Chapter XII: Part 12

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_i._ The valve seats, stems and all parts must be of composition and of strong rugged design, so fitted up that there is the least chance for the rubber valves to stick, and with all parts securely put together the valves must be readily accessible.

_j._ The valve springs must have only sufficient strength to keep the valves on their seats, so that they will freely open even with the low head of priming water often existing.

_k._ There must be provided, and attached to the top of each plunger chamber, a brass check valve and air cock with umbrella top, as shown in Fig. 17. This cock and valve must have a clear passageway through them—the full equivalent of a 1/2-inch bore.

The check valve is to permit the outflow of air, but to prevent the
influx when the plunger is sucking. Cocks with lever handles are
used, as these show clearly whether they are open or shut.

_l._ There must also be provided a 2-inch brass gate valve for the general control of the water to the four-check valves. The hand wheel of this valve must be marked as per Fig. 15. The lettering must be very clear, open, and distinct, not liable to be obscured by grease, and of a permanent character.

It is essential for a properly working pump that the main 2-inch
priming-valve should be closed as soon as the pump is primed.
Otherwise, water will be drawn from the priming tank, lessening the
lifting power of the pump through the main suction, and if this is
continued the priming tank will often be exhausted and air drawn into
the pump, interfering with its proper action. It is for this reason
that the marking on the priming valve is required.

For all average situations, either method of priming permits of
getting the pump under way in a very few minutes, but, for cases
where the suction pipe is over 300 or 400 feet in length, or
sometimes where the lift is over 18 feet, or where there is a
combination of long length and lift within these limits, so much
time is consumed in exhausting the air from the suction pipe that it
becomes desirable to supplement this method.

For such situations, a steam ejector connected to the suction pipe
near the pump is advised, and may be required in addition to the
regular priming pipes and tank. The size of the ejector should be
sufficient to exhaust the suction pipe within about three minutes.
Such ejectors will be considered as extras not included in the
ordinary pump fittings.

For cases where pump can only take its suction under a head, if
absolutely certain that the level of the suction water will never
fall below level of center of pump, these priming pipes may be
omitted, but openings for them into the pump shell must be provided
and capped or plugged.

_A foot valve on a fire-pump suction is not advised_ except in very
rare cases, as with a lift of 18 feet or a suction pipe 500 feet or
more long. A foot valve is not needed when there is a good efficient
set of priming arrangements as described above and it is commonly
found this gives a false sense of security, and that with a fire-pump
left standing several days the water will often be found to have
leaked back, so that it is no better than if no foot valve had been
used.

A foot valve must of necessity generally be located where it is
inaccessible for quick repairs, and as they grow old, foot valves
are often a source of trouble. Where a suction pipe is exposed even
slightly to frost, a foot valve is specially objectionable.

_A priming tank is provided for the purchaser_ in all cases where
there is ever to be any lift on the suction. It is generally advised
that this tank have a capacity of one-half of what the pump can throw
at full speed in a minute. This means 250 gallons for a 500-gallon
pump and 500 gallons for a 1,000-gallon pump, etc. It is the
intention to make the pump a truly “independent source” of supply,
therefore the need of a special priming tank.

OLDER PRIMING ARRANGEMENTS.

The form of priming arrangement heretofore used, with metal check valves, one main 2-inch priming valve, and 1-inch priming pipes, separate controllable air cocks, may be retained on all pumps at present in service, and will be considered satisfactory, if kept in good order.

If in any case such checks give trouble the priming arrangement may be changed and valves like Fig. 14 or rubber checks as described in sections _f-j_, made up in detachable form,[D] may be put on if desired, where the connections on the pump permit them.

Where neither method is desired or where neither is feasible the faulty checks may be replaced by a special type such as are now made for this use, by the Locke Regulator Company, of Salem, Mass. These are 1-inch check valves, adapted to use a small disc of medium hard rubber, similar to a pump valve.

These fittings are very near the dimensions of the commercial check valve, so that with slight shortening of piping connections they will fit into the present arrangements, and give satisfaction.

47. DRAIN COCKS.

_a._ Five brass drain cocks, each with a lever handle and of 1/2-inch bore, are to be provided, and located one on each end of each water cylinder, and one above the upper valve deck.

Care should be taken to select a pattern of cock whose passageway
is the practical equivalent of a 1/2-inch hole. Some patterns of
1/2-inch commercial cocks although threaded for 1/2-inch pipe thread
have but a 1/4-inch hole through them. Such are not acceptable.

[Footnote D: Such detachable rubber check valves are now made up in regular form by the George F. Blake Mfg. Co., East Cambridge, Mass.]

TESTS FOR ACCEPTANCE.

48. TEST FOR SMOOTHNESS OF ACTION.

_a._ Provide outlets for the water; start the pump slowly, gradually open steam-throttle to bring the pump to full speed.

The pump should run smoothly at the rated full speed of 70 revolutions per minute (or 60 revolutions if a 1,500-gallon pump) with full length of stroke, and meanwhile maintain a water pressure of 100 lbs. per square inch.

If the hose lines are short, or discharge is too free, partly close the water outlet valves, thus throwing an extra back pressure on the pump equivalent to that which would be produced through a greater length of hose.

During this trial it is preferable to discharge the water through
lines of 2-1/2-inch cotton rubber-lined hose, preferably each 150
feet long, each connected directly to the hose outlets on the pump,
and each line having a 1-1/8-inch smooth nozzle at its outer end. Two
lines should be connected for a 500-gallon pump, three for a 750, and
so on, having as many lines as rating of pump requires.

A hose line 150 feet long, with an inside surface of average
smoothness, and with a 1-1/8-inch nozzle attached, will require about
80 pounds pressure at the pump to discharge 250 gallons per minute,
and the nozzle pressure will be about 45 pounds. Therefore, with
lines attached as above, a pressure at the pump of about 80 pounds
should represent a discharge about equal to the rated capacity of
the pump, and would ordinarily correspond with the rated full speed
revolutions.

If the pump runs smoothly under these conditions, it is well to open
the throttle somewhat further, and bring the pressure at the pump
up to 100 pounds. This will give a discharge of about 280 gallons
per stream, or about 12 per cent. in excess of the rated capacity.
The revolutions will, of course, correspondingly increase, and
under all ordinary conditions a pump should run smoothly at this
higher capacity though a little more vibration and pounding would be
expected than when running simply at its rated speed.

After cushion valves are adjusted there should be no noteworthy water
hammer or valve-slam. Sometimes valve-slam is not the fault of the
pump, but arises from an obstructed suction pipe. It is objectionable
to doctor water hammer in a pump by “snifting” air into the suction,
as this cuts down the efficiency and is a poor expedient.

The quietness of that part of the hose near the pump, or its freedom
from rubbing back and forth crosswise an inch or more with each
pulsation of the pump, is a good index of the pump maker’s skill
in securing uniform delivery. Bad pulsation quickly wears holes in
the hose, and to reveal this is the object of testing _with hose
connected directly to the pump_.

49. TEST OF THE INTERNAL FRICTION.

_a._ This is shown by the reading of steam gauge compared with water pressure gauge at air chamber.

