Pygmies & Papuans: The Stone Age To-day in Dutch New Guinea

Chapter XXV: Appendix: C

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NOTES ON LANGUAGES IN THE EAST OF NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA

BY SIDNEY H. RAY, M.A.

I. INTRODUCTION

In considering the languages of Netherlands New Guinea it is convenient to divide the territory into six geographical divisions. These are:—

1. The North-western Coast and Islands (Waigiu, Salawati,
and Misol).

2. The Western shore of Geelvink Bay and the islands
adjacent (Mefor, Biak, and Jobi).

3. The Peninsula of Kumava (Orange Nassau) with the
islands between Ceram and the Ké group.

4. The Southern and Eastern Shores of Geelvink Bay.

5. The North Coast from Kurudu Islands to Humboldt Bay.

6. The South-eastern Coast from Kamrau Inlet to the
Bensbach River on the boundary between Netherlands and
British territory.

The present notice only refers to languages in the three last of these divisions.

At the Western end of the South shore of Geelvink Bay is the district of Wandammen, of which the language is fairly well known. For this we have a vocabulary with grammatical examples (9),[26] and also for Windessi, which is the same language, a mission text-book. Eastward from Wandammen the numerals only are recorded (7), but at the Southern point of the Bay, in the district around Jamur Lake we have the collections made by Van der Sande during the Wichmann Expedition of 1903 (8). He gives a vocabulary of Angadi, an island in the Jamur Lake, some words of the Nagramadu dialect on the North-west, and the numerals of Goreda on the South of the lake. The languages of the Western Shore of Geelvink Bay are represented only by numerals (7) but there is more information of the language of Pauwi at the mouth of the Wamberam or Amberno or Mamberamo River, where F. van Braam Morris collected a vocabulary published by Robidé van der Aa in 1885 (6). This was considered faulty by de Clercq.[27]

Westward along the Northern coast very little linguistic material is available, and the few words recorded show great differences. The places of which the speech is known are, on the mainland: Takar, Tarfia and Tana Merah, and on the islands: Liki (in the Kumamba Group), Moar (called also Wakde), Masimasi and Jamna (4, 5).

For the region about Humboldt Bay we have short vocabularies of Jotafa by various collectors, and a fuller one by G. L. Bink (2), also Sentani lists by P. E. Moolenburg (3) and van der Sande (8). Moolenburg also gives a list from Seka, West of the Bay.

For the Southern shore of Netherlands New Guinea, we have nothing but vocabularies, none of very large extent, the most extensive being that of Merauke in the extreme West (15) which has also been ably discussed by Dr. N. Adriani.[28]

Commencing at Kamrau Inlet, the languages of the shore and islands are illustrated by the Kowiai vocabularies of Miklucho-Maclay (13), the papers of G. W. Earl[29] and the lists of S. Muller (10), the last two being derived from the collections made during the voyage of the _Triton_ under Lieut. Modera in 1828. The following languages are named:—

Lobo at Triton Bay (including Namatote, Aiduma, Mawara, and Kaju-Mera).
Wuaussirau, inland on the Kamaka-Wallar Lake.
Mairassis, inland from Lobo.
Lakahia, on Telok Lakahia.
Kiruru, on Telok Kiruru.
Utanata, on the Utanata River.

Westward of the Utanata a vocabulary of the language spoken on the Mimika River people was obtained by Mr. Wollaston in 1910-11. A list of the same language is given also in the account of the South-west New Guinea Expedition of the Royal Netherlands Geographical Association.[30] The latter work contains a few words of the language used at the mouth of the Kupĕra Pukwa River.

The language of Mĕraukĕ has been recorded by J. Seijne Kok (15), and by J. C. Montague and E. F. Bik,[C] that of Toro by S. Bik.[31]

II. CLASSIFICATION OF THE LANGUAGES.

Of the three languages in the northern part of Eastern Netherlands New Guinea that of the Jotafa of Humboldt Bay has been ably discussed by Dr. Kern,[32] who decides that in phonology, construction, numeration and word store it presents many points of agreement with the Mefoor or Nufor of the North-west. But it undoubtedly also contains many words which are of non-Indonesian origin. The Sentani and Pawi languages seem to have very few or no words similar to the Indonesian, and may probably be found to be Papuan languages. But nothing is known of the grammar. The language of Wandammen presents agreements with the Mefoor (or Nufōr) in vocabulary and also in some points of grammar. It will probably be found to fall into the same class as the Nufōr and Jotafa. The languages of the north coast and islands also show a mixture of Indonesian with other words. So little is known of the structure of the languages in the Kumava Peninsula that their place cannot be determined with certainty. The numerals and much of the vocabulary appear to be Indonesian,[33] but there are Papuan forms in the Grammar.

The Lobo languages of the Kowiai district on the south coast appear to be Indonesian, but those inland and south of Geelvink Bay have a distinct connection with those on the south coast west of the Kowiai district, and with those at the Utanata River and beyond the Mimika, at least as far as the Kupera Pukwa River. Beyond this point nothing is recorded until Princess Marianne Strait is reached, and here of two words known, one is Mĕraukĕ.[34] The latter language extends to the Boundary. All west of the Lobo appear to be Papuan.

Using the scanty means available, the languages of the Eastern part of Netherlands New Guinea may be thus provisionally classified:—

NORTH COAST AND ISLANDS (INCLUDING EAST AND SOUTH SHORE OF GEELVINK BAY).

_Papuan._ Seka West of Lake Sentani.
Sentani Lake Sentani.
Moki (?) Hinterland of Tana Mera Bay.
... Tana Mera.
Tarfia (?) Coast West of Tana Mera Bay.
Takar Mainland East of Mamberamo R.
Wamberan ? Mamberamo R.
Pauwi Villages on Lower Mamberamo R.
Angadi Island in Jamur Lake.
Goreda South of Lake Jamur.
Nagramadu North-West of L. Jamur.
Manikion North of McCleur Inlet (Telok Berau).
_Indonesian_[35] Jotafa Humboldt Bay.
Jamna Island opposite Takar.
Masimasi Island West of Jamna.
Moar Islands West of Masimasi.
Kumamba Islands and Coast West of Moar and Takar.
Waropin East shore of Geelvink Bay.
Mohr Island opposite Waropin.
Tandia Coast South of Waropin.
Jaur South-West shore of Geelvink Bay.
Dasener West of Jaur.
Wandammen North of Dasener.

SOUTH COAST.

