Chapter XIV: Portugal of the Future (2)

That these advantages should be turned to account depends rather on the individual energy and enterprise of every Portuguese than on politics. All that should be desired of the Government is that it should afford a fair and open field for individual effort. And every Portuguese who lives not in Paris but in Portugal, who devotes himself to hard work instead of some so-called liberal profession, and who in his own immediate sphere of action encourages among the peasants cleanliness and regard for health, and among the educated toleration and discipline, will do more for Portugal than all the wordy warfare of the party politicians.

[Sidenote: Foreign Importations.]

Gil Vicente, four centuries ago, implored his countrymen “not to be Genoese but very Portuguese,” and, if the Portuguese wish to renew that respect in which, on account of their past history, they are still held abroad, they will make Portugal not less but more Portuguese. And since all the troubles of Portugal during the last hundred years have come from foreign importations, of language, literature, politics, habits, imperfectly adapted to the requirements, customs, and character of Portugal, there are a hundred ways in which this can be done, as for instance, by purifying the language from Gallicisms and empty pomposities (a Lisbon political party has recently declared its programme to be _procurar effectivar uma politica de realizações_: the gorgeous sound of it stuns an audience, but the words are really as empty as a pod that rattles in the wind after shedding all its seeds); by encouraging regional literature; by living the Portuguese country life which formed a delightful feature in Portugal before the foreign conquests of the sixteenth century drew all men to Lisbon. Even the importation of foreign capital has been a doubtful gain, and has either been squandered with small result or been applied by foreigners. “Our principal railway company is foreign, our electric trams foreign, the gas company is largely constituted by foreign capital, our chief exports, as those of cork, preserves, wine of Oporto and Madeira, copper, etc., are in the hands of foreigners, a great part of our external commerce and transports is carried on by foreigners” (_O Seculo_, 13th November, 1911). And, worst of all, the political programmes are foreign. Foreigners may be inclined to smile when they see foreign customs and institutions (as the English parliamentary system) distorted and misapplied in Portugal, but for all that is genuinely Portuguese they can have nothing but admiration and respect.

[Sidenote: Local Influence.]

With a population so docile and ready to learn, above all so inclined to prefer some distant uncertainty to the reality before them, it is all-important to have a strong non-political influence in each parish, whether that influence be of priest or professor, doctor or landowner. Without some such nucleus more and more will vagueness and bewilderment drive the peasant in a stream of emigration to Lisbon and Brazil, and Portugal become denationalised.

[Sidenote: Scope for all Portuguese.]

That “violent change” advocated by _A Vanguarda_ in 1913 was brought about two years later by the movement, without violence, which brought General Pimenta de Castro into power. Snr. Manoel de Arriaga and General Pimenta de Castro deserve the lasting gratitude of their country for having attempted to provide the first indispensable conditions for all those who wish to work for the good of Portugal. A Government of this kind, impartial, conciliatory, and firm, offered to every Portuguese without exception—even Snr. Paiva Conceiro, the leader of the Royalist incursions of 1911 and 1912, was allowed to return—an opportunity to lay politics aside and unite to raise Portugal from her present misery. Every sincere Portuguese will admit that there is much work ready to his hand which has little to say to politics, if it be only the development of an acre of land or the reconciliation between two rival points of view. And another sign of good omen is the more serious outlook on life of the younger generation and the existence of a new party—that of the Integralists—which is inclined to set to work obscurely, gradually, unconventionally, with a view to the actual needs of the people, of the professional working man.

[Sidenote: New Conquests.]

Every great—or small—landowner who takes a personal interest in his property, every non-political politician—the phrase is no contradiction in terms—who studies not rhetoric but reality, every Portuguese, however humble, who cultivates his own garden, whether that garden be the Portuguese language or literature or soil or subsoil or industry, will go a step towards constituting a real Portugal of the Portuguese, and will deserve as many laurels of his country as crown the brows of the old _Conquistadores_.

FOOTNOTES

[1] _Censo da População de Portugal._ No 1ᵒ de Dezembro de 1911. Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, 1913.

[2] The only towns with over 20,000 inhabitants are Lisbon (435,359), Oporto (194,009), Setubal (30,346), Braga (24,647), and Coimbra (20,581).

[3] 11th February, 1913.

[4] 12th February, 1913.

[5] _Sertorio do Monte Pereira. A producção agricola_ (in _Notas sobre Portugal_).

[6] _Ambassade en Espagne et en Portugal_ (_en_ 1552). Par Philippe de Caverel. Arras, 1860.

[7] _Milreis_, _duro_, dollar, or roughly 4s., but varying from 3s. to 4s., according to the exchange.

[8] Manuel Teles, _A Contribuição Predial_. Porto, 1914.

[9] The _hectare_ = two and a half acres.

[10] They yield resin, are used for building throughout Portugal, and are exported for various purposes, including that of props in mines.

[11] A cork-tree is stripped once in ten years, yielding about £2.

[12] _Notas sobre Portugal._ Lisbon, 1908.

[13] Chiefly pine and oak, but also including ash, elm, poplar, nut, eucalyptus, acacia, etc.

[14] Joaquim Ferreira Borges, _A Silvicultura em Portugal_ (in _Notas sobre Portugal_).

