeman, _History of the Reign of William Rufus_, i. pp. 156,
157. London, 1882.

Footnote 200:

P. Labbé, _Sacrorum Conciliorum_, tom. xxii. p. 1007. Venice, 1778.

Footnote 201:

Stubbs, _Charters_, p. 25.

Footnote 202:

Stubbs, _Const. Hist._ i. 314.

Footnote 203:

Unless he went to the ordeal, or, in a later period, to a jury. See W.
Forsyth, _History of Trial by Jury_, p. 202. London, 1852. Twiss’s
Bracton, ii. 403.

Footnote 204:

Peers, on account of their position, and citizens of London, on
account of their supposably peaceful avocations and by charter, were
exempt from having to accept a challenge.—Blackstone, _Commentaries_,
lib. iv.

Footnote 205:

The loss of certain teeth was looked upon as a handicap—the peasant
fighters made a horrible use of them. _Vide_ H. C. Lea, _Superstition
and Force_, p. 131. Philadelphia, 1878.

Footnote 206:

Lingard, _Hist. Eng._ ii. p. 224.

Footnote 207:

Reeves, _Hist._ i. p. 61.

Footnote 208:

Lingard, ii. p. 222.

Footnote 209:

Besant, _Mediæval London_, ii. p. 198.

Footnote 210:

_Ibid._ p. 196.

Footnote 211:

Twiss’s Bracton, ii. p. 405. London, 1879.

Footnote 212:

Lingard, ii. p. 223.

Footnote 213:

Lingard, _Hist._ p. 224.

Footnote 214:

Blackstone, bk. iv., Sharswood’s ed. ii. p. 348. Philadelphia, 1878.

Footnote 215:

Bracton, Twiss’s ed. p. 405.

Footnote 216:

It grew to be condemned by the Church. See, for instance, _C.
Valentinum_, iii. c. 12, held A.D. 855.

Footnote 217:

Unhappily to be succeeded by a dreadful revival of torture all over
Europe, where it was in full blast in the fourteenth century, and in
England from 1468. Having abandoned supernatural means of extracting
men’s secrets, Church and State made ruthless and pitiless use of more
material methods. The Inquisition took up torture, and the custom
spread to the lay courts towards the end of the thirteenth century.
Consult, for instances, Lea, _Superstition and Force_, pp. 421, 458;
Maitland, _Const. Hist._ p. 221; Lea, _History of the Inquisition in
the Middle Ages_, i. p. 423, etc. New York, 1906.

Footnote 218:

Barnewall and Alderson, _Report of Cases_, i, pp. 405, 426, etc.
London, 1818.

Footnote 219:

59 Geo. III. c. 46.

Footnote 220:

See, for instance, Westermarck, _Moral Ideas_, ii. 628 seq.

Footnote 221:

J. Bingham, _Antiquities of the Christian Church_, iii. p. 203.
Oxford, 1855.

Footnote 222:

_Ibid._ p. 204.

Footnote 223:

_Ibid._ pp. 205, 217.

Footnote 224:

_Ibid._ p. 213.

Footnote 225:

H. H. Milman, _History of Latin Christianity_, ii. p. 59. London,
1864.

Footnote 226:

Bingham, iii. pp. 209, 211.

Footnote 227:

By the Dooms of Alfred there was but a three days’ sanctuary in a
mynster-ham. A fugitive was not to be dragged from a church for seven
days, though none were to bring him any food the while.—Thorpe, fol.
ed. pp. 27, 28, 29. If he delivered up his weapons, however, it
appears he might dwell in safety for thirty days, while his relations
were got together to ransom him.—Thorpe, p. 29; Reeves, i. p. 32. On
this thirty days’ refuge allowed in the early Church, see Bingham,
iii. p. 207. A deliberate murderer might be plucked from the altar,
just as by Hebrew law.—Thorpe, p. 27.

Footnote 228:

_Concilium Aurelianse_, Labbé, tom. viii. p. 350.

Footnote 229:

J. L. Mosheim, _Ecc. Hist._ i. p. 461. London, 1863.

Footnote 230:

Migne, _Patrologiae_, tom. 216; “Regni Carraclae,” p. 1255.

Footnote 231:

Bingham, iii. p. 214.

Footnote 232:

A. Friedberg (_Decretal Gregor. IX._ lib. iii. tit. xlix. cap. vi.),
_Decretalium Collectiones_, ii. pp. 655, 656. Leipzig, 1881.

Footnote 233:

John Johnson, _Ecc. Laws_, quoting Spelman, ii. p. 305.

Footnote 234:

The Statute 9 Ed. II. c. 10 (1315) is also to this effect.

Footnote 235:

Besant, _Mediæval London_, p. 201.

Footnote 236:

Besant, _Mediæval London_, p. 212.

Footnote 237:

Frequently Dover, where numbers congregated awaiting shipment. See
Pike, _Hist. Crime_, i. p. 232.

Footnote 238:

Britton, lib. i. ch. xvii.

Footnote 239:

And see 9 Ed. II. c. 10: “They that abjure the realm shall be in Peace
so long as they be in Church or Highway.”

Footnote 240:

Blackstone, _Commentaries_, bk. iv., Sharswood’s ed. ii. p. 332.
Philadelphia, 1878.

Footnote 241:

22 Hen. VIII. c. 14.

Footnote 242:

As to branding, _vide_ 21 Hen. VIII. c. 2.

Footnote 243:

A. P. Stanley, _Westminster Abbey_, p. 346. London, 1882.

Footnote 244:

Besant, _Mediæval London_, p. 202.

Footnote 245:

_Ibid._ p. 206.

Footnote 246:

Bingham, iii. p. 215.

Footnote 247:

Besant, p. 208.

Footnote 248:

Stanley, p. 346.

Footnote 249:

Besant, _Mediæval London_, p. 212.

Footnote 250:

26 Hen. VIII. c. 13.

Footnote 251:

27 Hen. VIII. c. 19.

Footnote 252:

32 Hen. VIII. c. 12.

Footnote 253:

Stanley, p. 352.

Footnote 254:

1 Jac. I. c. 25, s. 34.

Footnote 255:

21 Jac. I. c. 28, s. 7.

Footnote 256:

8 & 9 Will. III. c. 27, s. 15.

Footnote 257:

9 Geo. I. c. 28.

Footnote 258:

11 Geo. I. c. 22.

Footnote 259:

_Ency. Brit._ art. “Wager of Law.”

Footnote 260:

Lea, _Superstition and Force_, p. 23.

Footnote 261:

_Ibid._ p. 21.

Footnote 262:

_C. Valentinum_, iii. c. xi., A.D. 855.

Footnote 263:

Forsyth, p. 76.

Footnote 264:

Reeves, _Hist._ i. p. 33.

Footnote 265:

Holdsworth, _Hist._ i. p. 138.

Footnote 266:

Reeves, p. 33.

Footnote 267:

Holdsworth, p. 139.

Footnote 268:

Lea, _Superstition_, pp. 66, 81.

Footnote 269:

Holdsworth, _Hist._ i. p. 138.

Footnote 270:

Lea, p. 35.

Footnote 271:

_Ibid._ p. 33.

Footnote 272:

_Ibid._ p. 64.

Footnote 273:

3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 42, s. 13.

Footnote 274:

S. Cheetham, _History of the Christian Church during the First Six
Centuries_, p. 171. London, 1894.

Footnote 275:

Stubbs, _Const. Hist._ i. p. 267.

Footnote 276:

1 Corinthians vi.

Footnote 277:

In A.D. 341 by the eleventh and twelfth Canons of the Council of
Antioch; in 397 by the ninth Canon of the Third Council of Carthage;
and in 451 by the ninth Canon of the Council of Chalcedon.

Footnote 278:

Lingard, _Hist._ ii. p. 120.

Footnote 279:

Cheetham, p. 171.

Footnote 280:

H. C. Lea, _History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages_, i. p. 309.
New York, 1906.

Footnote 281:

Canons of Councils, Papal Decrees, and the many Collections.