_Papuan._ Mairassis Inland from Lobo.
Wuaussirau On Kamaka Wallar Lake.
Lakahia On Telok Lakahia.
Kiruru On Telok Kiruru.
Utanata Inland from Utanata River.
Mimika Inland from Mimika River.
Kupera Pukwa Kupera Pukwa River.
Mĕraukĕ Coast between the Kumbĕ River and the
British Boundary.
Toro Bensbach R.
_Indonesian._ Onin North of Kumava Peninsula.
Kapauer North-West of Kumava Peninsula.
Karufa South of Kumava Peninsula.
Lobo Kowiai Coast and Islands of Namatote,
Mawara, Aiduma, and Kaju-mera.

III. COMPARATIVE NOTES ON THE ANGADI-MIMIKA GROUP OF LANGUAGES.

This group consists of the Angadi, Nagramadu, Goreda, Utanata, Lakahia, Mimika and Kupera Pukwa dialects, and perhaps also Kiruru.

1. _Sound changes._[36]

A comparison of vocabularies shows a certain amount of sound change between the dialects. Thus Angadi _m_ becomes _b_ in Utanata and Mimika and _vice versa_.[37]

Ex. Angadi _muti_, Mimika and Utanata _buïti_, bamboo.
Angadi _mopere_, Nagramadu _mobere(bu)_, Mimika _bopere_, navel.
Angadi _mirimoi_, Utanata _birimbu_, Mimika _birim_, nose.
Angadi _mau_, Utanata _mouw_, Mimika _bauwe_, foot.
Angadi _tohoma-pare_, Mimika _to-mari_, arm.

The Angadi _m_ is represented sometimes by _mb_ in Mimika, but is retained in Lakahia and Kiruru. Utanata examples are not found.

Ex. Angadi _mi_, Lakahia _mu_, Kiruru _mi_, Mimika _mbi_, _mbu_, water.
Angadi _metaho_, Mimika _mbatau_, spit.
Angadi _imiri_, Mimika _imbiri_, shin.
Mimika _amuri_ is Kupera Pukwa _ambori_.

Angadi in some words loses _k_ or _g_ which appears in Mimika and Lakahia.

Ex. Angadi _irĕa_, Mimika _irĕka_, Utanata _eriki_, fish.
Angadi _kauwa_, Mimika _kaukwa_, woman.
Angadi _maare_, Mimika _makarĕ_, armlet.
Angadi _măe_, Mimika _mbage_, Utanata _make_, cry, weep.
Angadi _hehe_, Lakahia _eika_, finger-nail.
Angadi _(nata)pairi_, Mimika _pigeri_, skin.

A few words show an interchange of _r_ and _n_ between Mimika and Lakahia.

Mimika _marĕ_, Lakahia _mana_, finger. (Utanata _to-mare_, Angadi
_mahare_, hand.) Mimika _iribu_, Utanata and Angadi _iripu_, Lakahia
_ini-fa_, knee. Mimika _amuri_, Utanata _amure_, Angadi _amore_,
Lakahia _amuno_, bow, Kupera Pukwa _ambori_.

2. _Vocabulary._

The great likeness of the dialects may be illustrated by the following examples:—

_Angadi._ _Utanata._ _Mimika._

Arm. _to_ (in compounds) _tō_ _to_ Lakahia _esu-rua_ (?)
Arrow. _ka-tiaro_ (in bundle) _tiăre_ _tiari_
Boat. _ku_ _ku_ _ku_
Chin. _kepare_ .. _kepare_
Coconut. _utiri_ _uteri_ _uteri_ Kupera Pukwa _otiri_.
Dog. _uwiri_ _wuri_ _wiri_ Lakahia _iwora_, Nagramadu
_iwŏra_, Kupera Pukwa
_uweri_.
Ear. _ihani_ _iänī_ _ene_
Eye. _măme_ _mame_ _mame_
Fire. _utămai_ _uta_ _uta_ Lakahia _ŭsia_, Kiruru _uta_,
Nagramadu _uha_.
Give. _kema_ .. _kema_
Hair. _rup-ere_ _uirī_ _viri_ Kupera Pukwa, _uïri_
Hand. _mahare_ _tu-mare_ _marĕ_ Lakahia, _mana_ (finger).
Head. _rupau_ _upauw_ _kapa-uĕ_ Lakahia _uwua_.
House. _kăme_ _kamī_ _kamĕ_
Iron. _jau_ (pot) (_puruti_) _tau_
Laugh. _oko_ _oku_ _oko_
Lip. _iri_ _iri_ (mouth) _iri_ Kiruru _uru_ (mouth).
Moon. _pură_ _uran_ _pura_ Lakahia _bura_.
Mountain .. (_pamogo_) _pukare_ Lakahia _bugura_, Wuaussirau
_wara_.
Neck. _amoiï_ _ema_ _ima_ Lakahia _umia_, Nagramadu
_umeke_.
Paddle. _pá_ _pō_ _poh_ Lakahia _boa_.
Pig. _ŏhŏ_ _ū_ _u_ Lakahia _u(fa)_, Nagramadu
_ŏhă_, Kupera Pukwa _uwĕ_.
Rain. _keke_ _komak_ _ke_ Lakahia _ge(fa)_, Kiruru _kē_.
Sago. _amata_ (_kinani_) _amota_ Lakahia _ama_, Nagramadu
_ĕma_, Kupera Pukwa _amĕta_.
Sleep. _ete_ _ete_ _ete_ Kupera Pukwa _ete_.
Sugarcane. .. _mone_ _mŏni_ Lakahia _moni(fa)_.
Sun. _jăū_ _youw_ _yau_ Lakahia _aya_.
Tongue. _mere_ _mare_ _malī_ Lakahia _mara_.
Tooth. _titi_ _titi_ _titi_ Nagramadu _si_.
Wind. _kimiri_ _lowri_ _kimire_ Kiruru _kemuru_.

3. _Pronouns._ These are given only in Mimika for the singular number, and in Utanata for the first person singular, but the words for “I,” Mimika _doro_ and Utanata _area_ are unlike. In Mimika the possessive is shown by the suffix _-ta_, which is used also with other words. _Dorota_, mine, _oro-ta_, yours, _amare-ta_ his, _wehwaída-ta_ of another man. _Wehwaída_ is compounded apparently of _uwe_ (_rí_) man and _awaída_ other. In Mairassis “I” is _omona_.