[15] Trees, as well as fish and game, suffered severely from the decree of King Manoel I, throwing open the private _coutadas_.

[16] In 1907 the roads in existence are given as 11,754 _kilomètres_ (6,058 main, 5,180 secondary, and 516 by-roads).

[17] 15th April, 1914.

[18] The posts and telegraphs in Portugal yield the State a steady yearly surplus of several hundred _contos_.

[19] See Joaquim de Vasconcellos, _A Ceramica portuguesa_. Porto, 1894. In 1905 the export of _azulejos_ was 53 tons (of which 37 went to Brazil).

[20] In an old chronicle a British force having landed to help a Portuguese army in the siege of a town, one of the besiegers, to inform the besieged of the fact, asks sarcastically if they are in need of cloth from England.

[21] Commerce is not more flourishing than industry. The percentage of merchant ships entering the Tagus has recently (_i.e._, just before the war) been given as follows: 34 German, 33 British, 9 French, 9 Dutch, 7 Portuguese, and 8 of other nations.

[22] Some English wine companies at Oporto date from the seventeenth century.

[23] An acre of vines may cost about £35 to plant, and will not really repay the planter till after its sixth year.

[24] The cork is exported partly in a raw state, owing to the higher Customs duty on manufactured cork in Germany and some other countries. In Alemtejo it is so common that it is used to make articles of the most various kinds, taking the place of wood or tin.

[25] Joaquim José Ventura da Silva: _Descripção topografica da nobilissima cidade de Lisboa_. Lisboa, 1835.

[26] _Memoria sobre Chafarizes, Bicas, Fontes e Poços publicos._ Lisboa, 1851.

[27] By the Rev. William Bradford (London, 1814).

[28] See Dr. J. Leite de Vasconcellos’ fascinating _Ensaios Ethnographicos_, 4 vols. (1896-1910).

[29] For the description of a _romaria_ (pilgrimage) see Snr. Teixeira de Queiroz’ novel, _A Cantadeira_. Lisboa, 1913.

[30] See Dr. Alves dos Santos: _O Ensino primario em Portugal_, in _Notas sobre Portugal_.

[31] _O Ensino._ Por Bernardino Machado. Coimbra, 1898.

[32] _Ibid._, p. 242.

[33] See _A Instrucção secundaria em Portugal_. Por Dr. José Maria Rodrigues, in _Notas sobre Portugal_.

[34] Eça de Queiroz: _Ultimas Paginas_. Porto, 1912.

[35] _Miscellanea de Miguel Leitão de Andrade_, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1867.

[36] _Livro das Grandezas de Lisboa._ 1620.

[37] Mendes dos Remedios: _Historia da Litteratura Portuguêsa desde as origens até á actualidade_. 4a edição. Coimbra, 1914.

[38] _Obras_, 6 vols., Lisbon, 1853, with biography by Rebello da Silva; 8 vols., Porto, 1875-6, with biography by Theophilo Braga.

[39] Philéas Lebesgue: _Le Portugal littéraire d’aujourd’hui_. Paris, 1904.

[40] Fidelino de Figueiredo: _Historia da Litteratura Realista_ (1871-1900). Lisboa, 1914.

[41] That is, nearly thrice the pension (15,000 _réis_) given by King Sebastian to the poet Camões.

[42] _Obras_, vol. ii, p. 143-6. _Floresta de Enganos._

[43] _Obras_, I, pp. 167-71. _Auto da Feira._

[44] _Obras_, II, pp. 498-502. _Romagem de Aggravados._

[45] _Obras_, II, pp. 496-7. _Rom. de Agg._

[46] _Obras_, II, pp. 520-2. _Rom. de Aggr._

[47] _Obras_, I, pp. 115-6. _Auto de Mofina Mendes._

[48] _Obras_, III, pp. 244-5. _O Clerigo da Beira._

[49] _Obras_, III, pp. 5-7. _Quem tem farelos?_

[50] _Obras_, III, pp. 179-80. _O Juiz da Beira._

[51] _Obras_, III, pp. 203-5. _Farça dos Almocreves._

[52] _Ibid._, pp. 208-9.

[53] Born at Ponta Delgada on 24th February, 1843. He took his degree at Coimbra in 1868, and four years later became and for over forty years has remained Professor of Literature at Lisbon. His untiring studies in Portuguese literature have brought him a wide celebrity.

[54] Born at Valle da Vinha in 1866. He studied medicine at Coimbra and took his degree in 1895. He wrote an article entitled “The Last Bragança,” in a Coimbra newspaper in 1890, and was imprisoned for three months. After his release he took part in the unsuccessful Republican rising of 1891. He subsequently worked as a doctor in São Thomé for nearly ten years.

[55] Born at Rio de Janeiro in 1851, the son of the first Baron Joanne. He studied at Oporto, and was appointed Professor of Philosophy in 1879. In 1882 he was elected deputy for Lamego, and in 1893 became Minister of Public Works under Snr. Hintze Ribeiro. Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1910, he was then appointed Portuguese Minister at Rio de Janeiro, and returned to become Portuguese Premier in February, 1914. In 1915 he was elected President of the Republic by the Democrats.

[56] Born at Aljustrel. He studied medicine at Lisbon, and became an army doctor. He succeeded the first Minister of _Fomento_, Snr. Antonio Luiz Gomes, on 23rd November, 1910.