Tests have generally run about as follows, for pumps running at full rated speed:

_b._ The steam pressure needed will vary slightly with the freedom of the exhaust pipe and with the tightness of the packings, etc., but a steam pressure of 45 pounds at the steam chest should suffice for 100 pounds water pressure on pump in proper adjustment.

50. TEST OF STRENGTH AND TIGHTNESS.

_a._ First, shut the main valve between the pump and the fire system lest a sprinkler head be burst, then shut all water outlets nearly, but not quite tight, so pump will move very slowly. Screw safety valve down hard. Slowly and carefully admit steam pressure sufficient to give 240 pounds per square inch water pressure.

_b._ With this extreme pressure all joints should remain substantially tight, and the slow motion of the pump should be tolerably smooth and uniform. (The leakage of a few drops here and there and a little unsteadiness of motion are to be expected.)

_c._ If boiler pressure is above 85 pounds, the safety valve on pump should be attached and screwed down only enough to hold the required pressure. For with 100 pounds or more of steam the water pressure might be carried too high.

After completing the above test slack off on safety valve, setting it so that it will begin to open at about 100 pounds pressure.

51. TEST OF CAPACITY OF SAFETY VALVE.

_a._ The relief valve may next be tested by first adjusting it to “pop” at 100 pounds, then shut the main outlet to pump, and then shut the hose gates one by one, and thus force all the discharge through the relief valve, meanwhile opening steam throttle, so as to run pump _first at two-thirds speed or about 50 revolutions per minute_, and finally at full speed (70 revolutions). The safety valve (relief valve) should carry all this and not let the pressure rise above 125 pounds.

The pressure in a quick-moving fire-pump necessarily fluctuates 5
to 15 pounds at different points in stroke, and an air chamber of
reasonable size cannot wholly remove this. Therefore the safety valve
must be set at about 15 pounds higher than the intended average
working pressure; otherwise it will get to jumping with almost every
stroke.

52. TEST OF INTERNAL LEAKAGE OR SLIP.

_a._ Set safety-valves at 115 lbs., shut all water outlets, admit steam enough to give 100 pounds water pressure, then pump will move very slowly under the influence of the leakage past plungers. About one revolution of pump per minute shows a proper accuracy of fit. Anywhere from 1/3 to 2 revolutions per minute is satisfactory.

_Too tight a fit is bad_, as if not exceedingly uniform it induces
scoring or cutting of the metals. Moreover, should the pump happen
to be run dry for a few minutes before catching its suction a slight
warming and expansion of the plunger may cause it to stick and cut.

53. TEST WITH MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE.

_a._ For this, alternately shut down the main outlet gate and adjust the hand-wheel of the safety valve, and open up on the throttle as may be required, running pump at say one-half speed (or, in experienced hands, at full rated speed), and note the greatest water pressure which the full boiler pressure (unless boiler pressure is above 85 lbs.) will yield with pump at full speed.

Sometimes it may be necessary to force water through very long lines
of hose, or to an unusual height.

Steam fire engines are not infrequently called on to give 200 pounds
per square inch water pressure.

To test short hose lines with anywhere near so high a pump-pressure
is dangerous, lest nozzle kick and pull itself away from the man
holding it and thrash around; but the ability of the pump may be
tested by putting this high pressure-delivery mainly through the
safety valve, or in part through the partially closed main outlet
gate.

_It is not advisable to carry this water pressure above 200 pounds
in this test_ at the factory, (although in the shop test the water
pressure is carried to 240 pounds) and engine driver should stand
with his hand on the throttle.

54. TEST FOR MAXIMUM DELIVERY.

_a._ This can best be tried by adding one or, in some cases, two more streams than the pump is rated to deliver by attaching the extra lines of hose to some hydrant near, and then speed up the pump gradually, to see how fast it may be run before violent pounding or slamming of valves begins.

Sometimes the increased delivery can be drawn off through an open
hydrant-butt meanwhile holding sufficient back pressure to show 100
pounds on the water gauge by partly closing the discharge valve.

The engine driver should stand with his hand on or near the throttle
when thus speeding the pump.

It is all right to run a fire-pump up to the utmost speed possible
before water hammer begins, and very often a pump, while new and if
favorably set up, can deliver 25 to 50 per cent. more than rated
capacity; nevertheless, although expert treatment can force 1,000
gallons from a 16 × 9 × 12 pump we can rate it as only a 750-gallon
pump. _There must be some margin to allow for wear and for the
possible absence of the expert at time of fire._

THE MAIN POINTS OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE “NATIONAL STANDARD” AND THE “TRADE PUMP” ARE:

Brass Plungers instead of cast-iron plungers.
Wrought iron side levers instead of cast iron.
Bronze piston rods and valve rods instead of iron or steel.
Pump has brass-lined stuffing boxes instead of cast iron.
Rock shafts are brass bushed.
Area of water valves is 25 to 50 per cent. greater.
Steam and exhaust passages 20 to 50 per cent. greater.
Suction pipe connections two to four inches greater diameter.
Cushion valves better arranged.
Air chamber is made much larger.
Shells and bolting are warranted especially strong.

The following necessary fittings are included in the price, and regularly furnished as a part of this pump, viz.:

A capacity plate.
A stroke gauge.
A vacuum chamber.
Two best quality pressure gauges.
A water relief valve of large capacity.
A cast iron relief valve discharge cone.
A set of brass priming pipes and special priming valves.
From two to six hose valves.
A sight feed cylinder lubricator connected above throttle.
A one-pint hand oil pump connected below throttle.

Information regarding tests made under these specifications can be obtained by addressing Underwriters’ Laboratories, Chicago, Ill.

INDEX TO PUMP SPECIFICATIONS.

Article No.
and section.