4. _Numerals._ No numerals are given by Müller or Earl for Utanata. “People of Utanata had very little knowledge of counting. When wishing to make known any number, they made use of the word _awerí_ and counted on their fingers and toes.”[38] In Angadi, Nagramadu, Goreda, Lakahia and Mimika, the numbers appear as follows:

Angadi. Nagramadu. Goreda. Lakahia. Mimika.
1. _janăūwă_ _nadi_ _unakwa_ _onarawa_ _inakwa_
2. _jaminatia_ _ăbåmă_ _jămanini_ _aboma_ _yamani_
3. _jaminati-janăūwa_ _ăbåmă-nadi_ .. (_torua_) _yamani-inakwa_
4. _awaitămă-jaminatia_ _abama-båmŏ_ .. _(fāt)_ _ama-yamani_
5. _măhăre-ajăherauri_ _măma-riba_ _maheri-herori_ (_rim_) ..
6. _măhăre-janăūwa_ _mariba-nadi_ .. _rim-onarawa_ ..
10. _măhăre-jăminatia_ _măma răbåmă_ _tăoru_ .. ..

These show a numeration only as far as two. “Three” and “four” are made by additions, 2 + 1 = 3 and 2 + 2 = 4, except in Angadi where _awaitămă-jaminatia_ means “another two” with which cf. the Mimika _awaida_, other. _Măhăre_, _maheri_, _mari_ in the words for “five” also mean “hand,” abbreviated to _mă_ in _măma_ of Nagramadu. The Goreda _tăoru_ given for “ten,” is the Angadi _tăöru_, much, Mimika _takiri_, many. In Lakahia the words for “three,” “four,” “five,” “six” have the Ceram numerals which are also used in Lobo and Namatote. The Mairassis and Wuaussirau numerals agree with one another, but differ entirely from those of the Angadi-Mimika group.

One Two Three Four Five Six Ten
Mairassis _tangauw_ _amoōi_ _karia_ _āi_ _iworo_ _iwora-mōi_ _werowa-mōi_
Wuaussirau _anau_ _amōi_ _karia_ _aiwera_ _iworo_ _iwor-tanau_ _iwor-toki-tani_

The low numeration in all these languages may be regarded as an indication of their Papuan character.

5. _Construction._

A few grammatical forms which appear to be indicated in the vocabularies may be noted here.

_a._ The possessive with pronouns and pronominal words is indicated by a suffix _-ta_. Mimika, _doro-ta_, of me, mine; _oro-ta_, thine; _amare-ta_, his; _wehwaída-ta_, of another man. In Angadi several compound words end in _nata_, which thus appears to be a noun, _na_ (thing?), with the possessive suffix; and it seems possible to explain such words as _ută-nata_, firewood; _kara nata_, head of javelin—_i.e._ fire-thing-of, javelin-thing-of. Cf. also _nata pairi_ given by v. d. Sande for “skin,” with Mimika _pīgīri_, skin, which suggests that _nata pairi_ means skin of something.

_b._ The adjective follows the noun. Utanata _warari napetike_, water big, river.

_c._ A noun in the genitive relation precedes its substantive. Mimika _bau mame_, leg’s eye, ankle; _iwau makarĕ_, belly’s band. Angadi _mahare hehe_, finger nail; _māū hehe_, toe nail; _mirimoi ipa_, nose hole, nostril; _ihani ipa_, hole in ear lobe; _ămore eme_, bow’s rattan, bowstring.

_d._ The subject precedes the verb. Angadi _jăū hinau-mara_, sun rises (?), morning; _jăū emapojemia_, sun sets (?), evening.

_e._ The object also precedes the verb. Angadi _ihani aimeri_, ear pierce; _mirimoi aimeri_, nose pierce.

These five points indicate a Papuan structure of the languages.

6. _Comparison with Merauke and the Languages of British New Guinea West of the Fly River._

The Papuan languages usually show so few agreements in vocabulary that the likeness of words, unless frequent, cannot be held to establish relationship. In the comparative vocabulary, words and numerals are added from the languages on British Territory.[39] These show a few likenesses, which may, however, be accidental.

Arm. Mimika _to_, Dungerwab _tond_, Dabu _tang_, Miriam _tag_, Kiwai _tu_
Arrow. Mimika _tiari_, Kiwai _tere_.
Arrow barb. Mimika _imari_, Kiwai _were_.
Basket. Mimika _temone_, Kunini _diba_, Jibu _dimba_,
Mimika _eta_, Kiwai _sito_, Mowata _hito_.
Bird. Mimika _pateru_, Bugi _pa_ (?), Dabu _papa_ (?).
Earth. Mimika _tiri_, Bangu _tiritari_.
Eat. Mimika _namuka_, Bangu _jamukwa_.
Elbow. Mimika _to-mame_, Mowata _tu-pape_.
Fire. Mimika _uta_, Miriam _ur_.
Forehead. Mimika _metar(re)_, Bangu _mithago_, Miriam _mat_.
Head. Mimika _kapane_, Bangu _kambu_.
Iron. Mimika _tau_, Dungerwab _tod_.
Nose. Mimika _birim_, Dabu _murung_, Saibai, Miriam _pit_.
Pig. Mimika _ap_, Meranke _sapi_.
Rat. Mimika _kemako_, Bugi _makata_, Saibai _makas_, Miriam _mokeis_.
Shore. Mimika _tiri_, Dungerwab _tredre_.
Sleep. Mimika _ete_, Bangu _ete-betha_, Dungerwab _eda-bel_, Miriam _ut-eid_.
Tree. Mimika _uti_, Kiwai _ota_.

