Chapter II: Introduction: Page

Portugal separated from Spain by no natural division geographical or linguistic; does not correspond with Roman Lusitania, nor with the later Suevic kingdom--Traces of early Celtic inhabitants; Citania, Sabrosa--Roman Occupation; Temple at Evora--Barbarian Invasions--Arab Conquest--Beginnings of Christian re-conquest--Sesnando, first Count of Oporto--Christians defeated at Zalaca--Count Henry of Burgundy and Dona Theresa--Beginnings of Portuguese Independence--Affonso Henriques, King of Portugal--Growth of Portugal--Victory of Aljubarrota--Prince Henry the Navigator--The Spanish Usurpation--The Great Earthquake--The Peninsular War--The Miguelite War--The suppression of the Monasteries--Differences between Portugal and Spain, etc. 1-10

PAINTING IN PORTUGAL

Not very many examples of Portuguese paintings left--Early connection with Burgundy; and with Antwerp--Great influence of Flemish school--The myth of Grão Vasco--Pictures at Evora, at Thomar, at Setubal, in Santa Cruz, Coimbra--'The Fountain of Mercy' at Oporto--The pictures at Vizeu: 'St. Peter'--Antonio de Hollanda 10-17

CHURCH PLATE

Much plate lost during the Peninsular War--Treasuries of Braga, Coimbra, and Evora, and of Guimarães--Early chalices, etc., at Braga, Coimbra, and Guimarães--Crosses at Guimarães and at Coimbra--Relics of St. Isabel--Flemish influence seen in later work--Tomb of St. Isabel, and coffins of sainted abbesses of Lorvão 17-20

TILES

Due to Arab influence--The word _azulejo_ and its origin--The different stages in the development of tile making--Early tiles at Cintra Moorish in pattern and in technique--Tiles at Bacalhôa Moorish in technique but Renaissance in pattern--Later tiles without Moorish technique, _e.g._ at Santarem and elsewhere--Della Robbia ware at Bacalhôa--Pictures in blue and white tiles very common 20-28

CHAPTER I

THE EARLY BUILDINGS IN THE NORTH

The oldest buildings are in the North--Very rude and simple--Three types--Villarinho--São Miguel, Guimarães--Cedo Feita, Oporto--Gandara, Boelhe, etc., are examples of the simplest--Aguas Santas, Rio Mau, etc., of the second; and of the third Villar de Frades, etc.--Legend of Villar--Sé, Braga--Sé, Oporto--Paço de Souza--Method of roofing--Tomb of Egas Moniz--Pombeiro--Castle and Church, Guimarães 29-43

CHAPTER II

THE EARLY BUILDINGS IN THE SOUTH

Growth of Christian kingdom under Affonso Henriques--His vow--Capture of Santarem, of Lisbon--Cathedral, Lisbon, related to Church of S. Sernin, Toulouse--Ruined by Great Earthquake, and badly restored--Sé Velha, Coimbra, general scheme copied from Santiago and so from S. Sernin, Toulouse--Other churches at Coimbra--Evora, its capture--Cathedral founded--Similar in scheme to Lisbon, but with pointed arches; central lantern; cloister--Thomar founded by Gualdim Paes; besieged by Moors--Templar Church--Santarem, Church of São João de Alporão--Alcobaça; great wealth of Abbey--Designed by French monks--Same plan as Clairvaux--Has but little influence on later buildings 44-63

CHAPTER III

THE THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES DOWN TO THE BATTLE OF ALJUBARROTA

The thirteenth century poor in buildings--The Franciscans--São Francisco Guimarães--Santarem--Santa Maria dos Olivaes at Thomar--_Cf._ aisle windows at Leça do Balio--Inactivity and deposition of Dom Sancho II. by Dom Affonso III.--Conquest of Algarve--Sé, Silves--Dom Diniz and the castles at Beja and at Leiria--Cloisters, Cellas, Coimbra, Alcobaça, Lisbon, and Oporto--St. Isabel and Sta. Clara at Coimbra--Leça do Balio--The choir of the cathedral, Lisbon, with tombs--Alcobaça, royal tombs--Dom Pedro I. and Inez de Castro; her murder, his sorrow--Their tombs 64-78