Acceptance, tests for, 48 to 54

Air chamber, 40

Air valve, 45

Automatic sprinklers, discharge of, 3 _c_

Boiler power required for driving pumps, 3 _a_

Bolts, allowable stress and size, 9, 27 _f_

Bolting standards required, 39 _c_

Bushings for packed water pistons, 30

Bushings for plungers, 28, 29

Capacity of pumps, method of computing, 4

Capacity plate, 5

Chambers, air and vacuum, 40

Clearance in steam cylinders, 12

Cone, discharge, 44

Cover plates for water valves, 35

Cranks, 16

Crossheads, 16 _c_

Cushion valves, 19

Cylinders, steam, 8

Cylinders, water, 27

Delivery, test of maximum, 54

Discharge cone, 44

Drain cocks, 24, 47

Duplex pumps required, 2

Fire stream, standard, 3 _c_

Flanges, standards required, 39 _c_

Friction, internal, tests for, 49

Guards for valves, 35

Gauges, pressure, 23, 41

Gauges, stroke, 26

Hose valves, 42

Inspection at shop, 7

Leakage, test of internal, 52

Levers, valve motion, 17

Links, 16

Name plates, 5

Oiling devices, 25

Pipe, sizes, steam and water, 39

Piston areas, ratio, 3 _a_

Pistons, packed water, 30

Piston rods and nuts, 20

Pistons, steam, 13

Plunger bushings, 28, 29

Plunger, water, 28, 29

Pressure, maximum, working tests for, 53

Priming, methods required, 46

Rock shafts, 16

Rods, piston, 20

Rods, valve, 21

Safety valves, 43

Safety valve, test of capacity, 51

Shop inspection, 7

Single pumps not acceptable, 2

Sizes of pumps, standards, 3 _a_

Slip, 4 _f_

Slip, test of internal, 52

Smoothness of action, test for, 48

Speed of pumps, 3 _a_, 33 _b_

Speed of pumps, revolutions per minute, 3 and 4

Springs, valve, 35

Steam cylinders, 8

Steam, clearance space, 12

Steam joints, 8 _c_

Steam pistons, 13

Steam ports, 11

Steam slide valves, 14, 15

Strength of parts, 6

Strength, tests for, 50

Stuffing box, 22

Tests for acceptance, 48 to 54

Tightness, tests for, 50

Vacuum chamber, 40

Valves, water valve areas, 33-34

Valve, air, 45

Valve, cover plates, 35

Valves, delivery, 34

Valve guards, 35

Valves, hose, 42

Valve motion stand, 18

Valves, pump, general requirements, 31

Valves, pump, size and number, 32

Valve rods, 21

Valve rod heads, 16 _c_

Valves, safety, 43

Valve seats, water, construction of, 37

Valve springs, 35

Valve, steam slide, 14

Valves, steam slide adjustment, 15

Valve stems, types required, 38

Valves, sticking of water valves, 36

Valve, suction valve area, 33

Water cylinders, 27

Workmanship, character of, 1

Yoke, 10

INDEX
TO PART ONE

_Any one, and more especially the attentive student, can with the
least trouble avail himself of the subject matter contained in this
work by doing as indicated in the following old English couplet
quoted by Chas. Reade._

“_=For index-reading turns no student pale,
Yet takes the eel of science by the tail.=_”

THE INDEX

TO PART ONE OF ROGERS PUMPS AND HYDRAULICS.

PAGE

=Accumulator=, an, des., 151
hydraulic, ills. and des., 171-173
rule for calculating capacity of, 172

=Acid, muriatic=, specific gravity of, 96
sulphuric, specific gravity of, 96

=Adjustment of the slide valves= of the underwriter steam fire pumps,
360

=Advantages of a duplex pump= as a fire pump, 351

=Aëriform fluids=, des., 15

=Air=, des., composition of, 15, 16
and vacuum chambers for the underwriter pump, 381
Practically the reverse of each other, 221

=Air-bound=, def., 17

=Air chamber of pump=, ills., 223
chambers, ills. and des., 220

=Air-cock=, def., 17

=Air=, gravity and elasticity of, 16

=Air pump=, 13
and electric motor, ills. and des., 271
valve, marking of, for the underwriter pump, 385

=Alcohol=, specific gravity of, 96

=Alcometer=, def., 94

=Allen, Frank=, annotations, IV, VIII

=Alternating motor=, des. and ills., 252

=Ammeters=, des. and ills., 256

=Ampere=, def., 256

=Angle for crank positions of duplex, triplex and quadruplex pumps=,
230
of check valve, ills. and des., 227

=Animal power=, 187

=Animals=, when drinking are natural bellows pumps, Note, 199

=Annular valve=, def., 17

=Antimony=, specific gravity of, 96

=Apparatus, hydraulic=, def., 157

=Archimedes and the hydrostatic balance=, 93

=Area=, def., 17

=Armature=, des. and ills., 247, 251

=Armored pump valves=, ills. and des., 217

=Armstrong, Sir William=, designer of the hydraulic accumulator, 171

=Arsenic=, specific gravity of, 96

=Asphalt, melted=, raised by pumps, 188

=Assembling=, def., 17

=Atmospheric electricity=, 245
pressure, def., 17

=Attraction=, capillary, def., 103
of gravitation, 85

=Auxiliary=, def., 17

=Bag pump=, ills. and des., 198

=Balanced valve=, def., 18

=Ball check-valve=, def., 18

=Barrel= or cylinder of a pump, des., 189
ills., 195

=Base= of hand pump, ills., 195

=Basket=, def., 18

=Battery=, how indicated by the signs + and -, 261

=Bellows-pump=, illustrated and des., 186, 198, 199

=Belted pumps=, des. and ills., 225

=Belt-pumps=, hydraulic, 200
pumps, why so called, 187

=Bends=, def., 18

=Bethesda, pool of=, historical def., 49

=Bibb-cock=, def., 18

=Blakeslee steam pump=, ills. and des., 299-301

=Bodies soluble in water=, how weighed, 94

=Boiler feed pump duplex power=, ills. and des., 230-231
pumps, ills. and des., 225-234
table of capacity of, 226

=Boiling point of water=, 76

=Bolt-extractor=, des. and ills., 164

=Bolts and stubs= to be used in the underwriter steam fire pump, 356

=Bonnets=, def., 18
ills., 223

=Boss=, def., 19

=Boulton, Matthew=, inventor of hydraulic ram note, 175

=Bourdon spring=, of metallic barometer des., 115-116

=Bounarbashi fountains of=, historical def., 50

=Braden pump valve=, ills. and des., 215-216

=Bramah=, time of his invention of the hydraulic press, 169

=Brass=, specific gravity of, 96

=Breast=, water wheel des. and ills., 122

=Brick=, specific gravity of, 96

=Bronze=, specific gravity of, 96

=Brotherhood three cylinder hydraulic engine=, 150-152

=Brushes=, dynamo, des. and ills., 251, 262

=Buckets, gaining and losing=, historical, des. and ills., 59, 60
part of water wheel, 130

=Buffalo single cylinder pump=, ills. and des., 319-321

=Burnham steam pump=, ills. and des., 324-326

=Bushing=, def., 19

=Caffee, Alberto H.=, dedication of work to, V

=Calabash=, des., 38

=Cameron steam pump=, ills. and des., 295, 296

=Capacity of a pump=, depends upon speed, etc., 353-354

=Capacity plate= of the underwriter steam fire pump, 355

=Capillary attraction=, def., 103
facts and ills., 103, 104
note, containing examples of, 104

=Care and management of electric pumps=, 268

=Carlyle=, quotation, IV

=Cases= for turbines, des. and ills., 136

=Castor oil=, specific gravity of, 96

=Cauldron=, ills., 35

=Centrifugal pump and electric motor=, ills. and des., 272
pumps, why so called, 188

=Chain of pots=, des. and ills., 63
pumps, why so called, 187

=Chambers=, air and vacuum for the underwriter pump, 381

=Charcoal=, specific gravity of, 96

=Check-nut=, def., 19
valve, def., 19
office of, 388
of the underwriter pump, method of use, 387, 388
wing pattern, ills. and des., 227

=Chemicals, pump for handling=, ills. and des., 233

=Chinese windlass=, des. and ills., 47, 62

=“Chutes” of water wheel=, ills., 139

=Circuit breakers=, 255

=Circulating pump=, def., 19

=Clack valve=, def., 19

=Classification of pumps=, 185

=Clay=, specific gravity of, 96

=Clearance=, def., 19
space of the underwriter steam fire pump, 356

=Clepsydra=, des. and ills., 39

=Coal=, specific gravity of, 96

=Cock=, def., 19

=Cocks, drain=, for the underwriter pump, 390

=Coefficient of friction=, def., 99

=Collecting-brushes=, part of dynamo, 248

=Column pipe=, def., 19

=Commutator=, ills. and des., 247, 262
bars, des. and ills., 251

=Compensator=, 256

=Compound duplex pumps=, with the Deane switch valves, 343
steam pumps, 65

=Compounding=, what it consists of, 335

=Compression gauge cock=, def., 20

=Compton hydraulic motor=, des. and ills., 153

=Computation of capacity of the underwriter fire pump=, method of,
353-354

=Computation relating to specific gravity= of various bodies, 95-98
relating to the velocity of falling bodies, 89, 90

