Chapter XXXVII: Appendix (1)

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Table of the Heights above the Sea of some of the Principal Mountain
Chains.

EUROPE.

ASIA.

AFRICA, AND ISLANDS IN THE ATLANTIC.

AMERICA.

ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC, POLYNESIA, AUSTRALASIA, &c.

LAKES AND INLAND SEAS.

HEIGHTS OF SOME REMARKABLE INHABITED PLACES.

GLOSSARY.

A´BIES. Lat. A fir-tree. Specific name of a tree.

ABYSSI´NICA. Lat. Abyssinian; belonging or relating to Abyssinia.

ACA´CIA. Gr. _ake_, a point, and _akios_, not subject to worms: a thorny
tree. A genus of the family Leguminósæ and order Mimósæ. About 300
species are enumerated; many of them yield gum.

ACA´CIA ARA´BICA. Arabian acacia.

ACA´CIAS. Trees belonging to the genus acacia.

A´CID. A term given by chemists to those compound bodies which unite
with salifiable bases to form salts: for example, a compound of
sulphur and oxygen, called sulphuric acid, unites with magnesia and
forms a salt named sulphate of magnesia, or Epsom salts.

ACI´DULOUS. Sourish; possessing acid properties.

ACROCHO´RDI. Lat.: plural of acrochordus.

ACROCHO´RDUS. From the Greek _akrochordon_, a wart. A genus of
non-venemous ophidians, whose bodies are entirely covered by scales
resembling warts: these scales, or rather squamous tubercles, are
small, numerous, rhomboidal, and surmounted by a small horn or point,
more or less sharp.

ADANSO´NIA. A genus of plants named in honor of Michel Adanson, a famous
French botanist, born in 1727. _Adanso´nia digita´ta._ Sour gourd.
Monkeys’ bread or Baobab tree of Senegal, which is considered the
largest or rather the broadest tree in the world. “Several measured by
Adanson, were from sixty-eight to seventy-eight feet in circumference,
but not extraordinarily high. The trunks were from twelve to fifteen
feet high, before they divided into many horizontal branches, which
touched the ground at their extremities; these were from forty-five to
fifty-five feet long, and were so large that each branch was equal to
a monstrous tree; and where the water of a neighboring river had
washed away the earth, so as to leave the roots of one of these trees
bare and open to the sight, they measured 110 feet long, without
including those parts of the roots which remained covered. It yields a
fruit which resembles a gourd, and which serves for vessels of various
uses; the bark furnishes a coarse thread, which they form into ropes,
and into cloth with which the natives cover their middle from the
girdle to the knees; the small leaves supply them with food in time of
scarcity, while the large ones are used for covering their houses, or,
by burning, for the manufacture of good soap. At Sierra Leone this
tree does not grow larger than an orchard apple tree.” _Loudon._

A´DIT. Lat. _adeo_, I approach. A horizontal shaft or passage in a mine,
either for access, or for carrying off water.

AFRICA´NUS. Lat. African; belonging or relating to Africa.

AGALLO´CHUM. From the Gr. _aggalomai_, to become splendid. A resinous,
aromatic wood, burned by the Chinese and Japanese for the sake of its
agreeable odour, from the _Excæca´ria aggallo´cha_. Aloes wood.

A´GAMOUS. From the Gr. _a_, privative, and _gamos_, marriage. Having no
sex.

A´GATE. A name given to all varieties of quartz which have not a
vitreous aspect; are compact, semi-transparent, and whose fracture
resembles that of wax. Agates are of various colors and admit of a
fine polish. According to Theophrastes and Pliny, the name comes from
the river Achates in Sicily, now the Drillo, on the banks of which the
first agates were found.

AGLA´IA. From the Gr. _Aglaia_, beauty, elegance. A genus of plants,
trees or shrubs, of which there are five or six species in the Island
of Java. The _odora´ta_ is one.

A´GUA. Spanish. Water.

AIRA. From the Gr. _aira_, a tare, cockle weed. A genus of the family of
Gramíneæ, or grasses, of the tribe of Avenáceæ. Hair-grass. _A.
antarctica._ Antarctic hair-grass.

AIR-PLANTS. A name given to certain parasitic plants which were supposed
to be nourished by the air alone, without contact with the soil. There
are some species which will live many months suspended by a string in
a warm apartment.

ALBA, } ALBUS,} Lat. White. ALBUM,}

ALBI´NO. Spanish. From the Lat. _albus_, white. Applied to individuals
of the human race, (and extended also to some other animals), who have
white hair; the iris, pinkish or very pale; and the eyes unable to
bear much light. Albinos are most frequent in the negro race; but it
does not seem to be true that there are tribes of Albinos in any part
of the world.

