Chapter II: THE DESTINY OF RACES. Extinction of Races. The American race (1)

Are the Indians dying out? Conflicting statements. They are
perishing. Diminution of insular peoples; causes of fatality. The
Austafrican race. The Mongolian race stationary. Wonderful growth
of the Eurafrican race. Influence of the Semitic element. The
future Aryo-Semitic race.

Relation of ethnography to historical and political science.

The population of the world in this year of 1890 is estimated at over fifteen hundred millions. This vast multitude have passed in review before us in their races, peoples and nations. What is the future of these jostling millions, each individual of whom is striving after some goal, seeking to satisfy some desire?

This momentous question depends directly on the solution of certain problems with which the ethnographer especially has to deal. On the right reading of these problems rests the destiny of races, and on the destiny of races hangs the fate of Man. We shall do well therefore to take home from the study of this science the horoscope it forecasts.

The first of these inquiries is

_The Problem of Acclimation._

How far can the various races not merely support and live through, but do good work in the varied climates of the world?

Never was this question so urgent as to-day. With fleets of steamships ploughing every ocean, and the iron horse racing on its steel track over every continent, the movement of men is conducted in such masses and with such rapidity that the most extensive migrations of nations of other ages seem insignificant in comparison.

Like many other questions in ethnography, this one has been answered very variously, too often, evidently, by writers influenced by other motives than a single desire to reach the truth. It has been in close proximity to political and social movements, and facts have been twisted to serve the purposes of advocates.

The facts, indeed, are easily liable to misinterpretation. Take the white race, for instance. It has for centuries possessed flourishing colonies not only in the southern temperate zone, which would not surprise us, but under the torrid suns of India, Mexico and Brazil, in Java and the Isle of France, in the West and East Indies, not to speak of the Hamitic tribes, who thousands of years ago established themselves on the borders of the Sudan (see above, p. 116). Long before that, the Indo-Aryans had crossed the Hindu Kush and extended their sway over the Dravidian peoples of Hindostan.

But in these tropical regions have they not merely existed, but also prospered? Have they retained, along with the purity of their blood, also their fecundity, their viability and their energy? I must reply emphatically, No. In the words of a medical observer of ample experience in the tropics--“The changes which a torrid climate impresses upon the constitution of Europeans and upon their descendants are pathological, and tend with fatal certainty to the extinction of the race.”[196] In India the children of English parents must be sent back to Great Britain or they will perish. It is said that in the history of the civil service there has not been a single family which survived three generations. Even the first generation loses the energy which characterizes the parental stock. The whites nowhere in the tropics can undergo continuous physical toil exposed to the sun. They are always found subsisting on the labor of the native races.

The Spanish and Portuguese population of tropical America have survived in their new home for nearly four hundred years. But when have they displayed the astonishing energy of the early _Conquistadores_? Many of the so-called Spanish creoles are really of mixed blood. In Peru and Mexico it is hard to find a family without the strain of another race in its pedigree. In Cuba, where there has been the least exposure to this result, owing to the prompt extinction of the natives, the descendants of the early European immigrants are enfeebled and infertile. While in Mexico, in Guatemala, and in Yucatan, the men of prominent energy are either of mixed blood or, like the late Governor Barrios, are of the once conquered, the pure American race. I do not call a race acclimated which merely manages to exist, at the sacrifice of those qualities which are its highest claim to distinction.

On the other hand, the black race finds it hopeless to struggle with the climate above the fortieth parallel of latitude. In no portion of Southern Europe did it ever maintain itself, and when its members were carried in numbers as slaves to Mauritius and Ceylon, they succumbed to the change.[197] Even in Africa it is doubtful if it ever effected a permanent settlement on the shores of the Mediterranean. Pulmonary diseases and scrofula are the chief morbid changes which destroy its emigrants.

In the West Indies and generally in tropical and sub-tropical America they seem to flourish. In the United States the “colored people” increase by birth more rapidly in proportion than the whites, though this calculation includes the mulattoes and others of mixed blood.

Whether the Asian race has greater or less powers of acclimation than others is a question of much significance at present, when the teeming millions of the Celestial empire seem ready to pour forth in resistless floods over the whole earth. We are not prepared to reply. The subjection of this race to foreign climatic influences has been too recent and under conditions too exceptional to furnish the requisite data; and in their own land, the Chinese, from whom we look for the most portentous migrations, have lived in a country which does not present contrasts equal to those of the various zones.

The American race may be regarded as an exception to the others. The area it always occupied extended from one polar circle to the other, including every degree of altitude, and every extreme of temperature to which man is exposed. No difference in the viability or the energy of its members in various parts of the continent can be noted. The most remarkable monuments of its toilsome industry were completed under the tropical sun of Yucatan; while one of the most ingenious of its tribes lived the farthest north of any human beings. The physical energy of the stalwart Patagonian is not superior to that of the active Carib or the northern Algonkin. We may possibly find the explanation of this in the trend of the chief mountains and rivers of the continent, which facilitated easy progress from north to south, while in the eastern hemisphere the trend running parallel with the latitude, separated the early peoples into smaller climatic areas.

While the facts so far as ascertained seem to point to the decision that each race is confined to climatic conditions similar to that of its original area of characterization, the theory has been advanced that this is but for a time, that by persistence and repeated sacrifices of the unfit, finally a remnant will survive fully able to face the novel trials of the climatic change.[198]

This, however, is a theory only. It may be allowed credence to the extent that the survival of a remnant is possible; but it would be at the sacrifice of the distinctive qualities of the higher races; those can flourish only under the physical conditions which gave them birth.

It has also been urged that the improved sanitary hygienic science of modern times will do efficient battle against the lethal influences of strange climes. Doubtless in individual cases such precautions are of the highest value; they aid the system in withstanding malarial and zymotic poisons; but the best of them, employed on the widest scale, will prove sadly inadequate, as is shown by their failure in many a tract in the temperate zone. If we cannot restore salubrity to the Roman Campagna, or to Staten Island in New York Harbor, it is more than wild to talk of rendering healthful the Congo Basin.