=Conditions of service= required of a pump, 224

=Cone=, discharge, of the underwriter pump, I, 384

=Construction of the water ends= of single cylinder and duplex pumps,
209

=Contents=, Table of, part one, 15

=Controllable valve arrangement=, des. and ills., for underwriter
pump, 386

=Copper=, specific gravity of, 96

=Copyright=, page, VIII

=Cork=, specific gravity of, 96

=Corliss valves applied to the Riedler belt driven pumps=, 240

=Cornish (engine) pump=, des., 65
pumping engines, history of, 65

=Corrosion=, def., 20

=Covers, valve springs and guards= for the underwriter pump, 376

=Crane, Anglo-Saxon=, historical ref. and ills., 48

=Cranes=, lifts and hydraulic, 180

=Crow=, def., 20

=Cup leather packing=, 20, 154, 190

=Current delivered from a dynamo=, how reversed, 264

=Current electricity=, 244

=Current water wheel=, des. and ills., 123

=Cushioning=, def., 20

=Cushion valves= of the underwriter fire pump, 362

=Cylinder head or cylinder cover=, def., 20
of hydraulic jack, des. and ills., 158, 159
or barrel of a pump, des., 189
pumps, why so called, 188

=Cylinders for the water end= of the underwriter steam fire pump, 367
of the underwriter fire pump, thicknesses of, 356

=Davidson steam pump=, ills. and des., 287-289

=Dead end of a pipe=, def., 20

=Dean Bros. pump=, ills. and des., 326-328

=Deane single acting triplex power pump=, 234
switch valve, special features of, 34
steam pump, ills. and des., 317-319

=Dedication of work=, V

=Delivery valves= of the underwriter pump, 376

=Dial of pressure gauge= of the underwriter pump, how marked, 382

=Diaphragm pumps=, why so called, 187

=Direct acting duplex steam= pump, des., 69
pumps, des., 66-68

=Direct current motor=, des., 249

=Discharge cone= of the underwriter pump, 384
pipe connection, ills., 223
how made, 204

=Disk= or =disc=, def., 20

=Domestic electric pumps=, ills. and des., 269

=Double acting power pump=, with 4 check valves, ills. and des., 227
pumps, how they do their work, 187, 188
pump, when invented, 53

=Double-eye or knuckle joint=, def., 20
seated poppet valve, def., 21

=Drafting water=, des., 21

=Draft tube= of a water wheel, des., 135

=Drain cocks= for the underwriter pump, 390

=Drip-pipe=, des., 21

=Driven or tube wells=, 202

=Dry steam=, def., 286

=Duct=, def., 21

=Duplex fire pump=, shop name and shop number required on plate
attached to underwriters, 355
underwriters steam end, 356-366
=oil pumps=, ills. and des., 339
power pump not to be confounded with “Duplex pumps”, 230
pump, ills. and des., 331-398
outside packed plunger pattern for high pressure, 341
setting valves of, 338
pumps, history of, 65, 69
only acceptable for fire pumps, 351
with Deane switch valve, 343
Worthington admiralty pattern of, ills. and des., 337
steam fire pump, underwriters, water end of, 367-380
steam pump, important note, 333
valve motion, 333-334
underwriters steam, fire pump, 343-398

“=Dutchman=,” def., 21

=“Duty” of pumps=, def., 20

=Dynamics=, def., 245

=Dynamo=, def., 247
early Edison type, 248
electric current from a, how reversed, 264
five principal parts, 247
when it becomes a motor, 260

=Dynamometer=, turbine, des., 128

=Eccentrics of the triplex power pump=, how set, 232

=Edison dynamo=, early type, 248

=Efficiency of an electric pump=, 268

=Efflux of water= under pressure, 105-113

=Elbow=, def., 21
shown in piping, ills. and des., 223

=Electric circuit breakers=, 255

=Electric current=, action of, 257
from a dynamo, how reversed, 264

=Electric drive for fire pumps=, ills. and des., 273
house tank pumping plant, ills. and des., 269

=Electricity and electrical machinery=, 243
how classified and defined, 244
how measured, 246
important note, 243
in vibration, 244
vitreous, negative, positive, etc., 245
whence derived, 243

=Electric mining pumps=, ills. and des., 274-276

=Electric motor and air pump=, ills. and des., 271
motor, des., 249
operating a portable track pump, ills. and des., 276
pump, ills. and des., 272-273
pump, 241-276
pumping installation, notable example, 275
pumping machinery, 267-276
pumps, care and management, 268
properly power pumps, 208
why so called, 187

=Electric-rheostat=, transformer, compensator, 256

=Electric-switches and switchboards=, 254-255

=Electro-magnets=, ills. and des., 259

=Electro-motive force=, def., 246

=Elementary hydraulics=, 71-73

=Elements, phial of four=, (mercury, water, alcohol and petroleum)
des., 81

=Elevator pumps=, why so called, 187

=Emery=, specific gravity of, 96

=E. M. F.=, def., 246

=Energy=, mechanical and electrical, how transformed, 260

=Engineering=, as a branch of hydraulics, 74

=Engine, Rife hydraulic=, 177-179

=English unit of heat=, ills. and des., 284

=Equilibrium of superposed liquids=, data, 81

=Equilibrium-valve=, def., 21

=Ewbank, Thomas=, author, ref. to, 46

“=Ewbank’s hydraulics=,” credit given for use of, 52

=Ewers, golden=, used by rich Egyptians, 38

=Expansion joint=, des., 21

=Face=, def., 21

=Factor of safety=, def., 22

=Feather, or sunk key=, def., 22

=Field magnets=, 247

=Field, Marshall=, reference to, 273

=Field spider=, electrical, def., 253

=Fire-engine=, historical reference, 35

=Fire-pumps=, electric drive for, ills. and des., 273
national standard specification for the manufacture of, 351
steam to be started once a week, 377
underwriter, 344
uniform requirements for the underwriter’s steam, 350

=Flange packing=, hydraulic, ills. and des., 154

=Flanges=, table of standard sizes for underwriter pump, 381

=Flax, plaited=, recommended for packing power pumps, 230

=Flow=, def., 22
of water result of gravity, 89
under pressure, 3 cases of, 105

=Fluid condition of matter=, 73

=Fluids, aeriform=, des., 15
data relating to, 77-84
division into liquids and vapors or gases, 73
elastic, two classes of, 73
friction of, des., 99