[57] Born at Ceia in the Serra da Estrella in 1871. He took his degree at Coimbra in 1895, and practised as an advocate with success. In 1900 he was returned as Republican deputy for Oporto, and took a prominent part in opposing successive governments till the fall of the Monarchy. From January, 1913, to January, 1914, he was Premier.

[58] Born at Lisbon in 1875. He was a lieutenant in the Navy at the time of the Revolution, in preparing which (and in organising the _Carbonarios_) he had taken a principal part. After the Revolution he was raised to the rank of captain and granted a pension of 3 _contos_ (£600).

[59] Joaquim Pereira Pimenta de Castro, born at Pias, near Vianna do Castello, in the province of Minho, in 1846. He entered the Army (Engineers) in October, 1867, and became captain in 1874, major in 1883, lieut.-colonel in 1887, colonel in 1892, general in 1900. He has published various works, all of a practical character, including “A Rational and Practical Solution of the Electoral Problem,” written in 1890, and translated into French and English in 1904.

[60] João Chagas, _Cartas politicas_ (December, 1908).

[61] The decentralisation was to be less than that granted in 1878, which over-reached itself. Each _Junta Geral_ was to be composed of twenty-five _procuradores_ (proctors), whose duty it would be to look after the general interests and finance of the district, the State conceding part of its revenues to the local treasuries.

[62] Republican Ministers of Finance have taken up this project. On the 22nd of March, 1912, Snr. Sidonio Paes introduced a Bill, proposing that all duties, excepting those on corn, rice, sugar and colonial products, should be paid in gold. The idea, however, meets with opposition in the Lisbon commercial world. Snr. Anselmo de Andrade’s project referred to payment in gold of one half of the duty only.

[63] “Legislation for the moon,” according to the Republican _O Intransigente_.

[64] The President only receives 18 _contos_, under £4,000, a year.

[65] Dr. Manoel de Arriaga 121 votes, Dr. Bernardino Machado 86 votes (24th August, 1911). The first President of the Portuguese Republic comes of an ancient family and has a Basque name (“the place of stones,” or “a heap of stones,” _arri_ being probably the same word as in Biarritz: two rocks). He was born at Horta on the 8th of July, 1840, and studied at Coimbra. For some years he was professor of English at the Lisbon _Lycée_. He was elected deputy for Madeira. Besides some well-known volumes of poems it may be noted that he published in 1889 an essay condemning the penitentiary system. Although Dr. Arriaga has never, during the last forty years or more, swerved from his Republican principles, he has done his utmost as President to moderate the action of the extremists, and to secure for the Republic that respect and affection which are universally felt towards himself.

[66] Snr. Chagas, more pamphleteer than statesman, is, like many educated Portuguese, intimately acquainted with Paris and with modern French literature. In English literature his interest is slight, if we may judge from his remark that “_Hamlet_ is very boring.” Yet he admires that modern Hamlet, M. Anatole France.

[67] Dr. Brito Camacho regarded his party as a kind of make-weight between the Radical and Conservative tendencies.

[68] It must be remembered that these are the words of a party organ anxious to overthrow Dr. Costa’s influence. When Dr. Costa fell in 1914 the Evolutionists found themselves quite incapable of forming a Ministry.

[69] The Minister of Public Works was Snr. Antonio Maria da Silva, a member of the _Alta Venda_ of the _Carbonaria_.

[70] _A Alliança Inglesa. Processo da Monarchia em Portugal._ Por Affonso Ferreira. Coimbra, 1910.

[71] _Le Portugal et ses Colonies._ Par Angel Marvaud. Paris, 1912.

[72] Madeira and the Azores are considered as districts of Portugal proper.

GLOSSARY

A

=Abastado.= Wealthy.

=Aga.= H.

=Agoadeiro.= Water-carrier.

=Agoureiro.= Prophetic.

=Alfandega.= Customs-house (from _Arab._).

=Alcachofra.= Thistle or artichoke (from _Arab._).

=Alem.= _Adv._ beyond (from _alli ende_). _Lancaster_, in Portuguese,
became _Alem-castro_.

=Alforges.= Saddlebags (from _Arab._).

=Algarvio.= Inhabitant of Algarve; chatterer.

=Almocreve.= Carrier (from _Arab._).

=Alto.= High.

=Amanhã.= To-morrow.

=Amendoa.= Almond.

=Amigo.= Friend.

=Andar.= To walk, to go.

=Andorinha.= Swallow.

=Anichar.= Find a place for.

=Armazem=, _plur._ _-ns_. Store, stores (from. _Arab._).

=Arranjar.= Arrange.

=Avenida.= Avenue.

=Azinheira.= Evergreen oak.

=Azulejo.= Glazed tile (from _Arab._, though commonly derived from
_azul_, blue).

B

=Bacalhau.= Stock-fish.

=Barraca.= Hut.

=Beirão.= Inhabitant of Beira.

=Benzedor.= Lit. = Blesser.

=Bica.= Spout of fountain, etc.

=Bilha.= Water-jar.

=Boeirinha.= _Fem. Dimin._ of _boeiro_ = Fr. _bouvier_, ox-man.

=Boas Festas.= _Bonne fête._

=Branco.= White.

=Brando.= Soft, gentle.