IV. MALAYAN INFLUENCE ON THE SOUTH COAST OF NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA.

In a discussion of the languages of the south-eastern shores of Netherlands New Guinea, the extent of Malay influence in that region must be taken into account. Mr. William Churchill has lately put forward a theory that the Polynesian people entered the Pacific not only by coasting along the northern shores of New Guinea to the Solomon Group, but also by a passage through Torres Straits, and thence along the south-eastern coast of British New Guinea to the New Hebrides.[40] On tracing the languages westward from Polynesia, it is an indisputable fact that many words which are identical with Polynesian are found in use along the shores of British New Guinea, though they are not used in a Polynesian syntax, or in the simplified forms usual in the Eastern tongues. It is also a fact that many of these same words are current also in the western islands of Indonesia. For example, _hua_, fruit; _ina_, mother; _lala_, blood; _lau_, leaf; _au_, I; _ruma_, house; _inu_, drink; _utu_, louse; _tohu_, sugar cane, and many other words are identical in the south-east of British New Guinea and in Ceram. But in British New Guinea the languages which show likeness to Polynesian end abruptly at Cape Possession, and are not found west of that point.[41] Hence it becomes important to inquire how far the similar tongues of Amboyna and Ceram have influenced the New Guinea languages to the east of them. That there is such an influence is plain from the vocabularies of the languages. Indonesian words, such as the Onin (10) _kayu_, wood; _tanigan_, ear; _nifan_, tooth; _fenu_, turtle; _mani_, bird; _afi_, fire, are of common occurrence in the islands of the Arafura Sea, and on the coast of the mainland. But these words are more common in the west, and gradually disappear towards Torres Straits, and are not found beyond. In Rosenberg’s Karufa list (12) we find such characteristically Indonesian words as _ulu_, hair; _mata_, eye; _uhru_, mouth; _taruya_, ear; _nima_, hand; _ora_, sun; _uran_, moon; _niyu_, coconut. Words of this kind are found also in Lobo (10) and Namatote (13), as, for example, _wuran_, moon; _labi_, fire; _nima_, hand; _nena_, mother; _rara_, blood; _metan_, black; _tobu_, sugar cane; _wosa_, paddle; _matoran_, sit; _mariri_, stand. Some of these words seem to have passed into Utanata (10) and Lakahia (13), and apparently, though not so freely, into Wuaussirau (13), Mairassis (10), and Mimika (14). The Kiruru vocabulary of Maclay does not appear to show any words of this kind. The following are examples of Indonesian or Ceram words in the Utanata-Mimika group of languages.

Utanata _uran_, Lakahia _bura_, Mairassis _furan_, Mimika
_pura_, Ceram _wulana_, moon. The Angadi has also _pura_.

Lakahia _bugura_, Wuaussirau _wara_, Mimika _pukare_,
Ceram _uhara_, mountain. Utanata has _pamogo_.

Utanata _pō_, Lakahia _boa_, Mimika _poh_, Ceram _wosa_,
paddle.

Utanata _kai_, Ceram _kai_, wood. For this the Mimika is
_uti_.

A word of much interest in this region is _turika_ or _turi_. This is given by Muller in his Ceram list as _turika_, knife, in Lobo _turi_, Onin _tuni_. Maclay gives the Ceram (Keffing) as _turito_, Namatote and Wuaussirau _turi_, also for “knife.” The word does not appear in Angadi or in the list of Ekris (19). Though not apparently used in Merauke _turik_ has travelled eastward as far as Torres Straits and the Fly River, and even to the borders of the Papuan Gulf. Thus Bangu _turik_, Dabu _turikata_, Sisiami (Bamu R.) _turuko_, and Tirio _turuko_ mean “knife” (_i.e._ iron knife). In Bugi, Saibai, Mowata and Kiwai, _turika_ and in Murray Island _tulik_ mean “iron.”[42]

Dr. N. Adriani has pointed out some words adopted from Malay in Merauke and also some apparent agreements between that language and Indonesian languages generally,[43] but there is no evidence of any language from Ceram having passed through the Torres Straits. Agreements between the Merauke and Papuan languages to the east are also pointed out by Dr. Adriani[44] but these are no evidence of the passage of a Polynesian fleet, as they are not Polynesian words, and the languages using them have no Polynesian syntax. Mr. Churchill’s theory of the Polynesian entry into the Pacific by way of Torres Straits cannot therefore be maintained.

V. A COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF LANGUAGES IN THE NORTH EAST AND SOUTH EAST OF NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA AND OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA WEST OF THE FLY RIVER.

The following vocabulary is arranged strictly in Geographical order. The North Eastern Languages follow from East to West, from Seka to Manikion, and the South Eastern from Onin to the Boundary and thence along the South Coast of British Territory to the Western or Right Bank of the Fly River.

The following authorities have been quoted:—[45]

1. _Seka._ P. E. Moolenburg. Tijd. v. Indische Taal
xlvii. 1904.

2. _Jotafa_ [and _Sentani_ in ( )]. G. L. Bink in ibid.
xlv. 1902.

3. _Sentani._ P. E. Moolenburg. Bijdragen. t.d. Taal. Ned
Indië (7) v. 1906.

4. _Tanah Merah_, _Tarfia_, _Takar_, _Jamna_, _Masimasi_,
_Moar_ (i.e. _Wakde_) and _Kumamba_. G. G. Batten.
Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago, 1894.

5. _Arimoa._ A. B. Meyer. Über die Mafoor’sche, 1874.

6. _Pauwi._ P. J. B. C. Robidé v. d. Aa. “Reisen van
Braam Morris.” Bijd. t.d. Taal. Ned. Indië. (4) x. 1885.

7. _Wamberan_, _Waropin_, _Mohr_, _Tandia_, _Dasener_,
_Jaur_. Fabritius. Tijd. v. Indische Taal. iv. 1885.

8. _Angadi_, _Goreda_, _Nagramadu_, _Manikion_. G. A. J.
v. d. Sande in “Nova Guinea.” Vol. III. 1907.

9. _Wandammen._ G. L. Bink. Tijd. v. Indische Taal.
xxxiv. 1891.

10. _Onin_, _Lobo_, _Mairassis_, _Utanata_. S. Muller.
Reisen, 1857.

11. _Kapaur._ C. J. F. le Cocq d’Armandville. Tijd. v.
Indische Taal. xlvi. 1903.

12. _Karufa._ H. v. Rosenberg. Der Malayische Archipel.
1878.

13. _Namatote_, _Wuaussirau_, _Lakahia_, _Kiruru_. N. v.
Miklucho Maclay. Tijd. v. Indische Taal. xxiii. 1876.

14. _Mimika._ MS. Dr. A. F. R. Wollaston.

15. _Merauke._ J. Seijne Kok. Verband. v. h. Batav.
Genootsch. v. Kunsten lvi. 1906.

16. _Bangu_, _Bugi_, _Dabu_, _Mowata_, _Kunini_,
_Jibu_, _Tagota_. Reports of Cambridge Anthropological
Expedition. Vol. III. 1907.

17. _Parb_, _Saibai_, _Kiwai_, and _Tirio_. MSS. S. H.
Ray.

18. _Nufor._ J. L. v. Hasselt. Hollandsch. Noefoorsch
Woordenboek, 1876.

19. _Ceram._ A. v. Ekris. Woordenlijst v. Ambonsche
Eilanden. Mededeel. v. h. Ned. Zendings Genoots, viii.
1864-65.

20. _Tuburuasa_, _Karas_. (_Islands between Ceram and
Onin._) P. J. B. C. Robidé v. d. Aa. Reisen naar Ned.
Nieuw-Guinea, 1879.