=Flume=, def., 22
for water wheel, size of, 138
water, how to construct, 138

=Flutter-wheels=, des., 121

=Foot valve and strainer=, ills. and des., 223

=Force pumps=, classification of, 187
two-cylinder, 192
when invented, 53

=Formula= for obtaining the efficiency of hydraulic rams, 177

=Foster steam pump=, ills. and des., 292-294

=Foundations= for hand pumps, des., 204

=Fourneyron’s turbine=, historical note, 128

=Francis Weir table formula=, 122

=Frictional Electricity=, 244
resistance of water, three laws of, 100

=Friction and viscosity of fluids=, def., 99
sliding, def., 100
two kinds of, 99

=Fulcrum= of the lever of a hand pump, 195

=Fusee windlass=, historical note, 62

=Gaining and losing buckets=, historical, des. and ills., 59-60

=Gang pumps=, triplex power, ills. and des., 231

=Garner, Maj. Abram B.=, dedication of work to, V

=Gas a condition= or state of matter def., 73

=Gaseous condition of matter=, 73

=Gases=, permanent, des., 73

=Gas pumps=, why so called, 187

=Gate valve=, des., 22
of the underwriter pump, how marked, 389

=Gate-wheel= of turbine water wheel, ills., 139

=Gauge=, pressure, for the underwriter pump, 382

=Gauges, hydraulic=, des. and ills., 115

=Generator=, electric, def., 247
four-pole, des. and ills., 251

=Gland=, def., 22
and stuffing-box, ills. and des., 211

=Glass=, specific gravity of, 96

=Globe valve=, def., 22

=Glossary of pump and hydraulic terms=, 17-34

=Gold=, specific gravity of, 96

=Goose neck=, def., 22

=Gould triplex single acting power pump=, ills. and des., 236, 237

=Gourd=, ills., 35, 38

=Granite=, specific gravity of, 96

=Gravitation=, important note, 88
universal, 85

=Gravity=, law of, 85
influence in weight of water, note, 80
specific, 91

=Gridiron valve=, def., 23

=“Guides” of water wheels=, des., 131

=Guild and Garrison steam pump=, ills. and des., 307-308

=Gutter, double=, des. and ills., 54

=Gyle and gyle-tun=, def., also note, 157

=Gypsum=, specific gravity of, 96

=Hand-nut=, def., 23

=Hand pumps, classification of=, 187
points for erecting and operating, 204

=Hand rotary force pump=, ills. and des., 197

=Hand wheel for safety valve= of the underwriter pump, ills., 383

=“Hat” or flange hydraulic packing=, ills. and des., 154

“=Head of water=,” def., 23

=Heat units=, def., 23

=Hercules= (turbine) wheel, des. and ills., 132, 133

=Hero=, his first mention of steam, 200 years B. C., 279

=Hero’s water clock=, des. and ills., 39

“=Hesitates=,” def., 23

=High pressure steam=, def., 286

=High speed in pumps=, disadvantages of, 215

=Hill steam pump=, ills. and des., 305-306

=History of hydraulic engines=, 149
invention of the duplex steam pump, 335

=Holloway, J. F.=, historical quotation, 37
note relating to pumping oil, 341

=Hooker steam pump=, with outside valve gear, 301-303

=Horizontal jack=, ills. and des., 163, 164
pumps, why so called, 187
turbine wheel, des., 133

=Horse power apparatus=, combined pump, 201
theoretic, of Niagara Falls water wheels, 143
of a pump, def., 23

=Hose valves=, sizes for the underwriter pump, 383

“=Hump=,” def., 23

=Hydrant=, def., 23

=Hydraulic accumulator=, ills. and des., 171-173

=Hydraulic apparatus=, 154-184
pumps as, 181

=Hydraulic belt=, def., 23
pump, 200

=Hydraulic bolt extractor=, ills. and des., 164
data, 77-84
engine of Huelgoat, interesting note, 149
Ramsbottom’s, des. and ills., 148, 150-152
Brotherhood three-cylinder, 150-152
gauges, des. and ills., 115

=Hydraulic intensifier=, des., 173

=Hydraulic jack=, des. and ills., 158-162

=Hydraulic jacks=, pulling, horizontal, etc., 163, 164
relating to repairs and use, 161, 162
lifts and cranes, 180
machinery, broadly divided, 119
machine tools, 183, 184
motors, 147-153
motors, resemblance to high pressure steam engines, 149

=Hydraulic motor, the Compton=, 153
packings, 153, 154
pivot, def., 24
press, des. and ills., 169, 170
when invented, 53
punch, des. and ills., 165-167

=Hydraulic ram=, double, 177
table of capacity, 174
des. and ills., 180

=Hydraulics=, as a branch of engineering, 73, 74
as a term, how formed, 74
def., 73

=Hydraulics, elementary=, 71, 73-116

=Hydraulic shears=, def., 24
shock, def., 145
tourniquet, des. and ills., 126
valve, def., 24
wheel, def., 24

=Hydro-dynamics=, def., 73, 74

=Hydro-mechanics=, def., 74
as a branch of natural philosophy, 74
stress considered in a pressure, is always, 147

=Hydro-meters=, see note, 92

=Hydro-pneumatics=, 15, 75

=Hydrostatics=, def., 74

=Hydrostatic balance=, des. and ills., 93
paradox, data, ills., 78

=Impact=, def., 24
water wheels, 121

=India rubber= best for fire pump valves, 377

=Induction motors=, as used in mines, 275
special electrical quality of, 252

=Inspection shop=, required of the underwriters steam fire pump
makers, 356

=Installation of electric pumps=, 268

=Intensifier=, hydraulic, des., 173

=Introduction, historical=, 35-70

=Introductory Considerations=, 70

=Invention of pressure engines=, a new mode of employing water as a
motive agent, 147

=Inventions, successive=, 65
water lifting, 53

=Iron cases for turbine water wheels=, des. and ills., 136

=Iron draft tube=, des., 137

=Iron=, specific gravity of, 96

=Italian mode of raising water=, des. and ills., 51

=Jantu=, the historical, des. and ills., 54

=Jet pumps=, why so called, 188

=Jets=, direction of, from orifices, 113

=Joseph’s well=, Cairo, ills., 45
use of chain of pots in, 63, 64

=Joule’s experiment=, 284

=Knowles steam pump=, ills. and des., 310-312

=Knuckle-joint=, def., 20

=Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon duplex underwriter pump=, ills. and des., 273
steam pump, ills. and des., 290-292

=Laminated pole piece=, def. and ills., 254

=Law of gravity=, 85

=Laws of falling bodies=, 86
Table, 87

=Lead=, specific gravity of, 96

“=Leakage=,” def., 24

=Leather collar hydraulics=, the invention of Bramah, 153, 154
the, of a hand pump, how held in place, 191
valve of hand pump, ills., 195

=Leffel-Samson turbine= water wheel, des. and ills., 130

=Leffel water wheel=, ills., 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 144

=Levator=, quotation from, X

“=Lift and drop of a valve=,” def., 24

=Lifting-jack=, def., 29

=Lifts and cranes, hydraulic=, 180

=Line of direction=, or line of a falling body, 88

“=Liner=,” def., 24

=Liquid=, def., 73

=Liquids=, as a condition or state of matter, 73
equilibrium of superposed, data, 81
three cases of flow under pressure, 105
veins, form and constitution of, 106, 107

=Live steam=, def., 286

“=Losing water=,” def., 25

“=Lost motion=,” def., 25

=Low pressure steam=, def., 286, 25

“=Lug=,” def., 25

=Magnetic current=, pressure necessary to produce a, 242
field of how produced, 260
needle, des., 266
ills., 242