=Brazileiro.= Portuguese returned rich from Brazil.

=Broa.= For _Boroa_, _Borona_ (probably corruption of _Morona_),
maize-bread.

=Broinha.= _Dimin._ of _broa_.

=Bruxa.= Witch. Also night-light; also earthenware jar with holes.

C

=Cabo.= Cape.

=Cabula.= Idler.

=Calaceiro.= Idler.

=Calçada.= Paved way, street.

=Caloiro.= First-year student at Coimbra University.

=Campo.= Field. =No c.= In the country.

=Canga.= Yoke.

=Cantadeira.= Girl improvising songs at _romarias_, etc.

=Cantiga.= Song. Short poem = =Canto=, =Cantar=.

=Cantoneiro.= Road-mender (Fr. _cantonier_).

=Capa.= Cloak.

=Carta.= Letter.

=Casado.= Married.

=Castanha.= Chestnut.

=Cauteleiro.= Street seller of lottery tickets.

=Cavaco.= Gossip.

=Centavo= = _dezreis_, a halfpenny.

=Cera.= Wax.

=Cervo.= Stag.

=Chafariz.= Fountain (from _Arab._).

=Chegar.= To arrive.

=Charneca.= Moorland (from _Span._).

=Cheia.= Flood (from Lat. _plenus_).

=Cheiro.= Scent.

=Chiste.= Quip, jest.

=Choupal.= Poplar grove (from _choupo_).

=Chuva.= Rain (Lat. _pluvia_, Fr. _pluie_, Sp. _lluvia_).

=Cidade.= City.

=Cisne.= Swan.

=Ciume.= Jealousy.

=Clerigo.= Priest.

=Collareja.= Vegetable-seller (from village of Collares).

=Comedia= = =Comedoria=. Food.

=Conquistador.= Conqueror.

=Consoada.= Light supper, or extra meal, especially on Christmas Eve.

=Conto.= Story. =Conto (de réis)=, a tale of a million _réis_ (=
about £200).

=Cordoaria.= Place where cords or ropes are made.

=Coroça.= Cloak of reeds.

=Coutada.= Enclosed park.

=Crescer.= To grow.

=Cruz.= Cross.

D

=Deixarse-estar.= Let oneself be, or drift.

=Deixarse-ir.= (Fr. _laisser aller_).

=Demissionario.= Of Minister or Government about to resign.

=Desabado, Chapeo d.= Wide-brimmed hat.

=Desde.= Since, from.

=Desejar.= Desire.

=Desleixo.= Slovenliness.

=Despesas.= Expenses.

=Deus.= God.

=Dia.= Day.

=Diario.= Daily newspaper.

=Dom=, =Dona=. Sp. _Don_, _Doña_; Lat. _Dominus_.

=Donzellinha.= _Dimin._ of _donzella_, Maiden.

=Doutor.= Doctor (_e.g._, of Divinity). Doctor (M.D.) is =Medico=.

E

=Empregomania.= Bureaucracy.

=Ensino.= Education.

=Escudo= = _Milreis_ = about 5 francs.

=Esfolhada.= Gathering of men and women to separate maize-cobs from
their sheath.

=Esperança.= Hope.

=Estalagem.= Inn.

=Exma.= = _Excellentissima_ = most excellent.

F

=Fado.= Melancholy modern ballad (connected with the word “fate”).

=Fé.= Faith.

=Festa.= Holiday.

=Festejar.= Celebrate.

=Feiticeiro.= Sorcerer. Also _adj._, Charming (from _feitiço_, charm;
_cf._ Fetish).

=Fidalgo.= Nobleman.

=Fiel, eis.= Faithful.

=Filho.= Son.

=Fogareiro.= Stove.

=Formiga.= Ant.

=Fregues.= Customer.

=Furtar.= To steal.

=Futrica.= Town as opposed to Gown (at Coimbra).

G

=Gallo.= Cock.

=Gallego.= Inhabitant of Galicia.

=Garrido.= Fine, fair, smart.

=Gente.= People. The peasants use _a gente_ as = “I” or “we.”

=Geral.= _Adj._, General.

=Gosto.= Pleasure.

H

=Herdade.= Large farm or estate.

=Horta.= Vegetable garden.

=Hospedaria.= Inn, hôtel.

I

=Ilha.= Island.

=Infeliz.= Unhappy, miserable.

=Ingreme.= Steep.

J

=Janeiras.= Songs of New Year’s Day.

=Janella.= Window.

=Jardim.= Garden.

=Junta.= Committee.

=Justiceiro.= Just; practising justice.

L

=Ladainha.= Litany.

=Lagrimas.= Tears.

=Lamuria.= Blind beggar’s complaint.

=Laranjeira.= Orange-tree.

=Lareira.= Hearth.

=Largo.= Square.

=Lavrador.= Peasant; ploughman.

=Leilão.= Auction.

=Leziria.= Alluvial land.

=Lisboeta.= Inhabitant of Lisbon.

=Livro.= Book.

=Lua.= Moon.

=Lume.= Fire.

=Luta=, =Lucta=. Strife, struggle.

M

=Maçã.= Apple.

=Magico.= Magician.

=Mais.= More. (=Mas= = But.)

=Magusto.= Fire for roasting chestnuts.

