Chapter XXXIX: Appendix (3)

PORPHYRY. From the Gr. _porphura_, purple. Originally applied to a _red
rock_ found in Egypt. A compact feldspathic rock containing
disseminated crystals of feldspar, the latter when polished forming
small angular spots, of a light color, thickly sprinkled over the
surface. The rock is of various colors, dark green, red, blue, black,
&c.

PORTLAND BED. A name given by geologists to the superior division of the
upper óolite or lias system. The “Portland stone” is a kind of
limestone found in the south of England, and more particularly in the
Isle of Portland. In this series of strata is a silicious sand known
as the “Portland Sand.”

POTAS´SIUM. A metal discovered in potash by Sir H. Davy in 1807.

POTENTI´LLA. A genus of plants of the family of Rosáceæ. Cinquefoil.
_Potentilla tridenta´ta._ Trifid-leaved cinquefoil.

PRE´HENSILE. From the Lat. _prehendere_, to lay hold of. Having the
faculty to lay hold of. Applied to the tails of those monkeys, for
example, which have the power to suspend themselves by the tail.

PREDA´CEOUS. Living on prey.

PRIMARY FORMATION. A term applied by geologists to designate the
different rocks which were formed prior to the creation of plants and
animals.

PRIMIGENIUS. Lat. Original; first of its kind.

PRI´MUM MO´BILE. That which first imparts motion.

PRIM´ULA. Lat. A primrose. A genus of plants of the family of
primuláceæ. _Primula farino´sa_, the Bird’s-eye primrose.

PRISM. A solid bounded by three planes, two of which are equal.

PRISMATIC. Belonging or relating to a prism.

PROBOSCI´DIAN. From the Gr. _proboskis_, a proboscis or trunk. Applied
to mammals of the family which includes the elephant.

PROCELLA´RIA. From the Lat. _procella_, a tempest at sea. A genus of
birds of the family of Palmipedes.

PROLI´FERA. Formed from _proles_, a race or stock, and _fero_, I bear.
Prolific.

PRO´TEA. A genus of plants of the family of Proteáceæ. _Protea
cyaneroides_, Artichoke-flowered protea.

PRO´TEUS. A genus of reptiles.

PTEROCA´RPUS. From the Gr. _pteron_, a wing, and _karpos_, fruit. The
pods have membranous wings. A genus of plants of the family of
Leguminósæ. _Pterocarpus santalinus._ The red saunders tree.

PTE´RIS. Gr. Name of Fern. A genus of cryptógamous plants. Brake.
_Pteris esculenta._ Edible fern.

PTEROPUS. From the Gr. _pteron_, wing, and pous, foot. A genus of
mammals of the tribe of bats, termed Roussettes.

PU´MA. A name of the couguar or American Lion.

PYROGE´NOUS. From the Gr. _pur_, fire, and _geinomai_, I beget. Applied
to rocks which owe their origin to the action of fire, as granite.

PY´RUS. A genus of plants of the family Rosáceæ. A pear-tree.

PYRI´FERA. Lat. From _pyrus_, a pear, and _fero_, I bear.

PYTHON. A genus of reptiles.

QUADRUMA´NA. Formed from the Lat. _quatuor_, four, and _manus_, hand. An
order of mammals characterized by having four hands.

QUA´RTZ. Germ. Rock crystal.

QUARTZOSE. Of the nature of quartz.

QUICKSILVER. A metal which is fluid at ordinary temperatures. Also
called mercury.

RADIA´TA. Lat. Radiate; the name of a class of zóophytes.

RA´DIATE. From the Lat. _radius_, a ray. Furnished with rays; having
rays.

RADIA´TION. The emission of the rays of light, or of heat, from a
luminous or a heated body.

RAFFLE´SIA. After Sir T. Raffles. A genus of plants of the family of
Rafflesiáceæ, which are parasites, growing on the roots of
dicotyledonous plants. The flowers of some of them are enormously
large; the Rafflesia arnoldi are said to be three feet in diameter.

RAINE´TTE. Fr. A tree-frog.

RANUN´CULUS. From the Lat. _rana_, a frog, because the species inhabit
humid places. Crow-foot. A genus of plants of the family of
Ranunculáceæ.

RANUN´CULI. Lat. Plural of ranunculus.

RA´NA. Lat. A frog. A genus of reptiles.

REFRA´CTION. From the Lat. _refractus_, broken. The deviation of a ray
of light from its rectilinear course, caused by passing through a
transparent substance. The degree of refraction depends upon the
density of the medium through which the ray of light passes.

REFU´LGENS. Lat. Shining brightly; refulgent.

RE´PTILE. From the Lat. _repere_, to crawl. A term applied to any animal
that moves naturally upon its belly, or on very short legs, as
serpents, &c.

REPTI´LIA. The class of reptiles: it comprises those vertebrate animals
which have cold blood, an aërial respiration, and an incomplete
circulation.

RESENIFE´RA. Lat. Containing resin.

REVOLU´TA. Lat. Turned back; tumbled.

RHEA. Synonyme of _Struthio_, an ostrich.

RHO´DIUM. From the Gr. _rodon_, a rose, on account of the rose red color
of some of its salts. A metal discovered in the year 1803 by
Wollaston.

RHODODE´NDRON. From the Gr. _rodon_, a rose, and _dendron_, a tree. A
genus of plants of the family of Ericáceæ.

RHODOME´LIA. From the Gr. _rodon_, a rose, and _melas_, black. A genus
of plants of the family of Phy´ceæ.

RHUS. A genus of plants of the family of Terebintáceæ. _Rhus vernix._
The varnish Sumach.

RHYNCHOPS. From the Gr. _rugchops_, a beak. A genus of birds: the
skimmers or scissor-bills.

ROCK-SALT. Common salt found in masses or beds in the new red sandstone.

ROD´ENTIA. From the Lat. _rodere_, to gnaw. An order of mammals.

RODENTS. Animals of the order Rodentia.

ROR´QUAL. A kind of whalebone whale.

RO´SA. A genus of plants of the family of Rosáceæ. _Rosa sinensis._ The
Chinese rose.

RU´BER. Lat. Red.

RUBIA´CEÆ. A family of plants.

RU´BY. A crystalized gem of various shades of red.

RUFIMA´NUS. Lat. Red-handed.

RU´MINANT. An animal that chews the cud.

RUMINA´NTIA. An order of mammals which are characterized by chewing the
cud.

RU´MINATI. To chew the cud.

SA´LINES. Natural deposits of salt; salt springs.

SA´LIX. Lat. Willow. A genus of plants of the family of Salici´neæ
_Sa´lix lana´ta._ Woolly willow.

SALT. A combination of an acid with one or more bases.

SAMO´LUS. From the Celtic, _san_, salutary, and _mos_, pig. Salutary to
pigs. Brook-weed. A genus of plants of the family of Primuláceæ.
_Samo´lus valera´ndi._ Common brook-weed.

SANDARA´CH. A name given by the Arabs to an odorous resin.

SANDALI´NUS. Lat. Sandal-like.

SANDSTONE. Any rock consisting of aggregated grains of sand.

SAPA´JOU. Fr. A genus of monkeys.

SAPI´NDUS. Abbreviation of _sapo_, soap, and _indicus_, Indian soap.
Soap-berry. A genus of plants of the family of Sapindáceæ. _Sapi´ndus
sapona´ria._ Common soap-berry.

SAPONA´RIA. Lat. Soapy.

SAPOTA´CEÆ. A family of plants.

SA´PPHIRE. A very hard gem consisting essentially of crystalized
alu´mina. It is of various colors; the _blue_ variety being usually
called sapphire; the _red_, the oriental ruby; the _yellow_, the
oriental topaz.

SA´QUIS. } A genus of monkeys. SAKIS. }

SARGA´SUM. From the Span. _sarga´zo_, sea-lentils. A genus of plants of
the family of Phy´ceæ.

SARRACE´NIA. After Dr. Sarrazin. The side-saddle flower, or pitcher
plant. A genus of plants of the family of Sarracénieæ.

SAU´RIAN. From the Gr. _sauros_, a lizard. Applied to animals of the
lizard tribe.

SAUROID. From the Gr. _sauros_, a lizard, and _eidos_, resemblance.
Resembling a lizard.

SCA´NDENS. Lat. Climbing.

SCHIST. From the Gr. _schistos_, split. Slate.

SCHISTO´SE. Slaty.

SCHOT´IA. After Schott, a Dutch gardener. A genus of plants of the
family of Leguminósæ. _Schotia speciosa._ Small-leaved Schotia.

