Chapter VII: Part V: More or Less Volatile Poisonous Substances Capable of Being

SEPARATED BY DISTILLATION FROM NEUTRAL OR ACID LIQUIDS.

HYDROCARBONS--CAMPHOR--ALCOHOL--AMYL NITRITE--ETHER--CHLOROFORM
AND OTHER ANÆSTHETICS--CHLORAL--CARBON BISULPHIDE--CARBOLIC
ACID--NITRO-BENZENE--PRUSSIC ACID--PHOSPHORUS.

I. HYDROCARBONS.

1. _Petroleum._

137. Petroleum, 129
138. Cymogene, 129
139. Rhigolene, 129
140. Gasolene, 129
141. Benzoline--Distinction between Petroleum-Naphtha, Shale-Naphtha,
and Coal-Tar Naphtha, 129, 130
142. Paraffin Oil, 130
143. Effects of Petroleum--Experiments on Rabbits, &c., 130, 131
144. Poisoning by Petroleum--Illustrative Cases, 131
145. Separation and Tests for Petroleum, 131

2. _Coal-Tar Naphtha--Benzene._

146. Composition of Commercial Coal-Tar Naphtha, 131
147. Symptoms observed after Swallowing Coal-Tar Naphtha, 132
148. Effects of the Vapour of Benzene, 132

_Detection and Separation of Benzene._

149. Separation of Benzene--(1) Purification; (2) Conversion into
Nitro-Benzene; (3) Conversion into Aniline, 132, 133

3. _Terpenes--Essential Oils--Oil of Turpentine._

150. Properties of the Terpenes, Cedrenes, and Colophenes, 133

4. _Oil of Turpentine--Spirits of Turpentine._

151. Terebenthene--Distinction between French and English
Turpentine, 133, 134
152. Effects of the Administration of Turpentine, 134

II. CAMPHOR.

153. Properties of Camphor, 135
154. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 135
155. Symptoms of Poisoning by Camphor, 135
156. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 136
157. Separation from the Contents of the Stomach, 136

III. ALCOHOLS.

1. _Ethylic Alcohol._

158. Chemical Properties of Alcohol--Statistics of Poisoning by
Alcohol, 136
159. Criminal or Accidental Alcoholic Poisoning, 137
160. Fatal Dose, 137
161. Symptoms of Acute Poisoning by Alcohol, 137, 138
162. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 138, 139
163. Excretion of Alcohol, 139, 140
164. Toxicological Detection, 140

2. _Amylic Alcohol._

165. Properties of Amylic Alcohol, 140
166. Experiments as to the Effect on Animals of Amylic
Alcohol, 140, 141
167. Detection and Estimation of Amylic Alcohol, 141
168. Amyl Nitrite--Properties--Symptoms--_Post-mortem_
Appearances, 141

IV. ETHER.

169. Properties of Ethylic Ether, 141, 142
170. Ether as a Poison, 142
171. Fatal Dose, 142
172. Ether as an Anæsthetic, 142, 143
173. Separation of Ether from Organic Fluids, &c., 143

V. CHLOROFORM.

174. Discovery of Chloroform--Properties, Adulterations, and Methods
for Detecting them, 143-145
175. Methods of Manufacturing Chloroform, 145, 146

_Poisonous Effects of Chloroform._

1. _As a Liquid._

176. Statistics, 146
177. Local Action, 146
178. Action on Blood, Muscle, and Nerve-Tissue, 146
179. General Effects of Liquid Chloroform--Illustrative
Cases, 146, 147
180. Fatal Dose, 147
181. Symptoms, 148
182. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 148

2. _The Vapour of Chloroform._

183. Statistics of Deaths through Chloroform--Anæsthesia, 148, 149
184. Suicidal and Criminal Poisoning--Illustrative Cases, 149, 150
185. Physiological Effects, 150
186. Symptoms witnessed in Death from Chloroform Vapour, 150, 151
187. Chronic Chloroform Poisoning--Mental Effects from Use of
Chloroform, 151, 152
188. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 152
189. The Detection and Estimation of Chloroform--Various
Tests, 152, 153
190. Quantitative Estimation, 153

