Chapter III: Treatment of the Insane (3)

The people even of those early days, say Maury, “bien qu’attribuant la
folie à une cause imaginaire n’en avaient pas moins connu que c’était
une véritable maladie.”—_La Magie_, p. 309.

Footnote 669:

Chap. xxxvii. London, 1542.

Footnote 670:

_Twelfth Night_, Act iii. Sc. 4.

Footnote 671:

W. Besant, _London in the Eighteenth Century_, p. 536.

Footnote 672:

W. E. H. Lecky, _History of England in the Eighteenth Century_, vi. p.
257. London, 1887.

Footnote 673:

Andrew Halliday, _Lunatic Asylums_, p. 10. London, 1828.

Footnote 674:

W. A. F. Browne, _What Asylums were_, p. 105.

Footnote 675:

J. Conolly, _Treatment of the Insane_, p. 7.

Footnote 676:

See M. Esquirol, _Mémoire sur la Maison Royale de Charenton_, p. 10.

Footnote 677:

D. H. Tuke, _Hist._ p. 52.

Footnote 678:

W. Besant, _London in the Time of the Stuarts_, p. 237.

Footnote 679:

J. B. Tuke, art. “Insanity,” _Ency. Brit._ ninth ed.

Footnote 680:

Many asylums were built under the Act of 1808, but before that the
pauper patients had been “crowded into the damp dungeons of our public
workhouses, or shut up in houses of detention and ill-regulated
prisons.”—A. Halliday, _Lunatic Asylums_, p. 10.

Footnote 681:

_Treatment of the Insane._

Footnote 682:

Oscar Wilde, _Ballad of Reading Gaol_, p. 24.

Footnote 683:

Robert Jones, _An Inquiry into the Nature of Nervous Fevers_. London,
1785.

Footnote 684:

W. Cullen, _First Lines of the Practice of Physic_, iv. p. 153.
Edinburgh, 1789.

Footnote 685:

Cullen, p. 171.

Footnote 686:

_Ibid._ p. 164.

See also R. Mead, _Monita et praecepta medica_, p. 67; he says,
however, that fast binding is sufficient. London, 1751.

Footnote 687:

Page 149, _ante_. Dr. Haslam flogged lunatics at stated periods to
avert outbreaks.—Conolly, p. 12.

Footnote 688:

D. H. Tuke, _Hist._ p. 107.

F. Beach, _Psychological Medicine_. He also alludes to John Wesley’s
_Prescriptions_, p. 6, etc.

Andrew Wynter, _The Borderland of Insanity_, J. M. Granville’s ed. p.
70. London, 1877.

Footnote 689:

“The vagrant action of the limbs was suppressed, but the source of
irritation in the brain was left out of consideration.”—Conolly.

Footnote 690:

Quoted by Beach, Hunterian Oration, 1891.

Footnote 691:

W. Massie, _A History of England during the Reign of George III._,
iii. p. 207. London, 1865.

See also J. M. D. Meiklejohn, _Hist. Eng._ Pt. ii. p. 330.

Footnote 692:

Massie, _Hist._ p. 208.

Footnote 693:

Wynter, _Insanity_, p. 80.

Footnote 694:

J. H. Jesse, _Memoirs of the Life of George III._, iii. pp. 95 and
274. Later on he was placed in the better care of Dr. Willis, a
clergyman who was much celebrated for his management of mad people;
see Jesse, iii. p. 90, etc.

Footnote 695:

Hunterian Oration, p. 5.

Footnote 696:

Besant, _London in the Eighteenth Century_, p. 377. See also Charles
Reade’s book, _Hard Cash_.

Footnote 697:

See Conolly’s description of the old-time reception of a private
patient.—_Treatment of the Insane_, p. 138.

Footnote 698:

D. H. Tuke, _Hist._ p. 171.

Footnote 699:

R. Gardner Hill, _Lunacy; its Past and its Present_, p. 7. London,
1870.

Footnote 700:

R. Gardner Hill, p. 6.

Footnote 701:

J. B. Sharpe, _Report and Minutes of Evidence on the Madhouses of
England_; evidence of G. Higgins, pp. 12 and 13; of R. Fowler, p. 308;
and of H. Alabaster, p. 326. London, 1815.

Footnote 702:

_Edinburgh Review_, xxviii. p. 445. Edinburgh, 1817.

Footnote 703:

Jonathan Gray, _History of York Asylum_, p. 12. York, 1815.

Footnote 704:

See Conolly’s amazing denunciation in his _Treatment of the Insane_.

Footnote 705:

A female patient was got with child by the head keeper; he was
subsequently given a piece of plate, and kept a private madhouse of
his own; see Sharpe, _Report and Min. of Ev._ p. 14.

Footnote 706:

Gray, chap. iv.; _ibid._ p. 26; Beach, p. 4.

Footnote 707:

S. W. Nicoll, _An Enquiry into the Present State and Visitation of
Asylums_, p. 10, etc. London, 1828.

Footnote 708:

Sharpe, p. 12; Gray, p. 23.

Footnote 709:

Sharpe, _Report and Min. of Ev._ pp. 277, 290, 297.

Footnote 710:

_Ibid._ p. 46.

Footnote 711:

For instance, at Bethnal Green Asylum.—Beach, p. 12.

Footnote 712:

As late as 1837.—Tuke, _Hist._ p. 81.

Footnote 713:

Sharpe, p. 46.

Footnote 714:

_Ibid._ p. 85.

Footnote 715:

_Ibid._ p. 48.

Footnote 716:

See Besant, _London in the Eighteenth Century_, where a print is given
of this prisoner in his cell at p. 375.