SCI´TAME´NEÆ. A family of plants.

SCIE´RIA. From the Gr. _skleros_, hard. A genus of plants of the family
of Cyperáceæ.

SCO´LOPAX. A genus of birds: a heron.

SCOPA´RIA. From _scopa_, a broom. A genus of plants of the family of
Scrophulari´neæ.

SCO´RIÆ. Volcanic cinders. Cinders and slags of basaltic lavas of a
reddish brown and black color.

SCORIA´CEOUS. Of the nature of scoriæ.

SCO´RIFORM. In form of scoriæ.

SCY´THROPS. From the Gr. _skuthrops_, sad. A genus of birds of the order
of climbers. A cuckoo.

SEAMS. Thin layers or strata interposed between others.

SECONDARY FORMATION. In geology the formation which is next in order to
the transition formation.

SE´CULAR. From the Lat. _seculum_, a century. _Secular elevations_ are
those which take place gradually and imperceptibly, through a long
period of time. _Secular tides_ are those which are dependent upon the
secular variation of the moon’s mean distance from the earth.

SE´DIMENT. From the Lat. _sedeo_, I sit. That which subsides or settles
to the bottom of any liquid.

SEDIME´NTARY. Belonging or relating to sediment.

SEBIFE´RA. Lat. Containing tallow.

SEED-LOBE. The envelope in which the seed in plants is formed.

SELE´NITE. A variety of gypsum, or sulphate of lime.

SE´MITIC. Applied to the languages of the descendants of _Sem_, or the
Orientals.

SE´PAL. That part of the calyx of a flower which resembles a leaf.

SE´PIA. A kind of paint prepared from the cuttle fish. A genus of
mollusks.

SER´PENTINE. A magnesian rock of various colors, and often speckled like
a serpent’s back. It is generally dark green.

SE´PTENTRIONA´LIS. Lat. Northern.

SER´RATE. From the Lat. _serra_, a saw. Toothed like a saw.

SERRA´TA. Lat. Serrate.

SHAFT. A cylindrical hollow space, or pit, in mines, made for the
purpose of extracting ores, &c.

SHALE. An indurated slaty clay, or clay-slate.

SHINGLE. Loose, water-worn gravel and pebbles.

SHORE´A. Synonym of _Vatica_. A genus of plants of the family of
Diptérocárpeæ.

SIERRA. Span. A mountain chain.

SI´LEX. From the Gr. _chalis_, a pebble. The principal constituent of
quartz, rock-crystal, and other _silicious_ minerals.

SI´LICA. Silicious earth: the oxide of _silicon_ (the elementary basis
of Silica,) constituting almost the whole of _silex_ or flint. It
combines with many of the metallic oxides, and is for this reason
sometimes called _sili´cic_ acid.

SI´LICATE. A compound of silicic acid and a base. _Plate-glass_ and
_window-glass_ are silicates of soda and potassa; and _flint-glass_ is
a similar compound with a large addition of silicate of lead.

SILI´CIOUS. Containing silica.

SILI´CIFIED. Petrified or mineralized by silicious earth.

SILT. The name given to the sand, clay, and earth, which accumulate in
running waters.

SILI´CIUM. The metalloid which forms the basis of silica.

SILURIAN SYSTEM. Series of rocks formerly known as the _greywacke
series_. So called after the _Silures_ or _Siluri_, the ancient
Britons who inhabited the region where these strata are most
distinctly developed. They are entirely of marine origin.

SILU´RUS. A genus of fishes of the family of Silurida.

SILVA. A forest, or woods.

SIMU´LIUM. From the Lat. _simulo_, I feign. A genus of insects of the
order of Diptera.

SINE´NSIS. Lat. Chinese; belonging or relating to China.

SIN´TER. Germ. A scale. _Calcareous sinter_ is a variety of carbonate of
lime composed of successive concentric layers. _Silicious sinter_ is a
variety of common opal.

SIPHO´NIA. A genus of plants of the family of Euphorbiáceæ.

SLATE. A well known rock which is divisible into thin plates or layers.

SMYNTHUS, or SMINTHUS. From the Gr. _sminthos_, rat. A genus of rodent
mammals.

SMYRNE´NSIS. Lat. Belonging, or relating to Smyrna.

SOLAR SPE´CTRUM. Lat. _Spectrum_, an image. In optics the name given to
an elongated image of the sun formed on a wall or screen by a beam of
undecomposed light, received through a small hole, and refracted by a
prism.

SOLFATA´RA. Italian. A volcanic vent emitting sulphur and sulphurous
compounds.

SOLIDA´GO. Golden-rod. A genus of plants of the family of Compósitæ.

SO´MATE´RIA. Synonym with _platypus_. A genus of birds.

SOPHO´RA. A genus of plants of the family Leguminósæ.

SPAR. (Germ. _Spath_.) Applied to certain crystalized mineral
substances, which easily break into cubic, prismatic, or other forms.

SPAR´RY. Of the nature of spar.

SPE´CIES. A kind; a subdivision of genus. Extinct species is a term
applied to those kinds of organized beings, whether plants or animals,
which are not found living upon the face of the earth.

SPECI´FIC. Relating to species.

SPECIFIC WEIGHT, or SPECIFIC GRAVITY. The relative weight of one body
with that of another of equal volume.

SPECIO´SA. } SPECIO´SUS. } Lat. Handsome. A word used as a specific name. SPECIO´SUM. }

SPE´CULAR IRON. A kind of iron ore of granular structure, and metallic
lustre, sometimes shining.

SPECTA´BILIS. Lat. Visible, remarkable, noteable.

SPICA´TA. Lat. Having spikes; eared like corn.

SPINE´LLE, or SPINE´L. French. A sub-species of ruby.

SPIRÆ´A. A genus of plants of the family of Rosáceæ.

SPORES. The seeds of lichens, and crytógamous plants.

SPORU´LES. The diminutive of spores.

SPUMA´CEOUS. From the Lat. _spuma_, foam. Foamy.

STAGMA´RIA. From the Gr. _stagma_, a drop. A genus of plants of the
family of Anacardiáceæ. _Stagma´ria verniciflua_, a tree of Sumatra,
from the bark of which exudes an extremely acrid juice. This juice
quickly dries in the air, becomes black, and is sold at a high price;
it is employed in the preparation of a varnish. The Sumatrans consider
it dangerous to sit or sleep in the shade of this tree.

STA´MEN. Lat. The male apparatus of a flower.

STAPE´LIA. Proper name. A genus of plants of the family of Asclepiádeæ.

STARCH. A vegetable substance which exists in many tuberous roots, the
stalks of palms, and in the seeds of the cereal grasses.

STEP´PE. Fr., from the Lat. _stipes_, a landmark. A term applied to the
Savanahs of Tartary, of the Crimea, &c., and salt deserts of Northern
Asia.

STI´GMA. The superior, terminating part of the pistil of a flower.

STILLIN´GIA. After Dr. Stillingfleet. A genus of plants of the family of
Euphorbiáceæ. _Stillingia sebifera._ The tallow tree of China.

STRA´TA. Lat. Plural of _stratum_, a layer, a bed.

STRATIFICA´TION. An arrangement in beds or layers.

STRA´TIFIED. Arranged in strata.

STRA´TUS. A kind of cloud: it consists of horizontal layers, and
includes fogs and mists; its under surface usually rests upon the land
or sea, and it is therefore the lowest of the clouds.

STRELIT´ZIA. After Queen Charlotte, of the family of Mecklenburgh
Strelitz. A genus of plants of the family of Musáceæ.

STRI´Æ. Lat. Diminutive channels or creases.

STRIA´TA. Lat. Striated; marked with striæ.

STRON´TIUM. A metalloid found in the earth called strontia.

STRU´THIO. Lat. An ostrich. A genus of birds.

STRU´THEOUS. Of the nature of an ostrich.

STRYCH´NOS. A genus of plants of the family of Apocy´neæ. _Strych´nos
toxica´ria._ The poison strychnos.

STYLE´DIUM. From the Gr. _stulos_, a column. A genus of plants of the
family of Stylideæ, found in New Holland.

SUBLIMA´TION. The process by which volatile substances are raised by
heat, and again condensed into the solid form. The substances so
obtained are called _sublimates_.

SUB SOIL. An under soil.

SUB STRA´TA. Lat. Plural of _substratum_, an under layer or bed.

SUL´PHURET. A compound of sulphur with another solid, as with iron,
forming _sulphuret of iron_.

SUL´PHURETTED. Containing sulphur; as hydrogen, containing sulphur, is
called sulphuretted hydrogen.