=Magnetism=, 244

=Magneto-electricity=, 245

=Magnets, electro=, ills. and des., 259

=Magnitudes=, three-time, length and quality, 87, 88

“=Main=,” def., 25

=Manual power=, 187

=Marble=, specific gravity of, 96

=Mason, Chas. J.=, quotation from, VII

=Mason steam pump=, ills. and des., 297-299

=Matter=, def., 88
solid, liquid and gaseous, states of, 73
three physical conditions, des., 73

=McGowan steam pump=, ills. and des., 308-310

=Mean gradient=, def., 25

=Measurement of water pressure=, 113

=Mercury=, specific gravity of, 96

=Mica=, specific gravity of, 96

=Mica=, where used, 251

=Millstone=, specific gravity of, 96

=Miner’s inch=, def., 25

=Mining outfit=, how divided, 275

=Mississippi River gauge cock=, def., 25

=Model= of suctions and force pumps, glass, 181

“=Modulus=” of a steam pump, def., 25

=Momenta=, equal, principle of applied to fluids, 83

=Montgolfier’s hydraulic ram=, note, 175

=Moore steam pump=, ills. and des., 313-315

=Motor=, alternating induction, des. and ills., 252
and centrifugal pump, ills. and des., 272
direct current, des., 249
electric, and air pump, ills. and des., 271
electric, des., 249
electric, why revolves, explanation, 258

=Motors=, division of water, des., 119
giving names to pumps, 187
hydraulic, 147, 153
induction, as used in mines, 275

=Motor=, water, simplicity of, 120
note, 120
when it becomes a dynamo, 260

=Mud, pump for handling=, ills. and des., 233

=National standard duplex fire pump=, ills. and des., 343-398
points of difference between it and the trade pump, 395
pump, 349
specifications for the manufacture of steam fire pumps, 349, 351

=National steam pump=, ills. and des., 303, 304

=Natural philosophy=, hydro-mechanics as a branch of, 74

=Needle, magnetic=, des., 266
ills., 242

=Negative electricity=, 245

=Newcomen pumping engines=, history of, 65
Thomas, historical ref., 36

=Niagara Falls turbine wheels=, notes, 142, 143
des. and ills., 140, 144

=Nipple=, def., 26

=Nitrogen=, what part of air, 15

=Noria=, the, or Egyptian wheel, des. and ills., 57

=Nozzles=, kind of, to be used in connections with the national steam
fire pump, 353

=Oak=, specific gravity of, 96

=Oil pump=, ills. and des., 233
duplex, ills. and des., 339

=Olive oil=, specific gravity of, 96

=Oscillating pumps=, why so called, 188

=Outboard delivery pipe=, def., 26

=“Outfit” of underwriter pump=, 273

=“Out-put” of electric motor=, 249

=Over-shot water wheel=, des. and ills., 123, 125

=Oxygen=, what part of air, 15

=Packings, hydraulic=, 153, 154
most suitable for power pumps, 230

=Packing of hand pumps=, 204
loss of power in use of hydraulic, 154

=Parts of a pump=, 209

=Parts of pitcher pump=, ills. and des., 195

=Penstock=, ills., 134, 135
def., 26

=Persian wheel=, des. and ills., 58

=Pet-cock=, def., 26

=Pewter=, specific gravity of, 96

=Picotah of Hindostan=, des. and ills., 49

=Pine=, specific gravity of, 96

=Piston=, actual velocity of, 374

=Piston= and valve rods of the underwriter fire pump, ills. and des.,
364

=Pistons, steam=, of the underwriter steam fire pumps, 359

=Piston=, the, is nucleus of power of pumps and engines, 149

=Pitcher pump=, def., 26
spout pump, des. and ills., 195

=“Pitman” of a pump=, des., 190

=Pipe-clamp=, def., 26

=Pipe sizes, table of=, for underwriter pump, 380

“=Pipette=,” def., 26

=Piping a pump=, ills. and des., 222, 223

=Pipkin=, ills., 35

=Phial of four elements= (mercury, water, alcohol and petroleum),
des., 81

=Phosphorus=, specific gravity of, 96

=Plate, capacity=, of underwriter steam fire pump, 355

=Platinum=, specific gravity of, 96

=Plug-valve=, def., 26

=Plumb-bob=, def., 26

=Plunger of a pump=, how indicated in Fig. 181 and succeeding ills.,
209
of hand pump, ills., 195
pumps, single acting, ills. of two, 228, 229

=Plungers=, proportion of water and steam, advised by the
Underwriters Associat’n, 352, 353
water, of the underwriter steam fire pump, 368

=Pneumatics=, 15
def., 74
hydro, 15

=“Points” for erecting and operating hand pumps=, 204

=Pole-piece=, laminated, def. and ills., 254

=Pole-pieces=, part of dynamo, 247

=Poplar=, specific gravity of, 96

=Porcelain=, specific gravity of, 96

=Positive electricity=, 245

=Pots=, chain of, des. and ills., 63

=Power or steam ends of pumps=, 211

=Power pump=, double acting (4 check valves), 227
duplex, ills. and des., 230, 231
classification of, 187, 207

=Power transmission by water pressure engines=, 145

=Preface=, II

=Press=, hydraulic, des. and ills., 169, 170

=Pressure gauge= for the underwriter pump, 382
necessary to produce a magnetic current, 242
of electric currents, how measured, 256
of water, table of, 114
reducing valve, def., 27

=Priming=, def., 27
arrangement, des., 390
pipe of pump connections, 223
place for the underwriter pump, ills. and des., 387

=Prizometer or pressure guage=, def., 115

=Properties of steam=, explanation, 281-285

=Pulley and bucket=, historical des. and ills., 46, 48
and windlass, historical, des., 60, 61

=Pulling-jack=, hydraulic, des. and ills., 161, 163

=Pump and combined horse power= apparatus, 201
bag, ills. and des., 198
bellows, ills. and des., 186, 198, 199

=Pump-box=, def., 27

=Pump-brake=, def., 27

=Pump, Buffalo single cylinder=, ills. and des., 319-321

=Pump, Burnham steam=, ills. and des., 324-326

=Pump-chain=, def., 27

=Pump-cheeks=, def., 27

=Pump, conditions of service= required of a, 224

=Pump, Dean Bros.=, ills. and des., 326-328
=Deane single acting triplex power pump=, ills. and des., 234, 235
Deane steam, ills. and des., 317-319
double acting low service, belt driven, 227
duplex, ills. and des., 331-398
duplex, outside packed plunger pattern for high pressure, 341
duplex power, ills. and des., 230
duplex steam, explanation, 333
electric, direct driven motor, ills. and des., 272-273
electric induction motor, ills. and des., 276
electric mining, ills. and des., 274-276
Gould single acting triplex power pump, ills. and des., 236, 237

=Pump, Guild and Garrison steam=, ills. and des., 307-308
hand rotary force, ills. and des., 197
hydraulic belt, 200

=Pumping engine=, historical reference, 36

=Pumping machinery, electric=, 267-276

=Pump, Knowles steam=, ills. and des., 310-312
Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon, ills. and des., 290-292
Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon duplex underwriter, ills. and des., 275
McGowan steam, ills. and des., 308-310
Moore steam, ills. and des., 313-315