CHAPTER IV

BATALHA AND THE DELIVERANCE OF PORTUGAL

Dom Fernando and Dona Leonor Telles--Her wickedness and unpopularity--Their daughter, Dona Brites, wife of Don Juan of Castile, rejected--Dom João I. elected king--Battle of Aljubarrota--Dom João's vow--Marriage of Dom João and Philippa of Lancaster--Batalha founded; its plan national, not foreign; some details seem English, some French, some even German--Huguet the builder did not copy York or Canterbury--Tracery very curious--Inside very plain--Capella do Fundador, with the royal tombs--Capellas Imperfeitas 79-92

CHAPTER V

THE EARLIER FIFTEENTH CENTURY

Nossa Senhora da Oliveira Guimarães rebuilt as a thankoffering--Silver reredos captured at Aljubarrota--The cathedral, Guarda--Its likeness to Batalha--Nave later--Nuno Alvarez Pereira, the Grand Constable, and the Carmo, Lisbon--João Vicente and Villar de Frades--Alvito, Matriz--Capture of Ceuta--Tombs in the Graça, Santarem--Dom Pedro de Menezes and his 'Aleo'--Tomb of Dom Duarte de Menezes in São João de Alporão--Tombs at Abrantes cloister--Thomar 93-103

CHAPTER VI

LATER GOTHIC

Graça, Santarem--Parish churches, Thomar, Villa do Conde, Azurara and Caminha, all similar in plan--Cathedrals: Funchal, Lamego, and Vizeu--Porch and chancel of cathedral, Braga--Conceição, Braga 104-115

CHAPTER VII

THE INFLUENCE OF THE MOORS

Few buildings older than the re-conquest--But many built for Christians by Moors--The Palace, Cintra--Originally country house of the Walis--Rebuilt by Dom João I.--Plan and details Moorish--Entrance court--Sala dos Cysnes, why so called, its windows; Sala do Conselho; Sala das Pegas, its name, chimney-piece; Sala das Sereias; dining-room; Pateo, baths; Sala dos Arabes; Pateo de Diana; chapel; kitchen--Castles at Guimarães and at Barcellos--Villa de Feira 116-128

CHAPTER VIII

OTHER MOORISH BUILDINGS

Commoner in Alemtejo--Castle, Alvito--Not Sansovino's Palace--Evora, Paços Reaes, Cordovis, Sempre Nova, São João Evangelista, São Francisco, São Braz 129-135

CHAPTER IX

MOORISH CARPENTRY

Examples found all over the country--At Aguas Santas, Azurara, Caminha and Funchal--Cintra, Sala dos Cysnes, Sala dos Escudos--Coimbra, Misericordia, hall of University--Ville do Conde Santa Clara, Aveiro convent 136-142

CHAPTER X

EARLY MANOELINO

João II. continues the policy of Prince Henry the Navigator--Bartholomeu Diaz, Vasco da Gama--Accession of Dom Manoel--Discovery of route to India, and of Brazil--Great wealth of King--Fails to unite all the kingdoms of the Peninsula--Characteristic features of Manoelino--House of Garcia de Resende, Evora--Caldas da Rainha--Setubal, Jesus--Beja, Conceição, Castle, etc.--Cintra, Palace--Gollegã, Church--Elvas, Cathedral--Santarem, Marvilla--Lisbon, Madre de Deus--Coimbra, University Chapel--Setubal, São Julião 143-156

CHAPTER XI

THOMAR AND THE CONQUEST OF INDIA

Vasco da Gama's successful voyage to Calicut, 1497--Other expeditions lead to discovery of Brazil--Titles conferred on Dom Manoel by Pope Alexander VI.--Ormuz taken--Strange forms at Thomar not Indian--Templars suppressed and Order of Christ founded instead--Prince Henry Grand Master--Spiritual supremacy of Thomar over all conquests, made or to be made--Templar church added to by Prince Henry, and more extensively by Dom Manoel--João de Castilho builds Coro--Stalls burnt by French--South door, chapter-house and its windows--Much of the detail emblematic of the discoveries, etc., made in the East and in the West 157-170

CHAPTER XII

THE ADDITIONS TO BATALHA

Dom Duarte's tomb-house unfinished--Work resumed by Dom Manoel--The two Matheus Fernandes, architects--The Pateo--The great entrance--Meaning of 'Tanyas Erey'--Piers in Octagon--How was the Octagon to be roofed?--The great Cloister, with its tracery--Whence derived 171-180