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY, NUMERALS.

of the Eastern Part of Netherlands New Guinea

Sidney H. Ray]

LIST OF WORDS USED BY THE PAPUANS IN THE DISTRICT OF THE MIMIKA RIVER, S. W. DUTCH NEW GUINEA.

Above Opo

{Tite
Acid {Imakemàn

Animal Irĕka (also
“fish”)

Ankle Bau-mámĕ

Ant Wámé

Arm {To-marī
{To

Arm-band Maka-rĕ

Arrive Mainaumà

Arrow Tīari
(barb of) Imari

Atap Wurī

Axilla Emmabu

Back (of man) Ata

Bamboo Búiti

Banana Kau
(plantation of) Kauti

Band (of rattan worn
round middle) Iwau-mákarĕ

Bandicoot Púruga

Bark (of tree) Pīkī

Basket {Temme
{Eta

Beads Kamburi

Bean Kawetī

{Keparise
{Kepa bíri
Beard {Burídi
{Pakúti

Bed (mat) Kápiri

Bee Imoho

Beetle Buruta

Belch Mbau

Belly Iwau

Big {Atwa
{Iwáko

Bird {Páteru
{Páturu
(of Paradise {Yamuku
{Yau

Bitter {Tite
{Imakemàn

Black Ikako

Blood Maréte

Blunt Yamenà

Boat Ku

Bodice (of woven fibre) Paitĕ

Body Nata

Bottle Kárepa

Bow Amúri

Bow-string Kima

Breast (of woman) Auwĕ
(of man) Pītī

Breathe Túa

Broken Táka

Butterfly Wīrī

Buttock Atabú

Calf (of leg) Ewambugu

Canoe Ku

Cap (worn by widows) Ubauta

Carve (to) Maramu

Cassowary Tu

Centipede Arowī

Coconut Utēri

Cheek Awár(re)

Child Aidru

Chin Kepáre

Cicada Wéako

Cloth Pīkī

Club Moánne

Clouds Apu

Cockatoo Pukī

Cold Yu

Comb Ta

Copulate Ipĕ

Cough Otah

{Peja
Crab {Epor(re)
{Bī

Crayfish Bĭ

Crocodile Tīmaku

Cry (weep) Mbágĕ

Cut (to) Embe

Cuscus (Phalanger) Apui

Dance Dirin-dirin

Deep Emúku

Dog Wīrī

Drink Tomagu

Drum Emmĕ

Ear Éne

Ear-ring Tīrawōnĕ

Earth (sand) Tīrī

Eat Namúka

Eel Mbatarúbia

Egg Tareté

Elbow To-mámé

Exchange Akóra

Eye Mámé

Eyebrow Mambīrī

Far Awakopíre

Fat Atwa

Feather Idī

Finger Márĕ

Finger-nail Marē

Fire Utá
(stick) Utamau

Fish Irĕka

Flower (orchid) Idarōnĕ

Fly (insect) Oboö

Flying-fox Iéa

Foot Bauwe

Forehead Métár(re)

Ghost Níniki

Give Kéma

Grass Umetir(re)

Grasshopper Atŏkŏ

Green Otopu

Hair Vīrī

Hand Marĕ

He Amárepa

Head Kapa-uĕ

Heavy Ikīti

Heel Mbautep(e)

His Amareta

Hiccough Urri

Hornbill Kumai

Hornet Imŏkŏ

House Kámĕ

I Doro

Ill Namúti

Image (carved) Betoro

Iron Tau

Knee Irību

Lance Uruna

Laugh Oko

Leaf E

Leg Atīrī

Lightning Marapiti

Lips Irī

Little Mimiti

Lizard Inamo

Lizard (frilled) Wago

Loins Yaïmi

Man Uweri

Many Tákiri

Mat (of pandanus) Au

Melon Anĕtĕ

Mine Dorota

Moon Pura

Mosquito Itjī

Mountain Púkare

Mouth Ba

Moustache Mbu-tīrĭ

Navel Boporĕ

Neck Ima

New Aigu

Nod Kiparu

Nose Bīrim
(secretion of) Bīndī

Old man of village Natu

One Inakwa

Orchid Idarōnĕ

Other Awaida

Other man Wehwaida

Other man’s Wehwaidata

Paddle Poh

Palate Tībanne

Papaya Tĕnà

Parrot Akīma

Pearl Omab(e)

Penis Kamàrē
(case) Kamare-po(ko)

Pig {U
{Api

Pigeon Parúa

Pillow (wooden) Yamate

Pine-apple Makadĕtĕ

Prawn Mbi

Pumpkin Nabru

Python Pīmī

Rain Ke

Rainbow Parakĕta

Rapids Kamáwa

Rat Kemako

Rattan Kima

Red Epĕró

Ribs Párĕrŏ

Rice Wátē

Ripe Pu

River Iuata

Road (track) Mako

Rope Temmà

Sacrum Wagamau(e)

Sago Amŏta
(beater) Wapúri

Sago-bowl Pámagu

Sap Namī

Scorpion Purumbaä

Sea Takarī

Shallow Taparī

Sharp Yánakŏ

Shell Parau

Shell-fish Uwo

Shin Imbīrī

Shore Tīrī

Shoulder Ta-rī

Shoulder-blade To-bābŭ

Skin Pīgerī

Skull Upau

Sleep Eté

Snail Tapoko

Snake Apako

Sneeze Yaiē

Spear Uruna
(wooden) Potaku

Spit Mbatau

Star Mako

Steal Otemu

Stick (of club) Wu

Sting-ray Kaū

Stone Omanī

Suck Au

Sugar-cane Mŏnī

Sun Yau

Sweat Papitī

Sweet potato Pamu

Swim Tīmago

Tear (a) Bágumbú

Thigh I

Throat Kīmárĭ

Thumb } Ipau
Great Toe}

Thunder Uraki

Tired Toh

Tobacco Kapakī

To-day Wauwà

Toes Bauwē

To-morrow Kaúmuta

Tongue Malī

Tooth Tītī

Tree Uti

Turtle Mbiambu

Two Yamani

Upset Pīro

Viper Mágu

Vomit Mbau

Water Mbi
Mbu
(make) Gīgī

Wet Nata

Whistle Wiramogo

White Naputiàre

Wind Kīmīr(e)

Woman Kaukwa
Aina

Wound Natŭ

Wrist Marapŭmĕ

Yawn Mbápoh

Yellow Taier(re)