AL´BUMEN. From the Lat. _albus_, white. A chemical term, applied to an
immediate organic principle, which constitutes the chief part of the
white of egg. Animal and vegetable albumen are nearly the same in
composition.

AL´CALINE. Having properties of an alkali.

ALCHEMI´LLAS or ALCHEMI´LLA. Arabic. A genus of plants of the family
Rosáceæ. The _A. vulgaris_, common ladies’ mantle.

A´LGA. Lat. Sea-weed.

A´LGÆ. Plural of alga. Name of a sub-class of crytógamous plants, which
is subdivided into three families: the _Phy´ceæ_, or submerged
sea-weeds; the _Lichens_, or emerged sea-weed, and the _Byssa´ceæ_, or
amphibious sea-weeds. The algæ or sea-weeds are ágamous plants which
live in the air, on the surface or at the bottom of fresh or salt
water; they are remarkable for their cellular or filamentous structure
into which no vessels enter.

ALHA´GI. Arabic. Genus of plants of the family of Leguminósæ. The
_alhagi maurorum_ grows in the deserts of Egypt; a sweet, gummy
substance exudes from the bark in form of small yellowish grains,
which, it appears, was the manna the Hebrews ate while in the deserts
of Arabia Petria.

AL´KALI or AL´CALI. A chemical term formerly applied to potash and soda:
it now embraces the oxides of potassium, sodium, lithium, barium,
strontium and calcium, metals which decompose water at ordinary
temperatures and absorb, that is, combine with its oxygen, giving out
heat and flame.

A´LOE. Name of a genus of plants which includes very many species. The
inspissated juice of several of these species constitutes the
varieties of the medicine called Soccotrine, Barbadoes aloes, &c.

ALLU´VIAL. Of the nature of alluvium.

ALLU´VION,} From the Lat. _alluo_, I wash upon. Gravel,
ALLUVIUM, } sand, mud and other transported matter, washed down
by rivers and floods upon lands not permanently submerged beneath
water. A deposit formed of transported matter.

ALPI´NUM,} Lat. Alpine; belonging or relating to the Alps. ALPI´NUS,}

ALU´MINUM or ALUMI´NIUM. From _alu´men_, alum. The mettaloid which forms
the basis of alum; of alumina or pure argil.

AMARY´LLIS. From the Gr. _amarusso_, to be resplendent. A nymph in
ancient mythology. Name of a genus of plants, forming the type of the
family of Amaryllídeæ, composed of about sixty species. Generally they
are bulbous plants, remarkable for the size and beauty of their
flowers.

AMBLYRHI´NCHUS. From the Gr. _amblus_, obtuse, and _rugchos_, snout.
Name of a genus of iguanian reptiles.

A´METHYST. From the Gr. _amithustos_, not drunk. The ancients gave this
name to a stone in which the wine red colour was tempered with violet.
A violet variety of hyaline quartz.

AMMO´NIA. A colourlous gas of a peculiar, pungent odour. It causes death
when respired; and its strong alcaline reaction distinguishes it from
all other elastic fluids. It is liberated from all its chemical
combinations by the alkalis. Spirits of hartshorn is a solution of
this gas.

AMMONI´ACAL. Of the nature of ammonia.

AM´MONITE. From the Lat. _Ammon_, a name of Jupiter. A fossil so called
from a supposed resemblance to the horns engraven on the heads of
Jupiter Ammon. In certain parts of England called _snake-stones_.
Ammonites are fossil shells, rolled upon the same plane, consisting of
a series of separate chambers, like the nautilus.

AMOR´PHOUS. From the Gr. _a_, privative, and _morphe_, form. Without
definite or regular shape.

AMPE´LIDÆ. Lat. (_ampelis_), name of a family of birds in the tribe of
dentiróstres.

AMPELI´DEÆ. From the Gr. _ampelos_, a vine. Name of the family of
Phanerógamous plants, which includes the vine.

AMPHI´BIOUS. From the Gr. _amphibios_, two-lived. Having the faculty of
living in two elements.

AMPHIU´MA. From the Gr. _amphi_, both, on all sides, and _uma_, that
which has been moistened. A genus of Batrachians in which lungs but no
bronchiæ exist through life. _Amphiu´ma menop´oma._ A kind of
Batrachian which resembles the Salamander. It is found in Louisiana.