SUPE´RBA. Lat. Superb, elegant.

SURIA´NA. A genus of plants of the family of Suriáneæ; it was formerly
of the Rosáceæ.

SYCOMO´RUS. Lat. The Sycamore; applied also as a specific name.

SY´ENITE and SI´ENITE. A granite rock from _Syene_ or _Siena_ in Egypt.
It consists of quartz, feldspar, and hornblende. It is tougher than
granite.

SYL´VIA. Name of a genus of birds.

SYNGENE´SIA. From the Gr. _sun_, together, and _geinomai_, to grow.
Linnean name of a class of plants.

TAC´CA. Malay. A genus of plants of the family of Aroïdeæ. _Tac´ca
pinnatifida._ The Salep tree.

TANG´HINIA. From the Madagascar name, _Tanghing_. A genus of plants of
the family of Apocy´neæ. _Tang´hinia vene´niflua_ yields an active
poison which is used to cause death, under judicial sentence, by the
natives of Madagascar.

TANTA´LIUM. A metal, remarkable for its insolubility in acids.

TAN´TALUS. A genus of birds of the family of Herons.

TATA´RICA. Lat. Belonging or relating to Tartary.

TELESCO´PIC. Relating to the telescope; telescopic objects are those
which may be seen by the aid of a telescope.

TELLU´RIUM. A rare metal, found in the gold mines of Transylvania.

TEMPERA´TURE. A definite degree of sensible heat.

TEMPORA´RIA. Lat. Temporary; relating to time.

TE´NAX. Lat. Tenacious.

TER´MES. A genus of insects of the order of Neuroptera, and family of
Termitidæ. White ants.

TERRA JAPO´NICA. An astringent medicinal gum, obtained from the Acácia
catechu.

TERTIARY FORMATION. A series of sedimentary rocks which are superior to
the primary and secondary, and distinguished by the fossil remains
found in them.

TESTA´CEÆ. From _testa_, a shell. Testáceans; animals provided with an
external shelly cover, composed chiefly of carbonate of lime.

TESTA´CEOUS. Consisting of carbonate of lime and animal matter.

TESTU´DO. Lat. Tortoise. A genus of reptiles of the order of Chelonians.

TETRACE´RA. From the Gr. _tettaras_, four, and _keras_, a horn. A genus
of plants of the family of Dillenáceæ.

TE´TRAGO´NA. From the Gr. _tetra_, four, and _gonos_, angle. Having four
angles; applied as a specific name. A genus of plants of the family of
Portuláceæ.

THE´A. A genus of plants of the tribe of Camelleæ. _The´a bohea_, Bohea
tea; _Thea viridis_, Green tea.

THE´INE. The proximate principle of tea.

THER´MAL. From the Gr. _thermos_, heat. Warm; belonging or relating to
heat.

THO´RIUM. A metal obtained from Thorina, an earthy substance.

THU´IA, also THU´JA. A genus of plants of the family of Coni´feræ.
_Thuia articulata._ Jointed arbor vitæ. _T. orientalis_; Chinese arbor
vitæ. _T. sandarach_, Shittim wood.

TIDAL. Relating to tides. _Tidal wave_ is the elevation of the water of
the ocean, produced by the attraction of the moon.

TILLAND´SIA. A genus of plants of the family of Bromeliáceæ.

TITA´NIUM. A metal discovered in 1781, by W. Gregor, in a ferruginous
sand.

TO´DUS. A genus of birds of the order of Passerinæ.

TO´PAZ. A crystalized mineral, harder than quartz, of a yellow wine
color.

TORSION BALANCE. See, BALANCE.

TOU´RMALINE. A mineral substance consisting of a Boro-silicate of
alumine, harder than quartz, but not as hard as topaz.

TOURNFO´RTIA. After Tournefort. A genus of plants of the family of
Borragi´neæ.

TRA´CHYTE. From the Gr. _trachus_, rough. A variety of lava. A
feldspathic rock, which often contains glassy feldspar and hornblende.
When the feldspar crystals are thickly and uniformly disseminated, it
is called _trachytic porphyry_.

TRAP. From the Swedish _trappa_, a flight of stairs, because _trap
rocks_ frequently occur in large tabular masses rising one above
another like the successive steps of a stair-case. Applied to certain
igneous rocks composed of feldspar, angite, and hornblende.

TRA´PPEAN. Belonging to trap rocks.

TREMA´NDRA. A genus of plants of the family of Tremándrea.

TRIAS. From the Lat. _tres_, three. Synonym of the triássic system of
rocks, consisting of the _Bunter sandstein_, the _Muschelkalk_, and
_Keuper_, a group of sandy marls of variegated colors.

TRICHO´MANES. From the Gr. _trichos_, hair, and _mania_, madness,
excess. A genus of plants of the class of Crytoga´mia. _Tricho´manes
brevise´tum._ Short-styled trichómanes.

TRICY´RTIS. From the Gr. _treis_, three, and _kurtis_, a sack or pouch.
A genus of plants of the family of Melantháceæ.

TRIDENTA´TA. Lat. Three-toothed; having three teeth.

TRI´GONOCE´PHALUS. From the Gr. _treis_, three, _gonos_, an angle, and
_kephale_, head. A genus of very venemous serpents. _Tri´gonoce´phalus
lanceola´tus._ Lance-head viper.

TRI´LOBITE. From the Lat. _tres_, three, and _lobus_, lobe. A genus of
fossil crustáceans.

TRIO´NYX. From the Gr. _treis_, three, and _onux_, a nail. A genus of
Chelonians.

TRIO´STEUM. From the Gr. _treis_, three, and _osteon_, a bone, a nut. A
genus of plants of the family of Caprifoliáceæ.

TU´FA. Italian. A volcanic rock, composed of an agglutination of
fragmented scoriæ.

TUNG´STEN. Swedish. _Heavy stone._ A metal which is hard, white,
brittle, and difficult to fuse.

TU´RQUOISE. A blue mineral found in Persia; its color depends on the
presence of oxide of copper.

UM´BEL. A form of inflorescence, in which several peduncles expand so as
to produce a flower somewhat resembling a parasol when open.

UMBELLI´FERÆ. From _umbel_, screen, and _fero_, I bear. Name of a family
of plants.

UMBELLI´FEROUS. Belonging or relating to Umbelliferæ.

UNCINA´TA. Lat. From _uncus_, a hook. Hooked; having hooks.

UPHEAVAL. The elevation of land by earthquakes.

URA´NIUM. A metal discovered by Klaproth, in 1789.

URSI´NUS. Lat. Belonging or relating to bears.

U´SNEOIDES. From _u´sne_, a kind of lichen, and the Gr. _eidos_,
resemblance. Resembling the _u´sne_.

U´RENS. Lat. Burning.

VA´CUUM. From the Lat. _vacuus_, empty. A portion of space void of
matter.

VAGINA´LIS. Lat. From _vagina_, a sheath. A genus of birds.

VANA´DIUM. A silvery white metal, discovered originally by Del Rio, in
1801, but not admitted until 1830.

VANE´SSA. A genus of butterflies. _Vanessa cardui_, the painted lady
butterfly.

VERO´NICA. A genus of plants of the family of Scropularínæ.

VE´RTEBRA. From the Lat. _vertere_, to turn. A joint or bone of the
spine. _Vertebral column_, is the spine or back bone.

VER´TEBRATE. Having vertebræ, or a spine.

VERTICOSE. Whorl-like.

VENE´NIFLUA. Lat. Flowing with poison.

VERNI´CIFLUA. Lat. Flowing with varnish.

VER´NIX. Lat. Varnish.

VILLO´SUS. Lat. Velvety.

VI´RIDIS. Lat. Green.

VI´TEX. Chaste-tree. A genus of plants of the family of Verbenáceæ.

VIT´RIFIED. From the Lat. _vitrea_, glass. Converted into glass.

VITULI´NA. From the Lat. _vitulus_, a sea calf. Belonging or relating to
seals.

VIVIPA´RUM. Lat. Viviparous.

VOLCA´NIC. Belonging or relating to volcanoes.

VOLTA´IC. Applied to electricity produced after the manner of Volta, an
Italian philosopher.

VULTUR PAPA. The king of vultures.

WATERSHED. The general declivity of the face of a country which
determines the direction of the flowing of water.

WEALD. Name of a part of Kent and Surrey in England. The _Wealden clay_
and _Wealden deposit_ are found in this part of England.

XANTHOX´YLUM. From the Gr. _xanthos_, yellow, _xulon_, wood. Tooth-ache
tree. A genus of plants of the family of Rutáceæ.