=Maldito.= Accursed.

=Mansamente.= Gently.

=Marinha.= Salt-pits.

=Matto.= Moorland.

=Mavioso=, =Meigo=. Charming, delicate.

=Meia duzia.= Half-a-dozen.

=Menagem.= Oath (_Homenagem_).

=Metter.= To put, place.

=Minhoto.= Inhabitant of Minho.

=Missa.= Mass.

=Moça.= Girl.

=Mocidade.= Youth.

=Molhadinho.= _Dimin._ of _Molhado_, Wet.

=Monte.= Estate (in Alemtejo or Algarve).

=Morango= and =Morangão=. Strawberry.

=Morgadinha.= _Fem. dimin._ of _Morgado_, Heir of entailed estate.

=Mosteiro.= Monastery.

=Mundo.= World.

=Municipio.= Town Hall, Town Council.

=Murta.= Myrtle.

N

=Noite.= Night.

=Nortada.= North wind.

=Noticias.= News.

=Novidade.= Novelty.

O

=Oiro=, =Ouro=. Gold.

=Orvalhada=, =Orvalho=. Dew.

P

=Paço=, =Palacio=. Palace.

=Padre.= Priest (Father is Pae).

=Palmellão.= Wind from Palmella.

=Para que serve?= What is the use of?

=Passarinho.= _Dimin._ of _Passaro_, Bird.

=Pauta.= Tariff.

=Pavoroso.= Terrible.

=Pega.= Magpie.

=Poblador.= Founder = _Povoador_.

=Poço.= Well.

=Podridão.= Rottenness.

=Praça.= Square.

=Praia.= Shore.

=Pregões.= Street cries.

=Primo= or =Primo Coirmão=. Cousin.

=Pronto.= Ready.

=Pronunciamento= = Sp. _Pronunciamiento_.

Q

=Quadra.= Quatrain.

=Quanto=, =quantos?= How much, How many?

=Quem dá?= Who gives?

=Quentinha.= _Fem. dimin._ of _Quente_, Hot. (Contraction of
_caliente_.)

=Quinta.= Country-house.

R

=Rabadão.= Shepherd (= _Rebanheiro_).

=Redondilhas.= Verses of four lines of eight syllables.

=Regateira.= Market-woman.

=Reis.= Kings.

=Réis.= Plural of _real_ (20 _réis_ = a penny).

=Republica.= At Coimbra University a group of students living
together.

=Rocio= = =Praça=. Square (formerly _recio_).

=Roda.= Wheel.

=Romance=, =Cantar romance=. Old ballad usually in lines of sixteen
syllables. Formerly _romance_ = common (Portuguese) language
as opposed to Latin. In modern Portuguese it = “novel.” (Fr.
_roman_.)

=Romaria.= Pilgrimage.

=Rosmaninho.= Rosemary.

=Rua.= Street. =Rua Nova=, New Street.

S

=S.= = =São=. Saint.

=Saber.= To know.

=Sala.= Hall.

=Saloio.= Peasant of neighbourhood of Lisbon.

=Saudade.= Wistfulness; bittersweet regret.

=Saudoso.= Filled with regret or longing.

=Sé.= Cathedral.

=Sebastianismo.= The attitude of mind that looks for the return of
King Sebastian.

=Senhor.= Sir; lord.

=Serra.= Mountain range.

=Serviçaes.= Servants; day-labourers.

=Simples.= Simple.

T

=Taverna=, =Taberna=. Tavern; wayside inn.

=Tejo.= Tagus (Sp. _Tajo_).

=Terra.= Earth; country.

=Terreiro.= Terrace.

=Torre.= Tower.

=Tosquia.= Shearing.

=Tourada.= Bull-fight.

=Trabalho.= Labour; sorrow; trouble.

=Trato.= Commerce.

=Tratos.= Torture.

=Travessa.= Passage; side street.

=Troça, Fazer troça de.= Satire, skit.

V

=V.E.= or =V. Exa.= = _Vossa Excellencia_. Your Excellence.

=Vámos.= Let us go.

=Varina.= Fishwoman (= =woman= of (O)var).

=Velho.= Old.

=Venda.= Inn (Sp. _venta_).

=Venho.= I come.

=Veraneantes.= Summer residents.

=Viagem.= Journey.

=Vintem.= Penny.

=Vossé.= You.

=Vossemecé.= Your Worship = you.

Z

=Zagal=, =aes=. Shepherd boy (from _Arab._).