Footnote 282:

See Lingard, ii. 126.

After the appearance of the Collection of Ivo of Chartres (_b._ 1035,
_d._ 1115),[283] and still more upon the compilation of Gratian’s
Decretals (A.D. 1151), they began to rival, if not surpass, the
Secular Courts in reputation and influence.[284] The Courts Christian
were the defenders of dogma; in those times, without right believing
nothing else profited. The Church Courts also enforced Christian
morality. “The bishops,” says Archdeacon Cheetham,[285] “took
cognizance, as was natural, of matters which were rather offences
against the moral law than against the State, and sometimes succeeded
in overawing even high-placed offenders.” “The doctrine of penance,”
says Mr. Thrupp, “dealt with a series of immoralities which the laws
disregarded.”[286]

J. Johnson, _Laws and Canons_, ii. p. 189, note F., ed. 1851.

N. Marshall, _Penitential Discipline_, p. 136.

Footnote 283:

Stubbs, _Charters_, p. 136.

Footnote 284:

Lingard, _Hist._ ii. p. 126.

Footnote 285:

_History of the Christian Church_, p. 171.

Footnote 286:

_Anglo-Saxon Home_, p. 254.

Footnote 287:

Lea, _Inquisition in the Middle Ages_, i. p. 312.

Footnote 288:

They would be brought before the Court by its apparitors, of whom
there were many; citations were not to be made through the vicars,
rectors, or parish priests, lest the secrecy of the confessional
should become mistrusted and the people cease to confess their
sins.—_Vide_ Archbishop Stratford, A.D. 1342, _C. Lond._ Can. 8. J.
Johnson, _Laws and Canons_, ii. p. 371. Chaucer has given us a
specimen of one of those “moral” agents in his account of the
_sumptnour_ or _summoner_.

Footnote 289:

As usual, blackmailing was not infrequently resorted to. _Vide_ H. W.
C. Davis, _England under Normans and Angevins_, p. 209. London, 1909.

Footnote 290:

See S. Pegge, _Life of Bishop Grosseteste_, p. 183.

Footnote 291:

S. Pegge, _Life of Bishop Grosseteste_, p. 46.

Footnote 292:

Some years later Archbishop Boniface, in his Constitutions, declared
(17) that the State must not interfere with moral inquisitions. _Vide_
J. Johnson, _Laws and Canons_, ii. p. 205, ed. 1851; and observe “Note
on Anselm’s Canons,” p. 28 of the same volume.

Footnote 293:

The visitations of the archdeacons were highly unpopular, creating any
number of spies and informers; see _Ecclesiastical Courts Commission_,
p. xxiv. London, 1883.

Footnote 294:

1 Cor. vi. 3.

Footnote 295:

_Ibid._ 2.

Footnote 296:

Rufinus, _Hist. Ecc._ lib. i. cap. ii. p. 184, ed. of Basel. 1611.

Footnote 297:

On the packing and intimidating of juries until, as Wolsey observed,
“they would find Abel guilty for the murder of Cain,” see W. Eden
(Lord Auckland), _Principles of Penal Law_, p. 176. London, 1771.

Footnote 298:

H. C. Lea, _Studies in Church History_, p. 171. Philadelphia, 1869.

Footnote 299:

_C. Agathense_, c. 32.

Footnote 300:

_C. Epaonense_, c. 11.

Footnote 301:

The same was also referred to by the eighteenth Canon of the Council
of Verneuil about 755.

Footnote 302:

_C. Matisconense_, i. c. 7.

Footnote 303:

_C. Matisconense_, i. c. 8.

Footnote 304:

_C. Aurelian_, iii. c. 32.

Footnote 305:

_C. Parisiense_, v. c. 4.

Footnote 306:

_Gregor. I._ lib. vi. Epis. xi.

Footnote 307:

Haddan and Stubbs, _Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents_, i. p. 133.
_Canones Wallici_, c. 40 (37). Oxford, 1869.

Footnote 308:

Lea, _Studies_, p. 178.

Footnote 309:

Lea, _Studies_, p. 179.

Footnote 310:

_Ibid._ p. 182.

Footnote 311:

Epis. xcvii. 70. Migne, _Patrologiae_, tom. 119, p. 1006.

Footnote 312:

_C. Ravennense_, c. 4.

Footnote 313:

For instance, by Charlemagne in 789 and at the Synod of Bamberg A.D.
1491; _vide_ Lea, _Studies_, pp. 178, 192, 196.

Footnote 314:

_Privilegia Clericorum, Constitutio Frederici Imperitoris_, p. iii.
_B. M. Cat._ i. a. 6515, _Constitutio Caroli_, 1498.

Footnote 315:

G. H. Pertz, _Monumenta Germaniae Legum_, tom. ii. p. 244. Hanover,
1837.

Lea, _Studies_, pp. 191, 196.

Footnote 316:

_Ibid._ pp. 191, 192.

Footnote 317:

P. F. Lecourayer, _Histoire du Concile de Trente_, tom. ii. p. 658;
and see p. 585, etc. 1736.

Footnote 318:

For post-Tridentine claims, _vide_ Lea, _Studies_, p. 216, etc.

Footnote 319:

Holdsworth, _Hist. Eng. Law_, iii. p. 253.

Footnote 320:

Even _insidiatores viarum et depopulatores agrorum_ were ultimately
allowed clergy by 4 Hen. IV. c. 2, A.D. 1402.

Footnote 321:

Matthew Hale, _Pleas of the Crown_, ii. p. 333. London, 1800.

Footnote 322:

Lingard, _Hist._ ii. p. 192, etc.

Footnote 323:

Holdsworth, i. p. 382.

Footnote 324:

Lea, _Studies_, pp. 213, 218.

Footnote 325:

Lingard, ii. p. 127.

Footnote 326:

D. Rock, _The Church of Our Fathers_, i. p. 144. London, 1903.

Footnote 327:

J. F. Stephen, _Hist. Crim. Law_, i. p. 461.

Footnote 328:

A. S. Green, _Henry II._, p. 85. London, 1903.

Footnote 329:

Lea, _Studies_, pp. 178, 203.

Footnote 330:

Johnson, _Laws and Canons_, ii. p. 194.

Footnote 331:

25 Ed. III. c. 4.

Footnote 332:

J. F. Stephen, _Hist. Crim. Law_, i. p. 461.

Footnote 333:

Meiklejohn, _Hist. Eng._ vol. i. p. 165. London, 1895.

Footnote 334:

Lord Auckland, _Principles_, p. 173.

Footnote 335:

Thomas Smith, _De Republica Anglorum_, Alston’s ed. p. 103. Cambridge,
1906.

Footnote 336:

D. Barrington, _Observations on the More Ancient Statutes_, p. 443.

Footnote 337:

Hale, _Pleas of the Crown_, ii. p. 372.

Footnote 338:

J. F. Stephen, _Hist. Crim. Law_, i. p. 460.

Footnote 339:

Pollock and Maitland, _Hist. Eng. Law_, i. p. 426.

Footnote 340:

W. Stanford, _Plees de Coron._, lib. ii. cap. 48. London, 1560.

Footnote 341:

Holdsworth, _Hist. Eng. Law_, i. p. 382.

Footnote 342:

J. F. Stephen, _Hist. Crim. Law_, i. p. 461.

Footnote 343:

See Bingham, _Antiquities of the Christian Church_, v. p. 459.

Footnote 344:

_Concilium Tarragonense_, c. 4, A.D. 516.

_C. Autissiodorense_, c. 34, A.D. 578.

_C. Toletanum_, xi. c. 6, A.D. 675.

Footnote 345:

_Excerptiones Ecgberti, Arch. Ebor._ 156.

Footnote 346:

Johnson, _Laws and Canons_, ii. p. 60.

Footnote 347:

_C. Lat._ iv. c. 18.

Footnote 348:

_C. Toletanum_, iv. c. 31, A.D. 633.

