Chapter XLVII: Part 47

=Susruta.= The author of “_Ayurvedas_,” _i.e._ the book of health, an old Sanskrit medical work in which a large number of eastern drugs are mentioned. It was first printed in the original language at Calcutta, 2 vols., 1835-1836, and afterwards translated under the name _Susrutas Ayurvedas_, id est medicinæ systema a venerabili _D’hanvantare_ demonstratum, a Susruta discipulo compositum. Nunc primum ex Sanskrita in Latinum sermonem vertit.... Fr. Hessler, Erlangæ, 3 vols., 1844-1850. And by the same translator, Commentarii et annotationes in Susrutæ ayurvedam, 1852-1855. Susruta was once supposed to have written centuries before Christ, but chiefly the researches of Prof. Haas, London, in the _Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft_, xxx. (1876) 617 _sqq._ and xxxi. (1877) 647, make it not improbable that the Sanskrit “Susruta” might have been generated from the Greek Hippokrates by way of the intermediate form “Bukrat.” The oldest testimony as to the time of Susruta (and Charaka, see before) is the statement of Ibn Abu Oseibiah, in the 13th century, that Susruta had been translated into Arabic about the end of the 8th century.

See pages 154. 188. 211. 225. 295. 315. 421. 425. 436. 503. 547. 572. 644.

=Tabernæmontanus=, Jacob Theodor, physician at Heidelberg; died A.D. 1590. A pupil of Tragus.—Neuw Kreuterbuch, Frankfurt, 1588, folio; second part, 1591, both with fig. Later editions, also in German, by Caspar Bauhin and Hieronymus Bauhin. Latin translation, Eicones plantarum seu stirpium ... Francofurti, 1590, with 2225 engravings.

See pages 308. 390. 731.

=Talbor=, or also =Tabor=, Robert, 1642-1681. This singular personage having been apprenticed to Dear, an apothecary of Cambridge, settled in Essex, where he practised medicine with much success. He afterwards came to London, and in 1672 published a small book called Πυρετολογία, _a rational account of the cause and cure of agues_ (London, 12°). As stated at page 344, he was appointed physician to the king, and on 27th July of the same year, received the honour of knighthood at Whitehall. But he was not a member of the College of Physicians; and to save him from attack, Charles II. caused a letter to be written restraining that body from interfering with him in his medical practice. (Baker, _l.c._ at page 344, note 1). The appointment as royal physician, made in consideration of “good and acceptable services performed,” led to the issuing of a patent under the Privy Seal, dated 7th August, 1678, granting to Sir Robert Talbor an annuity of £100 per annum, together with the profits and privileges appertaining to a physician in ordinary to the sovereign. In 1679 Talbor visited France and Spain, as recorded in the _Recueil des nouvelles_ etc. pendant l’année 1679 (Paris, 1780) 466 (this includes the _Gazette de France_, 23rd Sept., 1679). The journey to Spain he made in the suite of the young queen of Spain, Louise d’Orléans, niece of Louis XIV., of whom he is described as _premier médecin_. During Talbor’s absence, his practice in London was carried on by his brother, Dr. John Talbor, as is proved by an advertisement in the _True News_ or _Mercurius Anglicus_, January 7-10, 1679. In France Talbor had the good fortune to cure the Dauphin of an attack of fever, and also treated with success other eminent persons. (See _Lettres de Madame de Sévigné_, nouv. ed. tome v., 1862, 559; also tome vi., letters of 15th and 29th Sept, and 6th Oct. 1679.) The physicians both in England and France were exceedingly jealous of the successes of an irregular practitioner like Talbor, and averse to admit the merits of his practice. Yet D’Aquin, first physician to Louis XIV., prescribed _Vin de Quinquina_, as well as powdered bark, for the king in 1686.—See J. A. Le Roi, J. _Journal de la santé du roi Louis XIV._, Paris, 1862. 171. 431. But Talbor’s happy results brought him into favour with Louis XIV., who induced him, in consideration of a sum of 2,000 louis d’or and an annual pension of 2,000 livres, to explain his mode of treatment, which proved to consist in the administration of considerable doses of cinchona bark infused in wine, as will be seen in the pamphlet: _Les admirables qualitez du Kinkina confirmées par plusieurs expériences_, Paris, 1689. 12°. Talbor did not long enjoy his prosperity, for he died in 1681, aged about 40 years. He was buried in Trinity Church, Cambridge, where a monumental inscription describes him as—“_Febrium malleus_” and physician to Charles II., Louis XIV, and the Dauphin of France. In Talbor’s will, proved by his widow, Dame Elizabeth Talbor, alias Tabor, relict and executrix, 18th Nov. 1861, and preserved at Doctors’ Commons, mention is made of an only son, Philip Louis.

See page 344.

=Theophrastos Eresios=, of Eresos, in the island of Lesbos, about 370-285 B.C. The earliest botanical author in Europe, having consigned in his works, written about the year 314 B.C. or later, an admirable amount of excellent observations, either of his own, or, as many suggest, originated from Aristotle. Among the numerous editions of Theophrast’s works (printed as early as A.D. 1483) we may point out Wimmer’s Latin translations, tom. i. _Historia plantarum_, tom. ii. _De Causis plantarum._ Leipzig, 1854; or the French edition of the same translator, Théophraste, Oeuvres complètes. Paris, 1866, Firmin Didot.

See pages 42. 97. 136. 142. 146. 147. 161. 166. 175. 179. 234. 259. 292. 310. 321. 393. 418. 439. 519. 529. 567. 576. 595. 598. 620. 644. 661. 664. 677. 690. 715. 723. 733.

=Tournefort=, Joseph Pitton de, 1656-1708. Important as are his attempts to establish a scientific classification of plants, his merits as a careful observer (1700-1702) of eastern plants are of still more weight from a pharmaceutical standpoint. The latter is evidenced by his Relations d’un _voyage_ du Levant.... Paris, 1717, 2 vols.

See pages 163. 175.

=Tragus= (Bock), Hieronymus, 1498-1554. A friend and pupil of Brunfels (see B.), protestant clergyman at Hornbach, near Zweibrücken, Bavarian Palatinate. He gave remarkably good descriptions of the indigenous plants, with figures, in his “_Kreuterbuch_,” the best edition of which was published in German at Strassburg, A.D. 1551, and a translation in 1552: Hieronymi Tragi, de stirpium, maxime earum quæ in Germania nostra nascuntur usitatis nomenclaturis, etc. libri très.

See pages 170. 295. 384. 388. 434. 450. 456. 469. 540. 665. 676. 694. 699. 731. 734.

=Turner=, William, born at Morpeth, Northumberland (date not known), died 1568. In 1538 he was a student of theology and medicine in Pembroke College, Cambridge. Turner lived many years in Germany, and was an intimate friend of _Conrad Gesner_. The “New _Herball_, wherein are contayned the names of herbes in Greeke, Latin, ... and in the potecaries and herbaries ... with the properties etc., by William Turner, London, 1551; the seconde parte, Collen (Cologne), 1562; the third parte, London, 1568,” is the earliest scientific work on botany in the English literature. To its author is also due the foundation of the Kew Gardens.

See pages 292. 378. 480. 556. 568. 571. 729.

=Vasco da Gama=—See =Roteiro=.

=Vegetius Renatus.= A treatise on veterinary medicine, written apparently about the beginning of the 5th century of our era, is attributed to an author of the above name. See _Choulant_, p. 223 of the work quoted before (p. 751).

See pages 175. 380.

=Vignolius=—See =Liber pontificalis=.

=Vindicianus=, physician to the Emperor _Valentinianus_ I., about A.D. 364-375. For further information see _Choulant’s_ work (quoted at p. 751), p. 215; also _Haller_, Bibl. bot. i. 151.

See page 559.

INDEX.

Natural Orders are printed in small capitals, as ACANTHACEÆ: headings of articles in thick type, as =Ammoniacum=.