INDEX

Affonso, Prince, 116-7

⸺ I, 93, 107-8

⸺ II, 109

⸺ III, 109, 110

⸺ IV, 111

⸺ V, 115, 116

⸺ VI, 124, 125

Afforestation, 32, 33

Agriculture, 29, 37, 40

Aguadeiros, 43

Alba, Duke of, 121

Albuquerque (Affonso d’), 6, 22, 88, 117, 118, 119

Albuquerque (Bras d’), 138

Alcacer, 115

Alcacer do Sal, 109

Alcacer-Kebir, 100, 120

Alcachofras, 54

Alcoa, The, 94

Alcobaça, 21, 79, 84, 92-5

Alcoforado (Marianna de), 142

Alemtejo, 25, 31, 32, 39, 47, 59, 60, 79, 80, 82, 103, 106

Alfama, 48

Alfarrobeira, Battle of, 115

Alfonso X, 109, 110, 134

Algarve, 25, 79, 80, 82, 103, 106, 109

Algarvios, 4

Aljubarrota, 84, 95, 113, 222

Almeida (Antonio José de), 169, 176, 177, 184, 187, 245, 249

⸺ (D. João de), 204

Almeida Garrett (J. B. da S. L.) Viscount, 41, 76, 145, 152

Almourol, 100

Alpoim (José de), 186

Alvares (João), 96

_Amadis of Gaul_, 133

Amarante, 37

Ameixial, Battle of, 125

Amélie, Queen. _See_ MARIE AMÉLIE

Andrade (Anselmo de), 193

⸺ Caminha (Pedro de), 140

Angola, 235

Anti-clericalism, 29, 61-7

Antonio, Prior of Crato, 121, 122

Areias, 91

Armada, The, 122

Army, 74

Arriaga (Manoel de), 67, 201, 210, 212, 215, 245, 256

Arte de Furtar, 57, 83

Atouguia, Count of, 128

Aveiro, 39, 79

⸺ (Pantaleão de), 138

⸺, Duke of, 128

Azevedo (Victor Hugo de), 211

Azulejos, 36, 43

Azurara (Gomez Eannes de), 115, 136

Bacalhau, 30, 36

Baça, The, 94

Barbosa Machado (Diogo), 142

Barreiro, 35, 47

Barros (João de), 46, 137

Basto, 37

Batalha, 21, 84, 95-7

Beckford (William), 1

Begging, 56, 57

Beira, 25, 53, 59

Beirões, 3, 4

Beja, 38, 39, 83, 103-4

Belem, 88-9, 96

Beresford, General, 129, 130

Bernardes (Diogo), 100, 140

Bernardes (Manoel), 142

Blake, William, 72

Bocage (M. Barbosa du), 143

Bombarda (Miguel), 195

Bom Jesus, 50

Botelho (Abel), 148

Braga, 25, 38, 39, 56, 83, 100

⸺ (Alexandre), 253, 212

⸺ (Theophilo), 8, 15, 20, 70, 133, 150, 165, 166, 176, 195, 198,
215

Bragança, 38, 39, 101

Braganza, Duke of, 116

Brazileiros, 27, 55

Brito (Bernardo de), 141

⸺ Camacho (Manuel), 169, 177, 203, 249

Broas, 45, 50

Buarcos, 45

Bucellas, 37

Buiça (Manuel dos Reis), 189

Bull-fights, 55

Bureaucracy, 57, 73

Bussaco, 45, 85

Byron, Lord, 14

Cabral (Pedro Alvares), 119

Calcoen, 6-7

Caldas da Rainha, 45, 79, 82

Cambridge, Earl of, 221, 222

Camões (Luis de), 89, 140, 154-166

Canalejas (José), 175

Candido dos Reis, Admiral, 195

Cangas, 59

Cantigas, 16-19, 51-54

Cape Espichel, 91

⸺ Verde Islands, 237

Carbonaria, 180, 181, 182, 200, 204

Carcavellos, 37

Carlos I, 131, 132, 183, 184, 188, 190, 247

Carlotta, Queen, 130

Carnegie (Hon. Lancelot), 227

Cascaes, 45, 85, 121, 122

Castello Branco, 38, 39

⸺ (Camillo), 146

⸺ Melhor, Count of, 124

Castilho (A. F. de), 144

Castro (Eugenio de), 94

⸺ (Inés de), 93-5

⸺ (João de), 6, 138

⸺ (José Luciano de), 183, 191

Catharina, Queen, 224

Caverel (Philippe de), 30

Centenarians, 26

Ceuta, 114

Chagas (João), 172, 187, 190, 201, 202, 214, 218

Charneca, 91

Chestnuts, 45, 46

Chiado, 41

Cintra, 44, 45, 76, 86, 89, 91

Clenardus (N.), 83

Clergy, 63

Climate, 80

Coelho (F. Adolpho), 15

Coimbra, 25, 38, 39, 57, 58, 73, 94, 98-100

Collares, 37, 44, 78, 86

Colonies, 13, 233-8

Commerce, 37

Consiglieri Pedroso (Z.), 15

Consoadas, 50

Contos, 148

Cork, 39

Coroças, 59

Correa (Gaspar de), 137

⸺ (Garção), 143

Cortesão (Jaime), 16

Costa (Affonso da), 13, 65, 169, 171, 176, 177, 178, 179, 184, 187,
192, 205, 209, 210, 231, 232, 245, 249