I am tempted, therefore, to consider this problem of acclimation insoluble, and to express myself in the words of the learned physician I have already quoted, “There is no such thing as acclimation. A race never was acclimated, and in the present condition of the world, a race never can become acclimated.”[199]

The second of our inquiries relates to

_The Problem of Amalgamation_

--that which the French call _métissage_ and the Americans _miscegenation_. The fact that we have manufactured this “recent and ill-formed word,” as Webster’s _Unabridged_ calls it, is evidence that the questions involved in this problem touch us nearly. They touch the whole world, and very closely. I know of nothing within the range of human power to control, more decisive of the future prosperity or failure of the human species than this of the effect of race-intermarriage.

The consequences of such blendings may be studied with reference to the viability of the offspring, their mental faculties, and their fecundity.

At the outset it is important to premise that the question cannot be treated as simple and single. It is complex. The results of race-crossings differ with races and with evironment. The law that applies to one case in one place is not certainly good in other cases and elsewhere.

It seems, for instance, tolerably certain that the cross between the white and black races produces offspring (mulattoes) who are deficient in physical vigor. It is well ascertained in the United States that they are peculiarly prone to scrofula and consumption, unable to bear hard work, and shorter lived than either the full black or the white. This is not owing to our climate, as the same results are recognized by the negroes of the Gold Coast, who for four hundred years have been in constant contact with the whites.[200] In the West India Islands, the mulattoes must be constantly reinforced by new crossings, or they disappear.

The fertility of such unions, though generally equal if the number of births alone is considered, is really less on account of the greater mortality of the infants. As a rule, the third generation of descendants of a marriage between the white and the Polynesian, Australian or Dravidian, become extinct through short lives, feeble constitutions or sterility. According to one writer, except a few small islands in the Pacific, there is not an instance of a modern population of mixed white blood, living by itself, which is not on the road to extinction.[201]

It is not certain that this applies either to the crossing of the Eurafrican or the African with the American race. The half-breed between the negro and the Indian, of which we have examples in the Cafusos of Brazil, the Zambos of Paraguay, the Chinos of Peru, and the “Black Caribs” of St. Vincent, are said to be finely formed and vigorous. Throughout Mexico, Central and South America, there has been a blending of the white and red races on an enormous scale, and the result has been that both physically and mentally this mixed race has repeatedly taken precedence in political and social life over the pure descendants of the European colonists. It is well-known that the half-breeds of our frontiers, of British America and of Greenland, are singularly hardy, intelligent and vigorous scouts, guides, hunters and soldiers. Not a few of them have distinguished themselves in our colleges, and later in clerical and political life.

It would appear also that in the earlier conditions of social life, no such debility attended the crossing of the Eurafrican and African race as seems at present to be the case. The only physiological explanation which can be offered of the numerous negroid tribes of eastern and southern Africa, is that they are the descendants of prolonged and intimate unions between the pure negroes and members of the Hamitic and Semitic divisions of the white race (see above, p. 185). This permits the suggestion that there are special causes now at work which alter the influences of race-mixture from what they once were.

Some of them are patent. In modern times it is an almost universal law that all mixed-white populations derive their white blood exclusively from the father, their dark blood exclusively from the mother. I do not know that I can tell you precisely what effect this would have,[202] but it is certain that such a divergence from what is customary within the race limits would exert a decided influence both physically and socially. It is generally believed among students of heredity that the psychical qualities are inherited more from the mother, the physical more from the father; and if this holds good in most cases, we should expect the children of such unions to be intellectually inferior to the average of their parents. This I think is true. Advocates of miscegenation, such as de Quatrefages, Serres and others, are apt to draw a different conclusion, because they compare the average intellectual ability of the products of such unions with the average of the lower race, and this is certainly in favor of the mixed stock, but is an unscientific procedure.

It is also true that in perhaps ninety per cent. of the cases, these mixed unions are illegal, and the children suffer under the stigma of illegitimacy. This means more or less deficiency in home training, education, legal protection, and social recognition. In primitive conditions this was not the case, and hence race minglings at that time were under far more favorable auspices.

In most modern communities the prejudice against members or partial members of the dark races forces them to rest content with unequal advantages, if not educational, at least social, and the recognition of these invisible barriers must necessarily have a deteriorating influence on ambition. This of course was not the case in primitive society, where no other power was recognized than that of the strong right arm.

The possibility of a vigorous and fertile cross-race under certain conditions seems therefore to have been demonstrated by the past history of the species. Is it a desirable result in itself? May we look forward to the commingling of races as worth the fostering care of states and societies? The question bristles with difficulties--moral, not physical difficulties.

There can be no doubt but that any white mixed race is lower in the scale of intelligence than the pure white race. A white man entails indelible degradation on his descendants who takes in marriage a woman of a darker race; and any relation other than that of marriage, no matter if it does lift the lower race, is unauthorized by any sound moral code. Still more to be deplored is the woman of the white race who unites herself with a man of a lower ethnic type. It cannot be too often repeated, too emphatically urged, that it is to the women alone of the highest race that we must look to preserve the purity of the type, and with it the claims of the race to be the highest. They have no holier duty, no more sacred mission, than that of transmitting in its integrity the heritage of ethnic endowment gained by the race through thousands of generations of struggle. That philanthropy is false, that religion is rotten, which would sanction a white woman enduring the embrace of a colored man.

The two problems we have now discussed seem to present a dilemma. The pure races do not flourish out of their physiological surroundings; and yet some of them are not adequate for the work required by modern culture. What resource have we? The answer is, in the union of the lower races among themselves, especially the Mongolian and the African. Thus we may expect a blending capable of resisting the heat of the tropics, and intelligent enough to carry out the directions of that race which will ever and everywhere maintain its supremacy so long as it maintains its ethnic purity--the Eurafrican.

