Chapter I: Preface

The lectures which appear in this volume were delivered at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, in the early months of 1890. They have since been written out, and references added in the foot-notes to a number of works and articles, which will enable the student to pursue his readings on any point in which he may be interested. My endeavor has been to present the results of the latest and most accurate researches on the subjects treated; though no one can be better aware than myself that in compressing such an extensive science into so limited a space, I have often necessarily been superficial. It is some excuse for the publication, if one is needed, that I am not aware of any other recent work upon this science written in the English language.

_Philadelphia, August, 1890._

CONTENTS.

LECTURE I.
PAGE

THE PHYSICAL ELEMENTS OF ETHNOGRAPHY 17

CONTENTS.--Differences and resemblances in individuals and
races the basis of Ethnography. The _Bones_. Craniology.
Its limited value. Long and short skulls. Height of skull.
Sutures. Inca bone. The orbital index. The nasal index.
The maxillary and facial angles. The cranial capacity. The
teeth. The iliac bones. Length of the arms. The flattened
tibia. The projecting heel. The heart line. The Color.
Its extent; cause; scale of colors. Color of the eyes. The
Hair. Shape in cross section; abundance. The muscular
structure; anomalies in; muscular habits: arrow releases.
Steatopygy, Stature and proportion; the “canon of proportion;”
special senses; the color-sense. Ethnic relations of
the sexes. Beauty; muscular power; brain capacity; viability.
Correlation of physical traits to vital powers. Tolerance
of climate and disease. Causes of the fixation of ethnic
traits. Climate; food supply; natural selection; conscious
selection; the physical ideal; sexual preference; abhorrence
of incest; exogamous marriages. Causes of variation in
types. Changes in environment; migrations; reversion;
albinism and melanism; fecundity and sterility. The mingling
of races; métissage. Physical criteria of racial superiority.
Review of physical elements.

LECTURE II.

THE PSYCHICAL ELEMENTS OF ETHNOGRAPHY 51

CONTENTS.--The mental differences of races. Ethnic psychology.
Cause of psychical development.

I. THE ASSOCIATIVE ELEMENTS. 1. The Social Instincts:
sexual impulse; primitive marriage; conception of love;
parental affection; filial and fraternal affection; friendship;
ancestral worship; the gens or clan; the tribe; personal
loyalty; the social organization; systems of consanguinity;
position of woman in the state; ethical standards; modesty.
2. Language: universality of; primeval speech; rise of
linguistic stocks; their number; grammatical structure;
classes of languages; morphologic scheme; relation of
language to thought; significance of language in ethnography.
3. Religion: universality of; early forms; family and tribal
religions; universal or world religions; ethnic study of religions;
comparison of Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism;
material and ideal religions; associative influences of religions.
4. The Arts of Life: architecture; agriculture;
domestication of animals; inventions.