Footnote 349:

_C. Autissiodorense_, c. 33, A.D. 578.

Footnote 350:

As, for instance, Theodosius, fourth century; Emperor Henry IV.,
eleventh century; Henry II., twelfth century.

Footnote 351:

Thrupp, _Anglo-Saxon Home_, p. 238.

Footnote 352:

_Ibid._ p. 243.

Footnote 353:

King Æthelwulf, in the ninth century, obtained an ordinance from the
Pope that no Englishman was to be condemned to make a pilgrimage in
irons outside his own country.—Lappenburg, _Saxon Kings_, ii. 26. A
pilgrim from Canterbury would be recognised by his carrying back a
bottle or a bell; a shell if he had arrived from Santiago de
Compostela (Spain), and a palm from the Eastern Land.—R. F.
Littledale, _Ency. Brit._

Footnote 354:

Thrupp, _Anglo-Saxon Home_, p. 256.

Footnote 355:

See W. J. Thoms, _Early English Prose Romances_, i. p. 31, etc.
London, 1858.

Footnote 356:

Johnson, _Laws and Canons_, ii. p. 449.

Footnote 357:

So much would depend upon the view taken by the penitentiary. See, for
instance, Charles Reade’s historical story, _The Cloister and the
Hearth_.

Footnote 358:

Usually for half the time, and often for three days in a week for the
second half. Vide _Pen. Ecgberti, Arch. Ebor._ etc.

Footnote 359:

Lea, _Studies in Church History_, p. 245.

Footnote 360:

Thorpe, fol. ed. pp. 280, 315.

Footnote 361:

See the Penitential of Archbishop Theodore of Canterbury (A.D. 673),
Thorpe, p. 278.

In the year 1139 a Council of Lateran condemned murderers of the
clergy to excommunication, removable by the Pope alone (Labbé, tom.
xxi. p. 530). Nevertheless we find Archbishop Richard complaining of
want of protection (Petrus Blesensis, _Opera_, Epistola 73, Giles’s
ed. i. p. 217, Oxford, 1847; also Hook, _Lives of the Archbishops of
Canterbury_, ii. p. 577, London, 1862); and Henry II. provided lay
penalties (Reeves, _Hist. Eng. Law_, i. p. 133; Lingard, _Hist._ ii.
p. 193; Carte, _Hist._ i. p. 689; C. H. Pearson, _History of England
during the Early and Middle Ages_, p. 511. London, 1867).

Footnote 362:

_Vide_ Penitential of Theodore, _De Temperantia Poenitentium_, etc.

Footnote 363:

Penitential of Ecgberht, Archbishop of York (eighth century), Thorpe,
p. 377.

“The common penance for murder” (ninth century) was seven to ten
years.

Footnote 364:

J. Johnson, _Laws and Canons_, note E, ii. p. 11.

Footnote 365:

_C. Ancyranum_, c. 5, A.D. 314.

_C. Nicaeni_, c. 12, A.D. 325.

_C. Chalcedonense_, c. 16, A.D. 451.

_C. Ilerdense_, c. 5, A.D. 524.

Footnote 366:

For England, see Thorpe, i. p. 278; Johnson, _Laws and Canons_, ii.
pp. 10, 11, note D.

Footnote 367:

Johnson, p. 446.

Footnote 368:

Marshall, _Penitential Discipline_, pp. 109, 110.

Footnote 369:

The king’s familiar friends and associates were to be received into
the communion of the Church and were not to be cast out, decreed a
Council of Toledo.—_C. Toletanum_, xii. c. 3, A.D. 681; Labbé, tom.
xi. p. 1030; Marshall, _Penitential Discipline_, p. 126.

Footnote 370:

_C. Clovenhonense_, cc. 26, 27, A.D. 747.

Footnote 371:

Maitland, _Domesday Book_, p. 281.

Footnote 372:

St. Ambrose, _De Elia et Jejunio_, c. xx.; Migne, _Patrologiae_, tom.
xiv. p. 724.

Footnote 373:

See J. Johnson and B. Thorpe; also Lea, _Middle Ages_, i. pp. 464,
473.

Footnote 374:

Carte, _Hist._ i. p. 581. I think it was Herbert Spencer who remarked
how completely mere outward material performance or conformity could
generally satisfy the mediæval claims.

Footnote 375:

5 Rich. II. c. 5, A.D. 1382.

2 Hen. IV. c. 15, A.D. 1400.

2 Hen. V. c. 7, A.D. 1414.

Footnote 376:

_C. Triburiense_, c. 3, A.D. 895.

Lea, _Studies_, p. 384.

Stubbs, in Appendix II. _Ecc. Courts Comm._, 1883, pp. 55, 56.

Footnote 377:

He might even be proceeded against on suspicion of heresy if he
continued contumelious. See twenty-fifth session of the Council of
Trent, Lecourayer, tom. ii. pp. 648, 653.

Footnote 378:

Stubbs, _Const. Hist._ iii. p. 374.

Footnote 379:

Chaucer, John Saunders’ ed. p. 83. London, 1889.

“Significavit is a Writ which issues out of the Chancery pon a
Certificate given by the Ordinary of a man that stands obstinately
excommunicate by the space of forty days, for the laying him up in
prison without Bail or Mainprice, until he submit himself to the
Authority of the Church.” “And it is so called because Significavit is
an emphatical word in the Writ.”—T. Blount, _Law Dictionary_. London,
1717.

Footnote 380:

See A. Abram, _Social England in the Fifteenth Century_, p. 111
(London, 1909); also _Chancery Warrants for Issue, The Patent Rolls_,
etc.; J. Johnson, _Laws and Canons_, ii. p. 192, _De Excommunicato
Capiendo_, and p. 399; Holdsworth, _Hist._ i. pp. 358, 433.

Footnote 381:

Henry II. of England was severely scourged by eighty ecclesiastics;
the bishops present gave each five strokes, and every monk gave three.
The king’s penance brought on illness.—Lea, _Middle Ages_, p. 464;
Meiklejohn, _Hist._ i. p. 102.

Footnote 382:

Bingham, _Antiquities of the Christian Church_, vi. p. 172.

Footnote 383:

Bingham, ii. p. 128.

I once saw a cell belonging to a Spanish prelate at Majorca; it was a
little dark lock-up and was untenanted.

Footnote 384:

For instance, Tinmouth Priory was employed as a prison by the abbots
of St. Albans. See W. Dugdale, _Monasticum Anglicanum_, iii. p. 309.
London, 1846.

Bingham, vii. p. 43.

Ingulph’s _Chronicle of the Abbey of Croyland_. Riley’s ed. p. 98.

Footnote 385:

Lea, _Middle Ages_, i. p. 488.

Footnote 386:

_Ibid._ p. 490.

Charles Molinier, _L’Inquisition au XIII^e et au XIV^e siècle_, pp.
435, 440, etc. Paris, 1880.

_Concilium Albiense_, c. 24, A.D. 1254.

Lea, _Superstition and Force_, p. 426.

Findings of the Commission of Cardinals sent by Pope Clement V. in
1306; see Molinier, p. 450, and B. Hauréau, Bernard Delicieux, p. 134,
etc. Paris, 1877.

Footnote 387:

_C. Tolosani_, c. 11.

Footnote 388:

Lea, _Middle Ages_, i. p. 491.

Footnote 389:

_C. Biterrense_, c. 23, et _C. Biterrense_, A.D. 1233; _De Custodia
Claustria_, Labbé, tom. xxiii. p. 275.

Footnote 390:

Lea, _Middle Ages_, i. p. 487.

Footnote 391:

Lea, _Middle Ages_, p. 486.

Footnote 392:

In 1234 a Council of Albi decreed that the holders of confiscated
property of heretics should make provision for the imprisonment and
maintenance of its former owners.

Footnote 393:

For instance, in A.D. 1300 we find certain prisoners at Albi condemned
“Ad perpetuum carcerem stricti muri ubi panis doloris in cibum et aqua
tribulationis in potum, in vinculis et cathenis ferreis solummodo
ministrentur.”—Molinier, p. 94, quoting Doat, tom. xxxv.