Let us now turn to

_The Problem of Civilization._

It is one which has arisen within the last two or three centuries, and is now so urgent that it will have an instant reply. With increased means of locomotion and augmented love of progress, civilization is now transported, with all its complex forces, to every nation and every tribe, no matter where or of what race, and the question is put point blank, Will you accept this precious gift, or will you have it forced upon you, with such results as may happen? Japan has welcomed the message, inscrutable China hesitates, Persia wavers, the miserable Australians refuse, the savages turn their back--all in vain; the message is importunate, will take no denial, must be accepted. Opposition means destruction. The Bechuana kraal which refuses to have a grand opera house and electric lights, if the European sees fit to put them there, will be wiped out of existence. So will every tribe, every nation, every race, which sets forth to oppose the resistless flow of civilized progress.

Preservation, however, and not destruction, is the maxim of the ripest culture. The Tasmanian is extinct, the Polynesian disappearing, many an American tribe lives only in name, all gone down before the fierce flames of a civilization which did not lighten, but consumed them. Many another people is disappearing in the same way, in spite of the devoted efforts of earnest men and women to save them, to bring them into accord with the thought of the higher race, to teach them the boundless blessings of European enlightenment.

What is the history of these efforts? Failure, and yet again failure. Consider the history of the attempts to bring the American race into accord with the European. There were the noble endeavors of the Jesuits in Paraguay, the untiring zeal of the Franciscans in Yucatan, the admirable devotion of the Moravian brethren in the northern continent, and the long list of missionary societies in Protestant churches. These represent the most sustained, unselfish and enlightened efforts which have ever been made to civilize the Indians. They are of the same nature and on the same plan as those which have been and still are directed toward other savage peoples, the Polynesians and Africans for example.

Have they been successful? Can an instance be adduced where they have achieved a full and permanent introduction of a savage tribe to the real benefits of our civilization?

I cannot answer for the history of missions throughout the world, but I can and do for my special field, America, and I say, not a single instance of success can be named. The Jesuits and the Moravians succeeded, indeed, in reclaiming the natives from their wild life; they transformed them from warring savages into peaceful planters; from drunken, cruel and superstitious, they made them sober, kind and religious. This was a noble, an admirable result. But were their converts any the more able to accept the civilization of Europe? Not a whit. David Zeisberger’s last sermon was a wail that his sixty years’ of missionary work had failed to accomplish this result. Ten years after the expulsion of the Jesuits from Paraguay, their extensive “reductions,” which at one time included thirty or forty thousand Christianized natives, were a heap of ruins, and the converts dispersed to the four winds--and this after nearly two centuries of training!

Should we conclude from these sad histories that it is impossible to bring the existing savage nations into accord with our own culture? This is not my conclusion. Rather I infer that we have not tried the proper measures. We have relied almost exclusively on missionary religious work, forgetting that our religion is only one part of our civilization, and, so far as it is dogmatic and ceremonial, much the least part. We have been singularly inconsequent. We send our own children six days to a secular school, and only on the seventh to a Sunday-school; but the poor Indian we send to Sunday-school all seven days, and then expect him to have an education like our own! Our missionaries hold up to the savage pictures of Christian brotherhood, of unselfish motive, of universal charity, which he soon finds have no existence in Christian communities or modern civilization. If he is an honest convert, he is absolutely disqualified from contact with civilized peoples! The Jesuits and the Moravians, both practical orders, knew this well, and therefore not only prevented their acolytes learning European tongues, but used every means at their command to banish all relations between the two races in those under their control.

It may seem uncharitable in me to oppose and condemn missionary enterprises in savage communities; but I do so under the full conviction that as usually conducted they fail, and are bound to fail, in the most excellent aim they have in view. To succeed, they should be combined with a broad secular education, with a full recognition of the real impulses of modern life, and an effort to inculcate sound principles rather than respect for ceremonies and dogmas, about which the Christian sects themselves are never in unison. The native religious and moral codes should be studied, and all that is good in them--generally there is a great deal of good--should be retained; right actions should be based on respect for law, on the inherent sense of justice, on natural affection, and not merely on ecclesiastical edicts. Above all, independence of thought should be encouraged, the principles of religious and political freedom should be held up as superior to those of subjection, and the convert should be instructed that attachment to any particular creed is in no wise requisite to enjoy the best results of civilization.

It may be objected that doctrines such as these would leave the missionary as such little to teach. I reply that these doctrines are true, and are those necessary to the reception of civilization, and if they are omitted or obscured, the missionary is not an apostle of light, but of darkness, and that his efforts will prove unsuccessful in the future, as they have in the past.

The consideration of this problem of civilization leads us to cast a glance at the future and to ponder on

_The Destiny of Races._

We are well aware that many a family, many a tribe, many a linguistic stock, has perished off the face of the earth, leaving no trace of its existence. Of others we know but the “naked nominations.” May not whole races have followed the same fatal course? Nay, more, may not some of the existing races be likewise doomed, as the mature tree, to fall and disappear?

It was the opinion of the learned Broca that certain osseous remains in Europe point to a race once there entirely unlike any other, modern or ancient.[203] The gloomy precedent is established, therefore, and we have to reflect if it applies to any now living varieties of our species.

Beginning at home, we may first inquire concerning the American race. The question, Are the Indians dying out? was investigated some years ago by learned authorities at Washington, who announced the cheerful result that, contrary to the universal opinion, the red man is not decreasing at all, but increasing in numbers![204]

I have studied these pleasing statements with care, and regret that I do not reach the same satisfactory conclusions. The writers in question take no account of the signs of a dense ancient population in the Ohio valley, in Michigan, in Florida, in the Pueblo region; they take for granted that the estimates of all the early voyagers and travelers were gross exaggerations; they pay no attention to the historic fact that the natives of the Atlantic coast suffered severely from epidemic diseases before the English established their first settlements, diseases probably disseminated from the Spanish colonies in Florida or Mexico; finally, they commit the fatal ethnographic error of confounding under the name “Indians” both the pure and the mixed members of the race.