CHAPTER XIII

BELEM

Torre de São Viente built to defend Lisbon--Turrets and balconies not Indian--Vasco da Gama sails from Belem--The great monastery built as a thankoffering for the success of his voyage--Begun by Boutaca, succeeded by Lourenço Fernandes, and then by João de Castilho--Plan due to Boutaca--Master Nicolas, the Frenchman, the first renaissance artist in Portugal--Plan: exterior; interior superior to exterior; stalls; cloister, lower and upper--Lisbon, Conceição Velha, also by João de Castilho 181-195

CHAPTER XIV

THE COMING OF THE FOREIGN ARTISTS

Coimbra, Sta. Cruz, founded by Dom Affonso Henriques, rebuilt by Dom Manoel, first architect Marcos Pires--Gregorio Lourenço clerk of the works--Diogo de Castilho succeeds Marcos Pires--West front, Master Nicolas--Cloister, inferior to that of Belem--Royal tombs--Other French carvers--Pulpit, reredoses in cloister, stalls--Sé Velha reredos, doors--Chapel of São Pedro 196-210

CHAPTER XV

THE INFLUENCE OF THE FOREIGNERS

Tomb at Thomar of the Bishop of Funchal--Tomb in Graça, Santarem--São Marcos, founded by Dona Brites de Menezes--Tomb of Fernão Telles--Rebuilt by Ayres da Silva, her grandson--Tombs in chancel--Reredos, by Master Nicolas--Reredos at Cintra--Pena Chapel by same--São Marcos, Chapel of the Reyes Magos--Sansovino's door, Cintra--Evora, São Domingos--Portalegre, Tavira, Lagos, Goes, Trofa, Caminha, Moncorvo 211-221

CHAPTER XVI

LATER WORK OF JOÃO DE CASTILHO AND EARLIER CLASSIC

João III. cared more for the Church than for anything else--Decay begins--Later additions to Alcobaça--Batalha, Sta. Cruz--Thomar, Order of Christ reformed--Knights become regulars--Great additions, cloisters, dormitory, etc., by João de Castilho--His difficulties, letters to the King--His addition to Batalha--Builds Conceição at Thomar like Milagre, Santarem--Marvilla, _ibid._; Elvas, São Domingos--Cintra, Penha Longa and Penha Verde--Vizeu, Cloister--Lamego, Cloister--Coimbra, São Thomaz--Carmo--Faro--Lorvão--Amarante--Santarem, Santa Clara, and Guarda, reredos 222-239

CHAPTER XVII

THE LATER RENAISSANCE AND THE SPANISH USURPATION

Diogo de Torralva and Claustro dos Filippes, Thomar--Miranda de Douro--Reigns of Dom Sebastião and of the Cardinal King Henry not noted for much building--Evora, Graça and University--Fatal expedition by Dom Sebastião to Morocco--His death and defeat--Feeble reign of his grand-uncle--Election of Philip--Union with Spain and consequent loss of trade--Lisbon, São Roque; coming of Terzi--Lisbon, São Vicente de Fora; first use of very long Doric pilasters--Santo Antão, Santa Maria do Desterro, and Torreão do Paço--Sé Nova, Coimbra, like Santo Antão--Oporto, Collegio Novo--Coimbra, Misericordia, Bishop's palace; Sacristy of Sé Velha, São Domingos, Carmo, Graça, São Bento by Alvares--Lisbon, São Bento--Oporto, São Bento 240-253

CHAPTER XVIII

OTHER BUILDINGS OF THE LATER RENAISSANCE, TILL THE EXPULSION OF THE SPANIARDS

Vianna do Castello, Misericordia--Beja, São Thiago--Azeitão, São Simão--Evora, Cartuxa--Beja, Misericordia--Oporto, Nossa Senhora da Serra do Pilar--Sheltered Wellington before he crossed the Douro--Besieged by Dom Miguel--Very original plan--Coimbra, Sacristy of Santa Cruz--Lisbon, Santa Engracia never finished--Doric pilasters too tall--Coimbra, Santa Clara, great abuse of Doric pilasters 254-260