Aāqarqarhā, 383
Abelmoschus esculentus Guill. et Perrottet, 94
Abies balsamea Marshall, 612
” canadensis Michaux, 612
” excelsa DC., 616
” pectinata DC., 615
Abietic acid, 607. 608
Abietite, 615
Abilo, 147
Abrus precatorius, 4. 188
Abuta rufescens Aublet, 30
Abutua, 26. 30
Acacia abyssinica Hochst., 234
” Adansonii Guill. et Perr., 234
” arabica Willd., 234
” capensis Burch., 237
” Catechu Willd., 240
” dealbata Link, 237
” decurrens Willd., 237
” fistula Schweinfurth, 234
” glaucophylla Steudel, 234
” homalophylla Cunningh., 237
” horrida Willd., 237
” Karroo Hayne, 237
” lophantha Willd., 67
” mollissima Willd. 237
” nilotica Desfont., 234
” pycnantha Benth., 237
” Senegal Willdenow, 233
” Seyal Delile, 234. 237
” stenocarpa Hochstetter, 234
” Suma Kurz, 241
” Verek Guill. et Perrott., 232
Acacien-Gummi, 233
ACANTHACEÆ, 472
Acer, sugar-yielding species, 721
Aceite del palo, 229
” de Sassafras, 540
Aconella, 11
Aconine, 9
Aconite, japanese, 10
” indian, 12
” leaves, 11
” Nepal, 12
” root, 8
Aconitic acid, 11. 718
Aconitine, 9
Aconitum Anthora L., 10
” Cammarum Jacq., 10
” ferox Wall., 12
” heterophyllum Wall., 14
” japonicum Thunberg, 10
” luridum Hkr. et Thoms., 12
” Lycoctonum L., 10
” Napellus L., 8
” palmatum Don, 12
” paniculatum Lam., 10
” Störckeanum Reichenb., 10
” uncinatum L., 12
” variegatum L., 10
Acore odorant, 676
Acorin, 678
Acorus Calamus L., 676
Acrinyl sulphocyanate, 70
Actæa racemosa L., 15
” spicata L., 3. 15
Adragante, 174
Adraganthin, 174. 178
Ægle Marmelos Correa, 129
Æsculin, 541
Æthusa Cynapium L., 302
Affium, 49
Afyun, 43
Agaricus Oreades Bolt., 251
Agave americana L., 680
Agi, 452
Agropyrum acutum R. et S., 730
” junceum P. de Beauv., 730
” pungens R. et S., 730
” repens P. de Beauv., 729
Ajowan or Ajvan, 302. 333
Akulkara, 383
Alantcamphor, 381
Alantic acid, 381
Alantol, 381
Alantwurzel, 380
Albizzia lophantha Benth., 67
Aleurites cordata Müller Arg., 91
Aleuron, 565
Alga marina, 749
Alga zeylanica, 749
ALGÆ, 747
Alhagi Camelorum Fischer, 414
Allspice, 287
Allyl cyanide, 66
” sulphocyanide, 66
Almond, bitter, 247
” ” ess. oil of, 248
”-legumin, 247
” oil, 246
” sweet, 244
=Aloë=, 679
” species yielding the drug, 679
Aloes wood, 281
Aloëresic acid, 689
Aloëretic acid, 689
Aloëretin, 689
Aloes, 679
” Barbados, 685
” bitter of, 689
” Bombay, 684 ” Cape, 685
” Curaçao, 685
” East Indian, 684
” hepatic, 684
” Moka, 685
” Natal, 686
” resin of, 686
” Socotrine, 684
” ” liquid, 685
” Zanzibar, 684
Aloëtic acid, 689
Aloëtin, 689
Aloïn, 687
Aloïsol, 689
Alorcinic acid, 689
Alpinia Cardamomum Roxb., 643
” Galanga Willd., 643
” officinarum Hance, 641
Alstonia scholaris R. Brown, 421
Althæa officinalis L., 92
Altingia excelsa Noronha, 272. 277
Amandes amères, 247
” douces, 244
Amantilla, 377
Ammi copticum L., 302
” majus L., 304
Amomis acris Berg, 289
=Ammoniacum=, 324 ” African, 327
Ammoniak-Gummiharz, 324
Ammoniaque, gomme-résine, 324
Amomum aromaticum Roxb., 650
” Cardamomum L., 648
” genuinum, 648
” Korarima, 650
” maximum Roxb., 650
” Melegueta Roscoe, 651
” rotundum, 648
” subulatum Roxb., 649
” verum, 648
” xanthioides Wallich, 649
” Zingiber L., 635
AMPELIDEÆ, 159
=Amygdalæ amaræ=, 247
” =dulces=, 244
Amygdalin, 248
Amygdalus communis, 244. 247
=Amylum Marantæ=, 629
Amyrin, 150
Amyris elemifera Royle, 152
ANACARDIACEÆ, 161
Anacyclus officinarum Hayne, 384
” Pyrethrum DC., 383
Anamirta Cocculus Wight et Arnott, 31
” paniculata Colebr., 31
Anamirtic acid, 33
Auanto-mul, 423
Andrographis paniculata Wall., 438. 472
Andropogon Calamus aromaticus Royle, 725
” citratus DC., 725
” laniger Desf., 728
” Martini Roxb., 725
” muricatus Retzius, 728
” Nardus L., 725
” pachnodes Trinius, 725
” Schœnanthus L., 267. 725. 728
Anethol, 22. 309
Anethum Fœniculum L., 308
” graveolens L., 327
” segetum L., 328
” Sowa Roxb., 328
Angelic acid, 313. 386. 389. 391
Angelic acid in Sumbul, 313
Angelin, 81
Angostura Bark, 106
Angosturine, 107
Anguzeh, 318
Animi, 148. 152. 153
Anis étoilé, 20
Anise de Sibérie, 21
Anise or Aniseed, 310
”-camphor, 22. 309
” Star-, 20
Antamul, 427
Anthemis nobilis L., 384
” Pyrethrum L., 383
Anthophylli, 286
Anthriscus vulgaris Persoon, 302
Aphis chinensis, 168
” Pistaciæ, 598
Aplotaxis auriculata DC., 382
” Lappa Decaisne, 382
Apocodeine, 59
APOCYNEÆ, 421
Apomorphine, 59
Aporetin, 499
Aqua Aurantii florum, 126. 127
” Naphæ, 126. 127
Aquilaria Agallocha Roxb., 681
Arabic acid, 238
Arabin, 238
Arabisches Gummi, 233
Arachic acid, 97. 187. 420
Arachide, 186
Arachis hypogæa L., 186
” oil, 186
Arbol a brea, 147. 150
Arbutin, 401
Arbutus Uva-ursi, 401
Arctostaphylos glauca Swindley, 402
” officinalis Wimmer et Grab., 401
” Uva-ursi Sprengel, 401
Areca Catechu L., 669
” nut, 211. 512. 669
Arekanüsse, 211. 512
Arenga saccharifera Mart., 721
Argel plant, 220
Aricine, 359
Arka, 425
Aristolochia reticulata Nuttal, 593
” Serpentaria L., 592
ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ, 591
Armon, 71
Armoracia, 71
Arnica angustifolia Vahl, 390
” flowers, 392
” montana L., 390
” root, 390
Arnicin, 391
Arnicine, 391
AROIDEÆ, 697
Arrack, 721
Arrowroot, 629
” East Indian, 634
Artanthe adunca Miq., 591
” elongata Miq., 589
” lanceæfolia Miq., 591
” mollicoma Miq., 114
Artanthic acid, 590
Artemisia Cina Berg, 388
” Lercheana Karel. et Kirilow, 387
” maritima Ledebour, 387
ARTOCARPACEÆ, 542
Arundo Ampelodesmos Cirillo, 747
Asa dulcis, 405
=Asafœtida=, 314
Asagræa officinalis Lindley, 697
Asant, 314
ASCLEPIADEÆ, 423
Asclepias asthmatica Roxb., 427
” gigantea Willd., 424
” Pseudo-sarsa Roxb., 423
” Vincetoxicum L, 79
Ashantee pepper, 589
Asparagin, 93
” in Belladonna, 459
” in liquorice, 182
Asparagus sarmentosus L., 15
Aspartate of ammonium, 93
Aspic, 479
Aspidine, 735
Aspidium Filix mas Swartz, 733
” Goldieanum Hooker, 733
” Oreopteris Sw., 735. 736
” spinulosum Sw., 735. 736
” marginale Sw., 733. 736
Asplenium Filix fœmina Bernhard, 735. 736
Assafœtida, 314
Astragalus adscendens Boissier et Haussknecht, 174. 415
” brachycalyx Fischer, 174
” cylleneus Boiss. et Heldr., 175
” eriostylus B. et Hausskn., 177
” florulentus B. et Hkn., 415
” gummifer Labill., 174. 176
” kurdicus Boiss., 174
” leioclados Boiss., 174
” microcephalus Willd., 174
” pycnocladus B. et H., 174
” stromatodes Bunge, 174
” verus Olivier, 175
” yielding manna, 174
Astaphis agria, 6
Atís or Atees, 14
Atraphaxis spinosa L., 415
Atropa Belladonna L., 455
Atropic acid, 457
Atropine, 457
Atrosin, 458
Attar of rose, 262
” adulteration of, 237
Aucklandia Costus Falconer, 382
Atherosperma moschatum Labill., 539
Atisine, 15
Ativisha, 12
Aubletia trifolia Rich., 114
Aunée, 380
AURANTIACEÆ, 114
Azadirachta indica Jussieu, 154