VI. OTHER ANÆSTHETICS.

191. Methyl Chloride--Methene Dichloride, &c., 154
192. Pentane, 154
193. Aldehyde, 154
194. Paraldehyde, 154

VII. CHLORAL.

195. Chloral Hydrate; its Composition and Properties, 154, 155
196. Detection, 155
197. Quantitative Estimation of Chloral Hydrate, 155, 156
198. Effects of Chloral Hydrate on Animals--Depression of Temperature
--Influence on the Secretion of Milk, &c., 156, 157
199. Action upon the Blood, 157
200. Effects on Man, 157, 158
201. Fatal Dose, 158, 159
202. Symptoms, 159
203. Action of Chloral upon the Brain, 159
204. Treatment of Acute Chloral Poisoning, 160
205. Chronic Poisoning by Chloral Hydrate, 160, 161
206. Manner in which Chloral is Decomposed in, and Excreted from, the
Body, 161, 162
207. Separation from Organic Matters--Tests for Chloral, 162, 163

VIII. BISULPHIDE OF CARBON.

208. Properties of Bisulphide of Carbon, 163
209. Poisoning by Bisulphide of Carbon, 163
210. Action on Animals, 163, 164
211. Chronic Poisoning by Bisulphide of Carbon--Effects on the Brain,
&c., 164, 165
212. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 165
213. Separation and Detection of Carbon Bisulphide--Tests, 165
214. Xanthogenic Acid, 165
215. Potassic Xanthogenate, 165

IX. THE TAR ACIDS--PHENOL--CRESOL.

216. Properties and Sources of Carbolic Acid, 165, 166
217. Different Forms of Carbolic Acid--Calvert’s Carbolic Acid Powder
--Carbolic Acid Soaps, 166, 167
218. Uses of Carbolic Acid, 167
219. Statistics Relative to Poisoning by Carbolic Acid, 167-169
220. Fatal Dose, 169
221. Effects on Animals--Infusoria--Fish--Frogs, 169, 170
222. Effects on Warm-Blooded Animals, 170
223. Symptoms Produced in Man--External Application--Action on the
Skin--Effects of the Vapour--Use of Carbolic Acid Lotions--
Injections, &c.--Illustrative Cases, 170-172
224. Internal Administration--Illustrative Cases, 173
225. General Review of the Symptoms induced by Carbolic Acid, 173, 174
226. Changes Produced in the Urine by Carbolic Acid, 174, 175
227. The Action of Carbolic Acid considered Physiologically, 175, 176
228. Forms under which Carbolic Acid is Excreted, 176
229. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 176, 177

_Tests for Carbolic Acid._

230. (1) The Pine-Wood Test--(2) Ammonia and Hypochlorite Test--(3)
Ferric Chloride--(4) Bromine, 177, 178
231. Quantitative Estimation of Carbolic Acid, 178, 179
232. Properties of Cresol, and Tests for Distinguishing Cresol and
Carbolic Acid, 179
233. Properties of Creasote--Tests, 179, 180
234. Separation of Carbolic Acid from Organic Fluids or
Tissues, 180, 181
235. Examination of the Urine for Phenol or Cresol, 181
236. Assay of Disinfectants, Carbolic Acid Powders--E. Waller’s
Process--Koppeschaar’s Volumetric Method--Colorimetric Method of
Estimation, 181-183
237. Carbolic Acid Powders, 183
238. Carbolic Acid Soaps, 183

X. NITRO-BENZENE.

239. Properties and Varieties, 183, 184
240. Effects of Poisoning by Nitro-Benzene, 184
241. Illustrative Cases of Poisoning by Nitro-Benzene Vapour, 184, 185
242. Effects Produced by taking Liquid Nitro-Benzene, 185, 186
243. Fatal Dose, 186, 187
244. Pathological Appearances, 187
245. The Essential Action of Nitro-Benzene, 187, 188
246. Detection and Separation from the Animal Tissues, 188