A´MPLITUDE. In astronomy denotes the angular distance of a celestial
body, at the time it rises or sets, from the east or west points of
the horizon. It is sometimes used to designate the horizontal distance
a projectile reaches when thrown from a gun.

AMY´RIS. From the Gr. _amuros_, not perfumed. A genus of phanerógamous
plants, which is the type of the family of Amyri´deæ which is allied
to the family of turpentines. _Amy´ris gileade´nsis._ The Balm of
Gilead. _Amy´ris kataf._ The myrrh tree. _Amy´ris opoba´lsamum._ The
opobalsam, or balsam of Mecca.

ANA´NAS. Portuguese. Pine-apple. Genus of the family Bromeliáceæ, and
type of the tribe Ananáceæ.

ANDRO´MEDA. Mythological name of a constellation. Genus of the family
Ericáceæ, and type of the tribe Andromédeæ or Andromedas.

ANGE´LICA ARCHENGE´LICA. Garden Angelica. Root and seeds used in
medicine as an aromatic stimulant.

ANGUI´NUS. Lat. Of the nature of a snake; belonging or relating to a
snake.

ANE´ROID BARO´METER. Consists of a cylinder of copper with a very thin
and corrugated end, partially exhausted of air and hermetically
sealed. The effect of the varying pressure of the atmosphere on the
thin end is magnified by a system of levers, so as to affect the index
of a dial like that of a watch or clock. This is a French invention,
but was patented in England, in the year 1844. See Barómeter.

ANIMA´LCULA. Lat. Animalcule.

ANIMA´LCULÆ. Lat. plural of Animálcula.

ANIMA´LCULE. A diminutive animal. A term used to designate animals so
small that they cannot be seen by the unassisted eye.

ANISA´TUM. LAT. Belonging or relating to aniseed. Specific name of the
tree which produces star-aniseed.

ANO´LIS. A kind of Saurian, called _anoli_ in the Antilles. Also called,
_long-toed lizard_, or _dactyloa_.

AN´NUAL. From the Lat. _annus_, a year. Yearly. A plant which rises from
the seed, reaches perfection, and perishes within a year, is termed an
annual.

ANTA´RCTICA. Lat. Antarctic.

ANTELOPE MONTA´NA. Mountain Antelope. _A. rupicapra._ Chamois. _A.
cervicapra._ Common antelope. _A. dorcas._ Gazelle. _A. gazella._
Algazel. _A. mhorr._ Mhorr.

A´NTHER. From the Gr. _anthera_, a flowery herb. In botany: the
essential part of the stamen. The small yellowish body, compared to a
diminutive leaf folded on itself, which crowns the stamen, and in
which the pollen is formed.

ANTIQUO´RUM. Lat. Of the ancients.

A´PHIS. Gr. A plant-louse; a vine-fretter.

A´PHIDES. Plural of aphis.

APOCY´NEÆ. From the Gr. _apo_, far from, and _knon_, dog. Having the
virtue of driving away dogs, the plant which kills dogs. Botanical
name of a family of plants of which the genus _apo´cynum_ is the type.

A´PTENODY´TES. From the Gr. _apten_, without wings, and _dutes_, diver.
A genus of birds. _A´ptenody´tes patagonica._ A species of Penguin.

A´PTERYX. From the Gr. _apteros_, without wings. Name of a genus of
birds.

AQUEOUS ROCKS. Are those formed by deposits from water.

AQUILA. Lat. An eagle. _Aquila albicilla._ The fishing eagle.

ARAUCA´RIA. From _Arauco_. Name of a department or district of Chile
where the first species was seen. Name of a genus of the family of
conifers. _Arauca´ria excelsa._ The Norfolk Island pine.

ARBU´TUS. Lat. A shrub. A genus of plants.

ARCTOCE´PHALUS. From the Gr. _arktos_, a bear, _kephale_, head. Name of
a genus of mammals.

ARDE´A. Lat. A Heron. Name of a genus of birds. _Arde´a helias._ The Sun
Bird.

A´REA OF SUBSIDENCE. A geological expression used to designate a space
which has settled.

ARE´CA. Cabbage-tree. A genus of plants of the family of Palmæ. _Are´ca
catechu._ The medicinal or betel-nut palm.

ARENA´CEOUS. From the Lat. _arena_, sand. Sandy; of the nature of sand.

ARGEN´TEUM. Lat. Silvery; relating to silver.

ARGENTI´FEROUS. From the Lat. _argentum_, silver, and _fero_, I bear.
Containing silver.

ARGILLA´CEOUS. From the Lat. _argilla_, clay or argil. Of the nature of
clay.