XERA´NTHEMUM. From the Gr. _xeros_, dry, and _anthos_, flower. A genus
of plants of the family of Compo´sitæ.

YERBA MATE. Spanish name of the Ilex paraguensis.

YTT´RIUM. A metal discovered by Wöhler, in 1828; it is of a dark gray
color and brittle.

YUC´CA. Adam’s needle. A genus of plants of the family of Liliáceæ. It
yields an esculent root.

ZA´MIA. A genus of plants of the family of Cycádeæ.

ZANNICHE´LLIA. After Zannichella, a Venetian apothecary. Pond weed. A
genus of plants of the family of Naiades.

ZIRCO´NIUM. A metal found in _zirconia_, an earth, discovered by
Klaproth in 1789.

ZI´ZYPHUS. A genus of plants of the family of Rhamni. _Z. jujuba_,
yields the jujube fruit.

ZOSTE´RA. From the Gr. _zoster_, a riband. Sea-wrack grass. A genus of
plants of the family of Fluviales.

ZO´OLOGY. From the Gr. _zo´on_, an animal, and _logos_, a discourse.
That branch of Natural History which treats of animals.

ZO´OPHYTE. From the Gr. _zo´on_, an animal, and _phuton_, a plant. An
animal without vertebræ, or extremities, that attaches itself to solid
bodies, and seems to live and vegetate like a plant.

INDEX.

A.

Abyssinia, 89;
dimensions of, _ib._;
table-land, _ib._;
mountains, _ib._;
geological structure, _ib._

Acidulous springs, 153.

Admiralty, its encouragement of science, 463.

Afghanistan, flora of, 320.

Africa, extent and area, 85;
height of table-land, _ib._;
interior of continent, 86;
width at the Cape of Good Hope, _ib._;
western mountains, 87;
the koroos, _ib._;
western coast, _ib._;
fertile tract across the continent, 89, 90;
deserts, 90, 91;
analogy of Southern Africa to the Deccan, 92;
earthquake, 154.

Africa, rivers of, 218-224;
the Gariep, or Orange River, 218;
the Zambesi, 219;
the Haines, _ib._;
the Hawash, _ib._;
the Zaire, _ib._;
the Nile, _ib._-223;
the White Nile, 220;
its affluents, _ib._;
the Blue Nile, _ib._;
its tributaries, _ib._;
the Takkazie, _ib._;
Abyssinian rivers, 221;
course of the Nile, _ib._;
its basin, 222;
velocity, _ib._;
inundations, _ib._;
ancient renown of, _ib._;
the Niger, 223;
barbarous state of its nations, _ib._;
its sources and course, 223;
its affluents, _ib._;
its branches, _ib._;
inundations, 224;
the Gambia, _ib._;
the Senegal, _ib._

Africa, flora of, 330;
quadrupeds of, 423;
birds of, 402.

Agassiz, M., on a former glacier in Chamouni, 53.

Agouti, 432.

Aconcagua, volcano of, 95.

Ai, species of sloth, 429.

Airy, Mr., 16; 462.

Alector, genus of birds, 407.

Alleghanies, chain of, 128, 129;
area, _ib._;
scenery, _ib._;
branches, 129;
vegetation on, 342.

Alligators, 389.

Alpaca or Paco, 431;
on naturalization of, in Europe, _ib._

Alpine vegetation, 318.

Alps, the, 49;
higher Alps, their extent, _ib._;
elevation of central ridge of, _ib._;
width of the chain, 50;
ice in, 52;
flora of, 313.

Altai Mountains, 65;
length and breadth of the chain, _ib._;
form, _ib._;
geology of, 66.

Alluvial deposits by rivers, 33.

Amblyrhinchus, genus of reptiles, 391.

Amboyna, its vegetation, 325.

America, length and form of the continent, 93;
its natural divisions, _ib._;
climate, _ib._;
mountains, _ib._;
mean height of, 135.

America, rivers of, 234-244;
the St. Lawrence, 235;
Arctic streams, _ib._;
the Mississippi, 235, 236;
its sources, 235;
its tributaries, _ib._;
the Missouri, _ib._;
the Arkansas, _ib._;
the Red River, _ib._;
the Ohio, 236;
length of the Mississippi, _ib._;
floods, 237;
rivers of the Alleghany chain, _ib._;
of the Rocky Mountains, _ib._;
Mexican rivers, _ib._;
rivers of the Andes, 238;
the Orinoco, its rise and course, 239;
tributaries, _ib._;
area of its basin, 240;
floods, _ib._;
the Amazons, its rise and course, _ib._;
its basin, _ib._;
tributaries, 241;
floods, _ib._;
branches, _ib._;
colour of American rivers, 242;
the Rio de la Plata, its rise, _ib._;
tributaries, _ib._;
length, _ib._;
floods and inundations, 243;
the Colorado, 243;
the Rio Negro, _ib._;
the Essequibo, _ib._;
navigation of South American rivers, _ib._;
the Parà, 244;
the San Francisco, _ib._

America, continental islands of, 139.

American quadrupeds, 426;
birds, 404, 405;
races of man, 438.

America peopled from Asia, 448.

America, Central, its dimensions, 114;
mountains, _ib._;
climate and vegetation, 116;
volcanos, _ib._;
geology, 118.

America, Central, flora of, 344.

America, North, its dimensions and structure, 119;
mountains, 119-123, 128-129;
plains, 123, 130;
progressive extinction of aborigines, 131;
geological notice, 131-133;
volcanic action, 131; fossil mammalia, _ib._; analogy
of the geology of North America with that of Europe, 132-133;
mean height of the continent, 135;
coalfields, 184, 185;
flora of, 341.

America, South, length and width, 93;
its mountains, 94-105;
low lands, 105-114;
their extent and area, 105;
geology, 109-114;
volcanic remains, 109, _note_;
upheavings and subsidences, 112;
mean height of the continent, 134;
earthquakes, 154;
tropical flora of, 346.

Ammonia, its use in vegetation, 301.

Amphiuma, 386.

Amucu, lake, 104.

Anatolia, table-land and mountains of, 56.

Andes, chain of, 93-103;
Patagonian Andes, 94;
Chilian Andes, 95;
Peruvian Andes, 96;
fertility and populousness of, _ib._;
ancient civilization, _ib._;
Bolivian Andes, _ib._, 97;
three ranges of the chain, 98;
Andes of Cundinamarca and Merida, 100;
passes of the Andes, elevations of, 101;
climate and temperature, 102;
development of volcanic force in the Andes, 109, 110;
geology of, 111, 113;
coal found in, 111;
volcanic products, 112;
sea-shells in, _ib._;
alternate elevation and depression of, 112, 113;
volcanos in eruption in 1835, 112;
Andes of Central America, 114, 115.

Aneroid barometer, 261.

Angara, a Siberian river, 250.

Angora goat, 418.

Animated beings, new races of, accompany great geological changes in
the strata, 34;
their ancient geographical distribution, 35.

Anjou, Lieutenant, his voyage, 76, _note_.

Anoa, the, 422.

Anolis, genus of reptiles, 390.

Antarctic lands, 165-167.

Ant-eaters, 420.

Antelopes of Asia, 420;
of Africa, 424.

Antelope Saiga, 419.

Antelope, Prongbuck, or American, 427.

Anti-Libanus, height of, 83.

Ants, 367.

Ants, white, their ravages, _ib._

Antuco, vegetation at, 350.

Apennines, their extent, 51.

Aptenodytes, southern penguin, 408.

Apteryx, anomalous bird, 410.

Arabia, peninsula of, 81, 82;
elevation of table-land, 81;
mountains, 82.

Arabia Felix, 82.

Arabia Petrea, 83.

Arabia, flora of, 329.

Arabians, 437.

Arago, M., on polarized light, 284.

Aral, lake of, 248, 249.

Ararat, Mount, 56, 418.

Araucari, a bird, 407.

Araucaria, genus of plants, 349.

Arctic lands, 159-167.

Ardea helias, 408.

Areca tree and nut, 324.

Argali sheep, 418.

Armadilloes, 429.

Armenia, plains of, 56.

Arrow-root, 347.

Artesian wells, 152, 210.

Asia, mean height of, 134;
volcanos of, 152;
earthquakes in, 153.