You Oro

Your Orota

INDEX

Acton, Lord, 2

Albinos, 110

Alcohol, 68

Amberno River, 24

Amboina, 14, 257;
communication with, 209;
inhabitants of, 17;
market at, 17

Ambonese coolies, 50

Ambonese, dress of, 17;
names of, 17

_Amok_, 185

Arafura Sea, 19, 35

Arfak Mountains, 23

Arrows, 151

Aru Islands, 19

_Atap_, method of making, 60

Atuka River, 248

Atjeh, 92

Balfour, H., 202

Bali, 259

Bamboo, throwing lime from, 219

Banana, 17, 88

Banda, 16, 19, 257

Batavia, 3;
washing in, 9

Bees, stingless honey-, 76

Beetles, as food, 124;
larva of, 156

Beri-beri, 66, 193

Bird of Paradise, 74, 142, 159, 178, 227, 261

Birds, collection of, 241

Boat-builders, 225

Boni, 14

Bonnets of widows, 115

Borneo, 21

Boro-Boder, 11

Botanic station at Merauke, 224

Bougainville, de, 31

Bows, 151

Bridge, building a, 235

British New Guinea, 22

British Ornithologists’ Union, 1

Brush Turkey, 76

Buddhist Temples, 11

Buitenzorg garden, 10

Buleling, 258

Butonese, 170

Butterflies, 16

Camp, health of, 58;
repairing, 188

Cannibalism, 127

Canoes, 219;
building of, 53;
description of, 53;
method of paddling, 36;
the price of, 55

Carstensz, Mt., 23, 44, 181, 212

Carstensz, Jan, 28, 221

Cape York, 28, 32

Carteret, Philip, 31

Cassowaries, 200, 214

Cassowary, 125, 241

Casuarina trees, 42

Cat’s cradle, 147

Celebes, 14

Celebes Trading Company, 20

Ceram, 14

Ceremonies, 131

Charles Louis Mountains, 23, 35, 44

Chief, 128

Children, games of, 117

Chinese, 17, 223, 225

Christians at Amboina, 17

Cicatrisation, 112

Clothing of Dutch, 9;
of natives, 113

Clouds on mountains, 45

Clubs, Dutch, 18;
stoneheaded, 149;
wooden, 148

Coal, 241

Coast, description of, 42;
navigation of, 249

Coconuts, 98, 223

Comet, Halley’s, 81

Convicts, 13, 93;
madness of, 215

Cook, Captain, 31, 219

Coolies, 15, 170, 227;
Ambonese, 50;
failure of, 231;
feebleness of, 51;
sickness of, 184

Corals, 16

Counting, 104

Cramer, H. A., 3, 13, 41, 46, 57, 92, 102, 231, 258

Crickets, a plague of, 59

Crocodiles, 75

Crowned pigeon, 74

Crows, pale, 77

Cultivation, 88;
in Java, 5

Daggers of bone, 203

d’Albertis, 33

Dampier, Captain, 31, 123

Dancing, 143;
houses, 143

Darwin, Mt. Leonard, 239

Dayaks, 172, 194;
arrival of, 253;
industry of, 214

Dead, disposal of, 137-140

Death, 136

Digoel River, 24

Disease, 205

Djokjakarta, 11

Dobo, 19, 257

Dog, Papuan, 126

Dorei, 22

Drawing, 145

Drowning of sailor, 170

Drums, 141

Ducks, penguin, 11;
perching in trees, 86

Dugongs, 212

Dumas, J. M., 212

Dumas, Mr., 44

Dutch, Government, 3, 257;
food of, 7;
house of, 8;
habits of, 9;
tree-planting by, 15;
hospitality of, 18;
rule in New Guinea, 23;
explorations of, 28;
East India Company, 31;
Expeditions, 213, 216

Earthquake at Amboina, 15

Effigies, carved, 131

_Endeavour_, voyage of, 31

Escort, 3, 13

Expedition, members of, 2;
leave Java, 13

Fak-fak, 224

Families, 129

Festival, 134

Fiji, 24

Fire, 152

Fire-making, 200

Fish, many coloured, 16

Fishing-net, 120

Flies, a plague of, 58;
on water, 76

Flint knives, 200

Flood, 132, 156, 173, 178, 189

Flores, 24

Flowers, 206, 242

Fly River, 33, 42

Food of natives, 119, 124

Forbes, H. O., 33

Forest, 242-245

Fortnum and Mason, 68

Frogmouth, 77

Garden at Amboina, 16

Garoet, 11

Geographical Society, Royal, 2

German New Guinea, 22

Ghosts, 133

Goa, Raja of, 14

Godman, F. D., 1

Godman, Mt., 239

Goodfellow, W., 2, 142, 167, 170, 172, 195

Grant, C. H. B., 194, 231, 241

Grant, W. R. Ogilvie, 1

Grey, Sir E., 2

Guillemard, 38

Gurkhas, 3, 156, 160, 171, 179, 194, 233

Habbema, Lieut., 169

Half-castes, 6, 223

Halley’s Comet, 81

Head-rests, 152

Herwerden, Captain, 13

Hindu Temple, 259

Hornbills, 86

Houses of the natives, 96;
in trees, 217;
communal, 218

Humboldt Bay, 33

_Ibis_, 1

Iguanas, 75

Intoxication of natives, 99

Incense, smell of, 238

Island River, Dutch Expedition, 60;
description of, 216

Iwaka River, 231

Java, prosperity of, 5;
half-castes in, 6

Javanese soldiers, 62

Jew’s harp, 203

Jungle, clearing the, 46

Kaiserin Augusta River, 24, 28

Kalff, Mr. E., 227

Kamura River, 175, 248

Kapare River, 82

Ké Islands, 15, 51, 257;
natives of, 225

Kingfishers, 59

Kloss, C. B., 253

Kolff, 220

Kris, abolition of, 7

Language, difficulty of, 103

La Perouse, 32

_La Seyne_, wreck of, 3

Leeches, 177

Le Maire, Jacques, 28

Lombok, 258

Lorentz, H. A., 2, 13, 33, 34, 169, 172, 241

Lories, 75

Macassar, 14

MacCluer Gulf, 42

MacCluer, John, 32

Macgregor, Sir W., 33

Malays, 185;
food of, 65;
music of, 143

Mangrove, 42

Marianne Strait, 220

Marriage, 116

Marshall, E. S., 2, 80, 82, 133, 175, 185, 231

Medical treatment, 167

Meek, Mr., 213

Megapode, 77

Meneses, Don Torge de, 27

Merauke, 31, 37, 222;
communication with, 209;
natives of, 226

Mimika, first voyage on, 39;
description of, 40, 71;
water of, 40;
tides on the, 57;
obstacles in, 78