ARGONAU´TA. Lat. From the Gr. _argo_, name of a vessel, and _nautes_, a
navigator. Name of a genus of cephalopódous mollusks.

ARMADI´LLO. Spanish. Diminutive of _armado_, armed. Name of a mammal of
the family of edentáta or edentates.

AROMA´TICUS. Lat. Aromatic; spicy.

AR´SENIC. A metal of a shining, steel gray colour. Heated in contact
with atmospheric air, it rapidly absorbs oxygen, and forms _arsenious
acid_, which is the poison commonly called arsenic, or _rat’s bane_.
Arsenic is found in its metallic state, in the form oxide or arsenious
acid, or white arsenic; and combined with sulphur, forming orpiment,
and realgar.

ARTEME´SIÆ. } A tribe of plants, of which the genus Artemésia ARTEMESIAS. } is the type. Many of them are used in medicine.

ARTE´SIAN. From _Artois_, name of a province of France where especial
attention has been given to a means of obtaining water, which consists
in boring vertical perforations of small diameter in the exterior
crust of the earth, frequently of great depth. These are termed
Artesian wells.

ARTICULA´TA. Lat. From _articulus_, a joint or articulation. Having
joints or articulations.

ASCLE´PIAS. A name of Esculapius. A genus of phanerógamous plants.
_Ascle´pias giga´ntea._ Mudar of the Hindoos. The milky juice is very
caustic; the bark of the root as well as the juice are used in
medicine by the Asiatics.

ASPHALT. } From the Gr. _a_, privative, and _sphalto_,
ASPHALTUM. } I slip, or _asphaltos_, bitumen. Used anciently
as a cement. A black brittle bitumen, found on the surface and banks
of the Dead Sea, hence called the Asphaltic lake.

ASPHODE´LEÆ. Name of a family of phanerógamous plants.

ASSI´MILATE. From the Lat. _ad_, and _similare_, to render similar.
Assimilation is the act by which living bodies appropriate and
transform into their own substance, matters with which they may be
placed in contact. In man, assimilation is a function of nutrition.

ASPLE´NIIFO´LIA. Compound of _asplenium_, a genus of ferns, and _folia_,
leaves. Having leaves resembling those of the asplénium.

A´STER. From the Gr. _aster_, a star. A name given to the plant by the
Greeks in allusion to the radiate form of the flowers. Name of a genus
of plants which forms the type of the _asteroides_ or asters—
literally, _star-flowers_.

ASTRA´GALI. Lat. plural of Astragalus.

ASTRA´GALUS. Lat. Name of a genus of phanerógamous plants of the family
of leguminósæ.

ATOLL. A chaplet or ring of coral, enclosing a lagoon or portion of the
ocean in its centre.

AUCU´BA. } A genus of plants of the family of Rhamnoides. There AUKU´BA. } is but one species, which grows in Japan. _Aucuba Japonica._

AUCHE´NIA. From the Gr. _auchenios_, belonging to the head or neck. Lat.
name of a genus of mammals, the Llama. Also, a genus of coleópterous
insects.

AURI´CULA. Lat. Little ear. A genus of phanerógamous plants of the
family of Primuláceæ.

AURI´FEROUS. From the Lat. _aurum_, gold, and _fero_, I bear.
Gold-bearing containing gold.

AUROCHS. An alteration of the German _Auerochs_, wild-bull. Their race
is now almost extinct; a few individuals are found in the forests of
Lithuania, &c.

AUSTRA´LE. } Lat. Belonging or relating to the south. AUSTRA´LIS. }

AZA´LÆA. From the Gr. _azalea_, burned. A genus of phanerógamous plants
of the family of Ericáceæ.

AZE´DARACH. From the Arab. _Azadaracht_, a name given by Avicenna to a
plant.

AZOTE. } From the Gr. _a_, privative and _zo´on_,
AZOTIC GAS. } life. The name given by chemists to a gas, now also
called nitrogen, which will support neither respiration nor combustion.
It constitutes seventy-nine per cent. of the atmosphere, and enters into
the composition of all animal matter, except fatty substances, and into a
certain number of proximate vegetable principles.

BACCIFE´RUM. Lat. Compound of _bacca_, a berry, and _fero_, I bear.
Berry-bearing. Specific name of a plant.

BALANCE OF TORSION, or TORSION BALANCE. A machine invented by Coulomb
for measuring the intensities of electric or magnetic forces, by
establishing an equilibrium between them and the force of torsion.