Asia, rivers of, 224, 234;
system of the Euphrates and Tigris, area of its basin, 224;
rise and course of the Euphrates, 225;
of the Tigris, _ib._;
their junction, _ib._;
ancient and present state of their banks, _ib._;
the Indus, its sources, 226;
its tributaries, _ib._;
its navigation, 227;
its delta, _ib._;
length and area, _ib._;
the Ganges and Brahmapootra, sources of, 228;
their tributaries, _ib._;
length, 228, 229;
inundations, 229;
branches, _ib._;
drainage, _ib._;
the Irawady, 230;
the Menam, _ib._;
the Cambodja, _ib._;
the Saüng, 231;
the Hoang-Ho, _ib._;
the Yang-tse-Kiang, _ib._;
the Hong-Kiang, 232;
the White River, _ib._;
the Amur, _ib._;
the Lena, _ib._;
the Yenessei, 233;
the Oby and Irtish, _ib._;
great difference in the inhabitants of the basins of Asiatic rivers,
234.

Asia, flora of, 319; quadrupeds of, 417;
birds of, 400.

Asp, Egyptian, a snake, 387.

Ass, wild, or onagra, 418.

Assal, lake of, 250.

Assam, Upper, its mountains, 64.

Assam, tea-plant in, 322.

Assyrian wilderness, 84.

Atlantic Ocean, volcanic islands of, 140;
its size, 189.

Atlantic Plain, 130.

Atlantic Slope, 130.

Atlas mountains, 46.

Atmosphere influential in modifying the distribution of light and heat,
15.

Atolls, 142-145; description of, 143;
diameter, 144;
atolls of the Pacific, _ib._;
of the China Sea, _ib._;
of the Indian Ocean, 145;
great extent of atolls, 148.

Auchenia, genus of llamas, 430.

Auckland Islands, flora of, 353.

Aurochs, or wild ox, 416.
Aurora, the, 290;
form and height of, 291;
effect on the magnetic needle, _ib._

Australia, continent of, 136-139.

Australia, rivers of, their insignificance, 244;
the Murray, _ib._;
the Macquarrie, _ib._;
Swan River, _ib._

Australia, flora of, 336;
quadrupeds of, 344;
birds of, 309;
human races, 438.

Axolotl, a Mexican reptile, 386.

Azerbijan, 418.

B.

Babbage, Mr., on age of peat-mosses, 358.

Babiroussa hog, 421.

Back, Sir George, 463.

Bahama Islands, 118.

Bahr-el-Abiad, or White Nile, 251. _See_ Nile.

Bahr-el-Azrek, or Blue Nile. _See_ Nile.

Baikal mountains, 99.

Baily, Mr., 19; and _note_.

Balkan, 50.

Baltic Sea, its area, 207;
basin, _ib._;
depth, _ib._;
climate, _ib._;
influence on European civilization, 449.

Baratra, the, 403.

Barbican, a genus of birds, 403.

Baring, Sir Francis, 463.

Barley, origin and cultivation of, 356.

Barometer, use in determining heights, 261;
how affected by storms, 269;
horary visitations of, 262;
aneroid, 261, _note_.

Barren Ground, the, of North America, 129.

Barrier-reefs, 145;
notice of a reef off the north-east coast of Australia, 146.

Batrachians, an order of reptiles, 384;
their distribution, 385.

Bear, 417, 419.

Bear, the grizzly, 427.

Beaufort, Admiral Sir Francis, 463.

Beaumont, M. Elie de, extension of Von Buch’s views, 39, _note_;
parallelism of contemporary chains, 43.

Beechey, Captain, his measurement of the height of the Nevado of
Aconcagua, 95.

Bees, distribution of, 366.

Beke, Dr., travels in Africa, 89.

Beloot Tagh, or Cloudy Mountains, 59.

Benguela, 88.

Ben Nevis, its elevation, 71.

Besborough, Earl of, 463.

Bessel, M., his measurement of the earth’s radii, 16;
his results compared with those of Mr. Airy, 17;
with Colonel Sabine’s, 17, _note_.

Birds, classification of, 392;
geographical distribution of, 393; migration of, _ib._;
gregarious, 397;
British, 398;
European, 394;
Asiatic, 400;
African, 402;
North American, 404;
South American, 405;
Australian, 409;
of New Zealand, 410;
fossil from New Zealand, 410.

Bison, the, a species of ox, 427.

Black Sea, its area, 207;
basin, _ib._;
depth, _ib._

Blue Mountains, 117.

Boa, a genus of serpents, 388.

Boar, wild, 416.

Bombon, plain, its height, 98.

Borax, lakes of, in Tibet, 250.

Borneo, general features, products, and climate of, 143;
population of, 438.

Boué, M., his deductions from a comparison of different parts of the
land, 42;
nature’s fundamental types few, 43;
interruptions in continents and mountain-chains, 45;
Scandinavian mountain system, 70.

——, Dr., on the influence of chains of mountains on the difference of
nations, 448.

Brazil, table-land, its form, 104; boundaries, _ib._;
soil, 105;
flora of, 348.

Brienz, lake of, 247.

Britain, flora of, 317.

British mountains, geology of, 71.

British population, 443.

Brooke, Sir J., at Borneo, 460.

Buch, Von, the structure of the globe, 39, _note_;
notice of mountains in Germany, 44;
classification of islands, 139;
boundary of the Australian continent, 141.

Bunsen, Chevalier, on the antiquity of the Egyptian dynasties, 444,
_note_.

Buphaga, a genus of birds, 403.

C.

Caama antelope, 424.

Cabiai, or myopotamus, 433.

Cachalot, or spermaceti whale, 379.

Calbongos, 88.

Camel, Bactrian, 420;
Arabian, or dromedary, _ib._

Camellia, country of, 321.

Campbell’s Island, 354.

Campos Parecis, desert of, 105.

Canadas, the, products, 127;
ice-storms 128;
waste-land, _ib._

Cape Negro, 87.

Cape pigeons, or pintadoes, 393.

Cariama, a gallinaceous bird, 407.

Caribbean Sea, 209.

Caroline Archipelago, 144.

Carpathian mountains, 49.

Carnivorous quadrupeds, 414.

Cashmere, flora of, 310.

Cashmere, goat, 419.

Casius, Mount, height of, 83.

Caspian Sea, its depression, 73.

Caspian Sea, 248.

Cassican, genus of birds, 401.

Cassowary, 402.

Caucasus, the, 55.

Caucasian race of mankind, 436;
its distribution, _ib._

Cavendish, Mr., 19.

Cebus, an American monkey, 429.

Celtic races of man, 441.

Cerealia, geographical distribution of, 355.

Cereopsis, a New Holland bird, 410.

Cerro Duida, height of, 104.

Cetacea, division of, 377.

Ceylon, island of, 80;
flora of, 329.

Chameleons, 390.

Chamois, 417, 419.

Charpentier, M., his measurement of the base of the Pyrenees, 134,
_note_.

Cheiroptera, or bats, 414.

Chelonians, or turtles, 392.

Chelydæ, 391.

Cherokee Indians, 458.

Chile, its climate, 95;
group of volcanic vents, 110;
rise of the coast, 113;
vegetation of, 349.

Chimpanzee, 422, 425.

China, great productiveness of, 78;
area of its alluvial plain, _ib._;
extent of great canal of, _ib._;
climate, _ib._;
fire-hills and fire-springs of, 152;
flora of, 321.

Chinchilla, 432.

Chinese empire, extent of mountains in, 59.

Chinese population, 437.

Chionis, an antarctic bird, 409.

Chious, 410.

Chiquisaca, 97.

Chitta, the hunting leopard, 421.

Chlamyphores, 429.

Choco, chain of, 100.

Cinchona, or Peruvian-bark tree, 311; 347.

Circassians, 436.

Civilization, effects of, 439;
greatest in the vicinity of the sea, 457.

Climate during the Eocene period, 29;
excessive cold of the Pleiocene period, 31.

Climate altered by cultivation, 451.

Clouds, formation and height of, 274;
different names given to, _ib._

Coal, diffusion of, 181-186;
quantity consumed and exported annually by Great Britain, 184,
_note_;
quantity
produced in France in 1841, _ib._;
quantity raised in one year, _ib._, _note_;
annual value of coal, 184.

Coalfields, great extent of, 36.

Coasts, extent and form of, 40;
comparative extent of, in the four quarters of the globe, 41.

Cobra capello, or hooded snake, 387.

Coca (Erythroxylon), 350.

Coccineal insect, 366.

Cæciliæ, genus of reptiles, 386.

Coffee-plant, and history of, 330.

Cold, regions where greatest, 258.

Colima, volcanic cone, 121.

Colobus, genus of Lemuridæ, 425.

Colombian Archipelago. _See_ West Indian Islands.

Condor, the, 406.

Coniferæ, family of plants, 362.