This last oversight vitiates all the argument. No one is prepared to say that some faint strain of native American blood may not be perpetuated indefinitely. But this is not the survival of the race or of the “Indians,” any more than the Normans survive to-day in England.

My own studies convince me that the American race is and has long been disappearing, both actually, tribe by tribe, and relatively, by admixture with the whites. In our own area there were many tribes once of considerable numbers, who have become wholly extinct. The Timucuas of Florida, the Catawbas of South Carolina, the Monacans of Virginia, the Mohegans of New York, the Boethucs of Newfoundland, have no living representatives. The whole of the inhabitants of the Bahamas and Greater Antilles were hurried to destruction in a couple of generations after the discovery by Columbus. The list would be long were I to recapitulate the dead languages known by name or by a few sentences in some old missionary book, to the student of American linguistics.

The process is not suspended. Beginning at the north with the Eskimos, we find their number steadily diminishing;[205] the Athabascas, according to Petitot, are but a wreck of their former selves; of the tribes of the United States, Miss Alice Fletcher, who has traveled extensively among them, assures me that in a few generations there will be scarcely any of pure descent surviving; and I have noted for myself on the reservations what an increasing proportion of the young people reveal the infusion of European blood.

The same is true all over the Continent. The American Indian, as such, is destined to disappear before European civilization. If he retains his habits he will be exterminated; if he aims to preserve an unmixed descent, he will be crushed out by disease and competition; his only resource is to blend his race with the whites, and this infallibly means his disappearance from the scene.

The Island World, extending from Easter Island to Madagascar, presents the same spectacle. The aboriginal, undersized Negritos have long disappeared from many of the larger islands where they lived in historic times; and on the Philippines and elsewhere the report is that they are slowly but steadily drifting toward annihilation.[206] The Tasmanians have perished to the last man; the Australians are one-fifth what they were estimated by the best authorities at the beginning of the century; the Maoris of New Zealand have lessened one-half; the natives of Easter Island have sunk from twenty-five hundred in 1850 to less than three hundred; and so on for nearly all the Polynesian islands.

This extreme fatality has received the earnest attention of philanthropists and scientific physicians. Its causes are visible. They are the introduction of new epidemics, as measles, small-pox, syphilis and consumption, the last mentioned peculiarly fatal, and now recognized as eminently contagious under certain conditions; an increased infant mortality; drunkenness and its consequences; and diminished fecundity in the women. This last is both one of the most potent and one of the obscurest of the causes of diminished population. Why at some certain period a people should be smitten with sterility is a mysterious fact, for which the explanation must be postponed until we become better acquainted with the many enigmas which surround the process of reproduction.

Add to the death-rate the considerable percentage of children who are born of unions with the White, the Asian or the African races, and are thus no longer representatives of the ancestral stock, and we must acknowledge that these insular peoples are in no better, even a worse case than the American Indians. They, too, are sitting beneath the Damocles sword of extinction.

Such an assertion is doubtfully applicable to the Austafrican race. I have already referred to some statistics showing its heavy mortality in the isles of France and Ceylon, and the German ethnographer Ratzel is inclined to believe that it is diminishing in Central Africa itself.[207] But the census returns of our own country and of the West Indies show a positive and rapid increase particularly if we include the large population of mixed blood.

We have been taught in this country to look with something like terror on the teeming millions of China, only awaiting the chance to overrun the whole earth, underbid all other laborers, profit by the fruits of our more liberal governments and nobler religions, and give nothing in return. A few centuries ago a still more dreadful fear haunted the nations of Europe that some other Timurlane or Genghis Khan would lead his countless hordes of merciless Mongolians from the steppes of Siberia across the cultivated fields of the Danube to wipe out, as with a sponge, the glorious picture of renascent European culture.

The latter fear no longer disturbs any mind. The mightiest of the Tartar powers is but a shadow, maintained by the mutual jealousy of Europeans themselves; the illimitable steppes of Tartary and Mongolia acknowledge the suzerainty of the Slavonian; and the nomadic hordes of the steppes and tundras are steadily diminishing under the same baneful influences of civilization which are blighting the Australian and the American.

Whether this is true also of the Sinitic stocks, especially of the Chinese, we have no positive information. It has been rumored that of late years repeated periods of drought, resulting in disastrous famine, have materially reduced the population of the interior of China, many perishing and others removing nearer the coast. As it is only near the coast that foreigners have the opportunity to observe the people, it is likely that they bring away an exaggerated notion of the density of population in the country at large. It is at any rate doubtful if the Chinese are more than stationary.

Widely different is the vista which appears before us when we contemplate the Eurafrican race. It goes forth conquering and to conquer, extending its empire over all continents and to the remotest islands of the sea. Never has that progress been so rapid as to-day. Two centuries ago the whole of the white race which could lay claim to purity of blood numbered not over one hundred millions, or ten per cent. of the population of the world, and was confined to the limits of Europe and North Africa; now the European branch of it alone counts nearly five hundred millions, or one-third of the whole. In the year 1800, the non-resident whites of European descent were ten millions; now they are over eighty millions. Every navy and every army of any fighting capacity belong to the European whites and their descendants. No nation and no race of other lineage dare withstand an attack or disobey an order from a leading European power. Africa and Asia are dismembered and parceled out at London, Berlin and St. Petersburg, and no one dreams of asking the consent of the inhabitants of those continents.