Footnote 394:

“We do with special injunction ordain that every bishop have one or
two prisons in his bishopric; he is to take care of the sufficient
largeness and security thereof for the safe keeping of clerks
according to canonical customs that are flagitious, that is, caught in
a crime or convicted thereof. And if any clerk be so incorrigibly
wicked that he must have suffered capital punishment if he had been a
layman, we adjure such an one to perpetual imprisonment....”—J.
Johnson, ii. pp. 207, 208; _Constitutions of Archbishop Boniface_,
A.D. 1261.

Footnote 395:

Dugdale, _Monasticum Anglicanum_, vi. p. 238.

Footnote 396:

Lea, _Middle Ages_, p. 487.

Footnote 397:

James Stephen, _Studies in Ecclesiastical Biography_, p. 38. London,
1907.

Footnote 398:

J. W. Willis Bund, _Episcopal Registers_, ii. p. 182. Oxford, 1902.

Footnote 399:

H. T. Riley, _Gesta Abbatum Monasterii Sancti Albani_, i. p. 266.
London, 1867.

Footnote 400:

_History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages_, i. p. 487 and note;
and see H. R. Luard, _Annales Monastici_, t. ii. p. 296, t. iii. p.
76; F. W. Maitland, _Law Quarterly Review_, ii. p. 159.

Footnote 401:

Bund, _Epis. Registers of the Diocese of Worcester_, ii. p. 189.

Footnote 402:

Bingham, _Antiquities of the Christian Church_, vii. p. 18.

Footnote 403:

_Ibid._ p. 12.

Footnote 404:

Addis and Arnold, _Cath. Dict._ p. 276.

Footnote 405:

S. Lugio, _Cath. Ency._ iv. p. 678. New York, 1908.

Footnote 406:

Coulton, _Chaucer and His England_, p. 288.

Lea, _Studies in Church History_, p. 189.

“Degradation was a penalty rarely inflicted, since the Church was
reluctant to admit that the sacred office once conferred could be
taken away for any offence short of heresy.”—Davis, _Normans and
Angevins_, p. 207.

Footnote 407:

Degraded clerks were forbidden to live in the world as laymen by a
Council of Rouen.—_C. Rothomagense_, c. 12, A.D. 1074.

Those who threw off their habit were not to be admitted into the army
or into any convent of clerks, but were to be esteemed
excommunicate.—Lanfranc’s _Canons_, c. 12, A.D. 1071; J. J. ii. 9.

Footnote 408:

Lecourayer, _Concile du Trente_, tom. i. p. 543.

Footnote 409:

Stubbs, _Ecc. Courts Comm._, 1883, Appendix ii. p. 57.

Footnote 410:

A lay officer was supposed to be present to take over the fallen
cleric into his custody.—_Cath. Ency._ iv. p. 678.

Footnote 411:

_C. Remense_, A.D. 1157.

Footnote 412:

_C. Oxoniense_, A.D. 1166.

Footnote 413:

_C. Turonense_, A.D. 1163.

Footnote 414:

2 Hen. IV. c. 15.

Footnote 415:

Lea, _Hist. Inq. Middle Ages_, i. p. 222.

A deacon was burned at Oxford in 1222, having been tried before
Archbishop Langton for embracing Judaism in order to marry a
Jewess.[418] From that time until 1400 no one is said to have been
burned to death for heresy in England.—Maitland, _Law Quarterly
Review_, ii. p. 153. London, 1886.

Footnote 416:

Professor E. P. Evans throws an interesting side-light on this
offence. “It seems rather odd,” he observes, “that the Christian
lawgivers should have adopted the Jewish code against sexual
intercourse with beasts, and then enlarged it so as to include the
Jews themselves. The question was gravely discussed by jurists whether
cohabitation of a Christian with a Jewess, or _vice versa_,
constitutes sodomy. Damhouder (_Prax. rer. crim._ c. 96, n. 48) is of
the opinion that it does, and Nicolaus Boër (_Decis_, 136, n. 5) cites
the case of a certain Johannes Alardus or Jean Alard who kept a Jewess
in his house in Paris and had several children by her; he was
convicted of sodomy on account of this relation and burned, together
with his paramour, ‘since coition with a Jewess is precisely the same
as if a man should copulate with a dog’ (_Döpl. Theat._ ii. p. 157).
Damhouder includes Turks and Saracens in the same category.”—_The
Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals_, p. 152.
London, 1906.

Footnote 417:

Lea, _Middle Ages_, i. pp. 220, 221, etc.

Footnote 418:

A pious old lady left a bequest to the city of London to defray the
expenses of incinerating misbelievers.—Meiklejohn, _Hist._ i. 223.

Footnote 419:

W. Stubbs, _Charters_, p. 136.

Footnote 420:

G. B. Adams, _Political History_, p. 270. London, 1905.

Footnote 421:

It was represented to him that in the nine years through which he had
reigned innumerable offences and one hundred murders had been
committed by clerks who had escaped all punishments save the light
sentences of fine and imprisonment inflicted by their own courts.—W.
R. W. Stephens, _The English Church_, p. 165. London, 1901. _William
of Newburgh_, lib. ii. p. 130, H. C. Hamilton’s ed. London, 1856.

Footnote 422:

In the thirteenth century there were, for instance, twelve clerks in
the village of Rougham.—Augustus Jessopp, _Coming of the Friars_, p.
84. London, 1889. See also J. E. Thorold Rogers, _Six Centuries of
Work and Wages_, i. pp. 24, 160, 161.

Footnote 423:

Carte, _Hist._ i. p. 581.

Footnote 424:

Eirikr Magnusson, _Thomas’ Saga Erkibyskup_, i. p. 144, note.

Footnote 425:

William FitzStephen; J. C. Robertson’s _Materials for the History of
Thomas Becket_, iii. p. 45. London, 1881.

David Hume, _Hist. Eng._ i. p. 391. London, 1818.

Footnote 426:

See Herbertus de Boseham; Robertson, _Materials_, iii. pp. 264, 265.

Footnote 427:

Magnusson, _Thomas’ Saga Erkibyskup_, i. p. 145.

Footnote 428:

William of Canterbury; Robertson’s _Materials_, i. pp. 12, 13.

Edward Grim; Robertson, ii. p. 375.

Anonymous; Robertson, iv. p. 24.

K. Norgate, _England under the Angevin Kings_, ii. p. 21. London,
1887.

Footnote 429:

R. de Diceto, _Works_, Stubbs’s ed. i. p. 313. London, 1876.

Footnote 430:

F. W. Maitland, _Eng. Hist. Rev._ vii. p. 226. London, 1892.

Footnote 431:

Stephens, _Hist. Eng. Church_, p. 166.

Footnote 432:

Nahum, i. 9.

Footnote 433:

Norgate, _Angevin Kings_, ii. p. 23.

Footnote 434:

Stephens, _Hist. Eng. Church_, p. 166.

Footnote 435:

Holdsworth, _Hist._ i. p. 382.

Footnote 436:

Pollock and Maitland, _Hist._ i. p. 442, and note 2, ed. of 1898.

Footnote 437:

James Gairdner, _The English Church_, p. 42. London, 1902.

Footnote 438:

Reeves, _Hist. Eng. Law_, iii. p. 41.

Footnote 439:

If a clerk were accused, the Crown got his goods till he had completed
purgation, after which they were usually returned (Hale, _Pleas of the
Crown_, ii. p. 384). If, however, he was delivered over _absque
purgatione_, or if he had first pleaded guilty, the king retained
them, and had the produce of his lands for the prisoner’s life.—A. T.
Carter, _History of English Legal Institutions_, p. 255. London, 1906.

Footnote 440:

Johnson, _Laws and Canons_, ii. p. 208.