Continent, the great, form of, 45;
its high lands, 46, 69;
European portion of its mountains, 47;
extent and breadth of high lands between the Mediterranean and the
Pacific, 55;
area of its high land, 73;
southern low lands, 77;
great extent of desert, 92;
continental islands of, 140.

Continents, forces that raised them, their mode of action, 37;
area of the great continent, 38;
relative extent of continents and islands, _ib._;
elevation of continents, 41;
interruptions in, 45;
mean height of, 133;
height of their centres of gravity, 135.

Continental islands described, 139.

Copper, diffusion of, 178.

Coral formations, four kinds of, 143.

Coral reefs, 146.

Cotopaxi, height of, 99.

Coucals, genus of birds, 401.

Coucou, 407.

Couroucou, species of bird, 401.

Crater of elevation, definition of, 48, _note_.

Crax alector, 407.

Crime, decrease of, by education, 471.

Crocodiles in general, 389;
of the Nile, _ib._;
of the Ganges, _ib._

Cryptogamia, 306.

Cuba, area and coast-line, 118;
height of its mountains, _ib._

Culture, its influence on the human form, 447.

Currents, causes of, 197;
direction and velocity, _ib._;
great oceanic currents, 198;
Gulf-stream, 199;
breadth of currents, _ib._;
counter-currents, 200;
periodical currents, _ib._;
effect of currents on voyages, 201.

Cusco, city, 98;
reliques of the Incas, _ib._

Cush, or land of Ethiopia, 443.

Cutch, river of, 81.

Cuvier, Baron, 30, 32, 463.

Cuyo, a province of South America, 430.

D.

Daman, or Hyrax, 425.

Dangerous Archipelago, 144.

Daouria mountains, 66.

Daouria, flora of, 316.

Darwin, Mr., his speculations on perfect animals found buried in
Siberia, 32;
his ‘Travels in South America’ quoted, 112;
on red water on the coast of Chile, 370;
on reptiles of Galapagos, 391;
on Aconcagua Peak, 272.

Dasyurus, a genus of carnivora, 434.

Da Vinci, Leonardo, his hydraulic operations, 217, _note_.

Davy, Sir Humphry, his discovery of metalloids, 168;
his safety-lamp, 173, _note_.

Day and night, unequal duration of, 15.

Dead Sea, depression of, 84, _note_.

Dead Sea, 247.

de Candolle, M., on botanical regions, _note_, 308;
on growth of trees, 358.

Deccan, table-land of, 79;
its height and composition, 80;
structure, _ib._;
soil, _ib._

Deer, Asiatic, 421.

De la Beche, Sir Henry, on metalliferous deposits, 170, 463.

Dembia lake, 251.

Deodora pine, 320.

Desaguadero, table-land or valley of, its dimensions, 96;
its area, 97.

Dinornis, a fossil bird, 410.

Dip of the horizon, 17.

Distance estimated from known height of an object, 17.

Dodo, an extinct bird, 410.

Dogs, American, 427.

Dolphins, 378.

Domestic animals, number of species, 452.

Donny, M., his experiments with boiling water, 163.

Douglas, Mr., his account of an eruption of the volcano of Kirawah in
1834, 151.

Dove, Professor, on mean temperatures, 259.

Dragon lizard, 390.

Dry River, 86.

Dugong, the, 377.

Dzeran goat, 419.

Dziggetai, the, 418, _note_.

E.

Earth, the, its insignificance in space, 13;
instability of its shell, 14;
its internal fires, _ib._;
changes which have brought about its present state, _ib._;
its future destruction, _ib._;
its distance from the sun, 15;
its annual and diurnal revolutions, _ib._;
its position in the solar system, _ib._;
inclination of the axis, _ib._;
its relative magnitude, _ib._;
its oblateness, _note_, _ib._;
its figure and density deduced from the perturbations in the motions
of the moon, _ib._;
its curvature, 16;
modes of determining its form and size, _ib._;
its radii, _ib._;
its circumference and diameter, _ib._;
experiment to ascertain the value of its mass, 18;
its mean density, 19;
increase in density towards the centre, _ib._;
constitution of its surface, _ib._;
an idea of its structure obtained from mining, _ib._;
its antiquity, 34;
unequal arrangement of land and water, 37, 38;
ancient internal action, 135.

Earthquakes, 153-157;
causes of, 154;
propagation of the shocks _ib._;
effect on the sea, 155;
elevation of the ground, _ib._;
sound of the explosion, rate of progression of, _ib._;
velocity of the great oceanic wave, 156;
comparative destructiveness of earthquakes, 157;
frequency of small shocks, _ib._;
extent of undulations, _ib._;
rapidity of destruction, _ib._;
partial shocks, _ib._;
effects of earthquakes on the configuration of the country, 158.

Eagles, 395.

East India Company, its encouragement of science, 463.

Echidna, 435.

Edentata, 414;
South American, 429.

Egede, M., on sea-serpents, 381.

Ehrenberg, M., microscopic shells discovered by, 35.

Eider duck, the, 407.

Eocene period, the globe and its inhabitants during, 29.

Elburz, elevation of, 56.

Electricity in general, 285;
of the atmosphere, 286.

Elephants, fossil, multitudes of, in Siberia, 36.

Elephants, Asiatic, 421;
African, 424.

Elk, the, 416.

Elliot, Mr. Alexander, his expedition to the sources of the Ganges,
228.

El-Teh, desert of, 82.

Eltonsk, lake of, 248.

Emigration, its effects in Great Britain, 459.

Emu, Australian cassowary, 410.

Emys, fresh-water tortoise, 391.

Encircling reefs, 145.

England, earthquakes in, 154;
its coalfields, 182.

Equator, protuberant matter at, influences and is influenced by the
moon’s motion, 17, _note_.

Erebus, Mount, 166.

Erie, lake, 251.

Erman, M., on evaporation, 273.

Espenhaço, chain of, 105.

Esquimaux, 437.

Ethiopian races, 438.

Etna, manner of its explosions, 153.

Europe, mean height and area of, 134.

European mountains, frequency of deep lakes in, 50;
geological notice, 53.

Evaporation in different regions, 272.

F.

Factory labour, 412, _note_.

Falkland Islands, vegetation of, 352.

Famel, 425.

Faraday, Dr., on auroras, 291;
on magnetic properties of matter, 296.

Feroe Islands, 70.

Fichtelberge, area of, 48.

Finns, the, 442.

Fire, subterranean lakes of liquid, 14;
volcanic, its agency in the formation of rocks, 20.

Firefly, the, 366.

Fishes, geographical distribution, 373;
migration of, 375;
fresh-water, _ib._

Fitzroy, Captain, 447; _note_, 459.

Floras of different countries, 312.

Fogs, how produced, 273.

Fonseca Bay, 252.

Forbes, Professor E., on British fauna and flora, 31, _note_;
on glaciers, 53;
on primary floras, 310;
on Egean fuci, 360;
on the influence of depth on marine animals, 370;
on the Mediterranean, 371.

Formosa, population of, 438.

Fossil remains, immense quantity of, 35.

Foulahs, an African nation, 438.

Fourier’s theory of central heat, 256.

Fox, the, 416.

Fox, Mr., on metalliferous deposits, 170.

France, its high lands, 48;
mean height of its flat provinces, 73;
mean elevation of, 134.

Franklin, Sir John, 464.

Fringillæ, genus of birds, 398.

Frogs, 384.

Fuci, or sea-weeds, 361.

Fuegians, 392.

Fuego, volcano del, 115.

Future state, a universal belief in, 448.

G.

Galago, genus of Lemuridæ, 426.

Galapagos islands, flora of, 341;
birds of, 408;
mollusca of, 372.

Ganges, valley of the, 79;
soil, _ib._;
flatness, _ib._

Gardner, Mr., his computation of the extent of dry land, 38, _note_.

Gecko, a species of lizard, 390.

Gems, diffusion of, 186.

Geneva, lake of, 247.

Geography, Physical, definition of, 13;
effects of the intellectual superiority of man among its most
important subjects, _ib._;
connection between it and geological structure of countries, 42.

Geology, outline of, 19-36.

Georgian race, 436.

Gerard, Captain, his estimate of the mean height of the Himalaya, 61;
notices of its vegetation, 63;
snow-line, _ib._;
height of the snow-line on mountains of Middle Asia, 135, _note_.

Gerboa, or Jerboa, 419.

Geysers, 162;
Great Geyser, 163;
Strokr, _ib._

Giant petrel, 408.

Gibbon, a genus of monkeys, 422.

Gibraltar, Strait, depth of, 46.

Gipsies, number of, 442.

Giraffe, 423.