Footnote 717:

_Treatment of the Insane_, p. 28.

Footnote 718:

Sharpe, _Report and Min. of Ev._ p. 120.

Footnote 719:

_Ibid._ p. 59.

Footnote 720:

Tuke, _Hist._ p. 153.

Footnote 721:

Sharpe, _Report and Min. of Ev._ p. 68.

Footnote 722:

For an account of some of these, especially as used in Portugal into
later times, see G. A. Tucker, _Lunacy in Many Lands_, pp. 16, 1346,
etc. Sydney, 1887.

Footnote 723:

John Haslam, _Observations on Madness_, p. 317. London, 1809.

Footnote 724:

Besant, _London in the Eighteenth Century_, p. 377. There is also a
reproduction of Hogarth’s “Scene in Bedlam” from the “Rake’s
Progress.”

Footnote 725:

R. Gardner Hill, _A Concise History of the Non-Restraint System_, p.
139. London, 1857.

Footnote 726:

W. A. F. Browne, p. 119.

Footnote 727:

One large asylum is said to have made £400 a year from exhibiting
lunatics, but this would probably not include the keepers’ tips; see
Tuke, _Hist._ p. 73.

Footnote 728:

Conolly, p. 33. See also P. Pinel, _Traité Médico-philosophique sur
l’Aliénation Mentale_, p. 65. Paris, An IX.

J. B. Tuke, _Ency. Brit._ ninth ed. vol. xiii. p. 111.

Footnote 729:

See E. Westermarck, _Moral Ideas_, i. p. 274.

Footnote 730:

H. W. Carter, _Principal Hospitals_, p. 42. London, 1819.

Footnote 731:

P. Pinel, _Traité_, p. 64.

Footnote 732:

A. Halliday, _Lunatic Asylums_, p. 76.

Footnote 733:

M. Esquirol, _Mémoires de Charenton_, pp. 46, 48.

Footnote 734:

F. Beach, p. 11.

J. Conolly, p. 10.

R. Gardner Hill, _Concise Hist._ p. 141.

Footnote 735:

_Animadversions on the Present Government of York Asylum._ York, 1788.
It deals mainly with the question of finance.

_Edinburgh Review_, vol. xxviii. p. 433.

These produced _A Letter from a Subscriber to the York Lunatic
Asylum_. York, 1788, etc.

Footnote 736:

He died in 1797, and an inscription was erected to him in Westminster
Abbey. See _Dict. Nat. Biog._, and Jonathan Gray, _History of York
Asylum_, p. 18.

Footnote 737:

Samuel Tuke, _Description of the Retreat_, p. 22. York, 1813.

Footnote 738:

The _Description of the Retreat_ near York, already alluded to.

Footnote 739:

To the _York Herald_, dated September 23, 1813. It was signed merely
“Evigilator,” but had been written by Dr. Best, the head of the York
Asylum.

See J. Gray, _Hist._ p. 28; also D. H. Tuke, _Hist._ pp. 129, 148.

Footnote 740:

_Edinburgh Review_, vol. xxviii. p. 433. Edinburgh, 1817.

Footnote 741:

S. W. Nicoll, _An Enquiry_, p. 11; and see Jonathan Gray, _Hist._ p.
31.

Footnote 742:

D. H. Tuke, _Hist._ p. 79.

Footnote 743:

J. Gray, _Hist._ chap. vi.

Footnote 744:

D. H. Tuke, p. 161.

Footnote 745:

D. H. Tuke, p. 157.

Footnote 746:

Nicoll, p. 21.

Footnote 747:

D. H. Tuke, _Hist._ p. 162.

Footnote 748:

_Ibid._ p. 173.

Footnote 749:

J. B. Tuke, _Ency. Brit._ ninth ed.; D. H. Tuke, _Hist._ p. 85; R.
Gardner Hill, _Lunacy_, p. 5.

Footnote 750:

See, for instance, Hunterian Oration, 1891, etc.

Footnote 751:

R. Gardner Hill, _Lunacy_, p. 42.

Footnote 752:

Andrew Wynter, p. 100.

Footnote 753:

Hill, pp. 87, 88.

Footnote 754:

Halliday, _Lunatic Asylums_, p. 2.

Footnote 755:

F. Willis, _A Treatise on Mental Derangement_, p. 6. London, 1823.

Footnote 756:

_Lunatic Asylums_, p. 2.

Footnote 757:

W. A. F. Browne, p. 4.

Footnote 758:

_Borderland of Insanity_, p. 11.

Footnote 759:

Alexander Gibson, in _Ency. Brit._ ninth ed. art. “Insanity (Law).”

Footnote 760:

“That” (kleptomania) “is one of the diseases I was sent here to cure,”
a certain judge is said to have observed; but he did not cure it.

Footnote 761:

One of these legal tests had been a knowledge of the multiplication
table. W. A. F. Browne, p. 3.

Footnote 762:

The “robust” attitude has been shown by Dickens. “That young Pitcher’s
had a fever.” “No!” exclaimed Mr. Squeers. “Damn that boy, he’s always
at something of that sort.” “Never was such a boy, I do believe,” said
Mrs. Squeers; “whatever he has is always catching too. I say it’s
obstinacy, and nothing shall ever convince me that it isn’t. I’d beat
it out of him.”—_Nicholas Nickleby_, chap. vii.

Footnote 763:

D. H. Tuke, _Hist._ p. 96.

Footnote 764:

W. Tallack, _Penological and Preventive Principles_, pp. 249, 250.
London, 1896.

Footnote 765:

_Departmental Committee on Prisons Report_, p. 8. London, 1895.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

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End of Project Gutenberg's Penal Methods of the Middle Ages, by George Ives