Babul or Babur, 234
Bābunah, 386
Baccæ Spinæ cervinæ, 157
Baccæ, see Fructus
Bactyrilobium Fistula Willd., 221
Badiane, 20
Bādiyāne-khatāi, 22
Bael Fruit, 129
Baisabole, 141
Bakam, 216. 521
Baldrianwurzel, 377
Baliospermum montanum Müller Arg., 567
Balisier, 633
Balm of Gilead, 613
Balsam, Canada, 612
” Capivi, 227
” Copaiba, 227
” Gurjun, 88
” of Peru, 205
” of Tolu, 202
Balsamo blanco, 210
” catolico, 210
” negro, 207
Balsamodendron africanum Arnott, 140
” Ehrenbergianum Berg, 140
” Myrrha Nees, 140
” Opobalsamum Kunth, 140
Balsamum canadense, 612
” =Copaiba=, 227
” =Dipterocarpi=, 88
” Gurjunæ, 88
” indicum, 205
” nucistæ, 507
” =peruvianum=, 205
” Styracis, 271
” =tolutanum=, 202
Barbaloïn, 687
Barberry, indian, 34
Barbotine, 387
Bärentraubenblätter, 401
Bärlappsamen, 731
Barley, pearl, 722
Baros camphor, 516
Barosma betulina Bartl., 108
” Camphor, 109
” crenata Kunze, 108
” crenulata Hkr., 108
” Eckloniana Berg, 110
” serratifolia Willd., 108
Barras or Galipot, 608
Barwood, 202
Bassia tree, 728
Bassora gum, 178
Bassorin, 178
Bastaroni, 286
Batatas Jalapa Choisy, 444
Baume de Canada, 612
” Chio, 165
Baume de Chypre, 165
” Copahu, 227
” Pérou, 205
” S. Salvador, 205
” Tolu, 202
Baumöl, 417
Bay-berry tree, 289
Bay leaves (Pimenta acris), 284
Bazghanj, 598
Bdellium, 35
Bearberry Leaves, 401
Bebeeru or Bibiru Bark, 535
Bebirine or Bibirine, 536
Behenic acid, 68. 70
Bela, 129
Beli, 130
Belladonna Leaves, 458
” Root, 455
Belladonnine, 457
Bendi-kai, 94
Benic acid, 68. 70
Benjoin, 403
Benné Oil, 473
Benzoëharz, 403
Benzoic acid, 408
” in Balsam. Peruv., 208
” in Dragon’s Blood, 674
Benzoin, 403
” Penang, 407
” Siam, 406
” Sumatra, 407
Benzylic alcohol, 274
” cinnamate, 209
BERBERIDEÆ, 34
Berberine in Berberis, 36
” in Calumba, 25
” in Coptis, 5 ” in
Podophyllum, 38
Berberis aristata DC., 34
” asiatica Roxb., 35
” chinensis Desf., 36
” Lycium Royle, 34
” vulgaris L., 36
Bergamot Camphor, 123
” essence of, 121
Bergaptene, 123
Bertramwurzel, 383
Besenginster, 170
Beta maritima L., 720
”-quinine, 358. 360
Betel Nuts, 669
Betelnüsse, 669
Betula alba, tar of, 623
Beurre de Cacao, 95
” Muscade, 507
Bevilacqua, 297
Beyo, 135
Beyu, 135
Bhang, 547. 548
Bibiric acid, 536
Bibirine, 28. 536
” sulphate, 536
Bibiru Bark, 535
Bigaradier, 124. 128
Bikh, 12
Bilack, 130
Bilsenkraut, 463
Bilva, 129
Bisabol, 141. 145
Bish, 12
Bishop’s Weed, 302
Bissa Bol, 145
Bitter Apple, 295
” Wood, 131
” ” Surinam, 133
Bitter Orange Peel, 124
Bittersüss, 450
Bitter-sweet, 450
BIXINEÆ, 75
Blauholz, 212
Blockwood, 213
Blood-wood, 199
Blumea balsamifera DC., 518
Bockshornsamen, 172
Boi (Bombay Sumbul), 313
Boido, 135
Boigue, 18
Bois amer, 133
” de Campèche, 213
” ” gaïac, 100
” gentil, 540
” d’Inde, 213
” de quassia, 133
” ” santal, 599
” ” ” rouge, 199
Bola, 142
Bonduc Seeds, 211
Bonplandia trifoliata Willdenow, 106
Borassus flabelliformis L., 721
Borneol, 517 ” in Valerian, 379
Boswellia Bhan-Dajiana Birdwood, 134
” Carterii Birdwood, 134
” Frereana Birdwood, 135
Boswellia glabra Roxb., 135
” neglecta Le Moore, 135
” papyrifera Richard, 135
” sacra Flückiger, 134
” serrata Roxb., 135
” thurifera Colebr., 135
Botryopsis platyphylla Miers, 25
Brasilin, 216
Brassic acid, 67
Brassica alba Hook. et Thoms., 68
” juncea Hook. et Thoms., 68
” nigra Koch, 64
Brayera anthelminthica Kunth, 256
Brazil wood, 216. 635
Brechnüsse, 428
Brechwurzel, 370
Bréidine, 150
Bréine, 150
Brindones, 86
Brindonia indica Dupetit Thouars, 86
Bromaloïn, 687
Broom Tops, 170
Brucea antidysenterica Mill., 430
” ferruginea Héritier, 430
Brucine, 430
Bryoidin, 150
Bubon Galbanum L. 320
Buchu or Bucco Leaves, 108
Buckthorn Berries, 157
Buena hexandra Pohl, 358
” magnifolia Weddell, 364
Bugbane, 15
Buka Leaves, 108
Bukublätter, 108
=Bulbus Colchici=, 699
=Bulbus Scillæ=, 690
Burgundy pitch, 616
BURSERACEÆ, 133
Busserole, 401
Butea frondosa Roxb., 197
” Kino, 197
” parviflora Roxb., 198
” superba Roxb., 198
Butua, 26
Butyrum Cacao, 95
Buxine in Bibiru, 536
” in Pareira, 28
Buxus sempervirens L., 536