Glaciers, 52;
their rate of motion in the Alps, _ib._;
their composition, _ib._;
their enormous pressure, _ib._

Glutton, 417.

Goatsuckers, 398.

Gobi, Great, area and elevation of, 69;
climate, _ib._;
mean height, 134.

Gobi, desert of, 250.

Gold, diffusion of, 174.

Gonung-Api, volcanic island of, 149.

Gothard, St., pass of, 50.

Guasacalco river, 252.

Gough’s Islands, 282.

Grampian hills, 71.

Grampus, 379.

Gran Chaco, desert of, 107.

Gran Sasso d’Italia, height of, 51.

Gravitation, variations in its intensity, 18.

Great Central Plain of North America, _see_ Mississippi, valley of.

Great Northern Plain, 73;
its soil, _ib._;
geology, 77.

Grecian mountains, 51.

Greeks, 436.

Greenland, 159;
flora of, 341.

Greenwich Observatory, 462.

Guachero, the, 406.

Guan, a gallinaceous bird, 407.

Guanáco, 431.

Guatemala, table-land of, 115;
fertility, _ib._;
elevation, _ib._;
volcanos, _ib._

Guinea, flora of, 348.

Guinea, North, 88.

Guinea, New, its size, 141;
height of its mountains, 142.

Gulf of Mexico, 209.

Gurla, mountain of, 249.

H.

Hail, how formed, 280.

Haiti (San Domingo), dimensions, 117;
its mountains, _ib._

Halos, 283.

Haudramaut, depth of loose sand in, 82;
tradition concerning, _ib._

Hebrides, 71.

Heckla, mount, 161.

Heights of places, table of, 475.

Helena, St., 295.

Hermit Island, 352.

Herschel, Sir John, on cause of revolving storms, 264.

Himalaya, chain, general structure, 60;
mean height, _ib._;
height of its peaks, _ib._;
passes of, 62;
climate, 63;
range of vegetation, _ib._;
geology of, 64.

Hindoo Coosh, 60, 296;
passes of, 62.

Hindostan, plains of, their extent, 79;
peninsula, _ib._

Hippelaphus of Aristotle, 422.

Hippopotamus, 424.

Holland, depression of, 73.

Holland, New, length and breadth, 136;
climate, _ib._;
coasts, _ib._;
mountain-chain, 137;
length and average height of mountains, _ib._;
rivers, 138. _See_ Australia, rivers of.

Hooker, Sir William J., 463, _note_.

Hooker, Dr. J. D., on marine plants, 359, _note_;
on Antarctic Algæ, 362.

Hopkins, Mr., his theory of fissures, 44.

Horizon, its dip, 17.

Horse, 421;
varieties of, _ib._, 427.

Houtias, a gnawing animal, 433.

Human races, 436;
permanency of type, 444;
discrepancy of their colour, 445.

Human constitution, its flexibility, 445.

Humboldt, Baron, his ‘Cosmos,’ 5;
on the inclination of the Peak of Teneriffe, 42;
estimate of the mean
height of the Himalaya, 61;
on the silvas of the Amazons, 107;
on the influence of table-lands and mountains on the mean height of
continents, 133;
estimate of height of mean crest of the Pyrenees, 134, _note_;
measurements of highest peaks and mean heights of several
mountain-chains, 135, _note_;
notice of an earthquake at Riobamba in 1797, 157;
his statement of the quantity of the precious metals brought to
Europe from America, 176;
on river-floods, 215.

Humming birds, 406.

Hunter, John, 463.

Huron, lake, 250.

Hurricanes, 267.

Hydraulic systems of Europe, 216;
divisions, _ib._;
system of the Volga, _ib._;
Danube, _ib._;
origin of the application of hydraulics to rivers, 217;
system of Britain, 218.

Hydrogen, influence on vegetation, 301.

Hydrographic Office, Admiralty, 463.

Hyæna, Asiatic species, 431;
African species, 425.

Hyla, or tree-frog, 385.

Hyrax, or Daman, 425.

Hyrcanian mountains, 48.

I.

Ibex, or wild goat, 417.

Ibis, the red, 408.

Ice, quantity in the Alps, 52;
rivers of, _ib._

Ice, polar, 203;
area of, in the Arctic Ocean, _ib._;
north polar ice, _ib._;
packed ice, 204;
icebergs, _ib._;
colours of ice, 205.

Ice mountains, 67.

Iceland, 166;
ice mountains, 161;
glaciers, _ib._;
desert, _ib._;
volcanos, _ib._;
eruptions, _ib._;
geysers, 163;
fiords, 164;
products, _ib._;
climate, _ib._;
storms, _ib._

Ichneumon, a carnivorous quadruped, 417.

India, flora of, 320.

Indian Archipelago, islands of, 141;
their importance, 142;
surveys of their coasts, _ib._;
flora of, 326.

Indian desert, 81.

Indo-Chinese peninsula, 78;
its population, 437.

Insects, geographical distribution of, 363;
number of, _ib._;
migration of, 367.

Iran, plateau of, _see_ Persia.

Ireland, its scenery, 71;
coal districts, 183.

Iron, diffusion of, 182;
quantity manufactured in Britain in 1844, 183, _note_;
uses, 184, _note_;
value of, in France, in 1838, _ib._, _note_.

Isatis fox, 427.

Islands, their relative extent to that of the continents, 38;
classification of, 139.

Isothermal lines, 258.

Itambe, mountain, height of, 105.

J.

Jackal, 425.

Jaguar, or American tiger, 428.

Jamaica, its area, 117;
mountains, _ib._;
extent of coast, 118;
temperature, _ib._

Jan Mayen’s Land, 164.

Japan, flora of, 321.

Japanese, 437.

Java, volcanos of, 149;
height of volcanic mountains, _ib._;
destruction of a mountain in 1772, _ib._;
character of the coast, _ib._;
“Valley of Death,” 153.

Jebel Houra, 82.

Jebel Okkdar, height of, 82.

Jewish population of Europe, 442.

Johnston, Mr. Keith, his Physical Atlas, 5; 43, _note_.

Jordan, valley of, its fertility, 84;
its depression, _ib._

Jordan, river, 247.

Jorullo, volcanic cone, its sudden appearance, 121.

Jukes, Mr., his description of the rolling of the billows along the
great Australian barrier-reef, 146.

Jura, elevation of, 50.

K.

Kailas Peak, 249.

Kalmuks, 437.

Kamichi, a gallinaceous bird, 407.

Kamtchatka, flora of, 315.

Kangaroo, 434.

Kangaroo rat, 434.

Kelat, elevation of, 58.

Kerguelen’s Land, vegetation of, 355.

Keyserling, Count, 67, _note_.

Khing-han mountains, 59.

Kiang, wild ass of Tibet, 419.

Kingfishers, 398.

Kinkajou, the, 428.

Kirawah, volcano of, 151;
eruption in 1834, _ib._

Kirghiz, steppes of, 75.

Koko-nor lake, 250.

Kombst’s ethnographic map, 443, _note_.

Kosciusko, mount, height of, 137.

Kourdistan mountains, 56.

Kuen-lun (or Chinese) mountains, 59.

Kurile Islands, volcanic vents of, 151.

L.

Laccadive Archipelago, 145.

Ladak, 317.

Ladoga, lake of, 246.

Lagoons and Lagoon Islands, 143;
described, 146;
theories of their formation, _ib._; and _note_, 147.

Land, dry, its area, 37;
its proportion to the ocean, 38, _note_;
relative quantity in the northern and southern hemispheres, 38;
and in the various quarters of the globe, _ib._;
unexplored, _ib._;
polar lands, _ib._;
tendency of land to assume a peninsular form, 39;
outline of the land, _ib._;
changes in its level, 158.

Languages varying, 440;
number of, _ib._;
derivation and comparison of, _ib._;
spoken in Britain, 443.

La Paz, city, 97.

Lapland, flora of, 315.

Lasistán mountains, 57.

Latitude, sine of, 17, _note_.

Layard, Mr., his antiquarian researches, 225, _note_.

Lead, diffusion of, 176.

Lebanon, mountains of, 83.

Leithart, Mr., 169, _note_.

Lemurs, 422, 426.

Leon or Managua, lake of, 252.

Leopard, 421.

Life, duration of, in different classes of society, 450, _note_.

Light, composed of different rays, 280;
its properties, 281;
absorbed by the atmosphere, 282;
polarized, 284;
influence on vegetation, 301.

Lightning, 288.

Lion, the, 425.

Litako, in South Africa, 459.

Lizards, 390.