Footnote 441:

2 Ed. I. c. 2.

Footnote 442:

4 Ed. I. c. 5.

Footnote 443:

Following a Canon of the Council of Lyons, A.D. 1274. _C. Lugd._ c. 6.

Footnote 444:

For other instances of the dislike to remarriage, see Westermarck,
_Moral Ideas_, ii. pp. 450, 451; and E. S. Hartland, _Primitive
Paternity_, i. p. 134.

Footnote 445:

Johnson, _Laws and Canons_, ii. p. 267.

Footnote 446:

25 Ed. III. c. 4.

Footnote 447:

See, for instance, a law passed in 1378 (1 Ric. II. c. 15) against
arresting priests during divine service.

Footnote 448:

Archbishop Islip’s _Constitutions_, A.D. 1351. Johnson, _Laws and
Canons_, ii. p. 414, etc.

Footnote 449:

See, for instance, F. C. Hingeston-Randolph, _Register of John de
Grandisson, Bishop of Exeter_, Part ii. p. 1118. London, 1897.

Footnote 450:

For instance, they could not be accused by disreputable persons;
_vide_ _C. Carthag._ A.D. 390; Labbé, tom. iii. pp. 694, 870; _C.
Chalced._ c. 21, A.D. 451; Labbé, tom. vi. p. 1229; _C. Trident._ Ses.
13, c. 7, A.D. 1551. It was complained that the clergy could not be
accused by the laity and would not accuse each other.—Lea, _Studies in
Church History_, pp. 208, 211.

Footnote 451:

For instance, Simon Fish in his _Supplicacyon of Beggars_, written
about 1529, J. M. Couper’s ed. p. 12. London, 1871.

Shakespeare, writing of the fifteenth century, refers to the matter:

... You know our king
Is prisoner to the bishop here, at whose hands
He hath good usage and great liberty.

_Third Part of King Henry VI._ iv. 5.

See also Hook, _Archbishops of Canterbury_, ii. p. 398.

Footnote 452:

J. C. Robertson, _Materials_, iv. p. 49; _Epist. Nicolaus de Monte_.

Footnote 453:

Coulton, _Chaucer_, p. 288.

Footnote 454:

Lea, _Studies in Church History_, p. 196.

Footnote 455:

Hale, _Pleas of the Crown_, ii. p. 384.

Footnote 456:

Pollock and Maitland, p. 444, ed. 1898.

_Ibid._ pp. 427, ed. 1895.

Footnote 457:

Riley, _Chronica Monasterii S. Albani_, iii. p. 48. See also Britton,
Nichols’ ed. p. 27.

Footnote 458:

4 Hen. IV. c. 3.

Footnote 459:

1 Hen. VII. c. 4.

Footnote 460:

4 Hen. VII. c. 13.

Footnote 461:

J. F. Stephen, _Hist. Crim. Law_, i. p. 463.

Footnote 462:

Holdsworth, _Hist._ i. p. 382.

Footnote 463:

12 Hen. VII. c. 7.

Footnote 464:

4 Hen. VIII. c. 2, A.D. 1512.

Footnote 465:

T. Rymer, _Foedera_, tom. xiv. p. 239. London, 1712.

Footnote 466:

Lea, _Studies in Church History_, p. 189.

Footnote 467:

23 Hen. VIII. c. 11.

Footnote 468:

25 Hen. VIII. c. 3.

Footnote 469:

28 Hen. VIII. c. 1, s. 7.

Footnote 470:

“In 1533 unnatural offences, in 1541 witchcraft, were made felonies.
In 1603 bigamy was made a felony.”—Holdsworth, _Hist._ i. p. 388.

Footnote 471:

18 Eliz. c. 7.

Footnote 472:

Special, and moral, prosecutions were carried out through the Court of
Star Chamber (3 Hen. VII. c. 1) (_vide_ Lingard, _Hist._ vii. p. 377;
Carter, _Outlines of English Legal History_, p. 101; Hudson, _Treatise
on the Star Chamber_) and by the hated Court of High Commission (1
Eliz. c. 1) (see Hale, _Precedents and Proceedings in Criminal Cases_,
p. 1., and _Ecc. Courts Comm._, 1883, p. xxxviii.), which imposed some
enormous fines and inflicted various painful penalties, till they,
with the ecclesiastical courts, were overthrown in the year 1640 (16
Car. I. c. 10 and 11).

Footnote 473:

Blackstone, iv. p. 28.

Footnote 474:

Women received certain allowances by 21 Jac. I. c. 6 in 1623.

Footnote 475:

10 & 11 Will. III. c. 23.

Footnote 476:

5 Anne c. 6.

Footnote 477:

Carter, _Hist. Eng. Legal Inst._ p. 247, ed. 1902.

Footnote 478:

J. F. Stephen, _Hist. Crim. Law_, i. 463.

Footnote 479:

4 Geo. I. c. 11.

Footnote 480:

Holdsworth, _Hist._ p. 383.

Footnote 481:

J. F. Stephen, _Hist. Crim. Law_, p. 463.

Footnote 482:

19 Geo. III. c. 74, s. 3.

Footnote 483:

7 & 8 Geo. IV. c. 28, s. 6, A.D. 1827.

Footnote 484:

Yet as Professor Menger expressed it, “Nothing can be so unequal as
the equal treatment of unequals.”

Footnote 485:

J. F. Stephen, _Hist. Crim. Law_, iii. p. 27.

Footnote 486:

William Andrews, _Old-Time Punishments_, p. 153.

Footnote 487:

_Dictionary of National Biography._ There was an Act of Henry VIII.
which has been called the whip with six strings, which may have some
reference to the hangman’s usual weapon.

Footnote 488:

On the old convict ship _Success_.

Footnote 489:

See Murray, _Dictionary_, vol. iv.

Footnote 490:

“Hangman, I charge you to pay particular attention to this lady.
Scourge her soundly, man; scourge her till the blood runs down. It is
Christmas—a cold time for madam to strip. See that you warm her
shoulders thoroughly.”—Mr. Justice Jeffreys, quoted in Andrews,
_Old-Time Punishments_, p. 154.

Footnote 491:

57 Geo. III. c. 75.

Footnote 492:

See Statute of Labourers, 25 Ed. III. c. 2.

Footnote 493:

L. Jewitt, “The Pillory and who they put in it,” _The Reliquary_, i.
p. 210, April 1861.

Footnote 494:

Besant, _Tudors_, p. 381.

Footnote 495:

Andrews, _Old-Time Punishments_, p. 68.

Footnote 496:

Jewitt, p. 213.

Footnote 497:

_Ibid._ p. 221.

Footnote 498:

56 Geo. III. c. 138.

Footnote 499:

7 Will. IV. and 1 Vict. c. 23.

Footnote 500:

Besant, _Mediæval London_, p. 354.

Footnote 501:

J. A. Rees, _The Grocery Trade_, p. 57. London, 1910.

Footnote 502:

W. Hudson, _Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber_, ii. p. 225.

Footnote 503:

Lea, _Hist. Inq. Middle Ages_, i. p. 441.

Footnote 504:

Hudson, _Treatise on the Court of Star Chamber_, p. 225.

Footnote 505:

James Gairdner, _English Church_, p. 53.

Footnote 506:

Pike, _Hist._ i. p. 237.

Footnote 507:

Barrington, _Ancient Statutes_, p. 422.

Footnote 508:

Andrews, _Old-Time Punishments_, p. 152.

Footnote 509:

_Ibid._ p. 140.

Footnote 510:

Jewitt, “Scolds and how they cured them,” _Reliquary_, October 1860.

Footnote 511:

Andrews, _Old-Time Punishments_, p. 45.

Footnote 512:

See Jewitt, “A few Notes on Ducking Stools,” _Reliquary_, January
1861.

Footnote 513:

Andrews, _Old-Time Punishments_, etc., etc.

Footnote 514:

Holdsworth, _Hist._ ii. p. 327.

Footnote 515:

At some of the American lynchings the injured woman applies a match to
the wood upon which the offending negro is to be burned to death.