=Pump parts=, ills. and des., 209

=Pump=, parts of a, 189
pitcher spout, des. and ills., 195
quintuplex, used for mining operations, 275
rope, ills. and des., 200

=Pumps and Hydraulics=, in two parts, Part One, I-III

=Pumps as hydraulic apparatus=, 181

=Pumps=, belted, des. and ills., 225
boiler feed, ills. and des., 225-234
duplex oil, ills. and des., 339
for thick stuff, 233
high speed in, a disadvantage, 215
single acting triplex plunger, ills. and des., 233

=Pump sizes and capacities=, standard of, given in underwriter table,
352

=Pump slip or slippage=, 214

=Pump, Smith-Vaile single=, ills. and des., 329-330
Snow steam, ills, and des., 315-317

=Pumps, power driven=, how classified, 207

=Pump, spray hand=, ills. and des., 201

=Pumps, single acting=, ills. of two, 228, 229
stationary, for mine use, how classified, 275
steam end of, explanation, 279-285
steam, ills. and des., 277-330
suction and force, models of, glass, 181
suction, for vessels and irrigation, 193
steam, the Mason, ills. and des., 297-299
their operation and management, 208
triplex power, gang, ills. and des., 231
two-cylinder force, 193
underwriter fire, 344
water ends of, des. and ills., 209

=Pump, the air=, 13
the Blakeslee steam, ills. and des., 299-301
the Cameron steam, ills. and des., 295, 296
the Davidson steam, ills. and des., 287-289
the Foster steam, ills. and des., 292-294
the Hill steam, ills. and des., 305-306
the Hooker steam, with outside gear, ills. and des., 301-303
the National steam, ills. and des., 303, 304
the practical operation of a, note, 189
the Riedler belt driven, ills. and des., 238-240
the Riedler express, 240
the theoretical action of a, 189

=Pump valves=, des. and ills., 209
of the underwriter steam fire pump, 372
reinforced, des. and ills., 215
size and number of, for the underwriter pump, 373

=Pump=, Weinman steam, ills. and des., 322-324

=Pump-well=, def., 27

=Pump=, Worthington duplex, 336
Worthington house tank, ills. and des., 269-270

=Punch, hydraulic=, des. and ills., 165-166

=Quintuplex pump=, used in mining operations, 275

=Quotations=, I, II

=Radiated electricity=, 245

=Rain-gauge=, def., 28

=Ram, double hydraulic=, 177
hydraulic, table of capacity, 174
des. and ills., 180
of hydraulic jack, des. and ills., 158, 159
Rife hydraulic, 177

=Ramsbottom hydraulic engine=, des. and ills., 148, 150-152

=Reaction turbine water wheel=, 127
water wheel, des. and ills., 126

=Reducing-coupling=, def., 28

=Riedler express pump=, 240
the belt driven pump, ills. and des., 238-240

=Reinforced pump valves=, des. and ills., 215

=Relief valve= of the underwriter pump, 384

=Resinous electricity=, 245

=Resistance=, def., 28
three laws of, in flow of water, 100

=Rheostat=, des., 256

=Rife hydraulic ram=, or engine, 177-179

=Right-hand thread=, def., 28

=Rock shafts, cranks, links=, etc., of the underwriter fire pump, 361

=Racks, water=, for water wheels, how best made, 131

=Roberts torpedo= for clearing wells, note, 202

=Roman screw= for raising water, des. and ills., 52
wells, historical ref., 48

=Rope pump=, ills. and des., 200
pumps, why so called, 187
socket, def., 28

=Rotary, hand, force pump=, ills. and des., 197
pumps, why so called, 188

=Rotative engine pumps=, des., 65

=Rubber=, how to determine quality of, 372

=Rule for calculating capacity of accumulator=, 172
for finding the specific gravity of a solid body, 95
for velocity of water in flume, pipes and tail race, 138
relating to the velocities of fluids flowing from orifices, 105, 106
relating to velocity of falling bodies, 89
to find weight of a cubic foot of anything in the table of specific
gravities, 97

“=Runner=” of turbine wheels, des., 131

=Rust-joint=, def., 28

=Safety valve= for the underwriter pump, des., 383

=Salt=, specific gravity of, 96

=Sand=, specific gravity of, 96

=Saturated steam=, def., 286

=Savery, Capt. Thomas=, historical ref., 36

=Scoop wheel=, des. and ills., 56

=Screw jack= or lifting jack, def., 29
Roman, for raising water, des. and ills., 52

=Sea injection=, def., 29

=Seats, valve=, of the underwriter pump, 377

=Sea water=, how many cubic feet to ton, 97
specific gravity of, 96

=Selden’s packing=, recommended for packing power pumps, 230

=Semi-liquids=, def., 75
pump for handling, ills. and des., 233

=Setting of a turbine wheel= in penstock, des. and ills., 134

=Setting chamber of duplex pump=, des., 336

=Sewage=, pump for handling, ills. and des., 232

=Shawinigan turbine wheel=, des., 133
ills., II, IV

=Shield for prevention of accident in gear pumps=, 233

=Ship pumps=, working, by ropes, ills., 14

“=Shocks=,” def., 29

=Shop name=, and shop number required on plate attached to the
underwriter steam fire pump, 355

=Siloah’s fountain=, historical ref., 49

=Silver=, specific gravity of, 96

=Single acting pumps=, how they do their work, 188
why so called, 187

“=Slams=,” def., 29

=Slate=, specific gravity of, 96

=Sleeve-coupling=, def., 29

=Sliding friction=, def., 100

“=Slippage=,” def., 29
of water in pumps, 214

=Sluice=, def., 29

=Slurry pump=, def., 29

=Smith-Vaile single pump=, ills. and des., 329-330

=Snow steam pump=, ills. and des., 315-317

=Soap, pump for handling=, ills. and des., 233

=Solid=, def., 73

=Solids=, a condition or state of matter, 73

=Socket-wrench=, def., 29

=Spanner=, def., 29

=Specific gravity of liquids=, 96
of steam, 286
rule for finding the, of a solid body, 95
standard for, 91
tables, rule to find weight of anything in, 97

=Spline or feather=, def., 29

=Split-pin or cutter=, def., 29

=Spray pump=, ills. and des., 201

“=Spread=,” def., 29

=Spring, a conical=, employed to hold the valve to its seat, 209

=Spring-seat=, def., 29

=Springs, valve, guards and covers= for the underwriter pump, 376

=Standard, National=, specification for the manufacture of steam fire
pumps, 351

=Statics=, def., 244
what it treats of, 74
electricity, 244

=Steam end of a pump=, def., 30, 279-285
of the underwriter steam fire pump, details of, 356-366

=Steam engines, compound=, adapted to pump, 70

=Steam fire pumps, to be started once a week=, 377

=Steam gas=, def., 286
=history of steam and the steam engine=, 280
how produced, 285
or power ends of pumps, 209
parts of the underwriter steam fire pump, 356
properties of, explanation, 281-285
properties which make it valuable, 286

=Steam pump=, ills. and early patent of H. R. Worthington, 278-330
how classified, 188
why so called, 187

=Steam, relative volume of=, diagram, 282
specific gravity of, 286
thrown valves, def., 30
total heat of, 286
useful definitions relating to, 285-286