Llama, 430;
on its naturalization in Europe, 431, _note_.

Llanos of the Orinoco and Venezuela, 108;
area of, _ib._;
character, _ib._;
climate, _ib._;
floods and conflagrations, 109;
temperature, _ib._

Locusts, flights of, 367.

Locks on canals, early use of, 217;
their application by Leonardo da Vinci, _ib._

Lophophorus, a bird, 401.

Lop lake, 250.

Loudon, Alex., Esq., account of the “Valley of Death,” in Java, 153.

Lourie, a genus of parrots, 402.

Loxa, mountain-knot of, 98.

Lucerne, lake of, 247.

Lyell, Sir Charles, his theory of the formation of rocks, 20;
division of tertiary strata, 28;
on the Alleghany mountains, 128;
on the fossiliferous rocks of northern Europe and America, 132;
on the coal fields of North America, 185;
on mollusca in the temperate zones, 372;
on the number of existing species of animals, 381.

Lynch, Lieut., relative height of Dead Sea and Jerusalem;
analysis of Dead Sea, 248, _note_.

Lynch, Lieut., expedition to the Dead Sea, 84, _note_.

Lynx, the, 416.

M.

MacCormick, Robert, Esq., his description of the first view of Victoria
Land, 165.

Mace plant, 325.

Madagascar, 87;
fauna of, 426;
inhabitants of, 438.

Mageroe Island, 279.

Maggiore lake, 247.

Magnetism, 291.

Magnetic poles of the earth, 292.

Magnetic intensity, force of, 293.

Magnetic needle, hourly variation of, _ib._

Magnetic variation or declination, 294.

Magnetic storms, 295.

Magnetic force, lines of equal, 296.

Magnolias, region of, 343.

Maize, or Indian corn, origin and culture of, 345.

Malabar, extent and height of its mountains, 80.

Malayan races of man, 438.

Maldive Archipelago, its dimensions, 145;
size of its atolls, _ib._

Malurus Africanus, 403.

Mammalia, division into groups, 413;
geographical distribution, 414;
migration of, 415;
instinct of, _ib._

Man, division into races, 436;
his influence on the material world, 450.

Manasa, or Manasarowar, lake of, 67;
height of, 418.

Manatus, or lamantin, 377.

Mandshur, its aspect, 78.

Mandshuria, 321.

Manfredi on the rate of rise in the bed of the ocean, 34.

Mango, a fruit, 327.

Manis, 421, 425.

Mankind, numbers of, 436.

Marabous crane or stork, 404.

Marine animals in general, 370.

Marine mammalia, classification of, 376.

Marine vegetation, 358.

Marriage, average number of, annually, 455.

Marsupial, or pouched quadrupeds, 434.

Martineau, Miss, her ‘Journey to Egypt and Syria’ quoted, 152.

Mediterranean Sea, volcanos of, 152;
its area, 207;
sources of supply, _ib._;
depth, _ib._;
tides and currents, 208;
bed, _ib._;
coasts, _ib._;
its influence on European civilization, 449.

Miocene period, the globe and its inhabitants during, 29.

Mekram, desert of, 81.

Menopoma, genus of reptiles, 386.

Menura, or lyre-bird, 409.

Meridian, terrestrial, 16;
area of, measured by M. Bessel, _ib._;
length of a degree of, _ib._;
measurement of an arc at Quito, 99.

Metals, list of, 168, _note_;
diffusion of, 174.

Metalliferous Deposits, 169, &c.;
direction of, 170;
peculiar to particular rocks, 171.

Metalloids, list of, 168, _note_.

Mexico, table-land and mountains, 120;
dimensions, _ib._;
city of, _ib._;
volcanos, 121;
Barancas, 122;
vegetation, _ib._;
flora, 344.

Midas Leonina, a genus of monkeys, 429.

Middendorf, M., 67, _note_.

Millet, its cultivation, 356.

Mindanao, population of, 438.

Mines, mode of opening, 172;
drainage, _ib._;
ventilation, 173;
access, _ib._;
depth, _ib._

Mineral produce of Europe, value of, in 1829, 183, _note_;
proportion furnished by England, _ib._, _note_.

Mineral veins, parallelism of, 43;
filling of, 169;
richest near the surface, 170, _note_.

Mirage, 282.

Mississippi, valley of the, its area, 123;
table-land, _ib._;
general character, 124;
southern desert, _ib._;
marshes, _ib._;
the Grand Saline, _ib._;
prairies, _ib._;
forests, 125;
[Upper Valley of the, 126, 177;]
new states, 125;
principal lakes, _ib._

Mitchell, Mr., on the causes of earthquakes, quoted, 155.

Mongol Tartar races, 437.

Mongolia, its situation, 60;
little known, 69.

Monitor, genus of reptiles, 389;
fossil, 390.

Monkeys, American, 428;
African, 425.

Monocotyledonous plants, 306.

Monsoons, 266.

Mont Blanc, its height, 49;
quantity of ice on, 52.

Moon, the, its influence on, and distance from the earth, 15;
its perturbations show the compression at the poles, _ib._;
inequality in its motions produced by matter at the earth’s equator,
17, _note_.

Moon, the, mountains of, 88.

Moorcroft, Mr., elevation of the sacred lake Manasa, 67.

Moose-deer, or elk, 425.

Moraines, 52.

Mosasaurus, 390, _note_.

Moscow, height of, 73.

Mosquito, the, 365.

Mountains, forms of, 41;
their declivity, 42;
contemporaneous upheaval of parallel mountain-chains, 43;
interruptions in, 45;
table of the heights of the principal mountains of the globe, 475.

Mountain-chains, assumed form of, 129, _note_;
a barrier to insects, 364.

Mouflon, 416.

Mowna Roa mountain, 269.

M’Quhae, Capt., 382.

Murchison, Sir Roderick J., on the geology of the Altai chain, 66;
observations on Siberia, 67, _note_;
researches in the Ural mountains, 72;
on the geology of Northern Europe, 77.

Museum, British, improved state of, 462.

Museum, of Practical Geology, 463.

Museum, Hunterian, 463.

Musk-deer, Moschus, 420.

Musk-ox, 427.

Musk-rat, or musquash, 427.

Mycetus, or Beelzebub monkey, 429.

Mysore, table-land of, height, 80;
soil, _ib._

Myvatr, 365.

N.

Narwhals, or Monoceros, 379.

Negro tribes, 438.

Nejed, province of Arabia, 420.

Newfoundland, population of, 130;
distance from Ireland, _ib._

New Ireland, people of, 438.

New Siberian Islands, 165.

New Zealand, flora, 338;
fauna 411;
birds, 410;
inhabitants, 438.

Nevado of Aconcagua, height of, 95.

Nevado of Cayambè, height of, 99.

Niagara, lake and fall of, 251.

Nicaragua, plain and lake, area of, 115;
lake and isthmus, 252.

Nile, valley of, 91;
river, 219.

Nilgherry mountains, height of, 80.

Niti or Netee Pass, 62.

Nitrogen contained in the air, 300;
in plants, _ib._

Nitrùn, valley of, its convents, 91.

Norway, character of its coast, 70.

Notornis, fossil bird, 411.

Nova Zembla, flora of, 314.

Nutmeg, the plant, 325.

N’yassi, lake, 86.

O.

Ocean, the proportion it bears to the land, 37;
mean depth of, 135;
its bed, 188;
size, _ib._;
sandbanks, 189;
pressure, 190;
colour, _ib._;
saltness, 191;
tides, _ib._;
waves, 192;
currents, 197;
temperature, 201;
polar ice, 203;
inland seas, 206;
agency of the ocean in changing the surface of the earth, 209.

Oitz, lake of, 250.

Okhotsk, sea of, 263.

Oman, height of its mountains, 81.

Onega, lake, 246.

Ontario, lake of, 251.

Opossum, 428, 429.

Orange River, 85.

Orang-outang, 422.

Oriental plateau. _See_ Tibet.

Orinoco, river, 103;
its cataracts, _ib._;
region of Upper Orinoco, its fertility, 104.

Ornithorhynchus, 435.

Oscillations of the Pendulum. _See_ Pendulum.

Ostrich, the African, 404;
the American, 410.

Otaheite, 145.

Otter, the, 417.

Owen, Professor, his discoveries as a geologist, 30;
on sea-serpent, 382;
on British fossil quadrupeds, 417, 463.

Owhyhee, its volcanos, 151.

Owls, 398.

Ox, varieties of, 420.

Oxygen, its influence on vegetation, 301.

P.

Paca, 433.

Pacayo, Volcano de, 115.

Pachydermata, 413.