Footnote 516:

“They died alone and unpitied,” says Lecky; “... their very kinsmen
shrank from them as tainted and accursed.”—_History of Rationalism_,
p. 149. London, 1865.

Footnote 517:

Meetings of a more or less bacchanalian character really took place in
Europe through the middle ages, survivals of old rites and
nature-worship. See Professor Karl Pearson’s long and learned account
of these in _The Chances of Death_. London, 1897.

Footnote 518:

These were often domestic pets or animals about the yard. Even feeding
the sparrows on the winter snow would have been dangerous for a
suspected person. See kind of evidence sought for by R. Bernard in his
_Guide to Grand Jurymen_, p. 235. London, 1627, etc. The miserable
witches, in the agony of sleeplessness and torment, ultimately doing
or saying anything that was already expected of them. See, for
instance, F. Hutchinson, _An Historical Essay concerning Witchcraft_,
pp. 37, 57. London, 1718.

Footnote 519:

On the power of suggestion and imagination, see, for instance, G. le
Bon, _Revue scientifique_, March 26 and April 2, 1910.

Footnote 520:

The whole hideous and devilish procedure is given by J. Sprenger and
H. Institor in their _Malleus Malificarum_, about 1485–89. Frankfort
ed., 1580.

Paulus Grillandus, _De sortilegiis_, lib. 4, _De questionibus et
tortura_. Lyons, 1533.

J. Bodin, _De la démonomanie des sorciers_. Paris, 1580.

R. Scot, _The Discoverie of Witchcraft_. London, 1584. B. Nicholson’s
edition. London, 1886.

H. Boguet, _Discours des sorciers_. Lyons, 1608.

Footnote 521:

Esquirol gives this as a symptom in some forms of insanity. See E. K.
Hunt’s translation of _Mental Maladies_, p. 245. Philadelphia, 1845.

R. Scot, _Descoverie Booke_, ii. chaps, v.–viii.

Bodin, _Démonomanie_, p. 170.

James I., _Daemonologie_, p. 81.

H. Boguet, chap. xlvi.

Footnote 522:

_The Cenci._

Footnote 523:

_Historical Essay_, p. 139.

Footnote 524:

See J. P. Migne, _Encyclopédie théologique_, vol. xlix. tome second,
p. 72. Paris, 1848.

Charles Mackay has observed: “It was no unusual thing then, nor is it
now, that in aged persons there should be some spot on the body
totally devoid of feeling,” p. 137. In Scotland there were a number of
witch-finders who were known as “common prickers,” p. 146.—_Popular
Delusions_, London, 1869.

Footnote 525:

Michael Dalton, _The Countrey Justice_, p. 242. London, 1618.

James I., _Daemonologie_, p. 80.

Matthew Hopkins quoted, p. 33, _ante_.

_Sinistrari of Ameno Demoniality_, p. 27. J. Liseux, trans. Paris,
1879.

D. Neal, _History of New England_, p. 137. London, 1747.

Footnote 526:

Hutchinson, _Essay_, p. 138.

Footnote 527:

T. Wright, _Dame Alice Kyteler_, London, Camden Society, vol. xxiv.,
1843.

Footnote 528:

H. L. Stephen, _State Trials_, vol. i. p. 211. London, 1899.

Footnote 529:

Hutchinson, p. 34.

Footnote 530:

See long and interesting essay on witchcraft in the _Ency. Brit._
ninth ed.

Footnote 531:

The Act is quoted at length in R. Royston’s _Advertisement to Jurymen
of England_, in which he criticises del Rio’s and Perkins’ “proofs.”

Footnote 532:

Alluded to by Cotton Mather, _The Wonders of the Invisible World_.
Boston, 1693.

Footnote 533:

James Williams, _Ency. Brit._ ninth ed. vol. xxiv. p. 622. Kincaid was
one of the “common prickers” or professional finders, who in those
superstitious times were numerous.

Footnote 534:

For instance, Michael Dalton, _The Countrey Justice_, p. 242; Richard
Bernard, _A Guide to Grand Jurymen_, p. 240.

Footnote 535:

Whether the story of his immersion is true or not, he undoubtedly died
despised and discredited.

Footnote 536:

_Hudibras_, Part iii. chap. iii.

Footnote 537:

Coming down, may be, from the prehistoric mother cult. See Karl
Pearson, Woman as Witch in his _Chances of Death_.

Footnote 538:

Exorcism, etc. Paul Regnard, _Les Maladies épidémiques de l’esprit_,
is full of engravings of old pictures illustrating the point. Paris,
1887.

Footnote 539:

Although the Popes, such as John XXII., Innocent VIII., Julius II.,
and Adrian VI., legislated on witches, the Protestants were quite as
vindictive. See, for instance, J. Michelet, _Life of Luther_, bk. v.
chap. vi.: “The crazed, the halt, the blind, and the dumb are all
possessed with demons. Physicians who treat these infirmities as
arising from natural causes are fools who know not the power of the
devil.” We shall deal later with the works of Puritan divines in
England and America.

Footnote 540:

Chapters xi., xiv., etc.; French edition of 1579.

Footnote 541:

This theory was advanced by George Gifford in _A discourse of the
subtill practices of Devilles by witches and sorcerers_, etc. London,
1587.

Footnote 542:

_A dialogue concerning witches and witchcraft. In which is laid open
how craftily the Devill deceiveth not only the witches but many
others._ London, 1603. And by John Webster, who was sceptical of the
miraculous in his _Displaying of supposed Witchcraft_, 1677.

Footnote 543:

In 1609 a terrible commission scourged the regions round Bordeaux and
Labourt in Western France. See P. de l’Ancre, _Tableau de
l’inconstance den Mauvais Anges_, 1612. Under Louis XIV. the lurid
_Chambre Ardente_ was set up in 1679, and lasted till 1682. La Reynie,
the Lieutenant-General of Police, was an active inquisitor. See F.
Funck-Brentano, _Princes and Poisoners_; G. Maidment, trans. London,
1901.

Footnote 544:

_Cautio Criminalis_, 1631.

Footnote 545:

_Saducisimis Triumphatus_, 1681.

Footnote 546:

In Dutch, 1681; French translation, _Le Monde enchanté_. Amsterdam,
1684.

Footnote 547:

_The Certainty of the World of Spirits._ London, 1691.

Footnote 548:

_The Wonders of the Invisible World: Observations upon the Nature, the
Number, and the Operations of the Devils._

Footnote 549:

R. Calef, _More Wonders of the Invisible World_. London, 1700.

Footnote 550:

D. Neal, _History of New England_.—“The prisons were hardly able to
hold the number of the accused.”

Footnote 551:

As it did as late as 1861, round the little village of Morzines in
Savoy; see A Constans, _Une Relation sur une épidémie
d’hystério-démonopathie_. Paris, 1863.

Dr. R. Madden gives a long account of various historical outbreaks in
his _Phantasmata_, chap. x. “Maniacal Epidemics, etc.” London, 1857.

E. Pronier, _Étude sur la contagion de la Folie._ Lausanne, 1892.

L. F. Calmeil, _De la Folie_. Paris, 1845.

Footnote 552:

_An Historical Essay concerning Witchcraft._

Footnote 553:

Lecky, _History of Rationalism_.

Footnote 554:

One mediæval writer was said to have estimated the exact number of the
various devils, which he stated as 7,405,926; see Jules Garinet,
_Histoire de la Magie_, p. xxviii. Paris, 1818. Another declared that
there were six principal genera of demons; R. Madden, _Phantasmata_,
p. 293. Another author puts the devils at 2,665,866,746,664; see P.
Carus, _History of the Devil_, p. 346. London, 1900.

Footnote 555:

“Quae quidam nefandissima opera si non vere fierent, sed delusoria,
vane contra ea fuissent promulgatae leges et in legum ipsarum
auctores, etiā in ipsum Deum, ista retorqueretur vanitas; quod extrema
blasphemia est.”—B. de Spina, _Quaestio de strigibus_, p. 8. Rome,
1576.