⸺ (Alfredo Luis da), 189

Couto (Diogo do), 107, 137

Covilhã, 36, 100

Crato, 100

Cruz (Agostinho da), 140

⸺ (Gaspar da), 138

Customs Dues, 230

Delgado (A. G.), 80

Denis. _See_ DINIZ

Description de Lisbonne, 20

Desleixo, 10, 11

Deus (João de), 144

Diercks (Gustav), 220

Diniz, King, 33, 92, 94, 95, 103, 110, 111, 112, 135, 221, 229

⸺ (Julio), 17, 147

Douro, The, 101

Drake, 122

Drama, 149, 152

Duarte, Infante, 124

⸺ King, 5, 95, 96, 114

⸺ Leite, 205, 249

Eça de Queiroz (J. M.), 22, 74, 75, 147

Education, 58, 67-73

Elvas, 103

Elysio (Filinto), 143

Emigrants, 26, 27, 47

Esfolhadas, 15

Estoril, Os Estoris, 45, 76, 80, 81, 85, 86

Estremadura, 25, 39, 80

Euzebio (A. M.), 20

Evora, 39

Falcão (Christovam), 140, 141

Faro, 39, 79, 106

Ferdinand of Saxe Coburg Gotha, 90, 131

Fernando I, 112

⸺ Infante, 95, 96, 114

Fernandes Galvão (Francisco), 139

⸺ Trancoso (Gonçalo). _See_ TRANCOSO

Ferreira (Antonio), 95, 140, 152

⸺ d’Almeida (João), 165

Ficalho, Conde de, 60

Figueiredo (Fidelino de), 149

Finances, 229-233

Fishing, 35, 36

Folk-lore, 15

Food, 21

Foreigners and Portugal, 11, 12, 26, 254

França Borges, 187, 249

France and Portugal, viii, 75, 125

France (Anatole), 44, 202

Franco (João), 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190

Freire d’Andrade (Jacinto), 141

Freitas (João de), 209, 214

Fructuoso (Gaspar), 138

Funerals, 22

Gaia, 103

Galicia, 30, 56, 82, 107, 111

Gama (Vasco da), 6, 89, 115, 117, 138

Garrett. _See_ ALMEIDA GARRETT

Gaunt (John of), 221

Germany and Portugal, 219, 220, 227, 228

Goes (Damião de), 134, 136

Goethe (J. W. von), 62, 72

Gomes Coelho (J. G.). _See_ DINIZ (JULIO)