This astonishing progress is not due alone to the North Mediterranean branch of the Eurafrican race. The representatives of the South Mediterranean branch are for a large part in it. In the forefront of it, whether in the great capitals of Europe or in the pioneer towns of the frontiers, we find the acute and versatile Semite, full of energy and knowledge, guiding in councils, his master hand on the levers of the vastest financial schemes, his subtle policy governing the diplomacy of statesmen and the decisions of directors. As Prof. Gerland has well said, there is something in the Semitic character which is complementary to that of the Aryan,[208] and it is not without significance that the surprising development of the latter began when the religious prejudices against the Jews commenced to yield to more enlightened sentiments. They are now the growing people. Statistics show that in Europe, while the Aryac population doubles in number in thirty-four years, the Semites double in twenty-five years, having more children to a marriage and less infantile mortality.[209] When bigotry ceases on both sides, and free inter-marriage restores the Aryo-Semitic stock to its original unity, we may look for a race of nobler capacities than any now existing.

Still more rapid would that progress be, still more beneficent would be the sway of European civilization, could the great powers of that continent lay aside unworthy jealousies, and agree to extend in harmony the blessings of just government and sound education over other races. An unreasoning distrust has prevented the removal of the barbaric Sibiric power which centers at Constantinople; and the excellent results of the extension of the Slavonian supremacy in Central Asia have been studiously ignored by British writers.

Reflections such as these teach us how closely the study of ethnographic science is related to practical politics. Ethnography, indeed, is the necessary basis of correct history and sound statesmanship. It offers to history a foundation on natural law; it explains events by showing their dependence on the physical structure, the mental pecularities, and the geographic surroundings of the peoples engaged in them; it presents, in its present pictures of savage life, the condition of the highest nations in the earlier stages of their culture.

To the statesman it offers those facts about the capacities and limitations of peoples which should guide his dealings with them; it comes with no vague theory of optimism or pessimism, such as doctrinaire philosophers love to air, but with the admonition that each people, each race, must be studied by itself, free from bias, free from bigotry, and with the conviction that no matter what metaphysics say, any nation, as any man, may lift itself by the recognition of those indefeasible and universal elements of the mind, the “I,” the “ought,” and the “can”--the reverence of self, the respect for duty, and the devotion to freedom.

“Man who man would be,
Must rule the empire of himself; in it
Must be supreme, establishing his throne
On vanquished will, quelling the anarchy
Of hopes and fears, being himself alone.”

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

Abel, C., 150.

Achelis, T., 95.

Allen, H., 27.

Andree, R., 45.

Avienus, R. F., 122.

Barth, R., 116, 119, 122.

Bartels, M., 40.

Bastian, A., 95, 237, 243, 266.

Beddoe, J., 31, 146.

Beauregard, O., 231.

Berendt, C. H., 267.

Bergaigne, A., 170.

Berthelot, S., 116, 117.

Bertin, G., 132.

Bissuell, H., 126.

Bleicher, Dr., 90.

Blumentritt, F., 225, 226, 295.

Boas, F., 258.

Bonaparte, R., 213.

Borsari, F., 117.

Brinton, D. G., 54, 61, 71, 75, 122, 124, 255, 262, 266.

Broca, P., 30, 117, 120, 143, 292.

Brugmann, K., 151.

Brühl, G., 273.

Bunsen, 123.

Brugsch, 124.

Callimachus, 117.

Candolle, A. de, 39, 109, 147.

Cartailhac, E., 90.

Castelnau, F. de, 224.

Chantre, E., 172.

Chudzinski, 30.

Clark, S. N., 293.

Collignon, R., 90, 118.

Cope, E. D., 27.

Curr, E. N., 241.

Curtius, 159.

Dall, W. H., 215.

Dallas, J., 226.

Dally, 284.

Darwin, C., 20, 43, 85, 86, 95, 219, 284, 293.

Delattre, A. L., 130.

Delisle, F., 192.

Delitzsch, 126.

Deniker, J., 215.

Doughty, 134.

Du Chaillu, 178, 296.

Duncker, Max, 159, 160.

Duveyrier, 126.

Earl, G. W., 237, 240.

Ella, L., 228.

Emin Bey, 178.

D’Escayrac de Lauture, 201, 203, 216.

Faidherbe, 117, 120.

Faurot, L., 132.

Finsch, O., 221, 227, 228, 234, 238.

Fletcher, A., 294.

Fligier, Dr., 123, 139, 148, 159.

Flower, W. H., 27, 226.

Fornander, 236.

Fritsch, N., 179.

Gaudry, A., 85.

Geiger, L., 148.

Gerland, G., 191, 299.

Glaser, E., 133.

Gooch, W. D., 91.

Habel, S., 266.

Haeckel, E., 32, 223.

Hahn, T., 180.

Hale, H., 61, 229, 237, 240.

Halevy, 125, 126.

Haliburton, R. G., 132.

Hamy, 233, 240.

Harris, W. B., 117.

Haughton, S., 94.

Haynes, W. W., 129.

Herodotus, 121, 166.

Hervé, G., 160, 165, 217, 232, 280, 284.

Hobbes, 76.

Holden, L., 20, 29.

Hooker, J., 126.

Hopkins, S. W., 256.

Hovelacque, A., 160, 217, 232.

Humboldt, W., 122, 150.

Huxley, 89.

Kant, E., 59.

Keane, A. H., 213, 233.

Kölliker, A., 29.

Kollman, J., 108.

Krause, A., 258.

Kulischer, M., 59.

Kuun, G., 166.

Lang, R. H., 160.

Lapouge, G. de, 129, 147.

Latham, R. G., 146.

Leclerc, 179.

Lenormant, 122.

Lesson, 236.

Lubbock, J., 67, 90.

Lumholtz, C., 55, 240, 241.

Lyman, B. S., 217.

Mackenzie, J., 192.

Mallery, G., 293.

Man, E. H., 225.

Mantegazza, 197.

Martinet, 236.

Martins, von, 270.

Matthews, W., 23.

Maury, 239.

Meyer, A. B., 227.

Meyer, K., 42.

Michel, F., 252.

Montaigne, 58.

Montano, J., 226.

Morgan, L. H., 58, 101.

Morse, E. S., 34, 94.

Mortillet, G., 85, 89.