Footnote 556:

_Sortilège_, p. 599. Paris, 1622.

Footnote 557:

_A Tryall of Witches, 10th March 1664_, Sir Matthew Hale, Kt. Appendix
by C. Clark, p. 20. London, 1838.

Footnote 558:

_State Trials_, i.

Footnote 559:

_Saducismus Triumphatus._

Footnote 560:

The Roman Catholic view of sorcery and evil spirits is treated at
length by R. R. Madden, _Phantasmata_, chap. ix.

Footnote 561:

A. Chalmers, _Biographical Dict._ art. “Cotton Mather.” London, 1815.

Footnote 562:

“We cannot help lamenting that a sect among us looks upon the
abolition of the penal statute against witchcraft not only as an evil
but as a sin.... The Seceders published an Act ... in 1743 (reprinted
at Glasgow, 1766). In this Act is contained the annual confession of
sins.... Among the sins national and personal there confessed are ...
(that) the penal statutes against witchcraft have been repealed by
Parliament, contrary to the express law of God.”—H. Arnot, _Criminal
Trials in Scotland_, p. 370. Edinburgh, 1785.

Footnote 563:

Lecky, _History of Rationalism_, p. 134.

Footnote 564:

_Arminian Magazine_, v. p. 366. London, 1782.

Footnote 565:

Dr. H. More employed the same argument in his _Antidote against
Atheism_, lib. iii. chap. ii. London, 1653.

Footnote 566:

_Lay Sermons._ London, 1870.

Footnote 567:

H. L. Stephen, _State Trials_.

Footnote 568:

_History of Rationalism_, chap. i.

Footnote 569:

J. Williams, _Ency. Brit._, ninth ed. art. “Witchcraft.”

Footnote 570:

Mackay, _Delusions_, pp. 184, 187, etc.

Footnote 571:

_History of Rationalism_, p. 4, etc.

Footnote 572:

See article on the case by E. F. Benson, _Nineteenth Century_, vol.
xxxvii. June 1895. A somewhat similar case occurred at Tarbes in
1850.—_History of Rationalism_, p. 4.

Footnote 573:

“What sort of distemper ’tis shall stick the body full of
pins?”—Quoted by Calef, _More Wonders_, p. 5.

Footnote 574:

Scot quotes a ghastly passage from Grillandus, who writeth “that when
witches sleepe and feel no paine upon the torture, _Domine labia mea
aperies_ should be said, and so, saith he, both the torment will be
felt and the truth will be uttered.—_Discoverie of Witchcraft_, p. 17.
And we find in del Rio: “Narravit mihi ... anno 1599 captam puellulam
strigatricem, quae nec pedum ustulationem saevissimam, nec flagra
validissima sentiebat; donec Sacerdos cujusdam monitu illi Agni
benedicti ceream imaginem in collum injecere, tum enim vi sacra
amuleti daemonis praestigiosa ludibria depulsa et illa vim doloris
coepit persentiscere.”—_Disquisitionum magicarum_, p. 184. Venice,
1616. See also E. Gurney, _Phantasms of the Living_, p. 181, who
considers the insensibility to pain may have been due sometimes to
auto-hynotism.

Footnote 575:

Mentioned, for instance, in _Twelfth Night_.

Footnote 576:

Les sorcières furent les sages-femmes et les sorciers les médecins du
moyen âge.—P. Christian, _Histoire de la magie_, p. 400. Paris, ?
1871.

Footnote 577:

E. Gurney, _Phantasms of the Living_, p. 183.

Footnote 578:

Lecky, _History of Rationalism_, p. 77.

Footnote 579:

R. Calef, the opponent of Cotton Mather, quotes an instance of this
kind. One Margaret Rule, having been seized with fits, “... some of
the neighbours were forward enough to suspect the rise of the mischief
in a house hard by, where lived a Miserable Woman who had been
formerly imprisoned on the suspicion of witchcraft, who had frequently
cured very painful hurts by muttering over them certain charms which I
[? C. M.] shall not endanger the Poysoning of my Reader by
repeating.”—_More Wonders of the Invisible World_, p. 3. Boston, 1700.

Footnote 580:

See O. M. Hueffer, _The Book of Witches_. London, 1908.

Footnote 581:

See action of Richard III.

Footnote 582:

The full indictment against Lord Hungerford, who was beheaded on Tower
Hill along with Thomas Cromwell, by Henry VIII.

Footnote 583:

P. de l’Ancre, _Seconde Considération_. As to the kind of offences
“qui se trouvent enveloppés dans le sortilège,” _Tableau de
l’inconstance des Mauvais Anges_. Paris, 1612.

Footnote 584:

J. Bodin, _Démonologie_, p. 60. Paris, 1580.

Footnote 585:

Shamanism, etc. See, for instance, Elie Reclus, _Primitive Folk_, pp.
68, 70. London, 1889.

Footnote 586:

The most tainted or prejudiced evidence was received in these kinds of
cases. See _Concilium Biterrense_ of A.D. 1246, c. 12. Labbé, tom.
xxiii. p. 718.

Footnote 587:

Scot, _Discoverie_, bk. i. chap. iii.

Footnote 588:

Mostly poor, miserable old women, Glanvil admits.—_Saducismus_, p. 29.

Footnote 589:

“None ever talked to themselves who were not witches,” asserted one of
the common prickers.—Mackay, _Delusions_, p. 147.

Footnote 590:

Especially as they often pretended, or really believed in, powers and
curses, and, being quite helpless on the material side, invoked the
aid of supernatural terrors to get assistance and be looked upon with
fear.

Footnote 591:

Various persons accused of witchcraft, says Boguet, “ont confessé
qu’ils faisoient la gresle en Sabbat afin de gaster les fruicts de la
terre.”—_Discours des sorciers_, p. 144. Storms were supposed to be
occasioned by the devils. “Telle est l’origine de l’habitude de sonner
les cloches pendant les orages.”—L. F. A. Maury, _La Magie_, p. 102.
Paris, 1860.

Footnote 592:

Bodin, _Démonologie_, p. 171.

Footnote 593:

Scot, _Discoverie_, p. 17. And this was also practised on a prisoner
accused of sorcery before James I.—Lecky, _History of Rationalism_, p.
114.

Footnote 594:

One of the early inquirers as to the witch trials took a friend in
with him to witness a torturing. As an experiment, he asked the
prisoner if his companion, an entire stranger, had not been one of her
accomplices, and the poor creature moaned out that he had.

Footnote 595:

“Le diable est si bon maistre que nous n’en pouvons envoyer si grand
nombre au feu, que de leurs cendres il n’en renaisse de nouveau
d’autres.”—Florimonde de Raemond, _Antichrist_, p. 103. Lyons, 1597.

Footnote 596:

It became a common prayer with women of the humbler class that they
might not live to be old. It was sufficient to be aged, poor, or
half-crazed to ensure death at the stake or on the scaffold.—Mackay,
_Delusions_, p. 116.

Footnote 597:

_History of Rationalism_, p. 3.

Footnote 598:

Mackay, _Delusions_, p. 159.

Footnote 599:

Lecky, _History of Rationalism_, p. 4.

Footnote 600:

Quoted by W. B. Gerish, _A Hertfordshire Witch_. London, 1906.

Footnote 601:

Mackay, _Delusions_, p. 139.

Footnote 602:

H. C. Lea, _History of the Inquisition in Spain_. New York, 1907.

Footnote 603:

W. F. Poole, _Salem Witchcraft_. Boston, 1869.

Footnote 604:

300,000 women are said to have been slaughtered since Innocent’s Bull
of 1484. See an important article in _Chamber’s Encyclopædia_, x. p.
698, ed. of 1901.

Footnote 605:

F. de Raemond, _L’Antichrist_, p. 102.

One writer estimated the number of sorcerers living in Europe at
1,800,000. See Calmeil, tom. i. p. 217.