XI. DINITRO-BENZOL.

247. Properties of Ortho-, Meta-, and Para-Dinitro-Benzol, 189
248. Effects of Dinitro-Benzol, 189, 190
249. The Blood in Nitro-Benzol Poisoning, 191
250. Detection of Dinitro-Benzol, 192

XII. HYDROCYANIC ACID.

251. Properties of Hydrocyanic Acid, 192
252. Medicinal Preparations of Prussic Acid--Various Strengths of the
Commercial Acid, 192, 193
253. Poisoning by Prussic Acid--Uses in the Arts--Distribution in the
Vegetable Kingdom, 193-195
254. Composition and Varieties of Amygdalin, 195
255. Statistics of Poisoning by Prussic Acid, 195-197
256. Accidental and Criminal Poisoning, 197, 198
257. Fatal Dose, 198
258. Action of Hydric and Potassic Cyanides on Living
Organisms, 198, 199
259. Symptoms observed in Animals, 199, 200
260. Length of Interval between taking the Poison and Death in
Animals, 200, 201
261. Symptoms in Man, 201, 202
262. Possible Acts after taking the Poison--Nunneley’s
Experiments, 202, 203
263. Chronic Poisoning by Hydric Cyanide, 203
264. _Post-mortem_ Appearances, 203, 204
265. Tests for Hydrocyanic Acid and Cyanide of Potassium--Schönbein’s
Test--Kobert’s Test, 204-206
266. Separation of Hydric Cyanide or Potassic Cyanide from Organic
Matters--N. Sokoloff’s Experiments, 206-208
267. How long after Death can Hydric or Potassic Cyanide be
Detected? 208, 209
268. Estimation of Hydrocyanic Acid or Potassic Cyanide, 209
269. Case of Poisoning by Bitter Almonds, 209, 210

_Poisonous Cyanides other than Hydric and Potassic Cyanides._

270. General Action of the Alkaline Cyanides--Experiments with
Ammonic Cyanide Vapour, 210
271. The Poisonous Action of several Metallic and Double Cyanides--
The Effects of Mercuric and Silver Cyanides; of Potassic and
Hydric Sulphocyanides; of Cyanogen Chloride; of Methyl Cyanide,
and of Cyanuric Acid, 210, 211

XIII. PHOSPHORUS.

272. Properties of Phosphorus--Solubility--Effects of Heat on
Phosphorus, 212, 213
273. Phosphuretted Hydrogen--Phosphine, 213
274. The Medicinal Preparations of Phosphorus, 213
275. Matches and Vermin Paste, 213-215
276. Statistics of Phosphorus Poisoning, 215, 216
277. Fatal Dose, 216
278. Effects of Phosphorus, 217
279. Different Forms of Phosphorus Poisoning, 217, 218
280. Common Form, 218, 219
281. Hæmorrhagic Form, 219
282. Nervous Form, 219
283. Sequelæ, 219, 220
284. Period at which the First Symptoms commence, 220
285. Period of Death, 220
286. Effects of Phosphorus Vapour--Experiments on Rabbits, 220, 221
287. Effects of Chronic Phosphorus Poisoning, 221, 222
288. Changes in the Urinary Secretion, 222
289. Changes in the Blood, 222, 223
290. Antidote--Treatment by Turpentine, 223
291. Poisonous Effects of Phosphine, 223, 224
292. Coefficient of Solubility of Phosphine in Blood compared with
Pure Water, 224
293. _Post-mortem_ Appearances--Effects on the Liver, 224-228
294. Pathological Changes in the Kidneys, Lungs, and Nervous
System, 228
295. Diagnostic Differences between Acute Yellow Atrophy of the Liver
and Fatty Liver produced by Phosphorus, 228, 229
296. Detection of Phosphorus--Mitscherlich’s Process--The Production
of Phosphine--Tests Dependent on the Combustion of Phosphine,
229-232
297. The Spectrum of Phosphine--Lipowitz’s Sulphur Test--Scherer’s
Test, 232, 233
298. Chemical Examination of the Urine, 233, 234
299. Quantitative Estimation of Phosphorus, 234
300. How long can Phosphorus be recognised after Death? 234, 235