Caapeba, 27
Cabbage Rose, 261
Cabriuva preta, 211
Cabueriba, 211
Cacao Butter, 95
Cachou, 240 ” jaune ou Gambir, 335
Cacumina Scoparii, 170
Cade, huile de, 623
Cæsalpinia Bonduc Roxb., 211
” Bonducella Roxb., 211
” Sapan L., 521
Cajuput Oil, 277
Cajuputene or Cajuputol, 279
Calabar Bean, 191
Calabarine, 193
Calamus aromaticus, 677
” Draco Willd., 672
Caliaturholz, 199
Calisaya Bark, 353
Calotropis gigantea R. Brown, 424
” Hamiltonii Wight, 424
” procera R. Brown, 424
Calumba Root, 23
=Cambogia=, 83
Camomille romaine, 384
Campecheholz, 213
Camphor, Barus, 516
” Blumea, 518
” Borneo, 516
” China, 515
” common, 510
” Dryobalanops, 516
” Formosa, 515
” Japan, 515
” laurel, 511
” Malayan, 516
” Ngai, 518
” oils, 516
=Camphora=, 510
” officinarum Bauhin, 519
Camphoric acid, 515
Camphre, 510
Camphretic acid, 139
Canada Balsam, 612
Canarium, 147
Candy, 715
Cane-Sugar, 714
” varieties of, 720
Cane, sweet, 715
Canefice, 221
Canella alba Murray, 19. 20, 73. 635
CANELLACEÆ, 73
Canellin, 75
Canna edulis Ker, 634
Canna indica Ruiz et Pavon, 634
Canna Starch, 633
Cannabene, 549
CANNABINEÆ, 546
Cannabis indica Lamarck, 546
” sativa L., 546
CANNACEÆ, 629
Cannelle blanche, 73
” de Ceylan, 519
Capivi, 229
CAPRIFOLIACEÆ, 333
Capsaïcin, 455
Capsicin, 454
Capsicum annuum L., 452
” fastigiatum Blume, 452
” grossum Willd., 452
” longum DC., 452
” minimum Roxb., 452
=Capsulæ Papaveris=, 40
Caqueta Bark, 353
Caramania gum, 178
Caraway, 304
Cardamom, 643
” bastard, 649
” Bengal, 649 ” Ceylon, 647
” cluster, 648
” Java, 650
” Korarima, 650
” Malabar, 643
” Nepal, 649
” round, 648
” Siam, 649
” xanthioid, 649
Cardamoms, Aleppi, 646
Cardamomom majus, 650. 651
” siberiense, 21
Carex arenaria L., 730
=Caricæ=, 542
Carmufellic acid, 285
Carobbe di’ Giudea, 598
Carolina Pink Root, 433
Carony Bark, 106
Carrageen, 747
Carthagena Bark, 353
Caram Ajowan Bentham et Hooker, 302
Carum Carvi L., 304
” Ridolfia Benth., 328
Carvene, 306
Carvi, 304
Carvol, 306. 329. 640
=Caryophylli=, 280
” festucæ vel stipites, 286
Caryophyllin, 285
Caryophyllinic acid, 285
Caryophyllum regium, 287
Caryophyllus aromaticus Lamarck, 280
Caryota urens L., 721
Cascarilla Bark, 561
Cascarilla del Angostura, 106
Cascarillin, 563
Casse ou canefice, 221
Casia, 222
Cassia acutifolia Delile, 216
” alba, 73
” angustifolia Vahl, 217
” Bark, 137. 527. 715
” brasiliana Lamarck, 224
” buds, 533
” Fistula L., 221
” grandis L. fil., 224
” lignea, 527. 530
” lignea jamaicensis, 75
” moschata Humb. B. et K., 224
” obovata Colladon, 118
” oil of, 2
” twigs, 533
” vera Bark, 530
” wood, 533
Castor Oil, 569
” ” Seeds, 567
Catechin, 243. 337
” in Kino, 196. 199
=Catechu=, 240
” Areca nut, 669
” black, 240
” Gambier, 335
” pale, 335
” pallidum, 335
” Pegu, 240
Catechu-tannic acid, 243
Cathartic acid, 243
Cathartocarpus Fistula Persoon, 221
Cathartogenic acid, 219
Catharto-mannite, 220
Caulis Dulcamaræ, 450 ” Tinosporæ, 31
Cayenne Pepper, 452
Cebadilla, 697
Cedar oil, red, 628
Cedrat, essence of, 128
Cendal, 200
Centifolienrosen, 261
Cephaëlis Ipecacuanha Richard, 370
Cerasus serotina DC., 253
Cerealin, 724
Cetraria islandica Achar., 737
Cetraric acid, 739
Cetrarin, 739
Cevadic acid, 699
Cevadilla, 697
Cevadilline, 699
Cevadine, 699
Ceylon moss, 749
Chærophyllum Anthriscus L., 302
Chamomile, common, 384. 385
” flowers, 384
” german, 386
” roman, 384
Chanvre indien, 546
Charas, 550
Chardinia xeranthemoides Desfont., 250
Chasmanthera Columba Baill., 23
Chaulmugra Seed, 75
Chavica officinarum Miquel, 582
” Roxburghii Miq., 582
Chelbenah, 321
Chelidonium majus L., 3
Chêne, écorce de, 593
Cherry-laurel Leaves, 254
Chesteb, 234
Chiendent, 729 ” gros, 730
Chillies, 452
China bicolorata, 359
” nova, 364. 561
China Root, 712
Chinarinde, 338
Chinasäure, 336
Chinawurzel, 712
Chinoïdin, 359
Chinovic acid, 335
Chinovin, 336
Chiratin, 438
Chiratogenin, 438
Chiretta or Chirayta, 436
Cholesterin, 420
” in barley, 725
” in ergot, 745
Chondodendron tomentosum Ruiz et Pavon, 25
” tomentosum, stems of, 30
=Chondrus crispus=, 747
=Chondrus= mammillosus Grev., 749
Chop-nut, 179
Chren, 71
Christmas Rose, 1
Chrysammic acid, 689
Chrysanthemum Parthenium Persoon, 386. 518
Chrysophan, 499
” in Senna, 220
Chrysophanic acid, 499
Chrysoretin, 220
Chrysorhamnine, 158
Chuen-lien, 4
Churrus, 550
Chusalonga, 591
Cicuta virosa L., 299. 332. 333
Ciguë, feuilles de, 301 ” fruits de, 299
Cimicifuga racemosa Elliott, 15
Cimicifugin, 16
Cinchona, acid principles of, 363
” alkaloids, 359
” ” estimation of, 364
” ” proportion in bark, 361
” Bark, 338
” ” chemical composition of, 57
” ” commerce in, 347
” ” pale, 352
” ” red, 353. 364
” ” structure, 354
” ” yellow, 353
” Calisaya Weddell, 340
” conspectus of, 355
” cultivation of, 348
” history of, 341
” lancifolia Mutis, 353
” magnifolia Pavon, 364
” officinalis Hooker, 340
” pitayensis Mutis, 353
” -red, 353
” succirubra Pavon, 341
” works relating to, 367
Cinchonicine, 359
Cinchonidine, 361
Cinchonine, 361
Cincho-tannic acid, 363
Cinchovatine, 358
Cinene or Cynene, 389
Cinnameïn, 209
Cinnamic acid, 526
Cinnamic acid in Bals. Peruv., 208
” ” Tolut., 204
” ” in benzoin, 408
” ” aldehyde, 526
Cinnamodendron corticosum Miers, 19
Cinnamomum, Burmanni Blume, 528
” Camphora Nees, 510
” Cassia, 528
” iners Reinwardt, 528. 533
” obtusifolium Nees, 528
” pauciflorum Nees, 528
” Tamala Nees, 528
” zeylanicum Breyne, 519
Cinnamon, 519
” chinese, 530
” chips, 524
” leaf, oil of, 529
” oil of, 526
” root, oil of, 529
Cinnamon Bark (Bahamas), 73
Cinnamylic cinnamate, 274
Cipo de cobras, 27
Cirifole, 130
Cissampelos Pareira, 29
Cistus creticus L., 141
Cistus ladaniferus L., 416
Citric acid, 116
Citridic acid, 11
Citron, 114
Citronella Oil, 726
Citronellol, 727
Citrullus Colocynthis Schrader, 295
Citrus Aurantium L., 124
” Bergamia Risso et Poiteau, 121
” Bigaradia Duhamel, 124
” decumana L., 117
” Limonum Risso, 114. 118
” medica L., 114. 128
” vulgaris Risso, 124. 126
Claviceps purpurea Tulasne, 740
Clematis Vitalba L., 29
Clous de girofles, 280
Clove-bark, 285
Clove Leaves, 286
” Stalks, 286
Cloves, 280
” Mother, 286
” oil of, 284
” Royal, 287
Cniquier, 211
Cocca gnidia, 540
Cocculus Chondodendron DC., 25
Cocculus cordifolius DC., 33
” indicus, 31
” palmatus DC., 23
Cochlearia Armoracia L., 71
Cocos nucifera L., 721
Codamine, 59
Codagam, 297
Codeine, 42. 58. 59. 62
Cohosh, 15
Coing, semences de, 269
Col, 329
Colchiceïn, 702
Colchicin, 702
Colchicum autumnale L., 699
” other species, 701
” Seed, 702
Colchique, bulbe de, 699
” semence de, 702
Colocynth, 295
Colocyntheïn, 296
Colocynthin, 296
Colocynthitin, 296
Colombo Root, 23
Colophonia mauritiana DC., 152
Colophony, 607
Coloquinte, 295
Coloquintida, 295
Columba-Bitter, 25
Columbian Bark, 353
Columbic acid, 25
Columbin, 25
Colutea arborescens L., 221
Comenic acid, 58
COMPOSITÆ, 380
Concombre purgatif ou sauvage, 292
Conglutin, 247
Conhydrine, 300
Conia or Conine, 300
CONIFERÆ, 604
Coniferin, 659
Conine, 300
Conium maculatum L., 299. 301
Conquinine, 360
CONVOLVULACEÆ, 438
Convolvulic acid, 445
Convolvulin, 445
Convolvulinol, 445
Convolvulinolic acid, 446
Convolvulus Nil L., 448
” Purga Wenderoth, 443
” Scammonia L., 438
Conylene, 300
Copahu, 227
Copaiba or Copaiva, 227
Copaifera bijuga Hayne, 228
” cordifolia Hayne, 228
” coriacea Martius, 228
” glabra Vogel, 228
” guianensis Desfont., 227
” Jacquini Desfont., 227
” Jussieui Hayne, 228
” Langsdorffii Desfont., 228
” laxa Hayne, 228
” multijuga Hayne, 228
” nitida Hayne, 228
” officinalis L., 227
” Sellowii Hayne, 228
Copaivic acid, 231
Copalchi Bark, 564
Coptis Root, 3
” Teeta Wall., 3
” trifolia Salisb., 5
Coque du Levant, 31
Coquelicot, 39
Cordiceps, 743
Cordyliceps, 743
Corail des jardins, 452
Coriander, 329
Coriandrum sativum L., 329
Coriaria myrtifolia L., 221
=Cormus Colchici=, 699
=Cortex Alstoniæ=, 421
” =Angosturæ=, 106
” =Aurantii=, 124
” Azadirachtæ, 154
” =Berberidis=, 34
” =Bibiru=, 535
” =Canellæ albæ=, 73
” =Cascarillæ=, 561
” =Cassiæ ligneæ=, 527
” Chinæ, 338
” =Cinchonæ=, 338
” =Cinnamomi=, 519
” Cuspariæ, 106
” Eleutheriæ, 561
” =Granati fructus=, 289
” =Granati radicis=, 290
” =Laricis=, 611
” Limonis, 116
” Magellanicus, 17
” =Margosæ=, 154
” =Mezerei=, 540
” =Mudar=, 424
” Nectandræ, 535
” Peruvianus, 338
” =Pruni serotinæ=, 253
” =Quercus=, 593
” Sassafras, 538
” =Soymidæ=, 156
” Swieteniæ, 156
” Thymiamatis, 273. 276
” =Ulmi=, 556
” ” =fulvæ=, 557
” =Winteranus=, 17
Costus, 35. 382. 503. 520. 523
” corticosus, 73
” dulcis, 73
” root, 383
Cotarnine, 58
Cotoneaster nummularia Fischer et Meyer, 415
Couch Grass, 729
Cowberry, 402
Cowhage, 189
Cow-itch, 190
Cran de Bretagne, 71
Cratæva Marmelos L., 129
Creyat or Kariyat, 472
Crinum asiaticum Herbert, 693
” toxicarium Roxb., 693
Crocetin, 667
Crocin, 667
=Crocus=, 663
” sativus L., 663
Croton Cascarilla Bennett, 562
” Draco Schlechtendal, 676
” Eluteria Bennett, 561
” lucidus L., 564
” niveus Jacquin, 564
” oblongifolius Roxb., 567
” Oil, 566
” Pavanæ Hamilton, 567
” philippensis Lamarck, 572
” polyandrus Roxb., 567
” Pseudo-China Schl., 564
” Seeds, 565
” Tiglium L., 565
Crotonic acid, 566
Crotonol, 566
Crown Bark, 352
CRUCIFERÆ, 64
Cryptopine, 59. 63
Cubeba canina Miq., 588
” Clusii Miq., 589
” crassipes Miq., 588
Cubeba Lowong, Miq., 588
” officinalis Miq., 587
” Wallichii Miq., 588
=Cubebæ=, 584
Cubebic acid, 587
Cubebin, 587
Cubebs, 582. 635
” african, 589
” camphor, 587
Cucumber, squirting or wild, 292
Cucumis Colocynthis L., 295
” Hardwickii Royle, 297
” Prophetarum L., 294
” Pseudo-colocynthis Royle, 297
” trigonus Roxb., 297
CUCURBITACEÆ, 292
Cumic acid, 332
Cumin, 305. 331
” armenian, 305
” roman, 331
Cuminaldehyde, 332
Cuminol, 332
Cuminum Cyminum L., 331
Cummin seeds, 331. 635
CUPULIFERÆ, 593
Curcuma angustifolia Roxb., 634
” leucorrhiza Roxb., 634
” longa L., 638
” starch, 634
Curcumin, 640
Cusconine, 359
Cuscus Grass, 728
Cusparia Bark, 106
” trifoliata Engler, 106
Cusparin, 107
Cusso or Koso, 256
Cutch, 240
Cydonia vulgaris Persoon, 269
Cymene or Cymol from ajowan, 304
” from alantcamphor, 381
” ” camphor, 515
” ” cumin, 333
” ” santonica, 389
” ” thyme, 488
=Cynanchum Argel Hayne=, 220
” Vincetoxicum R. Brown, 97
Cynanchol, 398
Cynene or Cinene, 389
Cynips Gallæ tinctoriæ Oliv., 506
Cynodon Dactylon Pers., 729. 730
Cynorrhodon, 268
Cynosbata, 268
Cypripedium pubescens Willd., 79. 593
Cytisine, 172
Cytisus Laburnum L., 172
” scoparius Link, 170