Müller, Fr., 115, 122, 188, 210, 214, 230, 232, 239.

Müller, M., 83, 144.

Müller, Dr. M., 124.

Nansen, F., 294.

Newman, 122.

Nordenskiold, N. A. E., 214.

D’Omalius, d’Halloy, 93, 146, 148, 166.

Orgeas, J., 279, 283.

Packard, A. T., 249.

Palgrave, G., 132.

Penka, C., 147, 162.

Peschel, O., 20, 223.

Petitot, E., 251.

Pitt-Rivers, 129.

Ploix, M., 181.

Pösche, T., 147.

Potocki, 167.

Pruner Bey, 118.

Quatrefages, A. de, 95, 143, 172, 177, 191, 239, 282.

Quedlinfeldt, 118.

Radde, Dr., 30.

Ratzel, F., 233, 239, 296.

Rawlinson, 118, 126.

Reclus, E., 44, 243.

Reiss, W., 129.

Ribbe, F. C., 22.

Riccardi, P., 35.

Ritter, 116.

Rittich, A. F., 171, 208, 214, 215.

Roskof, G., 67.

Rousselet, L., 168.

St. Vincent, B. de, 122.

Sayce, A. H., 115, 126, 147.

Schliemann, H., 160.

Schmidt, E., 22.

Schneider, W., 53, 55, 67.

Schrader, O., 147, 162.

Schweinfurth, K., 179.

Scylax, 117.

Seeland, N., 211.

Spencer, H., 56, 67.

Steinen, K. von den., 268, 270.

Stone, J. H., 116.

Strabo, 117.

Suess, E., 88, 89, 222.

Tautain, L., 184, 193.

Taylor, I., 110, 112, 143, 146, 149, 159, 162.

Ten Kate, Dr., 256.

Testut, L., 33.

Thompson, A., 235.

Tiele, C. P., 42.

Topinard, P., 31, 36.

Tubino, Dr., 144.

Verneau, Dr., 116.

Virchow, R., 27, 31, 80, 109, 128, 129, 145, 148, 163, 172, 229.

Wagner, M., 20, 44, 221.

Waitz, Th., 20, 40, 186, 286.

Wake, C. S., 239.

Wallace, A. R., 89, 196, 227.

Wharton, 151.

Whitman, W., 177.

Whitney, W. D., 162.

Wilson, D., 75.

Winkler, H., 144, 212, 215.

Woldrich, J. N., 84.

Zampa, R., 159.

Zeisberger, D., 290.

Zittel, C., 90.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Abyssinians, 135.

Acclimation, 278.

Adals, 131.

Aetas, 35, 224.

Afars, 131.

Affection, 55.

Africa, derivation, 122.

Agaonas, 131.

Agathyrsi, 166.

Agriculture, 72.

Ainos, 33, 216.

Afghans, 168.

Akka, 178, 179.

Albanians, 152, 158.

Albinism, 45.

Aleutians, 216, 250.

Alfurese, 233, 234.

Alemanni, 163.

Algonkins, 252.

Allophyllic stocks, 114.

Amalgamation, 283.

Amhara, 135.

American Indians, 71, 247, 293.

American religions, 71.

American race, 247, 281, 293.

Amorites, 126.

Amoshagh, 122.

Ancestral worship, 56, 68.

Andaman islands, 224.

Angles, 163.

Anglo-American, 164.

Animals, domestic, 72.

Animism, 68.

Annamese, 206.

Apaches, 251.

Apes, extinct, 84.

Aquitanians, 143.

Arabia Felix, 134.

Arabians, 125, 133.

Arameans, 137.

Araucarians, 275.

Arawaks, 268.

Architecture, 72.

Areas of characterization, 94.

Armenians, 167.

Armorican, 154.

Arms, length of, 28.

Arnauts, 158.

Arrow releases, 34.

Aryac stock, 144.

Aryac migration, 153.

Aryans, origin of, 144.

Aryo-Semitic stock, 150, 299.

Ashanti, 185.

Asia, 89.

Asian race, the, 195, 281.

Assyrians, 126, 130, 150.

Athapascans, 251.

Atlas mountains, 89, 112.

Attila, 210.

Austafrica, 89.

Austafrican race, 98, 173, 296.

Australians, 33, 35, 43, 46, 53, 55, 239, 240.

Auvergnats, 107.

Avars, 171, 210.

Avesta, the, 145, 167.

Aymaras, 272.

Aztecs, 259.

Baber, 209.

Bactrians, 167.

Bambaras, 184.

Baniuns, 183.

Bantu group, 189.

Barabras, 187.

Barbari, 121.

Baris, 181.

Basques, 107, 111, 112, 142, 143.

Battaks, 233, 234.

Batuas, 178.

Bedawins, 133.

Bechuanas, 189, 192.

Bedjas, 131.

Berbers, 112, 116, 118, 121, 157, 183.

Beluchis, 168.

Bertas, 187.

Bhillas, 244.

Bhotan, 205.

Biddumas, 182.

Bilins, 131.

Birmans, 205.

Birthplace of species, 82.

Black Caribs, 285.

Blondes, 147, 163.

Boadicea, 107.

Bohemians, 165.

Boru Island, 236.

Brahmans, 153, 169.

Brahmanism, 170.

Brahui, 243.

Brains, size of, 26.

Brebres, 121.

Bretons, 107, 155.

Briges, 167.

Bretons, 107.

Bronze, Asian, 145.

Brunettes, 147, 163.

Buddhism, 69, 70, 170, 201.

Bugis, 233.

Bulgarians, 165, 210.

Burgundians, 163.

Bushmen, 177, 179, 214.

Caddoes, 255.

Caffres, 189.

Cafusos, 33, 284.

Caledonians, 107.

Calf of leg, 33.

Cambodia, 170.

Cambodians, 206.

Canaanites, 126.

Canarese, 244.

Canon of proportion, 36.

Cantabrians, 121, 143.