BALÆ´NA. Lat. A whale. Name of a genus of mammals, belonging to the
order Cetácea. _Balæ´na mystece´tus._ The common whale. _Balæ´nu
gibbosa._ A kind of whale which has five or six protuberances on its
back.

BAN´KSIA. A genus of phanerógamous plants of the family of Proteáceæ.

BAO´BAB. See Adansonia.

BA´RIUM. From the Gr. _barus_, heavy. A metal obtained from barytes by
Sir H. Davy.

BAROMETER. From the Gr. _baros_, weight, and _metron_, a measure. An
instrument for measuring the weight of atmospheric air.

BAROMETRIC. } Belonging, or relating to the barometer. BAROMETRICAL. }

BARRINGTO´NIA. A genus of phanerógamous plants of the family of
Myrtáceæ, and the type of the tribe of Barringtóniæ.

BA´SALT. An Ethiopian word. A black or bluish gray rock, harder than
glass, very tenacious, and consequently difficult to break: it is
homogenous in appearance although essentially composed of pyroxene and
feldspar, with a large proportion of oxide of iron or titanium. Basalt
is considered by all geologists to be a product of igneous formation.

BASA´LTIC. Belonging or relating to basalt.

BATRA´HCIAN. From the Gr. _batrachos_, a frog. The name given by
naturalists to those reptiles which resemble frogs in their
organization. Batrahcians form the fourth order in the class of
Reptiles.

BEAUFO´RTIA. Name of a genus of the family of Myrtáceæ, named in honor
of Mary, the Duchess of Beaufort, who encouraged the study of Botany.

BELEM´NITES. From the Gr. _belemnon_, a dart. A genus of fossil
dibranchiate cephalopods, the shells of which are chambered and
perforated by a siphon, but internal. They are long, straight and
conical; and commonly called “thunder stones.”

BENJAMI´NA. Lat. Benjamin. A genus of plants; also the specific name of
a plant.

BERNI´CLA. Generic name of a kind of goose, having a short beak.
_Berni´cla cyana´ptera._ The goose of Shoa.

BER´YL. A mineral allied to the emerald. It is transparent, of a pale
green colour, and in Brazil it is sometimes sold under the name of
emerald.

BETE´L. The leaf of the betel or Siriboa pepper.

BE´TULA. Lat. Birch. Name of a genus of plants. _Be´tula nana_. Dwarf
birch.

BETULÖIDES. From _betula_, a birch-tree, the Gr. _eidos_, resemblance.
Specific name of a plant.

BIGNO´NIA. A genus of plants named in honor of the Abbey Bignon, the
Librarian of Louis XIV.

BIS´MUTH. From the Germ. _Wismuth._ A brittle, yellowish white metal.

BI´TUMEN. A combustible mineral, composed of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen.

BIXA ORLEANA. A plant which produces a colouring matter, called
_annotto_.

BOA. Name of a genus of non-venemous reptiles.

BOHEA. Specific name of a tea-plant.

BOMBAX. From _bombux_, one of the Greek names of cotton. A genus of
plants of the family Malváceæ. _Bombax heptaphyllum._ A kind of
cotton-tree. _Bombax ceiba._ The cotton-wood tree, much valued for
making canoes.

BONDUC. A synonym of the _Guilandina_. Specific name of a plant.

BORA´CIC ACID. An acid obtained from borax, consisting of boron and
oxygen.

BORA´SSUS. From the Gr. _borassos_, a date. A genus of the family of
Palms. _Borassus flabelliformus._ The fan-leaved palm.

BO´RATE. The salt resulting from a combination of boracic acid and a
salifiable base, as the borate of soda.

BO´RAX. Tinkal. A natural compound of soda and boracic acid.

BORON. A simple or undecomposable substance, the basis of boracic acid
and borax.

BORI´CHTHYS. From the Fr. _borgne_, one-eyed or blind, and the Gr.
_ichthus_, a fish.

BORRAGI´NIÆ. Name given by Jussieu to a group of plants.

BORRER´IA. From Borrera, name of a man. A genus of phanerógamous plants
of the family of Rubiáceæ.

BOSWE´LLIA. A genus named in honor of Dr. John Boswell. _Boswellia
serrata._ The olibanum tree.

BOTANY. From the Gr. _botane_, plant. The branch of natural history
which embraces the knowledge and study of plants.

BOTANIC. Belonging or relating to botany.

BOS. Lat. An ox. A genus of ruminating mammals, embracing several
species. _Bos aurus._ The Urus. _Bos caffer._ Cape buffalo. _Bos
bubalus._ Common buffalo. _Bos Americanus._ The Bison. _Bos
moschatus._ The Musk ox. _Bos gruniens._ The Yak.