Mission at Dorei, 22

Missions, 154

Mosquitoes, 211, 223

Motor-boat, 52, 173, 248

Murderer, 13, 186

Music, 141

Natives, trading with, 61;
communicating with, 84, 102;
dislike of rain, 84;
migrations of, 95;
drink of, 99;
language of, 102, Appendix C;
description of, 109;
height of, 112;
clothing of, 113;
age of, 115;
food of, 119, 120;
social system of, 128;
property of, 129;
music of, 141;
dancing of, 143;
as artists, 145;
mock sorrow of, 247;
quarrels of, 148;
as marksmen, 151;
health of, 153;
as carriers, 158;
our relations with, 163;
as thieves, 165

Naturalists, explorations by, 32

New Guinea, position of, 21;
size of, 21;
mountains of, 23;
natives of, 24;
discovery of, 26;
name of, 27;
recent explorations of, 33;
first sight of, 35;
shore of, 36;
lack of food, 65;
rivers of, 24, 83, 181;
departure from, 257

Newton, Professor Alfred, 1

_Nias_, 13, 35

Nimé, dancing house at, 252

Noord River, 2, 13, 33, 34

Nouhuys, J. W. van, 169

Numerals, 104

Obota, 83

Ogilvie-Grant, W. R., 1

Palm, coconut, 98

Pandanus, 10, 243

Papua, 22;
meaning of, 25

Papuans, description of, 25, 109;
behavior of, 37;
dress of, 37, 113;
apathy of, 38, 45;
asleep, 39;
dancing, 41, 143;
as traders, 45;
communicating with, 84;
dislike of rain, 84;
food of, 91;
migrations of, 95;
drink of, 99;
language of, 102, Appendix C;
height of, 112;
age of, 115;
social system of, 128;
property of, 129;
music of, 141;
as artists, 145;
quarrels of, 148;
as marksmen, 151;
health of, 153

Paradise, bird of, 74, 142

Parimau, arrival at, 56, 155;
departure from, 247

Payment of natives, 163

Peace-offering, 166

Pearls, 20

Pearl-shell, 20

Penguin ducks, 11

Periepia, 85

Petroleum, 241

Pickles, 68

Pig, 125, 133-136

Pigeons, crowned, 31, 74

Pineapples, 101

Plants, 231

Plants at Buitenzorg, 10

Ponies, 259

Pool, Thomas, 30

Port Moresby, natives of, 213

Portuguese, remains of, 17;
navigators, 27

Precipice, 239

Prince Frederick Henry Island, 220

Propeller, loss of, 250

Provisions, storing of, 66;
packing of, 68;
depôt of, 176

Pygmies, discovery of, 157;
visit to, 159;
dress of, 161;
description of, 161, 197;
voices of, 162;
visit Parimau, 196;
measurements of, 197, Appendix B;
ornaments of, 199;
possessions of, 199;
methods of smoking, 202;
village of, 203;
houses of, 205;
women of, 206;
intelligence of, 207;
distribution of, 208

Races, mixture of, 6;
harmony of, 19

Raffles, Sir Stamford, 5, 10

Rain, 79

Rattan, 243

Rawling, C. G., 2, 82, 156, 174-5, 195, 219, 248

Relationship, 105

Reptiles, 168

Retes, Ynigo Ortiz de, 27

Rice, 65;
cultivation in Java, 5

Rifle bird, 159

Rijst-tafel, 7

Rivers, branching, 83;
crossing, 236;
in New Guinea, 24

Robinson, H. C., 194

_Roebuck_, voyage of, 31

Ruwenzori, 2, 238

Sago, 65, 89-92

St. Nicholas, feast of, 6, 228

Sandpiper, 86

Sarawak, H. H. the Raja of, 253

Sarong, 10

Schouten Islands, 27

Schouten, Willem, 28

Screw-pines, 10, 243

Sea, depth of, 19

Sea-snakes, 215

Seasons, 79;
wet, 192

Shackleton Expedition, 67

Sharks, fishing for, 46

Shortridge, G. C., 2, 172, 194, 210

Sickness, 171-192

Sindanglaya, 11

Skulls, preservation of, 139

Smith, Stamford, 90

Snakes, 167

Snow Mountains, 1, 23, 33;
discovery of, 29;
first sight of, 35;
distant view of, 43;
attempt to reach, 229

Social system, 128

Soldiers, native, 92

Songs, 142

Spanish navigators, 27

Spears, 151

Spices, Dutch monopoly of, 31

Spiders, tameness of, 58

Stalker, W., 2, 14, 51;
death of, 47;
funeral of, 49

Steam-launch, 52, 170

Stone Age, 151

Stone implements, 150

Stones, gifts of, 87

Sugar-palm, 99

Sumbawa, 258

Superstitions, 131

Swift, Moustached, 241

Swimming, 117

Tapiro (_see_ Pygmies)

Tasman, 30

Tattooing, 112

Tears, a welcome of, 41

Temples at Boro-Boder, 11

Ternate, Sultan of, 22;
traders of, 89

Thunderstorms, 79, 132

Tides of the river, 57

Timura River, 251

Tobacco, 38, 202;
cultivation of, 88

Torres, Luis Vaz de, 27

Torres Strait, 32

Tosari, 12

Track, used by natives, 176;
cutting a, 183

Trade goods, 63

Transport, difficulty of, 52

Travelling, difficult, 230

Trees, 216, 243;
falling at night, 77;
cutting down, 187;
houses in, 217

Tuaba River, 175

Tugeri, 23

Tugeri tribe, 222

Utakwa, Dutch expedition to, 210

Utakwa River, 4, 33, 210

Van der Bie, 212

Vanilla, 159

Vegetation, 237

View, a rare, 240

Volcano, 15

Volcanoes in Java, 5, 12

Wailing at death, 137

Wakatimi, arrival at, 40;
camp at, 46;
description of, 95;
departure from, 255

Wallaby, 125

Wallace, A. R., 16, 20, 33, 38, 91, 244

Wamberi Merbiri, 203

Wania, excursion to, 249

Wania River, 236, 239, 249

Wataikwa, 231

Wataikwa River, 175

Water, lack of, 237;
squeezed from moss, 238

Water-lilies, 10

Weather, 79

Wilhelmina, Mt., 23, 45, 169, 220

Wives, number of, 116

Women, 148;
clothing of, 114;
treatment of, 130;
dress of Dutch, 9;
Pygmies, 206

THE END

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.

DUTCH NEW GUINEA

drawn by

Captain. C. G. Rawling, C.I.E. and M^r. E. Marshall, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.

to illustrate the explorations of

THE BRITISH EXPEDITION

1909-11.