⸺ Freire de Andrade, General, 130

Gonçalves (Nuno), 150

⸺ Crespo, 145

Great Britain and Portugal, vii, 123, 124, 125, 216-28

Guarda, 100

Guerra Junqueiro (Abilio), 8, 17, 22, 145, 206

Guimarães, 36

Guinea, 236

Hardinge (Sir Arthur), 227

Henry, Cardinal, 120, 121

⸺ Infante, 95, 96, 98, 102, 114, 115, 150, 222

⸺ of Burgundy, 93, 100, 107

Herculano (Alexandre), 9, 40, 61, 146

Hintze Ribeiro, 183

Historia Tragico-Maritima, 138

Holdings, 30-31

Holland and Portugal, 123, 124, 125

Iglesias (Pablo de), 242

Illiterates, 1, 67, 68

Imports, 38, 39

Inns, 83, 84

Inquisition, The, 6

Integralists, 257

Irish and Portuguese, 1

Irrigation, 32

Janeiras, 50

Jesuits, 63, 128, 200

Jesus (Thomé de), 139

Jews, 4, 6

João I, 95, 96, 113, 114, 222

⸺ II, 116, 117

⸺ III, 77, 89, 119, 120

⸺ IV, 123, 223

⸺ V, 126, 127, 128

⸺ VI, 129, 130

José I, 127, 128

Juan I, 95, 112, 113

Juana, Princess, 116

Lagos, 103

Leça, The, 79

Leiria, 33, 38, 85

Leitão de Andrade (M.), 85

Leite de Vasconcellos (José), 15, 53, 151

Leonor, Queen, 113

Lima, The, 100

Limoeiro, 49

Lisbon, 4, 25, 38, 41-9, 63, 70, 88, 101, 112, 113, 168

Lopes (Fernão), 136

⸺ de Castanheda (F.), 137

⸺ de Haro (Mecia), 109

⸺ Vieira (Affonso), 94

Louzã, 100

Lucena (João de), 139

Luiz I, 131

Luso, 85

Macedo (Antonio Sousa de), 124, 125

⸺ (J. A. de), 143

Machado (Bernardino), 70, 176, 183, 192, 210, 211, 219, 239

⸺ Santos (M.), 169, 174, 177, 195, 209

Macieira (A.), 69

Mafra, 91-2

Magalhães (Luiz de), 148

Magusto, 50

Manoel I, 2, 89, 104

⸺ II, 104, 188, 191, 194, 196, 246

Manoeline Architecture, 21, 88, 96, 97

Manufactures, 36

Maria I, 128, 129

⸺ II, 90, 130, 131

⸺ Pia, Queen, 189

Marie Amélie, Queen, 90, 132, 189

Martyres (Bartholomeu dos), 138, 141

Marvell (Christopher), 90

Mathilde, Countess, 110, 111

Melgaço, 100

Mello (F. M. de), 141

Mendes Pinto (F.), 137-138

Meneses (João de), 118

Methuen Treaty, 37, 126, 225, 226

Michaëlis de Vasconcellos (C.), 133

Miguel, Dom, 131-132

Mines, 35

Minho, 20, 25, 30, 37, 39, 50, 59

Minhotos, 3, 4, 8, 56, 100

Missa do Gallo, 50

Monchique, 103

Mondego, The, 58, 79, 99

Monsão, 37

Montes Claros, Battle of, 125

Motor-cars, 34, 36

Mozambique, 236

Nabantia, 97

Nabão, The, 97

Negroes, 4

Niza, Family of, 134

Novels, 146-8

Nun’ Alvares Pereira, 22, 88, 93, 95, 113, 114, 222

Octogenarians, 26

Olive oil, 38

Oliveira (Fernando d’), 55

⸺ (Nicolas), 86

⸺ Martins (J. P.), 4, 146

Oman (C. W. C.), 194

Oporto, 25, 38, 39, 56, 70, 101-3

Ovar, 44

Pacheco Pereira (Duarte), 117

Paes (Gualdim), 97

⸺ (Maria), 108

Paiva de Andrade (Diogo), 138

⸺ Conceiro, Captain, 202, 256

Palmeirim of England, 100

Palmella, 47, 100

Payalvo, 97

Pedro I, 93, 111-2

⸺ II, 125, 126, 225

⸺ IV, 130, 131

⸺ II, 125

⸺ V, 131

⸺, Infante, 115

Pena Longa, 16

Philip II of Spain, 121

Philippa, Queen, 95, 96, 222

Pimenta de Castro, General, 179, 212, 213, 214, 215, 245, 256

Pina (Ruy de), 136

Pinto (Heitor), 139

Pires (A. T.), 15, 16

Poinsard (Léon), 23, 28

Pombal, Marquez de, 127, 128, 226

Population, 25, 26

Portalegre, 36, 39

Portimão, 103

Portugal (Manoel de), 140

Posts, 35

Povoa de Varzim, 100

Praia das Maçãs, 91

⸺ da Rocha, 103

Principe, I, 236

Prisons, 49, 50

Progressistas, 131

Protestantism, 9

Pucaros, 21

Quadras, 16

Quental (Anthero de), 144

Quintas, 21

Quita (D. dos R.), 143

Railways, 35

Regeneradores, 131

Religious Orders, 61, 62

Republicas, 58

Resende (André de), 104

⸺ (Garcia de), 94, 134, 135

Rhodes, (Cecil), 65

Ribatejo, 37

Ribeira de Pena Longa, 77

Ribeiro (Antonio), 41

⸺ (Bernardim), 90, 140

⸺ (João Pinto), 123

⸺ (Thomaz), 145

Roads, 33

Roman Catholics, 9, 61, 62

Romantics, 144

Romarias, 50

Rupert, Prince, 223

Sá de Meneses (F. de), 140

Sá de Miranda (F. de), 139

Sado, The, 79

Sagres, 103

Saint John’s Fires, 51-4

Salado, Battle of, 111

Salaries, 27, 28

Saloios, 47

Sancho I, 108

⸺ II, 109

Sanitation, 29

Santarem, 38, 39, 79

Santos (João dos), 7, 241

⸺ (Miguel dos), 138

S. Thomé, 236

Schaefer (Heinrich), 112, 227

Schomberg, Count of, 125

Schools, 68-70

Sebastian, King, 118, 120, 122

Sebastianismo, 5, 169

Serra de Arrabida, 79

⸺ Cintra, 77, 78, 79, 91

⸺ da Estrella, 32, 59, 60, 82

⸺ do Gerez, 32, 82

⸺ de Monchique, 82

Sertorius, 107

Setubal, 25, 37, 79, 86, 103

Shepherds, 59, 60

Silva (A. J. da), 143

Silveira (Alberto), 181

Silver, 103

Sines, 103

Soares (Manoel), 7, 204

Sobieski (J.), 4

Sociedade Propaganda de Portugal, 34, 84

Sousa (Luis de), 141

⸺ Viterbo (F. M. de), 140

Spain and Portugal, 2, 10, 13, 121-3, 125, 126, 216, 217, 218, 224

Sport, 55

Stevenson (R. L.), 7

Strangford, Lord, 226

Street Cries, 44, 45

Superstitions, 15, 54

Tagus, 47, 79

Tangiers, 114, 115

Tavora, Family of, 128

Teixeira de Queiroz, 64, 185, 193

⸺ Sousa, 64, 148

Telles (Bazilio), 249

⸺ (Leonor), 112

⸺ (Maria), 112

⸺ da Gama (Constança), 134

Tenreiro (Antonio), 138

Theresa, Countess, 107, 108

Thomar, 96, 97

Timor, 237

Torre do Tombo, 134

Touradas Nocturnas, 55

Trancoso (Gonçalo Fernandes), 104, 139

Traz os Montes, 25, 32, 39, 59, 100, 101

Usque (Samuel), 139

Vasconcellos (Augusto de), 203, 205

⸺ (Joaquim de), 150

Vaz de Carvalho (M. A.), 148

Vez, The, 79

Vianna do Alemtejo, 103

⸺ do Castello, 39, 100, 121

Vicente (Gil), 60, 135, 139, 152-63, 255

Vieira (Antonio), 142

Vilhena (Filippa de), 123

Villa do Conde, 100

⸺ Real, 39, 101

⸺ ⸺ de S. Antonio, 79

Villages, 49, 85

Viriathus, 107

Vives (Luis), 14

Vizeu, 138

⸺ Duke of, 116, 117

Voltaire, 24

Water, 43

Wellington, Duke of, 129

White Ants, 58

Wines, 37

Women, 7, 8, 26

Woollens, 36

Wyche (Sir Peter), 2

THE END

_Printed by Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., Bath, England_
(2404)