BOULDERS, or BOWLDERS. Rounded masses of stone lying upon the surface or
loosely imbedded in the soil.

BOULDER FORMATION, or Erratic block formation. A geological term applied
to a part of the diluvial drift. See Ruschenberger’s Natural History.

BRAC´TEÆ. Lat. Bracts. Floral leaves, different in colour from other
leaves.

BRAS´SICA. Lat. Cabbage.

BRECCIA. Italian. A rock composed of an agglutination of angular
fragments. When the fragments are rolled pebbles, it constitutes a
conglomerate rock, called _pudding stone_.

BREVISE´TUM. Lat. _Brevis_, short, and _setum_, a bristle. A specific
name.

BREXIA. From the Gr. _brexis_, rain: in allusion to the protection from
rain afforded by its ample foliage. A genus of plants of the family of
Brexiáceæ.

BUBO. Lat. An owl. A specific as well as generic name. _Bubo maximus._ A
kind of owl.

BU´FO. Lat. A toad. _Bufo Agua._ A Brazilian toad.

BUPHA´GA. Lat. From the Gr. _bous_, an ox, and _phago_, I eat. A genus
of birds, which includes the African beef-eater.

BURSA. Lat. A sack, a purse or pouch.

BU´TEA. A genus of the family of Papillionáceæ, named in honor of John,
Count of Bute, a cultivator of botanic science. _Butea frondosa_
yields a gum (_butea_) which has been confounded with Kino.

CAC´TI. Lat. Plural of cactus.

CAC´TUS. From the Gr. _kaktos_, spiny plant. Name of a genus of the
family of Cactáceæ. _Cactus coccine´llifer._ The cochineal cactus.
_Cactus opuntia._ Indian fig.

CACA´LIA. Name of a genus of phanerógamous plants of the family of
Compósitæ. Several species are useful as condiments.

CACHALOT, or CACHELOT. Fr. Name of the spermaceti whale. Used to
designate a variety of the order of cetáceans, which has teeth in both
jaws.

COCCINE´LLIFER. From _coccinella_ (the diminutive of the Lat.
_coccinus_, crimson,) a genus of coleopterous insects, and _fero_, I
bear. A specific name.

CAD´MIUM. A white metal, much like tin. Its ores are associated with
those of zinc. Discovered in 1818.

CA´DUCOUS. From the Lat. _cado_, I fall. In Botany when a part is
temporary, and soon disappears or falls off, it is said to be
caducous.

CÆCI´LIÆ. From the Lat. _cæcus_, blind. A tribe of Batrachians.

CÆESPITO´SA. Lat. From _cæspes_, turf or sod. Belonging or relating to
turf.

CAFEINE. Fr. In chemistry the name of the proximate principle of coffee.

CAJAPUTE, } A Malay name for a greenish, volatile oil used as CAJAPUTA, } a remedy in rheumatism, &c.

CA´LAMUS. A genus of phanerógamous plants of the family of Palms.
_Ca´lamus draco._ An East Indian plant which yields an astringent
substance called Dragon’s blood. _Ca´lamus rotan_ The rattan plant.

CALCA´REOUS. From the Lat. _calx_, _calcis_, lime. Belonging to or
relating to lime. Calcareous rocks are those of which lime forms a
principal part.

CALCEOLA´RIA. From the Lat. _calceolus_, a little shoe. A remarkable
genus of phanerógamous plants of the family of Scrophulariáceæ.

CAL´CIUM. From the Lat. _calx_, _calcis_, lime. A metal discovered by
Sir H. Davy in 1807, which united with oxygen forms oxide of calcium
or lime.

CALLITRI´CHE. From the Gr. _kallithrix_, having luxuriant hair. A genus
of aquatic plants. Also the name of a genus of American monkeys.

CALO´RIC. From the Lat. _caleo_, I am warm. The term used by chemists to
designate _the matter of heat_.

CALORI´FIC. Belonging or relating to caloric.

CALYCA´NTHUS. From the Gr. _kalux_, a calyx, and _anthos_, flower. A
genus of the family of Calycantháceæ.

CALYP´TOMENE. From the Gr. _kaluptos_, concealed, and _meno_, I remain.
Name of a genus of birds.

CAM´BRIAN SYSTEM. From Cambria in Wales. A name given by geologists to
the lowest sedimentary rocks, characterized by fossil remains of
animals, lowest in the scale of organization, such as corallines, &c.
It is also called the Schistose system, on account of its slaty
nature.