=Steel=, specific gravity of, 96

=Stems, valve=, of the underwriter pump, 379

=Step= for water wheel, danger of heating, 137

“=Sticking of valves=,” def., 30
des., 377

=Strainer=, def., 30
foot valve, ills. and des., 223
for suction pipe, ills., 204
for tube wells, ills. and des., 203

=Streams, velocities of=, ills., 110

=“Stroke” of pump=, def., 30

=Stub-end=, def., 30

=Stud-bolt=, def., 30

=Stuffing-box=, def., 30
and gland, ills. and des., 211
of the underwriter steam fire pump, 365

=Submerged pump=, def., 30

=Sucker-rod=, couplings, des. and ills., 203, 204

“=Sucking wind=,” def., 31

=Suction and force pumps=, classification of, 187
glass models of, 181
two-cylinder, arranged with extension levers, ills., 196

=Suction-force pump= with air chamber, ills. and des., 226

=Suction or lift pumps=, classification of, 187
pump, for vessels, ills., 193
pipe, how made and placed, 204
pipe, proper, ills. and des., 223
valve area of the underwriter pump, 373
of the Riedler express pump, peculiarities of, 240

=Sulphur=, specific gravity of, 96

=Superheated steam=, def., 286

=Supplemental piston=, def., 31

=Supply channel=, leading water from falls, 119

=Swape or sweep=, historical ref. and ills., 48

=Swing check valve=, def., 31

=Switch=, automatic, 269

=Switch-cock or valve=, def., 31

=Switches and switch boards=, des. and ills., 254-255

=Switch valve=, Deane, with duplex pump, 393

=Syphon=, des., 40
ills., 41-44
cock, def., 31

=Syringe=, des., 44

=Table= for underwriter pump, pipe sizes, 380
of capacity, etc., of boiler feed pumps, 226
etc., of triplex power pumps, 231
for single acting triplex plunger pump, 233
of hydraulic ram, 174
of Worthington house tank pump, 270
sizes, etc., of two-cylinder force and suction pump, 196

=Table of Contents of Part One=, 15
diameters of waste pipe of the underwriter pump, 384
temperatures of water, 75
National standard of sizes for duplex steam fire pumps, 352
pressure of water, 114
pressure of water at different depths, 77
size, capacities, etc., Worthington admiralty pattern boiler feed
pump, 337
sizes, etc., of belted pumps, 225
sizes of vacuum and air chambers for the underwriter pump, 382

=Table of specific gravities=, 96
standard flanges for the underwriter pump, 381
suction valve area of the underwriter pump, 373
test of the internal friction of the underwriter pump, 392
valve port area and valve outlet area for underwriter pumps, 375
volume of one pound of water, 76
weight of one cubic foot of water, 76
inch of water, 76
weight, volume and pressure of water, 75-77

=Table=, showing relation of time, space and velocity, 87

=Tail race leading from water falls=, 119
=water=, des., 131
level of, ills., 134, 136
of turbine, des., 135

=Tank=, electric house pumping plant, ills. and des., 269

=Tan-liquor=, pump for handling, ills. and des., 233

=Tar=, pump for handling, ills. and des., 233

=Test for acceptance= of the underwriter pump, 391-393
maximum delivery, 394

=Test of the quality of rubber=, 372

=Thumb-nut=, def., 32

=Tide water wheel=, des. and ills., 123

=Tin=, specific gravity of, 96

=Tobin-bronze=, def., 32

=“Toe” upon a disc of pump=, des., 190

=Tools, hydraulic machine=, 183

=Torpedo, Robert’s=, for clearing wells, note, 202

=Torricelli’s theorem=, relating to flow of fluids flowing from an
orifice, and note, 105

=Tourniquet=, hydraulic, des. and ills., 126

=Trade pumps=, underwriters criticism of, 351

“=Trailing water=,” def., 32

=Transformer=, des., 256

=Transmission of power by water pressure engines=, 145

=Triplex power gang pump=, table of capacity, etc., 231
pump, how to set the 6 eccentric, 232

“=Trompe=,” def., 32

=Tube=, or driven wells, 202

=Tube-plug=, def., 32
wells, how driven, ills. and des., 203

=Turbine=, def., 32

=Turbine-dynamometer=, des. of, 128
Fourneyron’s, des. and ills., 128
pump, def., 32
water-tight, des. and ills., 139
water-wheels, des. and ills., 126-144
outward, vertical and central discharge of, 127
des. of parallel flow, 128
the Hercules, des. and ills., 132, 133
horizontal, des., 133

=Turbine wheels, Niagara Falls=, des. and ills., 140-144

=Turbine wheel=, setting of, in penstock, des. and ills., 134

=Turpentine oil=, specific gravity of, 96

=Tweddel=, design of the hydraulic accumulator, 172

=Two cylinder force pump=, 192
arranged with extension levers, 196

=Tympanum, The=, des. and ills., 55

=Undershot water wheel=, des. and ills., 122

=Underwriter fire pumps=, 344
list of attachments for, 345
area for suction valve for the, 373
test for acceptance of, 391

=Underwriter steam fire pump=, des. and ills., 343-398

=Union=, def., 33

=Unit of heat, English=, ills. and des., 384

=V packing, hydraulic=, ills. and des., 154

=Vacuum=, def., 33
and air chambers practically the reverse of each other, 221
for the underwriter pump, 381
ills. and des., 220

=Vacuum pumps, how classified=, 188

=Valve=, def., 33
air, def., and marking of, for the underwriter pump, 385
areas, size necessary for, 374
gate of the underwriter pump, how marked, 389
motion of duplex pump, 333, 334
of the Worthington duplex pump, 336
of hand pump, lower or suction, ills., 195

=Valve of Riedler belt-driven pump=, ills. and des., 238-240

=Valve port area= and valve outlet area, table of, for underwriter
pump, 374, 375
relief of the underwriter pump, 384
seats, bolts and springs should be of the best composition, metal,
etc., 218

=Valve setting of the Blakeslee steam pump=, 301
Buffalo single cylinder pump, 321
Burnham steam pump, 326
Cameron steam pump, 296
Davidson steam pump, 287-289
Dean Bros’ steam pump, 328
Deane steam pump, 319
Duplex steam pump, 338
Foster steam pump, 292-294
Guild and Garrison steam pump, 308
Hill steam pump, 306
Hooker steam pump with outside valve gear, 303
Knowles steam pump, 311
Dunn-Gordon steam pump, 290
Laidlaw, 292
Mason steam pump, 299
McGowan steam pump, 310
Moore steam pump, 315
National steam pump, 304
Smith-Vaile single steam pump, 330
Snow steam pump, 316
Weinman steam pump, 323

=Valve slam=, def., 374

=Valve springs=, guards and covers for the underwriter pump, 376

=Valve stems of the underwriter pump=, 379

=Valves, delivery=, of the underwriter pump, 376
hose, size for the underwriter pump, 383
pump, des. and ills., 309

=Valves, pump=, size and number of, for the underwriter pump, 373
reinforced pump, des. and ills., 215-216
small ones preferable, 213
steam slide of the underwriter fire pump, 360

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Pumps and Hydraulics, Part 1 (of 2)Chapter XII: Part 12

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