Dæmonorhops Draco Martius, 672
Dalleiochine, 360
Dandelion Root, 392
Daphne Gnidium L., 542
” Laureola L., 541
” Mezereum L., 540
Daphnetin, 541
Daphnin, 541
Date, Indian, 225
Datura alba Nees, 462
” fastuosa L., 459. 462
” Stramonium L., 459
” Tatula L., 460
Daturine, 461
Delphinine or Delphine, 7
Delphinium Staphisagria L., 5
Delphinoïdine, 7
Delphisine, 7
Dhak, 197
Dhak Tree, 107
Diagrydion, 439
Dicypellium caryophyllatum Nees, 285
Digitaléin, 472
Digitalin, 470
Digitalis purpurea L., 469
Digitoxin, 471
Dill, 327
Diospyros Embryopteris Persoon, 403
” virginiana L., 403
Diplolepis Gallæ tinctoriæ Latreille, 596
Diplotaxis erucoides DC., 65
DIPTEROCARPEÆ, 88
Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb., 88
” gracilis Blume, 88
” hispidus Thwaites, 88
” incanus Roxb., 88
” indicus Beddome, 88
” lævis Ham., 88
” littoralis Bl., 88
” retusus Bl., 88
” Spanoghei Bl., 88
” trinervis Bl., 88
” tuberculatus Roxb., 243
” turbinatus Gärtn., 88
” zeylanicus Thw., 88
Diss, 747
Dita bark, 421
Ditaïne, 422
Dithin, 140
Dog-rose, 268
Dog’s Grass, 729
Dolichos pruriens L., 189
Dorema Ammoniacum Don, 313. 324
” Aucheri Boissier, 325
” robustum Loftus, 325
Douce-amère, 450
Dracæna Draco L., 672
” Ombet Kotschy, 675
” schizantha Baker, 675
Drachenblut, 672
Draconyl, 674
Dracyl, 675
Dragon’s Blood, 137
” ” Canary Islands, 675
” ” drop, 675
” ” lump, 673
” ” reed, 673
” ” Socotra, 675
Drimia ciliaris Jacq., 693
Drimys Winteri Forster, 17
Droga amara, 472
Dryandra cordata Thunb., 91
Dryobalanops aromatica Gärtner, 229. 516
Dulcamara, 450
Dulcamarine, 451

Earth-nut Oil, 186
EBENACEÆ, 403
Ecballine, 294
Ecballium Elaterium Richard, 292
Ecboline, 745
Echicaoutchin, 422
Echicerin, 398. 422
Echinus philippinensis Baillon, 572
Echites scholaris L., 421
Echitin, 422
Ecorce de Winter, 17
Eibischwurzel, 92
Eichenrinde, 593
Ein or Engben, 243
Eisenhut, 8
Elæis guineensis Jacquin, 194
Elaeococca Vernicia Sprgl., 91
Elaïdic acid, 187. 475
Elaphrium, 147
Elateric acid, 294
Elateride, 294
Elaterin, 294
Elaterium Fruit, 292
Elder Flowers, 333
Elecampane, 380
Eleme, 544
=Elemi=, 147
” african, 152
” brazilian, 152
” Mauritius, 152
” mexican, 152
” oriental, 135. 152
” Vera Cruz, 152
Elemic acid, 151
Elettaria Cardamomum Maton, 643
” major Smith, 644
Eleusine coracana Gärtner, 241
Eleuthera Bark, 561
Ellagic acid, 291
Ellébore blanc, 693
” noir, 1
Elm Bark, 556
” slippery, 557
Embryopteris glutinifera Roxb., 403
Embelia Ribes Burmann, 581
Emetine, 374
Emodin, 499
Empleurum serrulatum Ait., 110
Emulsin, 247
Encens, 133
Enckea reticulata Miq., 114
Enhæmon, 147. 148
Entershah, 267
Enzianwurzel, 434
Eosin, 323
Epacris, 402
Equisetic acid, 11
Erdnussöl, 186
Ergot of diss, 747
” oat, 747
” rye, 740
” wheat, 746
Ergota, 740
Ergotine, 745
ERICACEÆ, 401
Ericinol, 402
Ericolin, 402
Erucic acid, 67. 160
Erucin, 70
Erythroretin, 499
Esenbeckia febrifuga Martius, 107
Eseré Nut, 191
Eserine, 193
Essigrosenblätter, 259
Eucalyptus citriodora Hooker, 199
” corymbosa Smith, 199
” gigantea Hooker, 199
” globulus Labill., 280. 333
” Kino, 199 ” Manna, 417
” Oil, 280
” obliqua L’Hér., 199
” oleosa F. Müller, 289
” resinifera Smith, 195
” rostrata Schlechtend., 199
” viminalis Labill., 417
Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg, 280
” Pimenta DC., 287
Eugenic acid, 284
” ” in Canella, 75
Eugenin, 285
Eugenol, 75. 284. 319. 527. 659
Eugetic acid, 319
Eulophia yielding Salep, 655
Eupatorium glutinosum Lamck., 591
Euphorbia resinifera Berg, 558
Euphorbic acid, 560
EUPHORBIACEÆ, 558
=Euphorbium=, 558
Euphorbon, 398, 560
Euryangium Sumbul Kauffm., 312
Evodia febrifuga St. Hilaire, 107
Exacum, 438
Exogonium Purga Bentham, 443
Extractum Glycyrrhizæ, 183
” Uncariæ, 335

Faba Calabarica, 191
” Physostigmatis, 191
” Sancti Ignatii, 431
Fagus silvatica, tar of, 623
Farnwurzel, 733
Feigen, 542
Fenchel, 308
Fennel, 308
” bitter, 309
” german, 309
” indian, 309
” oils of, 310
” roman, 309
” saxon, 309
” sweet, 308
” wild, 309
Fenouil, 308
Fenugreek, 172
Fern Root, 733
Feronia Elephantum Correa, 131. 239
” gum, 239
Ferreirea spectabilis Allemão, 81
Ferula alliacea Boissier, 320
” Asafœtida Boissier et Buhse, 320
” Asafœtida L., 314
” erubescens Boiss., 321
” galbaniflua Boiss. et Buhse, 321
” Narthex Boiss., 314
” rubricaulis Boiss., 321
” Scorodosma Benth. et Hkr., 314
” Sumbul Hooker, 312
” teterrima Karelin et Kiril., 320
” tingitana L., 327
Ferulago galbanifera Koch, 320
Ferulaic acid, 319
Festucæ Caryophylli, 286
Fève de Calabar, 191
” Saint Ignace, 431
Feverfew, 386
Fichtenharz, 616
Fichtentheer, 619
Ficus Carica L., 542
Figs, 542
FILICES, 733
Filicic acid, 735
Filixolic acid, 735
Filixolin, 735
Filix-red, 735
Filosmylic acid, 735
Fingerhutblätter, 469
Fir, Balsam or balm of Gilead, 612
” Norway Spruce, 616
” Silver, 615
Flachssamen, 97
Flag, blue, 660
” root, sweet, 676
” yellow, 678
Flax Seed, 97
Fliederblumen, 333
=Flores Anthemidis=, 384
” =Arnicæ=, 390
” Cassæi, 533
” Chamomillæ romanæ, 384
” Cinæ, 387
” =Koso=, 256
” =Lavandulæ=, 476
” Rhœados, 39
” Rosæ incarnatæ, 261
” ” pallidæ, 261
” ” rubræ, 259
” ” Stœchados, 479
FLORIDEÆ, 747. 749
Fœniculum capillaceum Gilibert, 308
” dulce DC., 308
” Panmorium DC., 309
” sinense, 22
” vulgare Gärtner, 308
Fœnum Camelorum, 728
Fœnum græcum, 172
Fofal, 669
=Folia Aconiti=, 11
” =Belladonnæ=, 458
” =Buchu=, 108
” =Conii=, 301
” =Daturæ albæ=, 462
” =Digitalis=, 469
” =Hyoscyami=, 463
” Indi, 533 ” Jaborandi, 113
” =Lauro-cerasi=, 254
” Malabathri, 533
” Matico, 589
” =Pilocarpi=, 113
” =Sennæ=, 216
” =Tabaci=, 466
” =Tylophoræ=, 427
” =Uvæ Ursi=, 401
Fool’s Parsley, 302
Fougère mâle, 733
Foxglove Leaves, 469
Frankincense, 133
” common, 608
Fraxetin, 413
Fraxin, 413
Fraxinus Bungeana DC., 409
” excelsior L., 409
” Ornus L., 409
=Fructus Ajowan=, 302
” =Anethi=, 327
” =Anisi=, 310
” ” =stellati=, 20
” =Belæ=, 129
” =Capsici=, 452
” =Cardamomi=, 643
” Caricæ, 542
” =Carui=, 304
” =Cassiæ fistulæ=, 221
” Cocculi, 31
” =Colocynthidis=, 295
” =Conii=, 299
” =Coriandri=, 329
” Cubebæ, 664
” =Cumini=, 331
” =Diospyri=, 403
” =Ecballii=, 292
” Elaterii, 292
” =Fœniculi=, 308
” =Hibisci=, 94
” =Juniperi=, 624
” =Limonis=, 114
” =Mori=, 544
” Papaveris, 40
” =Pimentæ=, 287
” =Piperis longi=, 582
” ” =nigri=, 576
” =Pruni=, 251
” =Rhamni=, 157
” =Rosæ caninæ=, 268
Fu, 377
=Fucus amylaceus=, 749
” crispus L., 747
” hibernicus, 747
Fucosol, 748
FUNGI, 740
Fuh-ling, 714
Fusanus spicatus Br., 599. 601
Fuscosclerotinic acid, 745
Fusti, 286

Gæidinic acid, 187
Gaïac, bois de, 100
” résine, 103
Galanga major, 643
” minor, 671
Galangal, 641
” greater, 643
=Galbanum=, 320
Galbuli Juniperi, 624
Galgant, 651
Galipea Cusparia St. Hil., 106
” officinalis Hancock, 106
Galipot or Barras, 607
=Gallæ chinenses=, 167
” =halepenses=, 595
” =japoncæ=, 167
Galläpfel, 595
Galle d’Alep, 1. 595
Gallic acid from galls, 169. 597
Gallo-tanic acid, 169. 597
Galls, Aleppo, 595
” blue, 596 ” Bokhara, 598
” chinese, 167
Galls, green, 596
” japanese, 167
” oak, 595
” Pistacia, 165. 598
”Tamarisk, 598
” turkey, 595
” white, 596
=Gambier=, 335
Gamboge, 83
Ganja, 548
Garcinia indica Choisy, 86
” Morella Desr., 83
” pictoria Roxb., 83
” purpurea Roxb., 86
” travancoria Bedd., 86
Garou, 542
Gayac, bois de, 100
” résine de, 103
Gaz Alefi, 415
”-anjabin, 414
” Khonsari, 415
Gaultheria procumbens L., 402
Gelbwurzel, 638
Gelose, 750
Gelsemium nitidum Mich., 541
” sempervirens Ait., 541
Genêt à balais, 170
Genièvre, 624
Genista, 170
Gentian-bitter, 435
” Root, 434
Gentiana Catesbæi Walter, 436
” Chirayita Roxb., 436
” lutea L., 434
” pannonica Scopoli, 436
” punctata L., 436
” purpurea L., 436
” Saponaria L., 436
GENTIANEÆ, 434
Gentianic acid, 435
Gentianin, 435
Gentiogenin, 435
Gentiopicrin, 435
Geranium Oil, 267. 726. 728
Gergelim, 474
Germer, 693
Gerste, 722
Geum urbanum L., 390. 391
Gewürznelken, 280
Ghittaiemou, 83
Giftlattich, 395
Gigartina acicularis Lamour., 749
Gigartina mammillosa J. Agardh, 749
Gigambo, 94
Gingeli Oil, 473
Gingembre, 636
Ginger, 635
” grass oil, 726
Gingili Oil, 473
Ginseng, American, 79
Girofles, 280
” griffes de, 286
Gizeis, Gizi, 222
=Glandulæ Humuli=, 554
” Rottleræ, 562
Glycyrretin, 181. 182
Glycyrrhiza echinata L., 179
” glabra L., 179. 183
” glandulifera Waldst. et Kit., 179
Glycyrrhizin, 181
Gnoscopine, 59
Gombo, 94
Gomme arabique, 233
” Gutte, 83
Goolwail, 33
Goudron végétal, 619
Gracillaria confervoides Grev., 749
” lichenoides Grev., 749
Grahe’s test, 336
Grains, Guinea, 651
” of Paradise, 651
Graines des Moluques, 565
” de Tilly, 565
GRAMINEÆ, 714
=Grana Paradisi=, 651
GRANATEÆ, 289
Granatill, 565
Granatin, 291
Granatschalen, 289
Granatwurzelrinde, 290
Granulose, 631
Grass, Couch, 729
” Dog’s, 729
” Lemon, 725
” Oil, indian, 725
” Oil of Nimar, 726
” Quitch, 729
Graswurzel, 729
Greenheart Bark, 535
Grenades, écorce de, 289
Grenadier, écorce de racine de, 290
Grieswurzel, 25
Ground-nut Oil, 186
Guaiac Beta-resin, 105
Guaiac-yellow, 105
Guiacene, 105
Guaicic acid, 105
Guaiacol, 105
Guaiaconic acid, 104
Guaiacum officinale L., 100. 103
” Resin, 103
” sanctum L., 100
” Wood, 100
Guaiakharz, 103
Guaiakholz, 100
Guaiaretic acid, 104
Guaiol, 105
Guaza, 548
Guilandina Bonducella L., 211
Guimauve, 92
Guinea Grains, 651
” Pepper, 452
Gula, 715
=Gulancha=, 33
Gule-pistah, 598
Gum Arabic, 233
” Australian, 237
” Barbary, 237 ” Bassora, 239
” Benjamin, 403
” Cape, 237
” Caramania, 178
” East India, 237
” Feronia, 239
” flooded, 199
” Gedda, 236
” Hog, 178
” Jiddah, 236
” Mesquite, 239
” Mogador, 237
” Morocco, 237
” Mosul, 178
” red, 199
” Senegal, 236
” Suakin, 235. 237
” Talca or Talha, 234
” Thus, 608 ” Tragacanth, 174
” Wattle, 237
” white, 199
=Gummi Acaciæ=, 233
” arabicum, 233
Gummigutt, 83
Gummis acanthinum, 234
” Sennaar, 236
Guragi, 650
Gurjun Balsam, 88
Gurjunic acid, 90
Gutti, 83
GUTTIFERÆ, 83
GYMNOSPERMS, 604
Gynocardia odorata R. Brown, 75

Habaghadi, 140. 145
Hæmateïn, 214
Hæmatoxylin, 214
Hæmatoxylon campechianum L., 213
Hagebutten, 268
Hagenia abyssinica Willd., 256
Hagenic acid, 258
HAMAMELIDEÆ, 271
Hanfkraut, 546
Hardwickia pinnata Roxb., 232
Hartsthorn, 157
Hashab, 233. 235
Hashish, 548
Hawkbit, 394
Hedeoma pulegioides Pers., 486
Helenin, 381
Hellebore, black, 1
” white, 693
” american, 695
Heil, 650
Helleboreïn, 3
Helleboresin, 2
Helleboretin, 3
Helleborin, 2
Helleborus fœtidus L., 2
” niger L., 1
” orientalis Lam., 1
” purpurascens Waldst. et Kit., 2
” viridis L., 2. 3. 695
Helonias frigida Lindley, 695
Hématine, 214
Hemidesmus indicus R. Brown, 423
Hemlock fruits, 299
” leaves, 301
Hemlock Spruce, 612
Hemp, Indian, 546
Henbane leaves, 463
Herabol, 140. 146
Herapathite, 360
Herba Aconiti, 11
” =Andrographidis=, 472
” Anthos, 488
” =Cannabis=, 546
” Chiratæ=, 436
” =Hydrocotyles=, 297
” =Lactucæ=, 395
” =Lobeliæ=, 399
” =Matico=, 589
” =Menthæ piperitæ=, 481
” =Menthæ viridis=, 479
” Nicotianæ, 466
” pedicularia, 6
” =Pulegii=, 486
” =Rosmarini=, 488
” =Sabinæ=, 626
” Schœnanthi s. Squinanthi, 728
” =Scoparii=, 170
” =Stramonii=, 459
” =Thymi vulgaris=, 487
Hermodactylus, 701
Herva de Nossa Senhora, 27
Hesperetic acid, 117
Hesperetin, 116
Hesperidin, 116. 126
Hexenmehl, 731
Hibiscus esculentus L., 94
Hill colocynth, 297
Hiltit, 316
Hing, 318
Hingra, 319
Hips, 268
Hodthai, 146
Hog gum, 178
Holcus saccharatus L., 721
Holunderblüthe, 333
Holztheer, 619
Hopfen, 551
Hopfenbittersäure, 555
Hopfendrüsen, 554
Hopfenstaub, 554
Hops, 551
Hordeinic acid, 725
=Hordeum decorticatum=, 722
” distichum L., 722
” perlatum, 722
Hornbast, 74. 157
Horse-radish, 71
Houblon, 551
Huile d’Arachides, 186
” de Cade, 623
” d’enfer, 419 ” fermentée, 419
” d’Olives, 417
” tournante, 419
Hulba, 173
Humulus Lupulus L., 551
Humulotannic acid, 553
Hwang-lien, 4
Hydnocarpus inebrians Vahl, 77
” odorata Lindley, 75
” venenata Gärtner, 76
” Wightiana Blume, 76
Hydrocotarnine, 59
Hydrocotyle asiatica L., 297
” rotundifolia Roxb., 298
” vulgaris L., 298
Hydrocyanic acid, 249. 250. 255
Hydrokinone, 401
Hyoscine, 465
Hyoscinic acid, 465
Hyoscyamine, 464
Hyoscyamus albus L., 463. 465
” insanus Stocks, 466
” niger L., 204. 463
Hypogæic acid, 187
Hypopicrotoxic acid, 33

Ibischa, 92
Iceland Moss, 737
Icica Abilo Blanco, 147
” altissima Aublet, 152
” Caranna Humb. B. et K., 152
” guianensis Aubl., 152
” heptaphylla Aubl., 152
” heterophylla DC., 152
” Icicariba DC., 152
” various species, 147
Idris yaghi, 267. 728
Igasuric acid, 433
Igasurine, 430
Ignatiana philippinica Loureiro, 431
Ignatius Beans, 431
Ilāchi, 644
Illicium anisatum Loureiro, 20
” religiosum Siebold, 20
Imperata Königii P. de B., 336
Imperatoria Ostruthium L., 10
Indian Bael, 129
” Hemp, 546
” Pink Root, 433
” Poke, 695
Indravarunī, 295
Ingwer, 635
Inimboja, 211
Inosite, 394. 472
Inula Helenium L., 380
Inulin, 382
Inulin, from Arnica, 391
” ” Taraxacum, 394
Inuloïd, 382
Ionidium, 375. 382
Ipéca sauvage, 427
Ipecacuanha, 370
” Carthagena, 373
” Indian, 427
” New Granada, 373
” striated, 376
” undulated, 376
Ipecacuanhic acid, 374
Ipomœa dissecta Willd., 251
” Jalapa Pursh, 441
” orizabensis Ledanois, 446
” Purga Hayne, 443
” simulans Hanbury, 447
Ipomœic acid, 446
IRIDACEÆ, 660
Iris florentina L., 660
” germanica L., 660
” nepalensis Wall., 663
” pallida Lamarck, 660
” Pseudacorus L., 678
Irländisches Moos, 747
Ishpingo, 533
Isländisches Moos, 737
Isobutyric acid, 391
Isolusin, 79
Ispaghul Seeds, 490
Isuvitinic acid, 85

Jaborandi, 113. 114
Jadvar, 14
Jaffna moss, 749
Jaggery, 720
Jalap, 443
” fusiform, light or male, 446
” resin of, 445
” stalks or tops, 446
” Tampico, 447
” Vera Cruz, 446
” woody, 446
Jalapin, 445
” of Mayer, 447
” in scammony, 441
Jamaica pepper, 287
” Winter’s Bark, 75
Jateorhiza palmata Miers, 23
Jernang, 673
Jervic acid, 695
Jervine, 694. 696
Jeukbol, 672
Jinjili Oil, 473
Ju-siang, 137
Juckborsten, 189
Juncus odoratus, 728
Juniper Berries, 624
” Tar, 523
Juniperus communis L., 624
” nana Willd., 625
” Oxycedrus L., 623
” phœnicea L., 628
” Sabina L., 626
” virginiana L., 628
Jusquiame, 463
Justicia paniculata Burmann, 472

Kaddigbeeren, 624
Kakul, 234
Kaladana, 448
Kalmia latifolia L., 402
Kalmus, 676
Kalumb, 24
Kalumbawurzel, 23
=Kamala= or Kamela, 572
Kamalin, 575
Kamanan, 403
Kami, 234
Kamillen, 386
Kaminan, 403
Kämpferid, 643
Kanbil, 572
Kand, 715
Kandahari-Hing, 317
Kaneel, 519
Kapi-Kachchu, 190
Kapila or Kapila-podi, 572
Karawya, 305
Kariyat or Creyat, 472
Karroodoorn, 237
Kasia, 222
Kat or Kut, 241. 242
Kayu-puti Oil, 277
Keersal, 244
Kentrosporium, 743
Kesso, 380
Khulakhudi, 297
Kikar, 234
Kinbil, 572. 573
Kinic acid, 363. 402. 595
Kinnah, 321
=Kino=, 194
” African, 198
” Australian, 198
” Bengal, 197
” Botany Bay, 198
” Butea, 197
” East Indian, 194
” Eucalyptus, 199
” Gambia, 198
” Palas or Pulas, 197
Kinoïn, 197. 199
Kinone, 363. 402
Kino-red, 196
Kino-tannic Acid, 196
Kirāta-tikta, 436
Kirschlorbeerblätter, 254
Kiwanch, 190
Klatschrosen, 39
Knorpeltang, 747
Kokkelskörner, 31
Kokum Butter, 86
Korarima, 650
Kordofan-Gummi, 233
Koriander, 329
Kosala, 259
Kosin, 258
Koso, Kosso, Kousso, 256
Kostus, 383
Krameria argentea Martius, 81
” cistoidea Hooker, 80
” grandifolia Berg, 82
” Ixina Triana, 82
” secundiflora DC., 82
” tomentosa St. Hilaire, 82
” triandra Ruiz et Par., 79
Krenai, 71
Kreuzdornbeeren, 157
Kreuzkümmel, 331
Kümmel, 304
” langer oder römischer, 331
Kunkuma, 664
Kurkuma, 638
Kustumburu, 329
Kut or Kat, 241. 242
Kutakan, 297
Kyphi, 141. 172

LABIATÆ, 476
Laburnine, 172
Lactuca altissima Bieberst., 396
” capitata DC., 396
” elongata Mühlenbk., 396
” sativa L., 396
Lactuca Scariola, 395
” virosa, 395. 396
=Lactucarium=, 396
Lactucerin, 398
Lactucic acid, 398
Lactucin, 398
Lactucone, 398
Lactucopicrin, 398
Ladanum, 141
Lævulinic acid, 748
Laitue vireuse, 395
Lakriz, 179. 183
Lakrizwurzel, 179
Lalang grass, 336
Lanthopine, 59
Larch Bark, 611
” Turpentine, 609
Larix europæa DC., 609. 611
” sibirica Ledebour, 619
Larixin, 611
Larixinic acid, 611
Laser, 315
Laudanine, 59
Laudanosine, 59
LAURACEÆ, 510
Laurel oil, 540
Laurel, common, 254
Laurier-cerise, 254
Laurocerasin, 255
Laurus Camphora L., 510
” Cubeba Loureiro, 588
” Sassafras L., 537
Läusesamen, 5. 697
Lavandula lanata Boissier, 479
Lavandula Spica DC., 478
” Stœchas L., 479
” vera DC., 476
Lavanga, 281
Lavendelblumen, 476
Lavender Flowers, 476
” oil of, 478
Lawsonia alba Lam., 305
Ledebouria hyacinthina Roth, 693
LEGUMINOSÆ, 170
Leinsamen, 97
Lemon, 114
” essence of, 118
” grass, 725
Leontodon hispidus L., 394
” Taraxacum L., 392
Leontodonium, 394
Lerp, 417
Lettuce, garden, 396
” Opium, 399
” prickly, 396
Leu-sung-kwo, 432
Lewa, 51
Liane à réglisse, 188
=Lichen islandicus=, 737
” starch, 739
LICHENES, 737
Lichenic acid, 739
Lichenin, 739
Licheno-stearic acid, 739
Lignum Aloës, 681
” Brasile, 216
” campechianum, 213
” floridum, 537
” =Guaiaci=, 100
” =Hæmatoxyli=, 213
” =Pterocarpi=, 199
” =Quassiæ=, 131
” sanctum, 100
” =Santali=, 599
” santalinum rubrum, 199
” Sassafras, 537
” Vitæ, 100
LILIACEÆ, 679
Limbu, 115
Limon, 114
Lin, 97
LINEÆ, 97
Linoleic acid, 99
Linoxyn, 98
Linseed, 97
Linum usitatissimum L., 97
Lippia citriodora Humb. Bonpl. et Kth., 726
Liquidambar Altingiana Blume, 272. 277
” formosana Hance, 277
” imberbis Aiton, 271
” orientalis Miller, 271
” styraciflua L., 211. 271. 276
Liquiritiæ radix, 179
” succus, 183
Liquorice, extract of, 183
” indian, 188
” paste, 184
” root, 179
” ” russian, 181
” ” spanish, 181
” Solazzi, 184
” spanish, 183
Lobelacrin, 400
Lobelia inflata L., 399
LOBELIACEÆ, 399
Lobelianin, 400
Lobelic acid, 400
Lobeliin, 400
Lobelina, 400
Loblolly Pine, 607
Lobus echinodes, 211
LOGANIACEÆ, 428
Logwood, 213
” extract of, 215
Long Pepper, 582
Lopez Root, 111
Löwenzahnwurzel, 392
Loxa Bark, 352
Luban, 133. 137
” Bedowi, 134. 135
” Fasous, 138
” Maheri, 138
” Mascati, 138
” Mati, 135
” Meyeti, 135
” Sheheri, 134
Lukrabo, 76
Lupulin, 554
Lupuline (alkaloid), 553
Lupulinic Grains, 554
Lupulite, 555
Lupulus, 551
Lycium, 35. 512
LYCOPODIACEÆ, 731
Lycopodium clavatum L., 731

Mace, 508
” oil of, 507
Macene, 509
=Macis=, 508
Macrotin, 16
Magellanischer Zimmt, 17
Magican, 595
Magisterium Opii, 57
MAGNOLIACEÆ, 17
Mahā-tita, 473
Mahmira, 3
Mahwah tree, 728
Maniguette, 651
Makar tree, 135
Malabathri folia, 533
Malayan camphor, 516
Male Fern, 733
Malic acid in Euphorbium, 561
Mallotus philippinensis Müller, 572
MALVACEÆ, 92
Mambroni chini, 4
Mamiran, 4
Mandāra, 425
Mandeln, bittere, 247
” süsse, 244
Mandobi, 187
Mandragora microcarpa Bertoloni, 458
” officinarum ” 458
” vernalis ” 458
Manduka-parni, 297
Mangosteen, oil of, 86
Mani, 187
Manihot utilissima Pohl, 250
=Manna=, 409
” Alhagi, 414
” Australian, 417
” Briançon, 416
” flake, 412
” Lerp, 417
” oak, 415
”-sugar, 412
” tamarisk, 414
” Tolfa, 412
Mannite, 412. 730
” in Aconite, 10
” in ergot, 746
” in Taraxacum, 394
Mapouria Ipecacuanha Müll. Arg., 370
Maranta arundinacea L., 629
” indica Tussac, 629
Margosa Bark, 154
Margosic acid, 155
Margosine, 155
Marmelos, 130
Marshmallow Root, 92
Mastich, Alpha-resin, 164
” Beta-resin, 164
” Bombay, 165
” East India, 165
=Mastiche=, 161
Masticin, 164
Maticin, 590
Matico, 589
Matricaria Chamomilla L., 358. 386
” suaveolens L., 386
Maulbeeren, 544
May Apple, 36
Meadow Saffron, 699
Mechoacan, 444
Meconic acid, 40. 58. 63
Meconidine, 59
Meconine, 60
Meconium, 42
Meconoiosin, 60
Meerrettig, 71
Meerzwiebel, 690
Melaleuca ericœfolia Smith, 280
” Leucadendron L., 277
” linariœfolia Smith, 280
” minor Smith, 278
MELANTHACEÆ, 693
Melegueta Pepper, 651
Melezitose, 414. 416
Melia Azadirachta L., 154
” Azedarach L., 154
” indica Brandis, 154
MELIACEÆ, 154
Melitose, 417
Memeren, 4
MENISPERMACEÆ, 23
Menispermine, 33
Menispermum Cocculus L., 31
Menispermum palmatum Lam., 23
Mentha crispa, 481
” piperita Hudson, 481
” Pulegium L., 486
” viridis L., 479
Menthe poivrée, 481
” pouliot, 486
Menthol, 483
Mespilodaphne Sassafras Meissner, 539
Mesquite gum, 239
Meta-dioxybenzol, 323
Metacopaivic acid, 91. 231
Metastyrol, 274
Methylamine in ergot, 746
Mezereon Bark, 540
Mimosa Catechu L., fol., 240
” Senegal L., 233
” Suma Kurz., 241
” Sundra Roxb., 240
Mint, black, 484
” white, 484
Mishmi Bitter, 3
Mismalvas, 92
Mohnkapseln, 40
Mohr add, 135
Mohr meddu, 134
Mohrenkümmel, 331
Molasses, 722
Momiri, 4. 5
Momordica Elaterium L., 292
Monniera trifolia L., 114
MORACEÆ, 544
Morelle grimpante, 450
Moriuga pterygosperma Gärtner, 73
Morphine or Morphia, 41. 57. 63
” estimation, 63
Morus alba L., 545
” nigra L., 544
Moschuswurzel, 312
Moss, Ceylon, 749
” Irish, 747
” Jaffna, 749
Mosul gum, 178
Mother Cloves, 286
Mousse d’Irlande, 747
” d’Islande, 737
” perlée, 743
Moutarde anglaise, 68
” blanche, 68
” grise, 64
” noire, 64
Moutarde des Allemands, 71
Mucuna cylindrosperma Welwitsch, 191
” pruriens DC., 189
” prurita Hkr., 189
Mudar, 424
Mudarine, 425
Mulberries, 544
Mulmul, 140
Mundubi, 187
Munjit, 438
Mur, 140. 142
Mûres, 544
Murlo, 135
Muscade, 502
” beurre de, 507
Muskatblüthe, 508
Muskatbutter, 507
Muskatnuss, 502
Muskatnussöl, 507
Mustard, black, brown-red, 64
” oil of, 66
” white, 68
Mustard paper, 68
Mutterharz, 320
Mutterkorn, 740
Mutterkümmel, 331
Mycose, 745
Myrcia acris DC., 289
Myristic acid, 507. 508. 663
” ” from kokum, 87
” ” ” orris, 663
=Myristica=, 502
” fatua Houtt., 502. 506
” fragrans Houtt., 502
” moschata Thunb., 502
” officinalis L., 502
MYRISTICEÆ, 502
Myristicene, 506
Myristicin, 506
Myristicol, 506
Myristin, 508
Myrocarpus frondosus Allemão, 211
Myronate of potassium, 66
Myrosin, 66. 70
Myrospermum Pereiræ Royle, 205
” toluiferum A. Rich., 202
Myroxocarpin, 210
Myroxylon Pereiræ Klotzsch, 205
” peruiferum L., 210
” punctatum Klotzsch, 202
” Toluifera, H.B.K, 202
Myrrh, 140. 520
” arabian, 143. 146
=Myrrha=, 140
MYRTACEÆ, 277
Myrtus Pimenta L., 287

Narceine, 59. 63
Narcotine, 57. 59. 62
Nard, Indian, 312
Nardostachys, 312
Naringin, 117
Narthex Asafœtida Falconer, 314
Nataloïn, 687
Nauclea Gambir Hunter, 335.
Nectandra cinnamomoides Meissner, 534
” Cymbarum Ness, 540
” Rodiæi Schomburgk, 535
Nectandria, 536
Nelkenköpfe, 287
Nelkenpfeffer, 287
Nelkenstiele, 286
Nephelium lappaceum L., 187
Neroli Camphor, 127
” oil of, 126
Nerprun, 157
Neugewürz, 287
Ngai Camphor, 518
Ngan-si-hiang, 403
Nhandi, 591
Nicker seeds, 211
Nicotiana multivalvis Lindley, 469
” persica Lindley, 469
” quadrivalvis Pursh, 469
” repanda Willd., 469
” Tabacum L., 466
Nicotianin, 468
Nicotine, 467
Nieswurzel, 1
” weisse, 639
Nightshade, deadly, 458
” woody, 450
Nim Bark, 154
Nimba, 154
Nimbuka, 115
Nipa fruticans Thunb., 721
Noix d’Arec, 669
” de galle, 595
” Igasur, 431
” de muscade, 502
” vomique, 428
Nunnari Root, 423
Nutgalls, 595
Nutmeg, 502
” Butter, 507
Nutmeg, expressed oil of, 507
Nuts, Areca, 669
” Betel, 669
Nux Arecæ, 669
” Betel, 669
” indica, 502. 503. 670
” Methel, 429
” moschata, 502
=Nux Vomica=, 428

Oak bark, 593
” galls, 595
” manna, 415
Ognon marin, 690
Oil, citronella, 726
” Geranium, 728
” ginger grass, 726
” lemon grass, 725
” Melissa, 725
” Namur or Nimar, 726
” palmarosa, 728
” rusa, 728
” Theobroma, 95
” Verbena, 725
Okro, 94
Olea cuspidata Wallich, 417
” europæa L., 417
” ferruginea Royle, 417
OLEACEÆ, 409
Oleic acid in almonds, 246
” in Arachis, 187
Olen, 4
=Oleum Andropogonis=, 725
” =Arachis=, 186
” Aurantii florum, 126
” Bergamii, 121
” =Bergamottæ=, 121
” =Cacao=, 95
” cadinum, 623
” =Cajuputi=, 277
” Crotonis, 565
” =Garciniæ=, 86
” Graminis indici, 725
” Juniperi empyreumaticum, 623
” =Limonis=, 118
” Macidis, 507
” Mangostanæ, 86
” Menthæ piperitæ, 482
” Myristicæ expressum, 507
” =Neroli=, 126
” Nucistæ, 507
” =Olivæ=, 417
” =Rosæ=, 262
” =Sesami=, 473
” Spicæ, 479
” Theobromatis, 95
” Tiglii, 565
” Wittnebianum, 278
=Olibanum=, 133. 141. 520
Olive Oil, 417
Olivenöl, 417
Omam, 302. 726
Ophelia angustifolia Don, 436
” Chirata Grisebach, 436
” densifolia Griseb., 438
” elegans Wight, 438
” multiflora Dalz., 438
Ophelic acid, 437
Ophioxylon serpentinum L., 4
Opianic acid, 58
Opianine, 58
Opianyl (Meconin), 60
=Opium=, 42
” Abkāri, 52
” Americanum, 61. 63
” of Asia Minor, 45. 60
” Chinese, 53
” Constantinople, 45
” East Indian, 50. 61. 62
” Egyptian, 47. 61
” European, 49. 60. 62
” Malwa, 50. 62
” Mosambik, 55
” Patna, 50. 53. 61
” Persian, 48. 61. 62
” salt, 57
” Smyrna, 45. 63
” thebaicum, 44
” Turkey, 45
” wax, 56
” Zambezi, 55
Opoidia galbanifera Lindley, 320
Opopanax, 327
Opopanax Chironium Koch, 327
” persicum Boiss., 327
Orange, Bigarade, 124
” bitter, 124
” Flower Water, 127
” Peel, 124
” ” oil of, 128
” Seville, 124
ORCHIDACEÆ, 654
Orchis, species yielding Salep, 654
Ordeal Bean, 191
Oreodaphne opifera Nees, 540
Orge mondé ou perlé, 722
Orizaba Root, 446
Orme, 556
Orinthogalum altissimum L., 693
Ornus europæa Pers., 409
Orris Camphor, 663
” Root, 660
Otto of Rose, 262
Oxyacanthine, 36
Oxycannabin, 549
Oxycopaivic acid, 231
Oxylinoleic acid, 99
Oxyphœnica, 225