—Note—

_This map is based on a plane table survey, adjusted to points fixed by theodolite angles, and astronomical observations for latitude and azimuth. Heights of peaks are from theodolite vertical angles._]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _i.e._ leader of a gang.

[2] _Malay Archipelago_, Chapter XX.

[3] _Malay Archipelago_, Chapter XXIX.

[4] F. H. H. Guillemard, _The Cruise of the “Marchesa,”_ Chapter XXI.

[5] A note in the _Geographical Journal_, Vol. xxxviii. p. 211, points out the interesting fact that this custom of shedding tears in welcome was observed by some of the early travellers in many places on the American Continent, both North and South. It has also been noticed among the Andamanese and other Negroid inhabitants of South-Eastern Asia and Australasia.

[6] Like the Megapodes the Brush Turkeys are most interesting birds, which have the habit of making large mounds of rubbish in which they place their eggs, where they are hatched by the heat of fermentation. This species is about the size of a domestic hen, and its large brown egg is very good eating.

[7] The very interesting discovery was made by Mr. Staniforth Smith of sago growing at an altitude of 3500 feet in the region of Kikor River, British New Guinea.—_Geog. Journal_, vol. xxxix. p. 329.

[8] See Appendix C.

[9] The number of individuals examined was not very great and the difference in their measurements are so insignificant, that they may be considered all to belong to one race.

[10] _Tuan_ = master, v. p. 103. The natives always addressed us as “Tuana,” and many babies, of whom their parents were particularly proud, were called “Tuana.”

[11] _A Continuation of a Voyage to New Holland, etc., in the year 1699_, by Captain William Dampier.

[12] _Standard_, 4, 8, 1910.

[13] The accent is placed on the first syllable—Tápĭro.

[14] Extract from diary, 12th March 1910. A.F.R.W.

[15] The services of these two men were secured to the expedition through the generosity of Mr. H. C. Robinson, Director of the Museums of the Federated Malay States.

[16] For their cranial measurements see _Appendix_.

[17] The stitch used is a “figure of eight.” An exactly similar pattern is used by the natives near Humboldt Bay, North Dutch New Guinea, in making caps. See Van der Sande, _Nova Guinea_, Vol. III. Illustration, p. 37.

[18] I am informed by Mr. H. Balfour, of the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, that a similar method of making fire is employed by people in Assam, the Chittagong Hills, at certain places in the Malay Peninsula, in Borneo, at numerous places in different parts of New Guinea, and at one place in West Africa.

[19] I saw three men who showed unmistakable signs of syphilis.

[20] “Capt. Cook, H.M.S. _Endeavour_, 1770.” “Kolff’s Voyages in Dutch Brig of War _Dourga_, 1825-6.”

[21] This is the usual friendly greeting of the people in the Merauke district. The word is now used by the Dutch as a slang name for the natives of any part of New Guinea.

[22] Voyage of the ships _Pera_ and _Arnhem_, under command of Jan Carstenszoon or Carstensz, 1623.

[23] Here, as elsewhere in the Dutch colonies, half-castes in official positions are reckoned as Europeans.

[24] Capt. C. G. Rawling. _Country Life._ 20 May, 1911.

[25] _Malay Archipelago._ Chapter V.

[26] The numerals in brackets refer to the list of authorities prefixed to the comparative vocabulary.

[27] _Cf._ Translation by G. G. Batten in “Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago,” 1894.

[28] Dr. N. Adriani. Eenige opmerkingen over de Mĕraukĕ-Taal naar aanleiding der Woordenlijst van Contr. J. Seijne Kok, in “De Zuidwest Nieuw-Guinea-expeditie van het Kon. Ned. Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1904-5.”

[29] G. W. Earl, Native Races of the Indian Archipelago, Papuans, 1853, Appendix, and Jour. Roy. Geographical Society, 1837, p. 393-395.

[30] De Zuidwest Nieuw-Guinea-expeditie van het Kon. Ned. Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1904-5. Leiden, 1908.

[31] _Cf._ Internat. Archiv. für Ethnographie, 16, 1905, and Reports of Cambridge Anthropological Expedition, III., p. 387.

[32] H. Kern. Over de taal der Jotafa’s aan de Humboldtbaai, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde van Ned. Indië, 6 Volg. deel VII.

[33] _Cf._ G. von der Gabelentz und A. B. Muller, Melanesischen Sprachen, 1882, p. 536-541. Also C. J. F. le Cocq d’Armandville in Tijds. v. Taal, etc., 46, 1903.

[34] P. J. B. C. Robidé van der Aa in Bijdragen tot de Taal etc., 1883, p. 197. The word is _mes_, coconut, the Mĕraukĕ _mise_.

[35] The term “Indonesian” is used here only to imply that the languages so designated appear to contain some words and constructions which are found commonly in the languages of the Indian Archipelago. The data are too few for definite classification. The term “Papuan” may be taken to mean “non-Indonesian” or “Non-Malayo-Polynesian” with a similar limitation.

[36] In the Examples following, the vowels should be sounded as in Italian, and the consonants as in English. The Dutch _oe_ and _ie_ are written _u_ and _ī_.

[37] This interchange is very common in the languages of the Papuan Gulf. _Cf._ Reports of Cambridge Anthropological Expedition, III., pp. 325, 334.

[38] G. W. Earl in Jour. Royal Geographical Society, 1837, p. 394.

[39] Those quoted are: _Dungerwab_ (or _Parb_) on Wai Kasa R., _Bangu_, Morehead River; _Bugi_, Mai Kasa River, _Dabu_, Paho R., _Mowata_, mouth of Binaturi R., _Saibai Is._ in Western Torres Straits, _Miriam_, Murray Is. Torres Straits, _Kunini_ and _Jibu_ West shore of Fly Delta, _Kiwai Is._ in Fly Delta.

[40] William Churchill, “The Polynesian Wanderings.” Washington. 1911. Pp. v., 147.

[41] Reports of Cambridge Anthropological Expedition, III, p. 290.

[42] The writer was however told by Murray Island natives that “tulik” was the name of the old shell axe.

[43] Eenige opmerkingen over de Mĕraukĕ-taal, in “De Zuidwest Nieuw-Guinea-expeditie van het Kon. Ned. Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1904-5,” p. 661-2.

[44] Op. cit., p. 664-665.

[45] The number prefixed is that by which these authorities have been referred to in the preceding pages.

End of Project Gutenberg's Pygmies and Papuans, by A. F. R. Wollaston

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