Footnote 606:

James Howell, _Familiar Letters_, 1688.

Footnote 607:

Scot, _Discoverie_, p. 16.

Footnote 608:

_Ency. Brit._ ninth ed. vol. xxiv. p. 622.

Footnote 609:

“On the enactment of the statute to repeal the law, vanished all those
imaginary powers so absurdly attributed to old women oppressed with
age and poverty.”—H. Arnot, _Criminal Trials_, p. 369.

Footnote 610:

The late Mr. Gurney, of the Psychical Research Society, found, after a
most extensive investigation, “a total absence of respectable
evidence, and an almost total absence of any first-hand evidence at
all, for those phenomena of magic and witchcraft which cannot be
accounted for as the results of diseased imagination, hysteria,
hypnotism, and occasionally, perhaps, telepathy.”—_Phantasms of the
Living_, i. p. 172.

Footnote 611:

See E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii. p. 130.

Footnote 612:

J. B. Tuke in the _Ency. Brit._

Footnote 613:

E. Westermarck, _The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, i. p.
269.

Footnote 614:

Westermarck, _Moral Ideas_, i. p. 270.

Footnote 615:

E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii. p. 117.

Footnote 616:

See, for instance, the story called “The Sleeper Awakened” in the
_Arabian Nights_.

Footnote 617:

The severities to which the insane were subjected by various tribes
are mentioned by Westermarck in _Moral Ideas_, i. p. 271.

Footnote 618:

John Conolly, _Treatment of the Insane_, p. 4. London, 1856.

Footnote 619:

F. Beach, _Psychology in John Hunter’s Time_; “they served as a sport
to visitors at assizes, fairs, and other times,” p. 4. Hunterian
Oration. London, 1891.

Footnote 620:

For an account of these wandering Tom o’ Bedlams, see Isaac D’Israeli,
_Curiosities of Literature_, ii. p. 343. London, 1849.

Footnote 621:

“Come, march to wakes and fairs and market-town. Poor Tom, thy horn is
dry.”—_Lear_, iii. 6.

Footnote 622:

_Lear_, iii. 4.

Footnote 623:

Walter Besant, _London in the Eighteenth Century_, p. 378. London,
1902.

Footnote 624:

This lasted right into the nineteenth century; see D. H. Tuke,
_Chapters in the History of the Insane_, p. 128. London, 1882.

Footnote 625:

See, for instance, W. Besant, _London in the Time of the Stuarts_, p.
236. London, 1903. And for a particularly filthy mixture advised “For
a man haunted by apparitions,” Cockayne, i. p. 365.

Footnote 626:

Oswald Cockayne, _Leechdoms, Wort Gunning, and Starcraft_, pp. 361,
365. London, 1864.

Footnote 627:

Cockayne, pp. 101, 161, 169.

Footnote 628:

Cockayne, i. p. 249.

Footnote 629:

Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii. p. 127.

Footnote 630:

Joseph Bingham, _Antiquities of the Christian Church_, i. p. 322.

Footnote 631:

Bingham, p. 323.

Footnote 632:

F. A. Gasquet, _Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries_, p. 463.

Footnote 633:

There were, says Maury, “de véritables litanies d’anathèmes contre
Satan.”—_La Magie_, p. 319.

Footnote 634:

J. Bingham, _Antiquities of the Christian Church_, i. p. 321. See also
Paul Verdun, _Le Diable dans la vie des saints_, p. 2; _Ency. Brit._
ninth ed. vol. viii. p. 806.

Footnote 635:

“The so-called Fourth Council of Carthage (anno 396) prescribes a form
for the ordination of exorcists the same in substance as that given in
the Roman Pontifical, and used at this day.”—Addis and Arnold,
_Catholic Dictionary_, art. “Exorcism.” London, 1903.

A man who was said to have been possessed by seven devils was
exorcised by seven clergymen at the Temple Church, Bristol, in
1788.—Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii. p. 128. See also L. A. Maury,
_La Magie_, p. 331.

Footnote 636:

Already in the fifth century Pope Innocent I. forbade the exorcists
from exercising their ministry without the express permission of the
bishop, and that order is in force. See also Louis Duchesne,
_Christian Worship_, M. L. Maclure’s trans. p. 349. London, 1904.

Footnote 637:

Addis and Arnold, _Cath. Dict._ p. 444.

Footnote 638:

Or this prayer of Pope Leo XIII.; “S. Michel Archange ... repoussez en
enfer par la vertu divine Satan, et les autres esprits mauvais, qui
errent dans le monde cherchant des âmes à perdre.” Quoted by P.
Verdun, ii. p. 314.

Footnote 639:

D. H. Tuke, _Hist. Insane_, p. 14.

Footnote 640:

F. Beach, _Psychology in John Hunter’s Time_, p. 2.

Footnote 641:

L. A. Maury, _La Magie_, p. 329.

Footnote 642:

Cockayne, _Leechdoms_, ii. bk. iii. p. 335.

Footnote 643:

W. A. F. Browne, _What Asylums were, are, and ought to be_, p. 101.
Edinburgh, 1837.

Footnote 644:

See Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, i. p. 258.

R. Routledge, _Hist. Science_, p. 5. London, 1881.

Edward Carpenter, _The Art of Creation_, p. 36. London, 1904.

Footnote 645:

It may be interesting to compare 1 Kings xxii. 20.

John Lubbock (Lord Avebury), _Origin of Civilisation_, p. 32. London,
1889.

Footnote 646:

Certain savages mentioned by Tylor endeavoured to stay the progress of
small-pox germs after this fashion.—_Primitive Culture_, ii. p. 115.

Footnote 647:

See, for instance, Abbot Richalmus, _Liber revelationum de insidiis et
versutiis daemonum inversus homines_.

Footnote 648:

“... but as I knew it was the Devil,” wrote Luther, “I paid no
attention to him and went to sleep.”

Footnote 649:

_Primitive Culture_, i. p. 409.

Footnote 650:

E. B. Tylor, _Ency. Brit._ ninth ed. vol. vii. p. 63, etc.

Footnote 651:

Cheyne and Black, _Ency. Bib._ art. “Satan,” by Gray and Massie.

F. T. Hall, _The Pedigree of the Devil_. London, 1883.

J. Tulloch in _Ency. Brit._ ninth ed. art. “Devil.”

Footnote 652:

Satan, said Tertullian, is God’s ape. He was indeed supposed to
possess a tail; this might be severed, but it would grow again.

Footnote 653:

A. Reville, _The Devil_, pp. 40, 42. London, 1871.

Footnote 654:

L. W. Cushman, _The Devil and the Vice_. London, 1897.

Footnote 655:

Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, p. 77.

Footnote 656:

P. Verdun, _Le Diable dans la vie des saints_, p. 97.

Footnote 657:

S. Baring Gould, _Lives of the Saints_, v. p. 278. London, 1897.

Footnote 658:

P. Carus, _The History of the Devil_, pp. 255, 256. London, 1900.

Footnote 659:

John Ashton, _The Devil in Britain and America_, p. 87. London, 1896.

Footnote 660:

Carus, _The History of the Devil_, p. 343.

Footnote 661:

R. Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Pt. i. sec. ii. p. 57, ed. 1806.

Footnote 662:

Maury, _La Magie_, p. 310.

Footnote 663:

The same idea is found among many savages. In a certain tribe referred
to by Dr. Tylor, “The dancing of women by demoniacal possession is
treated ... by the doctor thrashing them soundly with a stick, the
demon, and not the patient, being considered to feel the
blows.”—_Primitive Culture_, ii. p. 124.

Footnote 664:

See, for instance. Abbot Richalmus, capud xxvi. _De efficacia salis et
aquae_.

Footnote 665:

D. H. Tuke, _History of the Insane_, p. 21.

Footnote 666:

In many ancient drawings they are depicted blown from the mouth,
little black monsters mingled in a cloud; there were other manners of
egress.

Footnote 667:

_The Scarlet Letter_, chap. iv.

Footnote 668: