Chapter XIX: Appendix: A. Analytical Comparison of Some of the Most Important Words in

THE AFRICAN LANGUAGES WITH THE ANALOGOUS WORDS IN THE LANGUAGES OF ASIA, EUROPE, AND AMERICA.

_This Comparison will serve to show:_

1. The connexion between the Languages of the Negro population of the Middle of AFRICA with those of the races in the North and South of AFRICA who differ from the Negroes in Physiognomy, Colour, and other Physical qualities.

2. The connexion between the Languages of every part of AFRICA with those of ASIA, EUROPE, and AMERICA.

3. The fundamental identity of the Languages of the four great divisions of the Globe.

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Oue ini and Ou oini, Luminary Effulgence. [Probably connected with “Ooh” Glory, “Eoohu” Day.] (_Egyptian._) 2. R. Ou oein, to Roongeh, “Sun.”(160) diffuse Light, [Illuminare.] (_Egypt._) 3. I mine, “Day.” 4. 5. Ra, Re, Sun. (_Egypt._) 6. 7. Hor, “Horus,” the Huer, Day. God of Day. (_Egypt._) 8. Horambe, Moon. 9. 10.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. O . een . n, Eye. Wawn or Gwawn, “A (_Heb._) Wang, quick darting of “Light emitted from rays, (Dr. Owen a body.”(_Chinese._) Pughe’s Dict.) The Dawn.” (_Welsh._) 2. Ee . ou . m “Day,”(_Heb._) [Probably from “Eoohu” Day, (_Egyptian,_) and the suffix “M,” which in Hebrew forms nouns from roots, like the English suffix “er” in Mak-er.(161)] 3. Emee . n “Day.”(_Greek._) 4. Arou, Behold! Ora-o, to see. (_Chald._) R.a.e, to (_Greek._) see. (_Heb._) 5. Re, Moon, Re alt, Star. (_Irish._) 6. Ur, Fire, Ur-o. (_Latin._) Uru, Day. (_Kurd._) Hur, Fire, (_Aymarans, S. A._) and Or, Day. (_Armenian._) 7. Huere, Sun. Huarassi, Sun and (_Zend._) Day. (_Omaguans, S. A._) 8. Hora, Time, (_Greek,_) an Hour, (_Latin._) 9. A . ou . r, Aurora, the Dawn. Light, Daylight. (_Latin._) (_Heb. & Chaldæ._) 10. Arpi, Sun. (_Armenian._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Wurabe, Day. (_Nubia._) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Kammer, Ungmar, Moon. 7. Re, the Sun, as above. 8. Iri, “Eye.”(162) Iirri, “Sun” The symbol of Osiris, the God of Day. 9. Iris, the Dawn. (_Egypt._) 10. Wurrhy, “Moon.” Uhaaire, and Ver, (_Abyss._) [Compare “Moon.” Wurabe, “Day,” above.] (_Nubian._) 11. La, “Fire.” Leaw, “Fire.”

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Or, Day. Wawr, or Gwawr, the Ourhenha, Day. (_Armenian._) Dawn. (_Welsh._) (_Hurons, N. A._) Awringo, Sun (_Finnish._) 2. A.ou.r, Light, &c., as above; Also with m prefix— 3. M . A . ou. r, An instrument or source of Light, applied to the Sun and Moon. (_Heb._) 4. Mihira, Sun. (_Sanscrit._) 5. Mar, Sun. (_Abassian._) 6. N. Mar, Sun. (_Affghan._) 7. Iru, Sun. (_Korea._) 8. Eiere, Day. (_Zend._) [Compare Yere, Moon, (_Samoied_) below.] 9. Iris, the Rainbow. (_Latin._) 10. Wurra, Moon. Wiri, Yere, and (_Sumbava._) Irri, Moon. (_Samoied._) 11. Lohe, Flame. Hello, Fire. Lo-dern, “To Burn.” (_Runsienes, N. A._) (_German._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Lo, “Day.” 2. 3. Lp.s.h, “Flame.” Lelaffu, “Fire.” 4. Lopsh, “To Burn.” Leetshaatsi, “Sun.” (_Egypt._) 5. Lataa, “Sun.” See Lo, La, above. 6. La, “Fire.” Lo, Leaw, Fire, as “Day,” as above. above. Also Lilo, Fire.(163) 7. Lelegh, Day. 8. Eluk wee, Heaven. 9. See Lelegh, “Day,” as above.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Lo, and La, “Day.” Olo, Sun and Day. (_Irish._) (_Vilellans, S. A._) 2. Hallo Allo, a Day. (_Corea._) 3. 4. L.e.b.e, “Flame.” Licht. (_German._) L.e.b, “To burn.” Light. (_English._) (_Hebrew._) L.e.t, Lo-dern, “To burn.” “Flame,” “To flame, (_German._) [See burn.” (_Heb._) Lohe, above.] 5. Hallo Alo, a Day. (_Coriac._) 6. Olo, Sun and Day. (_Vilellans, S. A._) Ele le dun, Flame. (_Arowacks._) 7. Uolok, Day. (_Esquim._) 8. El eek, (_Nootka Sound_,) and Hello, Fire, (_Runsienes, N. A_.) Ali-gega, Sun. (_M. Baya_, extreme south of S. A.) 9. Lux, Light. (_Latin._) Licht. (_German._) Lluched, Lightning. (_Welsh._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. Liklo, Ames-ligo, “An Eye.” 3. 4. Eli-ang, the Sun. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Eli-ang, the Sun, as above. 10. 11. 12. Lelangu, Sun. 13. Lainch, and Lainghitsi, Heaven.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Lochatai, “He Llygad, “An Eye.” sees.” _Sanscrit._) (_Welsh._) 2. Look-eth. (_English._) 3. E.l. To shine. Eel-ios, the Sun. E.l.l. To shine (_Greek._) brightly. 4. E.ee.l.l. Lucifer. (_Hebrew._) 5. Hailih, and Hāil, the Sun. Gra-_haulai_, Sun. Hailihs, the Sun. (_Welsh._) Hell, (_Abipones._) Hello, (_Sanscrit._) Bright. (_German._) Fire. (_Runsienes, N. A._) 6. Hallo, Alo, a Olo, Sun. Day. (_Coriac._) 7. Ali, Day. Allit, Moon. (_Moluccan._) (_Vilellans, S. A._) 8. Eel-ios, the Sun. (_Greek._) 9. Alank, a heavenly Luminary, or Star. (_Algonquyn dialects, N. A._) 10. Alak, a Star. (_Assanskians._) 11. Alagon, a Star. (_Kotowskians, N. Asia._) 12. Lun, Day. Lunus. Luna. (_Sirjanian & (_Latin._) Luan, Permian._ Moon. (_Irish._) 13. Languin, Heaven. (_Moluccan._) [Also, in the same language, Ali, Day. Compare El-iang, above.]

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. Kalla, Coll, Moon. 3. N jellauma(164), Woelau. Volan, Moon. Day. _Phellata dialect._ 4. Leoure, Moon. (_Fulah dialect._) 5. 6. Liulu, Moon. (_Phellata._) 7. 8. 9. Hyalla, Heaven. Ellu, Iulo, I ewel, Heaven.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Gailgen, Moon. Gealach, Moon. Igaluk, Moon. (_Coriac._) Glauh, (_Irish._) (_Kadjaks_, extreme Moon. (_Sanscrit._) N.W. of _N.A._) 2. Killa, Quilla, Moon. (_Quichuans, S.A._) 3. Jwala, Light, Gwawl, or Wawl, Flame. (_Sanscrit._) Light. (_Welsh._) 4. Lloer, Moon. (_Welsh._) Laor, Moon. (_Armorican._) 5. Glauh-r, Moon. [Formed from Glauh, Moon, above, by “Sandhi.”] (_Sanscrit._) 6. Liu, Colour. (_Welsh._) Llei-ad, Moon. (_Welsh._) [The double _Ll_ gives to the word a sound nearly the same as _Ch_leiad.] 7. Klaida, Klaidu, Moon, (_Sanscrit._) [This, and several of the previous Sanscrit words, have been compared with the Welsh by Dr. Prichard.] 8. Koilak, Heaven. Killak. (_Tchugassians_, (_Greenland._) N.E. of _Asia_, and Killock, Heaven. N.W. of _America_.) (_Kadjaks._) 9. Igalack Moon, as above. (_Kadjaks._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Serapis, or Sorohb, Sun. Soropis, the God of the Sun, the same as Osiris. (_Egypt._) 2. Scharappa,(165) Sorrie, Sun. “Moon.” (_Berber & Dongolan._) 3. Osiri, Osira, Surrie, Sore, Sun. (Osiris), believed to be the God of the Sun (_Egypt._) 4. Soroka,(166) Day. 5. Assara, Moon. 6. Osran, Osseram, Osseramme, Moon. 7. A-un, Sun. [See this word more fully illustrated in another part of this Analysis.] 8. Antu, a Day. 9. Andru, Day. 10. Omma Ongma, “Moon.” 11.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Sh . r ph, to burn, a Conflagration. S . h . r ph . e . m, “Seraphs.” Sh.r.b, to burn, scorch. Ze.r, to shine brightly. 2. Ts. e. r, a Sêr, Stars. Light, Noon. (_Welsh._) (_Hebrew._) 3. Surya, the Indian God of the Sun. His orb personified. (_Sanscrit._) 4. Scorch. (_English._) 5. Sārā, “Moon.” Sêr, Stars. (_Syrian_, _Mongol_, (_Welsh_, as above.) & _Calmuck_.) 6. 7. Ano, Day. (_Caraibs, S. A._) 8. Antu Antú, Sun, Day. (_Araucan, S. A._) 9. “Indra,” the Inti, Indi, Sun. (In Indian God of Day, several other Diespater. dialects of _S.A._) (_Sanscrit._) 10. Omma, “Eye,” “Face,” also applied to “Sun and Moon.” (_Greek._) [Schneider.] 11. Mah, the Moon. _Bucharian._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Mo Moe. 2. Muhta. 3. Mum Muhm, “Eye.” 4. Moomo, “Moon.” 5. 6. Manga, Eye.(167) 7. 8. 9. Mone, “Moon.” 10. Missigh, “Eye.” 11. Massou, Massoo, Masso, Massorohi, “Eye.” 12. Masso-androu, Sun, (i.e. “Eye of Day.”) [See Androu, Day, immediately before.]

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Mi-en, “Face.” (_Chinese & Burman._) 2. 3. 4. 5. Ee m ee . n, “the Eye,” or Finger, (_Heb._) [Similiter “Per-ception,” now used for the “Eye,” but applied originally to the hand.] 6. 7. M . n . ee. A name under which the idolatrous Jews worshipped the “Material Heavens.” 8. Mondy, “Sun.” Manoak, “Sun,” or (_Permian._) “Moon.” (_Algonquyn Dialects._) 9. “Moon.” (_English._) Mēnē, “Month.” (_Greek._) Mensis, “Month.” (_Lat._) Mana, “Moon.” (_Lapld._) 10. Miezzi, “Eye.” (_Burman._) 11. 12. Musseete, “Day.” (_New England._) Metzli, “Moon.” (_Mexican._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Massch-ekka, Masso-anru, “Sun.” Masso-anro, “Sun.” [Apparently Massu, Mass-ge, Masso-anru, “Sun.” from Missigh,(168) “Fire.” “Eye,” and Ika, or Ik, “Fire.” Compare Massoandrou, “Sun.” _South Africa._ (_Berbers & Dongolans._) 2. Masso-am, Sun. 3. Midding, “Moon.” Majava, “Day.” 4. Wussuk, Fire. 5. Wis, Sun. 6. 7. Att-aschi, Sun. 8. 9. Sou Siou, Star. (_Egypt._) 10. Zu, Sun.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Miaschta, “Moon.” Mesaz, “Moon.” (_Affghan._) Māsi, (_Sclavonian._) Mis, “Moon.” “Month.” (_Welsh._) (_Sanscrit._) 2. M.s.e(169), and M.j, “Sun.” (_Georgian._) 3. 4. Us-tus, burnt. Usi Ussi, Fire. (_Latin._) (_California, N. A._) Is-chey, Fire. (_Black Feet Indians, N. A._) Neetak _Hasseh_, Sun. _Hasche_, Moon. (_Chikkasahs_, N. A.) 5. Is-chey, Fire. (_Black Feet, N.A._, as above.) 6. Ash, Fire. Ass-o, to roast. Assista, Fire. (_Heb._) Az-er, and (_Latin._) (_Hurons, N. A._) At-emsch. Azgo.(170) (_Persian._) (_Gothic._) Ash-es. (_English._) 7. Aith-ein, to burn. (_Greek._) 8. At-emsch. Sah, the Sun and (_Pehli._) Moon. (_Chippeway._) Ath-eresch, Fire. (_Zend._) 9. Soo, Moon. (_Penobscot, N. A._) 10. Suâ, Sun. (_Muyscans, S.A._, near the Isthmus of Darien.)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. So, Heaven. 2. 3. 4. Shah, Flame. 5. Shah shah, Heat. (_Egypt._) 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Njite, “Fire.” Nissiek, “Fire.” (_Phellata._) 11. Ntzai, “Sun.” 12. Gimoihu, Fire. 13. Khem, God of the Sun. (_Egypt._) 14. 15. T’kaam. 16. Gam, Moon.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Sua, Fire. (_Basque._) 2. Zee ou, Beams, Rays, Splendour. 3. Zee, to be Zĕō, to be hot. bright. (_Heb._) (_Greek._) 4. Sua, Fire. (_Basque_, as above. 5. Sch un, Sun. Sun. (_English._) Tscan-u, Sun. (_Mantchu._) Tschaan, Day. 6. Z.k. Flame. Tschan-e, Moon, (_Kinai Tribe_, extreme N.W. of _N. A._) Tcenoe, Moon. (_Cherokee._) 7. Ts.c’h.e, to Sacche, Sun. shine. (_Mossans, S.A._) 8. Ts.c’h, clear and Sekkinek, Sun. parching. (_Greenland, N. A._) 9. Ts.c’h.ts c’h, Siccus, Dry. violent Heat, or (_Latin._) Sych, Drought. (_Heb._) Dry. (_Welsh._) 10. N.sh.k, to kindle, to rise in flame, to kindle a fire. (_Heb._) 11. Nitidus, Shining. (_Latin._) 12. C’h m, Hot, Heat. 13. C’h.m m, to be inflamed. 14. C’h.m.n.ee.n, Kaumet, Sun. Sun Images. (_Heb._) 15. Kaumei, Moon. (_Greenland._) 16. Gomma, Moon. (_California._) Kyem, Moon. (_Araucan._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Giom, Heaven 2. Chrom. 3. Grom. Giro, Sun 4. Krom, Fire. Karree, Moon. Korro, T’kaukarah, Moon. (_Egypt._) Moon. Kohri, “Moon.” 5. Grom, “Fire,” (_Egyptian_, as above.) 6. 7. Giro, “Sun,” as above. 8. 9. 10.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Kümar, Heaven. (_Permian._) 2. C’hr.a, Ch.r.e, to kindle, burn up. (_Heb._) 3. Chor. Quarassi, Sun. (_Persian._) (_Brazil._) Coaracy, Cuarasi, Chorschid. (_Pehli._) 4. Chorschid, Sun. Chiriti, Moon. (_Ossetian._) (_Caraibs._) 5. G.r.m, Warm. Gorm, to heat, or (_Pers._) warm. (_Irish._) “Warm.” (_Eng. & Germ._) Gwr-ês, Heat; 6. C’h.r.e, to burn. Greiaw, to burn; Grau-haulai, Sun. (_Heb._ as above.) Grei-an, i.e. “the Grau-ek, Moon. Burner,” the Sun. (_Abipones, S. A._) (_Welsh._) 7. Grian. (_Irish._) 8. Grag, Fire. Gar-akou. (_Armenian._) (_Hurons._) Garocqua, Sun. (_Iroquois, N. A._) 9. Ee.ph.c’h,(171) Epee, Fire. to breathe, to pant. (_Katabans, N. A._) 10. Ph.ou.c’h, to Pioc Peez, Fire. blow upon, kindle, (_Moxians, S. A._) inflame. (_Heb._) Paahteh, Fire. (_Nadowessians, N. A._) Futui, Fire. (_Betoans, S. A._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Bazu. Ibida. 9. Bazou, Fire. 10. Fosseye, the Sun. 11. 12. 13. 14. Aifi-am, Of-endi, the Moon. 15. T’aib, Fire. 16. 17. Teb re, Heaven. Tubhia, Tubia, Fire. 18. Tuah hey, “the Sun.”

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Phōs, Fire, Flame. 2. Ee.ph.c’h. (As Ee.ph-aistos, above.) Vulcan, the God of Fire. (_Greek._) 3 Ph.ou.c’h. (As Foc-us. (_Latin._) above.) 4. Aifi, Fire. Fire, Fei-er, (_Sumbava._) (_English & German_,) formed from the root by adding -_er_, the formative of nouns. 5. Fi. (_Japan._) 6. Fei. (_Siam._) 7. Vu-r. (_Affghan._) 8. Bi. (_Siberian._) 9. B.sh.l, to ripen Bask. (_English._) in the Sun, to boil. (_Heb._) 10. Phos, Star. Phō-s, Fire, Light. (_Japan._) (_Greek._) 11. Ee p h o, to Pha-o, to shine. shine forth. (_Greek._) (_Heb._) 12. Ee p.h.o, Phoi b-os, “Phœbus,” Brightness, the Sun. (_Greek._) Splendour. (_Chald._) 13. Ee p.ph.e, very beautiful. (_Heb._) 14. Alf, the Moon. (_Kurdish._) 15. Af, the Sun, and T’eb, the Sun. (_Sanscr._) 16. Af-teb, the Sun. (_Persian._) 17. Tab, Heat. Tep-or. (_Latin._) Tash, a Day. (_Persian._) (_Pimans_, south of _N. A._) 18. Taw, “Sun.” Tea-s, or Deas, Tasi, Fire. (_The (_Kurdish._) Sunbeams. (_Welsh._) Kinai_, extreme N. W. of _N. A._) Daazoa, Sun. (_Mokobis, S. A._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Tedi, “Moon.” 2. 3. To trig, “Moon.” 4. Ot u, and 5. Hauy, Fire. Hu, Fire. (_Nubia & Abyss._) 6. Ei T.ei, and T’jih “Fire.” 7. Tuah’ hey, “Sun.” (_Nubia & Abyss._) 8. Haou. Uwya, Awia. 9. Eoohu, Day. Ua, and Ou, “Sun.” (_Egypt._) 10. Aou.eh, Moon. 11. “I.oh” Lunus, the God of the Moon. (_Egypt._) 12. Joh Ooh Oih Oou, Glory. (_Egypt._) 13. Hu.n, Sun. [See Hu, Fire, above.] 14. Au-n, and Uwi-n, “Sun.” [See Awia, and Ua, Sun, above.]

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Tadi, “Hot.” Tata, Fire. (_Affghan._) (_Omaguans_, N. A.) 2. Tab-dar, Hot. Tē k-ō, to melt, To-atka, Fire. (_Persian._) consume. (_Greek._) (_Musgohges_, _S. Carolina, N. A._) 3. Tœda, a Torch. (_Latin._) 4. Ot m, to be burnt Hot. (_English._) Ouato, Fire. up. (_Heb._) (_Caribs, S. A._) 5. Ho, “Fire.” Otschichta, Fire. (_Chinese._) (_Onandagos, N. A._) Oua, (_Natchez_,) and You, Fire. (_Woccons, N. A._) 6. 7. Ha, Hai, Hen, Hueiou, Weyo, Veio, Sun. (_Corea._) “Sun.” (_Caraibs, S. A._) 8. Ē-ōs, the Dawn. (_Greek._) 9. Auhe, Oweeh, Moon. (_Choctans, N. A._) 10. Yehiha, Moon. (_Mobimans, S. A._) 11. Yachquau, Moon. (_Senekas, N. A._) 12. 13. Hen, Sun (as Hu an, Phœbus, the above). (_Corea._) Sun. (_Welsh._) 14.

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Tôn-ih, Fire. 2. Tô in Sun. (_Nubia & Abyssinia._) 3. Tan gu, Tan go, Tan goa, Sun. 4. Danghitsi, Heaven. 5. Deemwa, Fire. Diambo, Sun. 6. Ik, Ika, Fire. Ejia, Fire. Ecy, Fire. (_Berbers & Dongolans._) 7. Ag ning, Engink, Sun. 8. Nahangue, Nonge, Eanga, Inyanga, Sun. (_Fulahs & Inganga, Moon. Phellatahs._) 9. K o e, to burn. 10. K o.h th, Fire. 11. K o e, to burn. (_Egypt._)

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Ta-an, Fire. Ta-ande, and Teinde. (_Welsh._) Teine, (_Algonquyn “Fire,” also “The Dialects._) Sun.” (_Irish._) 2. To-natiuh, Sun. (_Mexican._) 3. Tschingochok, Tschingukuk, Sun. Sun, and T angeik. (_Kadjaks_, N. W. of (_Tschugassians_, N. _A._) E. of _Asia_ and N. W. of _America_.) 4. Ten gri, Heaven. Toendi, Heaven. (_Tagurian._) (_Hurons, N. A._) 5. Tee me, or Tîme, (_Irish_,) and Don y m, or Tou y m, Heat, Hot. (_Welsh._) 6. Ioak, Fire. (_Choktahs, N. A._) 7. Ag nih, Fire. Iigain, “I Burn.” Ig nach, Ing nek, (_Sanscrit._) (_Russ._) Ignis, Fire. (_Greenland._) Ignem. (_Latin._) Okon, Fire. (_Sclavonian._) 8. Ee.c.b, And Cou Kaiō, to burn. e, to burn. (_Greek._) (_Hebrew._) 9. Co o h, Fire. (_Sussees, N. A._) 10. K uthal, K tal, Fire. (_Araucan, S. A._) 11. Chuk kut. (_Naragansetts._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. K o h th, Fire. 2. Shah, Flame. Shah shah Heat. (_Egyptian._) 3. Ejia, “Fire.” Ecy, Fire. 4. Edja, “Fire.” 5. Dio, “Fire.” Day, “Sun.” 6. 7. Eju, Ejwyge, Sun. 8. Gajewoade, Fire. 9. Uk, Igodu, Moon. 10. K a, and K cha, Moon.

Asia. Europe. America.
1. Kohteoue, Kotawa,
(and used by the
same tribe.)
2. S cute, Fire.
(_Miamis, N. A._)
3.
4. Djo, Djau, Die-s, Day.
Heaven, Air. (_Latin._)
(_Sanscrit._)
5. Divasi, Day. Dio, Dios, (Jupiter,
Father of Day.
(_Greek._) |
6. Diwaspiti Diespater.
(“Diespater”), (_Latin._)
Jupiter, “Father of
Day.” (_Sanscrit._)
7. Equia, and Kizho, Kes-us,
Igus-guia, Sun. Kissessua, Gischi,
Goiza, Morning. Geschu, Sun;
(_Basque._) Kijigah, Day.
(_Algonquyn
dialects:_)
8.
9. Hak,(172) Moon;
Io-hakta, a Star.
(_Algonquyn_
dialects, N. A.)
10. K’akh, Fire.
(_Yucatan._) Kacha,
Moon.
(_Ugaljachnuti_,
near _Behring’s
Straits, N. A._)
Cayacu, Moon.
(_Brazil._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Onatejá, Moon. T’ jo, Moon. T’ ga, Moon. (_Berber & Dongolan._) 2. T.jih, Fire. 3. 4. 5. Onatejá, Moon. T’jo, “Moon.” T’ ga, Moon. (_Berber & Dongolan._) 6. Teelee, “Sun.” Duléh, “Sun.” 7. Dalkah, “Day.” 8. Dilko, “Heaven.” Dalkah, a Day, (as above.) 9. Genaa, “Sun.” 10. Guiante, “Sun.” 11. Gonde, Gonda, “Moon.”

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Tacock, Moon. (_Esquimaux._) 2. Taiki, Fire. (_Pimans, S.A._) 3. Tüiküt, Sun. Taiki, Sun. (_Coriac._) (_Tarahumaran._) 4. D’ge, “Day.” Tag, “Day,” (_Georgian._) (_German._) Day. (_English._) 5. Tagara, “Heaven.” (_Jakutian._) 6. Tael, Tylys, Taglich. (_German._) Moon. (_Permian._) Dai-ly. (_English._) 7. Tjel, “Day.” Tsele, Day. Tsjel-emi, “Daily.” (_Tarahumaran_, S. (_Ostiaks._) of _N. A._) 8. Talkon, a Day. (_The Kinai_, extreme N. W. of _N. A._) 9. Guin esch, Gunes, Gunnei, or Cunnei, Coun, Fire. “Sun.” (_Turk._) “A great Fire.” (_Chippeway._) Kes-is Kesus, “Sun.” (_Algonquyn._) 10. Gun, “Day.” Gunnes, “Warm.” (_Casanians._) (_Welsh._) 11. Kun, Sun. (_Tartar._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. Agonne, Moon. 3.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Kjun, Day. Egun, Day. Kize-kun, (_Turk._) (_Basque._) Okené-gat,(173) “Day.” (_Algonquyn dialects._) 2. Tes-Gessu, Sun. [Evidently a compound of Gischu or Kiz-ho, the Sun, with “Tesh.”(174)] 3. Tschi, Schi, Teshe-kow, “Day,” “Day.” (_Morduins_, (_Algonquyn N.E. of _Asia_.) Dialects._)

According to Du Ponceau the words for “Heaven” in the Algonquyn tongue are derived from several sources. A numerous class consists of “Mots derivées de _Kesuch_, Astre, Soleil,” i.e. words from _Kesuch_, “Sun, Star.” Compare the names for the “Eye,” previously noticed; also traced by Du Ponceau to Kesuch, or Kesus, “The Sun.”

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. T’ gachu, “Heaven.” 3. 4. Tschukko, “Heaven.” K’ tak. 5. Nghoi, “Heaven.” [Also “Thunder in the Air.”] 6. 7. Homma, “Heaven.” [See Omma, Moomo, and other analogous words previously explained, applied to “Sun and Moon.”]

Asia. Europe. America. 1. K jok,(175) Kez-hik, Keg-ik, “Heaven.” (_Turk._) Heaven 2. Chok, “Heaven.” (_Tart._) Kuk, “Heaven.” (_Casan._) 3. Kh’igan, Gezhegon, Heaven. “Heaven.” (_Comac._) (_Algonquyn._) Ko’chan, “Heaven.” (_Kamschatka._) Kundschu, “Heaven.” (_Jukadshires._) 4. Shkai, “Heaven.” “Sky.” (_Eng & Ta k, Tack, (_Morduins._) Dan._) “Heaven.” (_Esquimaux._) Keschékewé, Heaven. (_Algonquyn._) 5. 6. Kiusiu-luste. (_Tscheremessian._) 7.

Another class of names for “heaven,” are words signifying “_On High_,” _En Haut._

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Szemmèÿ, Heaven. (_Nubia & Abyssinia._) 2. Szèmma, Heaven. (_Berbers & Dongolans._) 3. Szemma, Heaven, (_Phellata._) 4. Szemma. 5. Szemma. 6. Assaman. Sambiam pungo. Assamane, Heaven. 7. 8. Apĕ, Apē, Aphe, “Head.” 9. A ph . o ph, a Ivaq. Giant. (_Egypt._) 10. I banju

Asia. Europe. America. 1. 2. 3. 4. Sema, Heaven. (_Arabic._) 5. Shmia, Heaven. (_Pehlwi._) 6. Asman, Heaven. A woso-gamé, Heaven. (_Siberian Tartars_) [Literally “En Haut,” on high.] (_Algonquyn._) 7. Upo. (_Greek._) Up. Apez, Heaven. (_English._) (_Moxian._) Heavion, to rise, Heafon, Heaven. (_Ang. Sax._) Haupt. (_German._) 8. Heafod, (_Ang. Sax._) Huf-wud, Head. (_Swedish._) 9. I bag, I bâca. (_Brazil._) 10. Oubecou, (_Caraibs_,) Ipigem, Heaven. (_Abipones._)

Another Class of names for “Heaven,” are words signifying “_On High_,” _En Haut._

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Pe, and Phe, Heaven. 2. N e th-Pe and Ne-Pheou, Heaven-s or Heaven. 3. Net-phe, an Egyptian Goddess, the consort of Seb or Saturn. Her emblem was “_The Firmament_.” 4. Ne-Pheou, Heaven-s or Heaven. [Like the Greek “Ouranoi.”] (_Egypt._) 5. Sulu, “Heaven.” I suhlu, Heaven. [Compare preceding words.]

Asia. Europe. America. 1. 2. Ibo, Ibunga, the Sun. (_California._) 3. Nebo, Heaven. (_Sclavon._) Nev, Heaven. (_Welsh._) 4. 5. S l, to raise, Celsus, Cœlum. elevate. (_Hebrew._) (_Latin._)

Another Class of words for the “Sky” is derived, as is obvious in many languages, from words primarily meaning “Air.”

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. Maaro, Heaven. [Compare the formation of M—.’ A . ou . r, a Luminary, _Hebrew_, from A our, Light,(176) as previously explained.] 3. Iru, Heaven. 4. 5. Atem co. 6. Aineha. 7. Aineha addela, Eye. (_Nubia & Abyss._)

Asia. Europe. America.
1. A ou . ee . r, A wyr, the Air, the
Air, Space, Sky. (_Welsh._)
(_Chald._) from A r,
to flow. (_Heb._)
2. A r w, Heaven.
(_Ossetian._)
3. A ē r and Ē r ē,
Juno, the Atmosphere
or Heavens
personified.
4. Auwa, Heaven. A .ō, to blow, Wahwi, “Heaven.”
(_Sib. Tartars._) breathe. (_Greek._) (_Algonquyn._)
A ha, Breath. [According to Du
(_German._) A-them, Ponceau, of unknown
Breath, Air. origin, “origine
(_German._) inconnue.” But see
the adjoining
column.]
5. At m-ē, At m-os,
Breath, Vapour.
Atmos-Sphaira,
Atmosphere.
(_Greek._)
Atmosphere.
(_English._) Chwa, a
gust of Wind.
(_Welsh._)
6. Aino, Eye.
(_Mossans, S. A._)
7. Oeen, Eye. Ene, En, Behold. En-ourou, Yen-ourou,
Behold. (_Heb._) (_Latin._) Eye. (_Caraibs, S.
Yen, Eye. A._)
(_Chinese._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Ne ay. Hinma, Eye. 2. Neay (as above). 3. Nou kou, Onukou, Eye. 4. 5. K hasso, Eye. 6. Guitte, Eye. 7. Egō at, Eye. (_Nubia & Abyss._)

Asia. Europe. America.
1. Ñahui, Eye.
(_Quichauns._)
Nàgui, Eye.
(_Quitenans, S. A._)
2. Ne, Eye. Ne, Nege, Ge, “Eye.”
(_Circassian._) (_Araucan, S. A._)
3. Nigüecogue,
Nigecogee, “Eye.”
(_M. Bayan._)
Natocle, “Eye.”
(_Abipones_,
inhabitants of the
extreme S. of _S.
America_.)
4. Achsi, Eye. Ishyik. K hescoué,
(_Sanscrit._) the Eye, connected
with Kesus, the Sun.
(_Algonquyn,_(_177_)_
N. A._)
5. Kussee, Eye. (_Nootka
Sound._)
6. Giosgus, Gus,
Eye. (_Turk._)
7. Eage, Eye. (_Ang.
Sax._) Oko, Eye.
(_Sclavonian._)
Oculus, Eye.
(_Latin._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. Zu, Sun (as before). T’ saguh, Eye. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Szan-ko, Eye.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Sah, the Sun and Moon. (_Chippeway_, as before.) 2. Zu, and Zuiakc, Eye. (_Lulians_, S. A.) 3. Sagax, Quick of Sight. (_Latin_.) Sight. (_English._) 4. Sai, Saiwa, Saie, See. (_English._) Eye. (_Samoied._) Sehen. (_German._) 5. Schun, “Sun.” Sun. (_English._) (_Mantchu._) 6. Sem, Eye. Szem, Eye. (_Ostiaks._) (_Hungarian._) 7. Shenek, Eye. (_Alyon. dialects_, N. A.)

In the words next following we have an example of the principle that the terms applied to the perceptive powers of the “Hand,” in the first instance, form a source of many analogous words applied to the operations of the other senses, and to those of the mind.

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. 3. Tewho, Eye. 4. Batte, Eye. 5. Bal, an Eye, Bel, Eyes. (_Egypt._) 6. Belle, Blind. [Supposed by Dr. Loewe to be from Bel or Bal, and the Hebrew negative suffix “_l_.”] (_Egypt._) 7. Rogue, Heaven.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. E e d, the Hand. Yede, Eye. (_Zamucans, S. A._) 2. E ed o, to feel, Eido, to _see_, to to perceive, to know. (_Greek._) know. 3. Do-eth re, Eye. Do-eth, Wise. (_Zend._) (_Welsh._) 4. Toké, Eye. (_Villelans, S. A._) 5. B th, the Pupil Ball, Eyeball. of the Eye. (_English._) Bli-ck. (_Hebrew._) (_German._) 6. Blink. (_English._) [Compare this word with the last.] 7. Blind, Black. (_English._)

Remarks.

The proofs involved in the previous Analysis of the original unity of the different languages of the globe are distinct and vivid. It will be observed that those irregularities of structure, which are to be found more or less in each individual language, viewed separately, disappear when the whole mass of human tongues are thus surveyed in combination as derivative branches of one original speech. Moreover, it will be seen that the greater the number of languages, and the wider the geographical surface of the globe comprised in the comparison, the more minutely may be traced the steps of the transition by which the languages of mankind branched off from their common Original. This evidence is in its nature demonstrative of the truths developed in these pages.

It will be apparent that the Heavenly Bodies were originally designated by numerous synonymes applied to the Sun, Moon, and Stars alike. In the course of time, a portion of these terms fell into disuse among each different branch of the human family; and as these various tribes did not, except in individual instances, preserve the same terms, these changes gave rise to differences, apparently fundamental. Moreover, in those instances in which the _same_ terms were retained, time produced important conventional differences of _application_. For example, in order to distinguish the Sun, Moon, &c. from each other.

1. A portion of these synonymes, which were originally used for all the Heavenly Bodies alike, were exclusively _appropriated_ to the Sun, while other synonymes were appropriated in like manner to the Moon, &c.; among different nations the same terms were frequently applied to _different_ luminaries. Thus, in conformity to this principle, the English words “Sun” and “Moon” will be found to occur in the previous Analysis each applied, in other languages, to _both_ those luminaries.

2. In some cases the different luminaries were distinguished from each other in a different manner, viz. two or more synonymes were united into one compound word, which was employed as the distinctive name of one of the Heavenly Bodies, as of the Sun, for example, while the “Moon” and the “Stars” continued to be known by their original names, consisting of simple synonymes; or received new names, formed by means of _distinct_ compounds.

Examples of the second class abound in the dialects of the American continent. One example may suffice in this place, by way of illustration: “Tes-gessu” in some of these dialects means the Sun; in other dialects we find each of its component elements, “_Tês_” and “_Gessu_,” used _separately_ as names of the same luminary. In common with many other important truths, the nature and origin of these compounds are, I conceive, rendered clearly apparent by an extended range of comparison, though they seem to have been a source of embarrassment to the philosophical mind of Du Ponceau, whose valuable inquiries were confined to a particular class of the dialects of North America.

When the results of the previous Analysis are compared with the previous collection of African synonymes, used as names of the Heavenly Bodies, &c., it will be found that _nearly every one_ of these synonymes has been unequivocally connected with the languages of the other three great divisions of the globe. The exceptions are too insignificant to be in any respect deserving of attention, with reference to the objects of this investigation. The completeness of this explanation of the African terms may, in the first instance, form a subject of surprise. But, astonishing as the results of the previous comparison in this respect undoubtedly are, they are nevertheless precisely the same as we should be led _à priori_ to expect, on the assumption that the African nations are descended from the same stock as the inhabitants of the other three continents.(178)

Words For “Man, Woman, Human Being.”

[In the following Analysis, the letter M. marks nouns masculine,
(“Vir,” _Latin_, “Man,” _English_;) F. marks nouns feminine,
(“Fœmina,” _Latin_, “Woman,” _English_;) H. marks terms applied to
a “Human Being,” whether “male” or “female,” (“Homo,” _Latin_,
“Mensch,” _German_;) there is no equivalent expression in the
English language.]

From the following Analysis, it will be apparent that, originally, the same words were in most instances applied to individuals of the human race, whether male or female, indiscriminately. Subsequently, a portion of the synonymes, thus indiscriminately applied in the first instance to the _whole_ species, were _separately_ appropriated to each of the two sexes; while another portion, as, for example, the Latin, “Homo,” and the German, “Mensch,” continued to be used as general terms for an individual of the species, _without reference to sex_.

As the appropriation of these words was purely conventional, the same synonymes were very frequently appropriated, among different branches of the human race, to different sexes: i.e. a word appropriated to “Man” (Vir) by some tribes was appropriated to the “Female” sex (Fœmina) by other tribes. It is also evident that the terms thus appropriated consisted in some instances of simple, in others of compound, synonymes.

These principles, which are precisely analogous to the results which flow from a comparison of the names of “The Heavenly Bodies” in the African tongues and in the other languages of the globe, will be found to afford a complete and consistent explanation of the phenomena displayed by the following Analysis, viz.: As before suggested, we find the _words_ applied to the _human race_ in the different tongues of the globe _the same_; it is only in the _appropriation of those words_, as regards the two _sexes_, that we find a wide diversity in the various languages of the human race.

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS I.

First Modification.

North Gour-ko, M., Gourk-o Africa.—_Fulahs & Mahodo, M. Phellatahs_ _Negro-land_ Gourr, H., Garr, H., Core, H. Gour-gne, M., Kerim, F. Europe.—_Welsh_ Gour, M. (A mighty man, a hero.) Gour-on, M. Asia.—_Taraikai_ Guru, H _Kamschatka_ K ur, H. _Pelu_ K or, H. _Negro-land_ (as Core. H. above)

Second Modification.

South Urun, H. Orrang, Africa.—_Madagascar_ M.(179) Europe.—_Welsh_. Our, M., Ouron, M. (Modifications of “Gour and Gour-on,” above.) Asia.—_Malay_ Orang, M. South Uar mi, F. America.—_Quicuans_ _Negro-land_ (as Ker im, F. above)

There is a very obvious connexion between the above words for Man and a word for “The Hand,” of which the extreme antiquity is apparent from its occurring in the languages of races so widely separated as the following, in whose tongues this word exists in the subjoined forms, which cannot be said essentially to differ from each other: Gara (_Mongol_), Kara (_Sanscrit_), Keir (_Greek_), “The Hand.” [Compare the relation shown in the following examples between Manus, “The Hand” (_Latin_), and Manus-zia (_Sanscrit_), and Men-sch (_German_), i.e. Homo, a “Human Being.”]

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS II.

Europe.—_English_ To _Be_. _Welsh_ (Living, to Biou. live) _Greek_ (To live) Bio-ō.(180) _Greek_ (Life) Bi-os. Asia.—_Koibals, N. Biusé, M. Asia_ _Negro-land_ Buas-ja, F.

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS III.

First Modification.

Europe.—_Latin_ Homo, H. South Uhm-to, H. Uhm-fasi, Africa.—_Koosas_ F. (A Child) Uhm-toano. _Negro-land._ (A Bi-ommo, H. compound, apparently, of Ommo and the previous word “Biou,” &c.) South Humasoi, H. Umasoi, America.—_Betoans_ H. _Negro-land_ Um-ir, H. Mo, H. Asia.—_Ossetians_ Mo, H. South Me, M. America.—_Guaramians_ _Negro-land_ Amme, H., Emme, H. Meame, H. Mammoku, M. Mangman, F.

The following are examples of words of this class applied to the Female Sex:

South Ma, F. America.—_Mobimans_ _Mossans_ (“A Meme, F. Mother”) _Negro-land_ Ma, F., Mmi, F. North Hime, F., Himi, F. Africa.—_Egypt_ Europe.—_Basque_ Emea, F. Asia.—_Karassians Ima, F., Ime, F. and Ostiaks_ Europe.—_Fin._ Waimo, F.

Second Modification.

Europe.—_Latin_ Ho-_min_-em, H. (from Homo) (Human) Hu-“_man_”-ûs. (The Hand) “_man_”-us. Asia,—_Sans._ (A Manus-zia, H. “Human Being”) Europe.—_German_ Men-sch, H. (The same) (A Man, Vir) Mann, M. _English_ Man, M. _Danish_ Mand, M. _Negro-land_ Manee, H., Mond, H., Mundu, H. South Africa.—_Lagoa Monhee, H. Bay_ _Beetjuanas_ Muhn-to, H. Mon-una, M. Asia.—_Kurd_ Manno, M. _Ossetian_ Moine Mo, H. South Mena, M. America.—_Omaguans_

The following are examples in which the _Second Modification_ and the transition from the first to the second form of these words are traceable in words applied to the Female Sex.

Europe.—_Fin._ Waimo, F. (Woman, as above) Asia.—_Sanscrit_ Wa-_man_i, F. Europe.—_English_ Wo-man, F.

The words of this Class may be distinctly traced, in both their previous modifications, as Pronouns in common use in the principal languages of Europe and Asia. The value of this evidence will be understood when Horne Tooke’s principle, that Pronouns are identical with Nouns, is borne in mind.

1. Pronouns identical with Amme, Emme, Meame, “Man,” above:

Aham, “I,” Mam, “Me,” (_Sanscrit._) Eme, “Me,” (_Greek._)

2. Pronouns identical with Monhe, Mano, Manee, “Man,” above.

Mon, “I,” (_Ostiak._) Men, I, (_Persian._) Menik, “I,” (_Belutchee._) Menya, “Me,” (_Russian._) “Mein,” (_German and English._)

For other examples, see Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North America.

There is another topic that calls for observation in this place.

The origin of the peculiar transition, observable in this class of words, as, for example, in the instance of the Latin words “Homo, Ho-_minis_, Hu-manus, Manus,” has been fully investigated in the Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North America. Those observations are equally applicable in this place, for the previous Analysis establishes the remarkable fact that the African languages exhibit in this instance not only the same _words_, but the principal subordinate modifications of those words, which occur in the tongues of the other three continents.

Further, these modifications are _completely_ traceable in the Negro dialects _separately_ considered. They are also completely traceable in the dialects of South Africa _separately_ considered. Moreover, it may be added, that these gradations of inflexion actually coexist in one _single class_ of South African dialects: “Uhm-to, Muhn-to, Monuna,” are all found in the languages of the kindred tribes, the Koossas and Beetjuanas.

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS IV.

First Modification.

South Joalé, H. Aalo, F. America.—_Abipones and Mokobis_ _Negro-land_ Alo, F. Europe.—_Latin Ille, Illa. Pronouns_ South Lelay, M. Lahe, M. Africa.—_Madagascar_

Second Modification.

North Lomi, H. Africa.—_Egypt_ _Negro-land_ Olummi, M.(181) South Olon, H. Oelun, H. Africa.—_Madagascar_ Asia.—_Malays of Aulon, H. Formosa_ N. Ahlaniah, H. America.—_Algonquyn Illaniah, H. dialects_ Illenni, H. Lenno, M. Lennis, H. _Negro-land_ Laniu, M. Lung, F.

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS V.

Europe.—_Welsh_, Nouv us. “Full of Spirits” Asia.—_Hebrew._ N. ph. sh, H. (Breath, Spirit, A Man) _Negro-land_ Nipa, H., Nippa, H. Nebeju, M., Enipa, H. N. Népiou, H., Napiou, America.—_Algonquyn H. Nabou, H., dialects_ Len-nâpé, M.

Referring to the foregoing American words, Népio and Nabou, Du Ponceau observes, “Ces deux derniers semblent avoir quelque rapport avec Len-âpé.” “_The last two seem to have some connexion with Len-âpé._” Lenâpé is plainly a compound of the two preceding roots, Lenno and Napiou. The nature of these compounds, which, as above stated, may be said to have escaped the observation of Du Ponceau, has been explained in the preceding remarks on “The Heavenly Bodies.” Len-âpé is a compound formed to distinguish the _Male_ sex.

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS VI.

First Modification.

North Anah.On.h. Africa.—_Egypt_ (To live) Asia.—_Heb._ (To A.n.c.h. A.n.sh, M., sigh, breathe) N.sh.e, F. _Kamschatka_ Ainu, M. _Negro-land_ Nu, M., In, F. South T’Na, M. Africa.—_Bosjesmans_ N. Anini, H., Inin, M., America.—_Algonquyn Ninnee, M., dialects_ Inishiti, H. Asia.—_Hebrew_ (as An.sh, M., N sh.e, above) F.

Second Modification.

_Negro-land_ Ungi, M. Jankueh, F., Nga, F. North Nekdo, H. Africa.—_Phellatahs_ North Ongué, H. America.—_Iroquois_ _Greenland_ Innuk, H.

Agreeably to Horne Tooke’s principles, the following Pronouns in other languages may be regarded as identical with the African Nouns in the Analysis, viz.:

The Pronoun of the Second Person, Nyu, Nai, “Thou” (_Chinese_), may be identified with Nu, and T’na. The Pronouns of the First Person, “I,” Anok (_Egyptian_), An.c.ee (_Hebrew_), Iōn ga (_Greek_), Ngoo (_Chinese_), may be viewed as identical with Ungi Jankueh and Nga.(182)

_Further examples of both the previous Modifications of Class VI._ _Being words applied to the Female Sex._

Asia.—_Malay_ Ina, F. _Turkish_ (A Mother) Anna, F. _Negro-land_ Anna, F. South Anu, F. America.—_Sapeboeans_ Europe.—_Hungarian_ Anya. (A Mother) _Negro-land_ Wan, F., Jankueh, F. Asia.—_Japan_ Wonna, F., Wonago, F. _Lieu Kieu_ Einago, F. Europe.—_English_ Wench _Gothic_ Uen, F., Uens, F. South Africa Honnes, F. Asia.—_Hebrew_ (as A.n.sh, M., N.sh.e, above) F. _Koibal_ Niausa, F.

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—_Class_ VII.

First Modification.

South Kouh, M., Kauh, M. Africa.—_Coronas_ Negroland Cow, M., Kea, M., Kaikjai, M., Koa, M., (_plural._) South Chha, M. America.—_Muyscans_ _Zamucans_ Cheké, F. North Ochechee, M. America.—_Shawannos_ Asia.—_Heb._ (A Gou.e. Body, A Person) _Kamschatka_ Okkăijŭh, M. _Taraikai_ Okkai, M. _Lasian_ Akadju, M. N. Africa.—_Berbers Agikh, M. & Dongolans_

_Words applied chiefly to Nouns Feminine._

Asia.—_Mantschu_ Chache, M., or Haghe, M., Cheche, F., or Heghe, F S. Cheké, F. America.—_Zamucans_ (as above) North Huagin, F. America.—_Cochimi_ Europe.—_English_ Hag, F. _German_ Hexe, F. _Latin Pronouns_ Hic, M., Hæc, F.

Second Modification.(183)

South Kouh, M., Kus, F., Africa.—_Hottentot Kauh, M., Chai-sas, Tribes_ F. K’quique, M., K’quiqis, F. Quoique, M., Kyoiqui-s, F. Quai-scha, F. Europe.—_Latin Qui, Quis, Quisque. Pronouns_ South Cocco, M. America.—_Salivians_ _Mobimans_ Coucya, F. N. Hakke, H., Icquoi-s, America.—_Algonquyn F. Esqua, F., dialects_ (A Body, “Squaw,” F. or Person)

It will be observed that in the previous African words, as also in the North American words introduced into the comparison, the Feminine is formed by adding the letter “_s_,” (as in the English Prince-_ss_); a form which prevails widely in the most ancient languages of Europe.

Asia.—_Taraikai_ (as Okai, M. above) _Negro-land_ Okee-tu, F., Uk-assi, F. Asia.—_Georgian_ Kasi, M. _Samoied_ (Men) Chosowo. _Lasian_ Goz, H. Europe.—_Welsh_ Gouas, M. _Basque_ Giuzona, M. _Negro-land_ Guiguienne, F., Guiacar, M.

Third Modification.

_Negro-land_ Jakkela, M., Ackala, M.(184) South Oukele, H. America.—_Caraibs_ North Oquichetle, H. America.—_Mexico_

_Names for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS VIII. [A Modification of CLASS VII.]

Asia.—_Hebrew_ Gou. e, or G O V, H. (“Man,” as above) _Pehlwi_ Gebna, M. _Samoied_ Chubb, M., Chyb, M. South Chaib, M., Kupp, M. Africa.—HOTTENTOTS

_Names for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c.—_CLASS IX.

North Hoout, H. Africa.—_Egypt_ _Nubia & Abyssinia_ Odéÿ, H. Oták, M. Negro-land. Ot ga, M., Ot-jee, F.

Conformably to Horne Tooke’s principle, A.th.c., “Thou” (_Hebrew,_) may be regarded as identical with Otak, Ot ga, Ot-jee, the above names for “Man, Woman,” &c.

Asia.—_Tribes on the Had-kip, M. __“__Jenisei__”__ River_ _in Siberia_ At-kub, M. Hutt, H., Hitt, H. Ket, H., K hitt, H.

These words are composed of simple and of compound synonymes, both derived from the last two classes of words.

_Names for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS X.

First Modification.

_Negro-land_ Mad, H., Made, H., Mutte, H. Europe.—_Icelandic_ Mad-ur, M. Asia.—_Kamschatka_ Māth, F.

Second Modification.

_Negro-land_ Messhuhu, M., Muhsa, F. Musee, F. Asia.—_Zend._ Meshio, M. _Taraikai_ Mazy, F. _Motorian_ Misem, F. Europe.—_Sclavonian_ Mosh, M. _Latin._ Mas, M.(185) _Armorican_ Maues, F. South Muysca, M. America.—_Muyscans_ _Negro-land_ Mogee, H. Europe.—_Dalmatian_ Muux, M.

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS XI.

_Negro-land_ Ibalu, M., Belb, M., Obellima, M. South Africa Am-pele, F. South Pelé, H. America.—_Vilellans_

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS XII.

Europe. (_Latin_ and “Is,” “Os.” _Greek_ Pronouns, and terminations of Nouns) _Latin_ (To Be) Esse. Asia.—_Hebrew_ (“To E c . sh. A . ee . Be”) sh (Vir.) A . sh . e (Fœmina.)(186) _Negro-land_ Osse, H., See, H. Uzu, M.(187) South Zohee, M., Zohee-s, Africa.—_Hottentots_ F. Europe.—_Greek_ Zo-ē. (Life) (To live) Zoō.

_Names for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS XIII.

First Modification.

Asia.—_Affghan_ Meru, M. _Zend_ Merete, M. _Persian_ Mard, M. _Sanscrit_ Mart-ja, M. Europe.—_Latin_ Mari-tus, M., Mar-is.

Second Modification.

Asia.—_Georgian_ K-mari, M. Africa.—_Negro-land_ Ka_mere_, M.

Third Modification.

_Negro-land_ Nu-_mero_, H. North Né-_marough_, H. America.—_Algon. dialects._

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS XIV.

[Applied chiefly to the _Female_ Sex.]

First Modification.

Europe.—_Greek_ (A Gun . ē, F. Woman) _Russian_ Jena, F. _Latin_ (“The Mother “Juno.” of the Gods”) Asia.—_Sanscrit_ Jani, F. (Janoni, A Mother.) _Negro-land_ Jonnu, F., Djonnu, F., Junoo, F.(188)

The identity of the Negro word “Junoo” with the Latin “Juno,” is a remarkable feature in this comparison.

“Janoni, a Mother, in Sanscrit,” it is observed in an able article in the Edinburgh Review,(189) “is the manifest origin of the Latin appellation of _the mother of the Gods_.”

Second Modification.

_Words for __“__Woman.__”_

South Coenac, F. America.—_Mocobis_ _Omaguans_ Cunia, F. South Aukona, F. Africa.—_Hottentots_

_Words for __“__Man,__”_ (Vir and Homo.)

First Modification.

_Negro-land_ Gonee, M. Asia.—_Mongol_ Kun, M. _Jukadshires_ Kun sch, M.

Second Modification.

South Africa T’kohn, H.(190) N. Tchainan, H. America.—_Algonquyn dialects_ Asia.—_Corea_ Tchin, H. Europe.—_Irish and Duine, H., Dean, H. Welsh_

Names Of “The Hand.”

The African words of this Class collected by Adelung are thirty-six in number. Of these, twenty-nine belong to the languages of the region of pure Negroes. In the following Analysis the whole of these words have been shown to be related to analogous words used in the other great divisions of the Globe.(191)

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS I.

First Modification.

North Tom. America.—_Mexico_ North Tedembeton. Africa.—_Nubia_ Europe.—_Welsh_ (“To Teim-law. feel”) _English_ “Thumb.” _German_ (The Thumb) Daum. Asia.—_Hebrew_ (To Tom. perceive, discern, taste) Africa.—_Hottentots_ Tamma, and T’inn. (Tongue) Europe.—_English_ Tongue.

There are numerous examples to show that the words for the Tongue and the Taste of the _Palate_ are in many, if not in all cases, terms thus applied in a _secondary_ sense, which, in their _primary_ meaning, were applied to “_The Hand_,” and its Perceptive Functions. Compare the words which occur hereafter (under “The Names for the Hand.—Class X.”) Tusso, “The Hand” (_Negro_); Dāst, “The Hand” (_Persian_); Tast-en, “To _grope_” (_German_); “Taste” (_English_).

The names for “The Hand,” and its Functions, have also given rise to numerous words metaphorically expressive of mental operations, as in the above examples: Tom, “The Hand” (_Mexican_); Tom, To Taste, To Discern, Discernment, Judgment (_Hebrew_); Tam-ias, A Judge (_Greek_); Doom, “Dooms-day” (_English_).

Second Modification.

_Negro-land_ Dinde, Ninde, Nindi. South Tangh, Tangam, Africa.—_Madagascar_ Tangan. _Hottentots_ T’unka. Asia.—_Malays_ Tangan, Tögon, Tono. _Tribes on the __“__Jenisei__”__ River, in Siberia_ _Kamschatka_ Tono. North Tene-law. America.—_Hudson’s Bay._ “The Hand” “The Tongue” Tene-thoun.

In these American dialects “Tene” is a general prefix to the names of the senses; “Law” is the _distinctive_ name of the Hand; “Toun” the _distinctive_ name of the Tongue, &c.

Europe.—_English_ Tongue. _Latin Verbs_ Tang-o, Teneo.

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS II.

South T’koam. Africa.—_Coronas_ North Cam. America.—_Poconchi_ Asia.—_Hebrew_ (A K. m ts. _Hand_-full) (To grasp, To lay K. m. t. hold of) Europe.—_Welsh_ (To Kum-meryd. take)

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS III.

_Negro-land_ Bulla. (Hand and Arm) Bulla. Asia.—_Persian_ (The B. Arm)

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS IV.

_Negro-land_ Obaa. Europe.—_Gothic & Hab-an. Häb-ban. Anglo-Saxon_ (To have) _Latin_ Hab-ere.

_Names of __“__The hand.__”_—CLASS V.

_Negro-land_ Ononuba. South Nubou, Nuboupé. America.—_Mossans_

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS VI.

North Koi. Africa.—_Egypt._ (The Hand and Front Arm) (The Hand) Gig. _Negro-land_ Kook Coco. Kogo. Okuh, Hukko. Europe.—_Finland_ Kchesi. _Lapland_ Chketsch. Chkatsch. _Hungarian_ Keez. Asia.—_Arabic_ Caa. (Cubitus) _Tamul_ (Hand) Kei. _Georgian_ Che. _Persian_ Kef, or Gef. _Quasi Quumuq_ Kujä. _Ossetian_ Koch, Kuch. N. America.—_Nootka Kook-elixo. Sound_ _Tschitketans_ Katchicou. _Ugaljachmutzi_ Kajak-az. _Senecas_ Kaschuchta. _St. Barbara’s_ Huachajâ. S. Cuu, Cuugh. America.—_Araucans_ _Brazils_ Gepo. _Yarurans_ Icchi-mo.

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_-CLASS VII.

The following may be regarded as modifications of the foregoing Class of words:

North Shig. Africa.—_Egypt_ [Allied to Gig, “The Hand,” (_Egypt_) above mentioned] South Sseak-ja. Africa.—_Beetjuanas_ Asia.—[Language of Zjâk. the _Garrau Mountains_, N.E. of _Bengal_] _Georgian_ Shi. _Chinese_ Zjiu, Ziu. N. Shou-shey. America.—_Fitzhugh Sound_ _Negro-land_ Aschi. Europe.—_Basque_ Escua.

The words used in the last two Classes of examples as “_Names_” for “The Hand,” may be identified in the most unequivocal manner in other instances, as _Verbs_ descriptive of some distinctive Functions of the Hand.

Compare Coco, Okuh, Hukko, _Negro_ names for “The Hand,” with the verbs Kō, “To take,” Ek-ō, “To hold, have, act” (_Greek_); Ago (_Latin_).

Compare Aschi (_Negro_), Escua (_Basque_), with Esch-ŏn, Isch-ein, Sch-ein, “To hold,” “To have” (_Greek_).

Compare Katchicou, _North American_, and Chkatsch, _Lapland_, names for “The Hand,” with “Catch” (_English_).

Compare Kef, or Gef (_Persian_), and Gepo “The Hand” (_Brazilian_), with Give (_English_), Geb-en (_German_).

Compare Kaschuchtah, _North American_, and Khesi, _Fin_, names for the Hand, with the verbs Keisio, “To search for” (_Welsh_), Guess (_English_); verbs derived from G.sh, “To feel, search for, with the Hand” (_Hebrew_).

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS VIII.

Asia.—_Hebrew_ (The A.m.e. Hand and Forearm) _Hebrew_ (“A Ee.m.ee.n. Ee.m.n.e. Finger,” “The Right Ee.m.ee.n.th. Hand”) North Mah, Mahe. Africa.—_Egypt_. The Hand and Forearm) South Omma. Africa.—_Hottentots_ (Hand) South Eme. America.—_Sapibocans_ [See A.m.e (_Hebrew_) Yumanai. above.] _Zamucans_ [See Ee.m.n.e Immomo. (_Hebrew_) above.] _Salivians_

The following may be viewed as modifications of the previous words:(192)

South Africa.—_Lagoa Mundha. Bay_ Europe.—_Latin_ Manus.

_Names of __“__The hand.__”_—CLASS IX.

_Negro-land_ Ensah, Ensaa. South Fansah. Africa.—_Caffres_ Europe.—_Latin_ Ansa or Hansa.(193) (“Handle”) _Latin_ (To seize or Pré-hendo. hold) _Danish, Icelandic, Haand, Hond, Hand. English, and German_ _Greek_ (To take) Chandano. Asia, North.—_Tribes Kenar, Kenaran. on the __“__Jenisei__”__ River, Siberia_

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS X.

North Idd-egh. Africa.—_Berber_ Asia.—_Hebrew and Eed, Ied. Arabic_ _Pehlwi_ Jede-man.(194) _Sumoied, Koibal, Uda, Oda, Udam. and Motorian_

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS XI.

North Youngo. Africa.—_Phellatahs_ _Negro-land_ Nakoa. South Onekoa. Africa.—_Hottentots of Saldana Bay_ North Nagona. America.—_Cochimi_ _Miamis_ Onexca. Enahkee. _Iroquois_ Eniage. _Algon. dialects_ Nachk. Naak. Europe.—_English_ Knack. (Adroitness in any Handy-craft) _English_ (Joints of Knuck-les. the Fingers) South Nucápe. America.—_Maipurans_

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS XII.

First Modification.

South T’aa. Africa.—_Bosjesmans_ North Daha. America.—_Mixtecans_ Europe.—_Welsh_ (The Dahai. Right hand)

Second Modification.

Asia.—_Persian and Dā-st. Kurd_ _Armenian_ Tzjern. _Negro-land_ Tusso. Europe.—_German_ (A Tatze. Claw, a Paw) _German_ (To Tast-en. _grope_) _English_ (applied “Taste.” to the Palate)

Third Modification.

Asia.—_Kamschatka_ Tegi. Europe.—_English_ (A “Take.” Verb) Asia.—_Taraikai_ Dēk. Europe.—_Latin_ (The Dex-tra. Right Hand) _Greek_ (To take) Dekomai.

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS XIII.

_Negro-land_ Be. Asia.—Tribes on the Phjaga. _Jenisei, Siberia_ _Siam_ Pfan. Europe.—_Welsh_ Pau-en. _English_ (applied Paw. to animals) South Poh, Po. America.—_Brazils_ _Omaguans_ Pua. North Peton. America.—_Mic-Macs_

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS XIV.

First Modification.

_Negro-land_ Alo, Allo. Asia.—_Turkish_ Ell, Elli. Europe.—(An old Ell, Elle. Teutonic word applied to the Cubit, or Forearm) _English_ El-bow.

Second Modification.

_Negro-land_ Loho. Europe.—_Welsh_ La-o-u. America.—_Chippewayans_ Lah. _Hudson’s Bay_ (“The Tene(195)-Law. Hand”) (“The Tongue”) Tene-Thoun.

Third Modification.

_Negro-land_ (Allied Loco. to the Negro word Loho, “The Hand,” above) North Oleechee. America.—_Penobscot_ Asia.—_Tibet_ Lag. _Georgian_ Cheli. Europe.—_English_ Claw. (Applied to animals) _Irish_ (The Hand) Glak. Asia.—_Ingumian_ Kulku.

Fourth Modification.

Europe.—_Greek_ (The Olē n . ē. Hand and Front Arm, the Cubit) N. Olœnskam. Alœn-skam. America.—_Pennsylvania_ New Sweden. Olœnskan. Alœnskan.

Words For “The Tongue.”

In the following Analysis all the South African words, and also all the Negro words of this class, with the exception of “Teckramme,” (probably a compound,) have been shown to be unequivocally connected with important analogous terms in the languages of the other great Continents.

(_South Africa_,—Tamma Tamme, T’inn.(196)) See these words illustrated among the words for “The Hand.” See also, under the same head, for examples of the principle that the words applied to “The Tongue,” and its Perceptive Functions, are in many, if not in most cases, secondary or Metaphorical applications of words originally applied to “The Hand,” and its Perceptive Functions; as in Tasten, “To grope,” _German_; “Taste,” applied to the “_Palate_,” _English_. The next words present additional examples of the same principle.

_Negro-land_—Lamai, Lammegue, Lamin, Laming.

_Gaelic_—Lam, “The Hand;” _Greek_—Lam-bano, “To take;” _Latin_—Lam-bo, To lick with _the Tongue_.

_Negro-land_—Dali;(197) _Malays_ of _Formosa_—Dadila; _Turkish_—Dil; _North America_ (_Nagailers_)—Thoula.

_South Africa_ (_Madagascar, & Caffres_)—Lella, Leula, Lolemi; _North America_ (_Penobscot_)—Wee-laulo; _Greek_—Laleo, “To speak;” Lalia, “Speech.”

_Negro-land_—Ning; _Georgian_—Nina; _Lasian_—Nena, Nen; _South America_ (_Kiriri_)—Nunu.

_Egypt_—La sh; _Hebrew_—L. sh . on . n; _Armenian_—Ljesu; _South Africa_ (_Caffres_)—Loodjem.

_Negro-land_—Essiénkó; _Old German_—Zunka; _Modern German_—Zunge.(198)

_South Africa_ (_Koossas_)—Müme; _Chinese_—Mi; _Basque_—Mihia, Minni.

_North Africa_ (_Berbers_)—Narka; _South America_ (_Maupurian_)—Nuore; _Caraibs_—Nourou.

_North Africa_ (_Dongolan_)—Nadka; _South America_ (_Betoan_)—Ineca.

Words For “The Ear.”

_Negro-land_—Szemman-kó; _Hebrew_—Sh.m.o, “To hear.”

_Negro-land_—Asse Asshabe;(199) _Abyssinia_—Ishenha Ashenha; _Hebrew_—A.z.n.

_Negro-land_—Uwasso; _Bohemian_—Ussi; _Greek_—Ouas, Ous.

_Negro-land_—Otuh (Otto, “Ears”); _Greek_—Ōta (“Ears”); _North America_ (_Knistenaux_)—Otoweegie.

_South Africa_ (_Caffres_)—Gevea; _Kurd_—Guh; _Samoied_—Ko, Kuo.

_North Africa_ (_Berbers_)—Ukkegá; _Selavonian_—Ucho; _North America_ (_Shawannos_)—Ochtowaga; _Greek_—Akou-o (“To hear”).

_North Africa_ (_Dongolans_)—Ulûk; _Coriac_—Wilugi; _Chinese_—Uhl.

_South Africa_—T’no-eingtu, T’naum, T’nunka; _Bucharian_—Dehâu.

_Egypt_—Meeje; _Japan_—Mimi.

_Negro-land_—Toy; _Esquimaux_—Tehui; _Brazil_—Ty.

The majority of the words of the next two Classes (names of “The Foot” and “The Head,”) will be found to admit of a satisfactory explanation. The exceptions are more numerous than in the instance of the words for “The Hand;” but it must be borne in mind that these exceptions do not at all serve to invalidate the inferences that flow from numerous unequivocal examples of a different nature. This combination of many features of difference with numerous points of resemblance is the direct result of the tendency of each race to abandon a portion of the synonymes originally common to all the various races of mankind.

Words For “The Foot.”

_Negro-land_—(Foot and Leg) Sing; _German_—Schenkel; _English_—Shank.

_South Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—Coap and T’keib; _Affghan_—Ch pé; _Abassian_—Sh pe; _South America_ (_Mokobis_)—Capiate.

_Negro-land_—Trippe; _German_-Tripp-en, “To go,” Treppen (“Steps”) _English_—“Trip.”

_Negro-land_—Itta; _Latin_—It-er, “A Journey,” It-um, “Gone;” the participle of the Latin verb Eo, “To go;” _Zend_—Jeieta, “He goes.”

_S. Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—Y and Yi; _Egypt_—I, “To go;” _Latin_—Eo, “I go.”

_South Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—Ir-qua; _South America_ (_Zamucans_)—Irie; _Latin_—Ire, “To go;” _Zend_—Harra, “I go.”

_Negro-land_—Gann; _Greenland_—Kannak; _German_—Gehen, “To go,” (Gegangen, “Gone”); _Scotch_—Gang; _Negro-land_—It-genge; apparently a compound of the last with a word previously explained.

_Negro-land_—Nugee; _Sclaronic_—Noga; _South America_ (_Maupurians_)—Nuchü, Nucsi.

_Egypt_—Rat; _Welsh_—Rodio, “To walk.”

_Negro-land_—Afo; _South America_ (_Vilellans_)—Apé; _Latin_—Pe, Pe-s.

_North Africa_ (_Fulahs and Phellatahs_)—Kússengál, Kavassongal; _Jeniseians_—Kassa; _Mingrelian_—Kutchi; _Welsh_—Koes, “A Leg;” _North America_ (_Shawannos_)—Kussie.

_Negro-land_—Akkau, Ugod; N. W. of _America_ and N. E. of _Asia_ (_Tschuktsches_)—Iguk; (_Kadjak_)—Igugu; _Turkish_—Ajak, Ajag.

_Negro-land_—Kulu, Kolo; _Mongol_—Kull, Koll.

_Negro-land_—Tangue; _North America_ (_Mixtecan_)—Tohuan “Feet;” _South Africa_—Tóoh; _English_—Toe; _Saxon_—Da; _Dutch_—Deen.

_Nubia_—Regget; _Hebrew_—R . g . l.

_S. Africa_—Lefack; _English_—Leg; _Wogul_—Lagyl; _Pehlwi_—Lager-man.

_Negro-land_—E’ns-zih, and (_Caffre_) En-jau, appear to be allied to the _Latin_—Eo, Eundo; _Italian_—And-are; _English_—Wend, Went; _German_—Wenden.

_South Africa_—Hoots; _Armenian_—Oat, Woat; _Welsh_—Wad-n; _German_—Wad-en, “To go;” _English_—“Wade;” _Latin_—“Vad-o.”

Words For “The Head.”

_Negro-land_—Kung, Koon, Ikkungee, Ukkoong; _Brazilian_—Acang, Yahange; _Irish_—Ken; (_German_—König; _English_—King, i.e. “A Head.”)

_South Africa_—Olo, Loha; _Hebrew_—Ol, “Above,” “To ascend;” _Motorian_—Ulu, “A Head.”

_South Africa_—Klogo; _Irish_—Kloigean; _Welsh_—Ben-glog, “A Skull;” _Hebrew_—G. l. g. l. th, (The Human Skull, Golgotha); _Armenian_—Kluch; _Jeniseians_—Kolkä;(200) _Sclavonian_—Golowa “A Head.”

_Egypt_—Kahi, Jo; _Negro-land_—Go, Ko, Kujuoo; _South Africa_—Kŏhho; _Jeniseians_—Koïgo; _German_—Kopf.

_Negro-land_—Ta, Tu; _South Africa_—Dooha; _Georgian_—T’awi; _Chinese_—T’eu; _North America_ (_Nagailers_)—Thie.

_Negro-land_—Tabu; _Persian_—Tab, (“Top;”) _German_—Topp; _North America_ (_Mohegans_)—Dup, Utup, (“Head.”)

_Fulahs_ and _Phellatahs_—Hore, Horde; _Hebrew_—Or, “To rise.”

_South Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—Biquäau; _South America_ (_Aymarans_)—Pegke; _North America_ (_New England_)—Bequoquo; _English_—Peak, Beak.

_Hottentots_—Minung; _Chinese_—Mien, “The Face;” _English_—“Mien,” and _French_—“Mine.”

_Negro-land_—Oitju, Ithu; _South America_ (_Zamucans_)—Yatoitac; _Welsh_—Yaad; _English_—Head, Height.

_Negro-land_—Boppe, Bapp; _South America_ (_Yaoans_)—Boppe; (_Caraibs_)—Opoupou; _North America_ (_Woccons_)—Poppe.

_South Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—T’naa; _Isle of Man_—Tchynn.

Words For “Water.”

CLASS I.

South Ouata. Africa.—_Hottentots_ Europe—_Russian_ Ouade. _Swedish_ Wat-n. _English_ Wat-er, “Wet.” _Latin_ (“Moist”) Ud-us. N. Wt-achsu. America.—_Algonquyn dialects_ _Cora_ (“The Sea”) Vaat.(201) _Mexico_ (“The Sea”) Veyat-l.

It will be observed that the root or common base of all these words is the same as that of “Wet, Wat-er,” (_English._) They differ only in those grammatical inflexions in which various words of the same language differ.

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS II.

North Eiooue. Africa.—_Egypt_ (“Aquæ”) North Eau.(202) America.—_Woccons_ _Cheerokees_ Auwa. _Muskohges_ Wewa. Europe.—_Welsh_ Wy, or Gwy. [Hence the name of “The Wye.” the River] _Icelandic_ Aa. _Anglo-Saxon_ Ea, Eia.(203) Asia.—_Kamschatka_ Ja, Ii. _Samoied_ Ii, I. _Negro-land_ Ji. South Ī, I. America.—_Guaranian_ _Brazilian_ Y.

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS III.

North O kah, Ookaw. America.—_Chikkasahs_ Europe.—_Irish_ Oixe. _Latin_ Aqua. South Yacu. America.—_Quicuans_

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS IV.

South Unu. America.—_Quicuans_ _Negro-land_ Nu. N. Iin, Jin. America.—_Kolushians_ _Negro-land_ Inssuo, Ensu.

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS V.

[The words of this Class appear to be compounds of words of the last two Classes.]

Compare the previous words for Water, viz.:

Europe—_Irish_ _Oixe_, North _Okah, Ookaw_. America—_Chikkasahs_

with the following words:

North Oghnacauno. America.—_Oneidas_ Europe.—_Greek and Ō keano, or Latin. (The Ocean)_ Ōkeano-s. North Oneekanoosh. America.—_Senecas_ _Muynckussar_ Oneegha. Asia.—_Anam_ Nuock, Nak. _Coriac_ (The Sea) Anchon, Ancho. _Negro-land_ Enchion.(204)

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS VI.

South Bischan. Africa.—_Gallas_ Asia.—_Circassian_ Pishi. _Kurilians_ Pi, Peh. _Samoied_ Bi, Be. North Beh. America.—_Delawares_ _New Sweden_ Bij. Europe.—_Greek_ (To Pi-ō. drink) _Latin_ (To drink) Bi-b-o.

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS VII.

_Negro-land_ Asioué.(205) Asia.—_Jeso_ Azui.(206) _Chinese_ Shui. _Turkish_ Schuy, Su. North Ziy. America.—_Runsienes_

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS VIII.

North Esseg. Africa.—_Dongolans_ Europe.—_Irish or Eask, Uisge. Gaelic_ _Welsh or Celtic of The “Esk,” The Britain_. [British “Usk.” Names of Streams]

These Celtic words are the chief basis of Edward Llwyd’s theory, that the Britons were preceded by a Gaelic tribe, who gave names to these streams. The extreme antiquity of these words is certain:

_Swedish_ (To wash) Wase a. _Old German_ Wask-en, Wasc-an.

The following five Classes of words, from VIII. to XIV., may be regarded as mutually connected.

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS IX.

First Modification.

North Mi, Me. Africa.—_Abyssinia_ _Egypt_ Mōou, Mau. _Egypt_ (Seas) Amaiou. _Negro-land_ (Water) Améh. Asia.—_Chinese_ Moi, Mui. _Pehlwi_ Mea. _Hebrew_ Me, (Meem). _Hebrew_ (The Sea) Ee . am, or Jam. _Japan_ (The Sea) Umi. _Arabic_ (Water) Ma. South Ma. America.—_Vilellans_ _Aymarans_ Huma. North Amma. America.—_Cherokees_ [Compare the above _Negro_ word Améh.] Europe.—_Latin_ Hum-or. _Adjective_, “Wet” Hum-idus. [Compare Huma, “Water.” _South American_, above; and Umi, “The Sea,” (_Japan_), above.]

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS X.

_Negro-land_ Mage. North Imack. America.—_Greenland_ _Tschuktsches_ Emak, Mok. South Mouke. America.—_Araucan_ Europe.—_Latin & Muc-us. English_ _English_ Muggy. Asia.—_Hebrew_ (To M. g. flow, dissolve)

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XI.

North Matsos. Africa.—_Egypt_ (To irrigate, To drink) _Negro-land_, Water Mazei. Mazia. Masa. South Africa Maasi, Meetsi. Matee. Asia.—_Japan_ Mizzu, Midz. Misi. Europe.—_Latin_ Mad-idus. (Wet) _English_ “Mizzle”, Moist. Mist.

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XII.

North Amanga. Africa.—_Berbers_ _Egypt_ (Ram) (A Mounoshe. Mouns-ōr. Torrent, A Stream) em. South Amaansi. Amaanzu. Africa.—_Caffre Tribes_ N. Ménâ. Meneh. America.—_Nadowessians_ Asia.—_Koibal_ (A Meanlai. Stream) _Chaldee_ (Waters) Main. Europe.—_Latin_ (To Man-o. flow)

_Names for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XIII.

[Apparently connected with CLASS IX.]

Asia.—_Heb._ “The Jam, or Ee . am. Sea,” (as above) _Tibet_ (“The Sea”) Gjiamzo. _Kurd_ (A Stream) Tcham. South Kam, Kamme, T’kamme. Africa.—_Hottentot Tribes_ (Water)

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XIV.

_Negro-land_ Koro. North Africa.—_Afnu_ Grua. Asia.—_Pelu_ Chuura. (“Rain”) _Tuschi_ (“Rain”) Kare. _Kalmuck_ (Rain) Chura. _Armenian_ (Water) Tschu r.(207)

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XV.

N. Africa.—_Egypt_ Eïoor. (A Stream) (Water) Erōn. South Rano, Rana. Ranu. Africa.—_Madagascar_ Europe.—_English_ Rain. and _Anglo-Saxon_ “Pluvia” _Greek_ “Flowing” Rhĕōn. (applied to Water) _Celtic_ (The name “The Rhône.”(208) of a stream in Gaul)

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XVI.

_Negro-land_ Doc, Dock, M’dock. Asia.—_Tribes on the Dok. __“__Jenisei__”__ River, Siberia_ _Kamschatka_ (The Adŭcka. Sea) Europe.—_English_ Duck. (“To put under water,” “A water-fowl,”—_Dr. Johnson_) S. T’kohaa. Africa.—_Hottentots_ (Water)

The following words for “Water” seem also to be unequivocally related viz.: _Basque_—Itsassoa; _Negro-land_—Itchi; _Samoieds_—Ija, Ja; _South America_ (_Cayubabans_)—Ikita; _North America_ (_Katahbans_)—Ejau.