CAMEL´LIA. A genus of the family of Aurantiáceæ, named in honor of
Kamel, a botanist. It contains the tea plants. _Came´llia sasanqua._
Lady Bank’s Camellia. _Came´llia odorifera._ Sweet smelling Camellia.

CAMPA´NULA. From the Lat. _campana_, a bell, from the shape of its
corolla. A genus of phanerógamous plants of the family of
Campanuláceæ, of which it is the type. 182 species are described.

CAMPHORÓSMA. From the Lat. _camphora_, camphor, and the Gr. _osme_,
odour. A genus of plants of the family of Chenopodáceæ.

CAMPHO´RA. Lat. Camphor. Belonging or relating to camphor.

CANARIE´NSIS. Lat. Belonging or relating to the Canary islands.

CANDELA´BRUM. Lat. A candlestick.

CA´NINE. From the Lat. _canis_, a dog. Teeth which resemble those of a
dog are so called; the canine teeth of the upper jaw in man are
commonly called the eye-teeth.

CAOU´TCHOUC. Gum elastic; India-rubber, a substance obtained from the
_Jatropha elastica_, the _Ficus indica_ and the _Urceola elastica_.

CAPE´NSIS. Lat. Belonging or relating to the Cape of Good Hope.

CARAGA´NA. A genus of plants of the family of Papilionáceæ.

CAR´BON. From the Lat. _carbo_, charcoal. A chemical element or
undecomposed body. The diamond is pure carbon. It is the basis of
anthracite, and of all the varieties of mineral coal, and is one of
the principal constituents of all organic bodies.

CARBO´NIC ACID. A compound of carbon and oxygen.

CAR´BONATE. Any compound of carbonic acid and a salifiable base, as
_carbonate of lime_, _carbonate of soda_.

CARBONI´FEROUS. From the Lat. _carbo_, coal, _fero_, I bear,
coal-bearing; containing carbon. In geology the term is applied to
those strata which contain coal, and to the period when the coal
measures were formed.

CARDAMINE. Gr. Name of a plant. A genus of the family of crucíferæ.
Lady’s smock. _Cardamine hirsuta._ Hairy Cardamine.

CARDUI. Lat. Genitive case of _carduus_, a thistle. Specific name of a
butterfly.

CARNI´VORA. From the Lat. _caro_, _carnis_, flesh, and _voro_, I eat.
Name of a family of Mammals.

CARTILA´GINOUS FISHES. A term used to designate that division of the
class of fishes which includes only those having cartilaginous instead
of bony skeletons.

CARYO´PHYLLUS. Lat. A garden pink. A genus of plants of the family of
caryophy´lleæ. _Caryo´phyllus aroma´ticus._ The clove-tree.

CARYO´TA. A genus of Palms of equatorial Asia. The _caryota urens_
derives its specific name from a burning sensation its fruit imparts
when eaten.

CA´SPIA. Lat. Belonging or relating to the Caspian Sea.

CAS´SIA. From the Gr. _kassia_, cinnamon. A genus of plants of the
family of Papilionáceæ. The genus contains more than 300 species.

CA´STANOSPE´RRNUM. From the Gr. _kastanon_, chestnut, and _sperma_,
fruit. A genus of the family of Papilionáceæ.

CASUARI´NÆ. A family of plants separated from that of the cónifers. The
_casuari´næ_ are found in New Holland, and in India, and are
remarkable for the absence of leaves.

CATA´LPA. A genus of plants of the family of the Bignoniáceæ.

CAT´ECHU. An astringent extract, used in medicine.

CAT’S EYE. A beautiful silicious mineral, penetrated by fibres of
asbestos, which, when polished, reflects an effulgent, pearly light,
much resembling the mutable reflections from the eye of a cat.

CAULE´RPA. From the Gr. _kaulos_, a stem, and _erpo_, I creep. A genus
of algæ of the family of Zoosper´meæ. There are about 35 species of
caulérpa, which inhabit equatorial seas. The _caule´rpa proli´fera_
belongs to the Mediterranean.

CA´VIA. Genus of mammals of the family of rodents, including the
guinea-pig.

CE´BUS. Lat. Name of a genus of monkeys; the marmoset.

CECRO´PIS. A genus of birds.

CEDRE´LA. Genus of plants of the family of Cedreláceæ.

CEI´BA. Synonym of _Bombax_, cotton. Specific name of a kind of cotton.

CENTA´UREA. A genus of plants of the family of Synanthéreæ Cyanáreæ and
type of the tribe of Centaúrieæ.

CERATI´TES. From the Gr. _keratetes_, horned. A generic name of certain
insects.

CERATO´DES. From the Gr. _keratodes_, formed of horns. A genus of
mollusks.

CER´EAL. From the Lat. _Ceres_, corn. Applied to grasses which produce
the bread corns; as wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, &c.

CEREA´LIA. Lat. Name of a tribe of grasses.

CEREO´PSIS. From the Gr. _keros_, wax, and _opsis_, aspect. A genus of
birds of the order of palmípedes and family of lamelliróstres. It is
marked by a wax-like membrane on the beak. _Cereopsis striata._ A kind
of goose.

CE´RIUM. Named after the planet Ceres. A white brittle metal discovered
in 1803, by Hisinger and Berzelius.

CER´THIA. Latin. Name of a genus of passerine birds, commonly called
creepers.

CER´VUS. Latin. A stag. A genus of mammals.

CETA´CEA. From the Gr. _ketos_, a whale. A genus of pisciform mammals
that have fins in place of feet, and inhabit the sea. Name of an order
of aquatic mammals.

CHALK. Earthy carbonate of lime.

CHAMBERED SHELLS. A term used to designate those shells of mollusks
which are divided internally into cells or chambers by partitions.

CHAM´ÆROPS. From the Gr. _chamai_, on the ground, and _rops_, a brush.
Name of a genus of palms. _Chamærops humilis._ The dwarf fan palm.

CHEIRO´PTERA. From the Gr. _cheir_, hand, and _pteron_, a wing;
signifying the hand has become a wing. Name of a family of mammals,
including the bats.

CHEIROS´TEMON. From the Gr. _cheir_, hand, and _stemon_, filament. A
genus of plants of the family of Sterculiáceæ, and tribe of bombáceæ.

CHELO´NIAN. From the Gr. _chelone_, a tortoise. Applied to reptiles
resembling tortoises.

CHEL´YDÆ. From the Gr. _chelus_, a tortoise. A tribe of reptiles of the
family Emy´des.

CHLAM´YPHORE. From the Gr. _chlamus_, a cloak, and _phero_, I bear. A
genus of mammals of the tribe of armadillos.

CHLENA´CEÆ. From the Gr. _chlaina_, a cloak. A tribe of plants, native
in Madagascar.

CHLOA´NTHES. From the Gr. _chloros_, greenish yellow, and _anthos_,
flower. A genus of plants of the family of chloantháceæ.

CHLORI´TIC. From the Gr. _chloros_, green. Belonging or relating to
chlorite, an earthy mineral found in the cavities of slate rocks.

CHROME, CHRO´MIUM. From the Gr. _chroma_, colour. A whitish brittle
metal, discovered by Vauquelin in 1797. In union with oxygen it forms
chromic acid.

CICHORA´CEÆ. From the Gr. kichore, chichory. A tribe of plants of the
family of Compósitæ.

CI´RRI. Plural of _cirrus_.

CI´RRO-CUMULUS. A sondercloud; a kind of cloud. The cirro-cumulus is
intermediate between the cirrus and cumulus, and is composed of small
well defined masses closely arranged.

CI´RRO-STRATUS. A wanecloud. The cirro-stratus, intermediate between the
cirrus and stratus, consists of horizontal masses separated into
groups, with which the sky is sometimes so mottled as to suggest the
idea of resemblance to the back of a mackerel.

CI´RRUS. Lat. A tendril. A kind of cloud. Applied to certain appendages
of animals; as the beard from the end and sides of the mouth of
certain fishes. The cirrus cloud consists of fibres or curling streaks
which diverge in all directions. It occupies the highest region, and
is frequently the first cloud which is seen after a continuance of
clear weather.

CI´STUS. A genus of plants of the family of cistáceæ.

CLA´RKIA. Proper name. A genus of plants of the tribe of epilóbiæ.

CLAY-SLATE. A rock which resembles clay or shale, but is generally
distinguished by its structure; the particles having been re-arranged,
and exhibiting what is called slaty cleavage. It is one of the
metamorphic rocks.

CLAYTO´NIA. A genus of plants of the family of Portuláceæ-calandríneæ.

CLEAVAGE. The mechanical division, the laminæ of rocks and minerals, to
show the constant direction in which they may be separated.

CLERODE´NDRON. From the Gr. _kleros_, accident, and _dendron_, tree. In
allusion to its accidental effects in medicine. A genus of plants of
the family of Verbenáceæ-Lantáneæ.

COAL MEASURES. The geological formation in which coal is found.

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Physical GeographyChapter XXXVII: Appendix (1)

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