Carians, 159.

Caribs, 268, 285.

Carthaginians, 120, 125, 130.

Caste, 170.

Caucasic stock, 170.

“Caucasian” race, 172.

Caucasus, 105, 112.

Celt-Indic stock, 144.

Celtic peoples, 154.

Celtic type, 107.

Celts, 107, 111, 150, 151.

Celtiberians, 121.

Ceylon, 222.

Chaco, the, 271.

Chaldeans, 137, 199.

Changallas, 181.

Chata-Muskokis, 254.

Chepewyans, 251.

Chibchas, 271.

Chilluks, 181.

Chinese, the, 198.

Chinos, 285.

Chiriqui, 267.

Chukchis, 214, 215.

Circassians, 171.

Civilization, 101, 288.

Climate, 40.

Cochin-China, 205.

Color in race, 29.

Color of skin, 30.

Color of eyes, 32.

Color sense, 36.

Comanches, 257.

Commerce, pre-historic, 75.

Communal marriage, 53.

Confucius, 202.

Congo, the, 177, 178, 189, 190.

Coptic, 120, 127, 150.

Cossacks, 210.

Craniology, 19.

Creeks, 255.

Criteria of superiority, 47.

Croatians, 165.

Culture defined, 101.

Cuneiform writing, 126.

Cyclopean walls, 160.

Cymri, 108, 112.

Cymric, 107, 155.

Cypriotes, 130.

Cyprus, 159.

Czechs, 165.

Dacians, 158, 166.

Daghestan, 171.

Dahomey, 185.

Dakotas, 254.

Dalmatians, 165.

Danakils, 131.

Danes, 163.

Dayaks, 233, 234.

Deluge myth, 114, 144.

Destiny of Races, 292.

Dinkas, 181.

Disease in races, 39.

Djats, 169.

Djurjura, 111, 119.

Dravidians, 169, 239, 243, 284.

Dryopithecus, the, 84.

Easter Island, 236, 238.

Egypt, stone age, 129.

Egyptians, 42, 120, 121, 123, 127.

Ehkilis, 133, 134.

Eranic peoples, 166.

Eskimos, 21, 54, 215, 249.

Esthonians, 212.

Ethical standards, 58.

Ethics, primitive, 59.

Ethiopia, 177.

Ethiopians, 135.

Ethnic psychology, 52.

Ethnographic scheme, 99.

Etruscans, 124, 130, 155, 156.

Eurafrica, 89.

Eurafrican Race, 97, 103, 298.

Eurasia, 89, 196.

Eurasians, 107, 112.

Euskaric stock, 142.

Euskaric type, 159.

Evolution, 80, 81.

Exogamy, 43, 46.

Eyes, orbits of, 23; color, 31.

Facial angle, 24.

Fans, 188.

Fanti, 185.

Fellahs, 188.

Fellata, 183.

Fetichism, 68.

Fine arts, 73.

Finnic group, 211.

Finns, 212.

Finno-Ugric, 206.

Flatheads, 23.

Folk-lore, 82.

Food, 40.

Formosa, 224.

Franks, 163.

French, 156.

Friendship, 55.

Fuegians, 53, 271.

Fundjas, 187.

Gaelic, 154.

Gando, 183.

Gallas, 131.

Gauls, 107.

Geez, 135.

Genghis Khan, 209.

Gens, 56, 57.

Geographical provinces, 95.

Georgians, 171.

Germany, 157.

Germans, 163.

Getulians, 116.

Ghadames, 116.

Ghanata, 176.

Ghiliaks, 215.

Glacial age, 91.

Gondwana, 222.

Goths, 112, 125, 163.

Great Mogul, 209.

Greek language, 160.

Greeks, 45.

Gaunches, 116, 117, 122, 130.

Guinea, 184.

Gypsies, 169.

Hadramaut, 134, 136.

Haidahs, 257.

Hair, the, 32.

Hamitic stock, 115.

Harrari, 135.

Haussas, 182.

Heart line, 29.

Hebrews, 139.

Heel, in negroes, 28.

Hellenic peoples, 159.

Heterogenesis, 81.

Himyarites, 133, 186.

Hindoos, 169.

Hittites, 126, 214.

Hottentots, 35, 177, 179.

Hovas, 233.

Huns, 210.

Hunzas, 169.

Iarbas, 122.

Iberi, 121, 122, 143.

Iberian peninsula, 121, 157.

Illyrians, 152, 158.

Illyric peoples, 158.

Inca bone, 23.

“Indians,” 247.

Indo-Chinese, 205.

Indo-Eranic peoples, 166.

Innuit, 249.

Irish, 107, 154.

Iroquois, 254.

Ishmaelites, 133.

Islam, 69, 70, 203.

Israelites, 137.

Italians, 156.

Italic peoples, 155.

Jakout, 210.

Jalin, 136.

Japyges, 158.

Japanese, 216.

Japetus, 105.

Javanese, 234.

Jaws, shape of, 24.

Jews, 139, 299.

Joktanides, 136.

Kabyles, 111, 116, 117, 118, 128.

Kanembus, 182.

Kanoris, 182.

Kavi, 234.

Kalihari desert, 179.

Kalmucks, 208.

Kamschatkans, 215.

Karelians, 212.

Khamers, 131.

Khmers, 206.

Khonds, 244.

Kiks, 181.

Kimos, 179.

Kioways, 256.

Kirghis, 211.

Kists, 171.

Kohls, 244.

Koraks, 215.

Koreans, 218.

Kurdistan, 167.

Kurgans, 165.

Ladakis, 205.

Ladinish, 156.

Ladins, 107.

Lamuts, 208.

Language, 60-66.

Languages, scheme of, 64.

Laos, 206.

Lao-tse, 202.

Latin peoples, 156.

Latins, 152, 155.

Lapps, 35, 212.

Leleges, 159.

Lemuria, 223.

Lemurian reversion, 271.

Lesghians, 171.

Lettic peoples, 162.

Letto-Slavs, 152.

Leucæthiopes, 116.

Lhasa, 204.

Libyan group, 115.

Libyans, 116, 117.

Libyo-Teutonic type, 106, 118.

Ligurians, 150, 155.

Linguistic stocks, 61.

Lipans, 251.

Lithuanian language, 149, 162.

Livoanians, 212.

Loan words, 65.

Lolo, 198.

Lombards, 163.

Loochoo Islands, 218.

Love words, 54.

Luristan, 167.

Macassars, 234.

Macedonians, 158.

Madagascar, 179, 222.

Magna Grecia, 161.

Magyars, 212.

Malayalas, 244.

Malays, 230, 232, 239.

Mallinki, 184.

Manchus, 207.

Mandingoes, 183, 184, 193.

Mangues, 266.

Mantras, 224.

Manx, 107, 154.

Maoris, 236.

Marghis, 182.

Masiti, 190.

Massagetes, 164.

Mauritanians, 116.

Mayas, 263.

Mazimbas, 189.

Megalithic structure, 120.

Melanesians, 227, 228.

Melanism, 45.

Melle, 176, 193.

Menephtah inscription, 123.

Metissage, 45, 47.

Miaotse, 198.

Micronesians, 245.

Migrations, early, 74.

Mincopies, 224.

Mingling of races, 45.

Mingrelians, 171.

Mixtecs, 262.

Modesty, 59.

Mohammedanism, 70.

Monbuttus, 187.

Monogenism, 79.

Montenegrins, 165.

Mois, 224.

“Mound Builders,” 255.

Mundas, 244.

Muscular habits, 33.

Mzabites, 116, 133.

Nabotheans, 133.

Namollos, 215.

Nasal index, 23.

Navajos, 251.

Negrillos, 177.

Negritos, 223.

Negroes, the, 181.

Negroids, the, 185.

Negus, the Grand, 137.

Nepalese, 205.

Niger, the, 175, 176, 182.

Nile, the, 175, 185.

Nile, valley, 91, 129.

Ninevites, 126.

Norsemen, 163.

Nose, shape of, 24.

Nubians, 45.

Nubus, 187.

Nuers, 181.

Numidians, 116.

Nyam-Nyams, 187.

Oases, 176.

Obongos, 178.

Old Prussian, 162.

Orbital index, 23.

Oscans, 151, 155.

Osmanlis, 210.

Ossetes, 167.

Palæolithic implement, 84, 90.

Pali, 169.

Pamir plateau, 195, 198, 210.

Papuas, 227, 229.

Parsees, 112, 167.

Pawnees, 256.

Pelasgians, 214.

Pelvic index, 28.

Permians, 212.

Personal loyalty, 56.

Persians, 167.

Phenicians, 126, 138, 160.

Phonetic laws, 64.

Phratries, 57.

Phrygians, 159.

Physical ideal, 41.

Picts, 114, 143.

Po, plain of, 111.

Poles, 165.

Polyandry, 53.

Polygenism, 79.

Polynesians, 235.

Portuguese, 156, 157.

Prakrit, 169.

Proto-Aryac language, 148.

Proto-Hellenes, 160.

Proto-Semitic languages, 119.

Puls, 188.

Punt, the land, 176.

Pygmies, 177.

Qquichuas, 272.

Quaternary, geography, 86.

Quimos, 179.

Races, development, 92.

Races, classification, 97.

Races, subdivisions, 98.

Rajpoots, 169.

Rapanui, 238.

Red hair, 45.

Religion, 67.

Rifians, 116, 125.

Rig Veda, 169.

River drift men, 84, 91.

Romance languages, 156.

Romany, 169.

Roumanians, 156, 157.

Russians, 165.

Ruthenians, 165.

Sabeans, 133.

Sahaptins, 258.

Sahara, the, 87, 88, 116, 173, 176.

Sakaies, 224.

Sakulavas, 189.

Sakya Muni, 69.

Samaritans, 137.

Sambaquis, 269.

Samnites, 155.

Samoyeds, 212.

Sandehs, 187.

Sansandig, 183.

Sanscrit, 145, 160, 168.

Santals, 244.

Sarmatians, 164.

Savai, 236.

Saxons, 163.

Scotch, the, 154.

Scythians, 164.

Senegal, 183, 184.

Semangs, 224.

Semites, cradle of, 132.

Sereres, 183.

Serkus, 116.

Servians, 165.

Sex relations, 37.

Sexual impulse, 53.

Sexual preference, 43.

Shamanism, 68.

Sheba, Queen of, 133.

Shilhas, 116.

Shintoism, 217.

Shoshonees, 256.

Siagosch, 112.

Siamese, 206.

Sibiric Branch, 206.

Sicily, 161.

Simiadæ in Europe, 85.

Sinhalese, 235.

Sinitic Branch, 197.

Skulls, shape of, 21.

Skypetars, 158.

Slavonic peoples, 164.

Sokoto, 183.

Somalis, 132.

Sononki, 184.

Spaniards, 156.

Spanish Americans, 45.

Special senses, 36.

Steatopygy, 35.

Stone age, 91.

Stone age in Egypt, 129.

Suahelis, 189.

Sudan, the, 181, 182.

Suevi, 112.

Suomi, 212.

Susians, 224.

Sutures of skull, 22.

Swedes, 163.

Syrians, 126, 137, 161.

Sygyni, 166.

Taboo, 237.

Tadchiks, 168.

Tagalas, 232, 233.

Tamerlane, 209.

Tamils, 244.

Tanganyika Lake, 190.

Tapuyas, 270.

Tarascos, 262.

Tartar or Tatar, 209.

Tasmanians, 240.

Tavastes, 212.

Tchad, Lake, 175, 182.

Teeth, the, 26.

Telugus, 244.

Teutonic peoples, 163.

Thai, 206.

Thibetans, 204.

Thracians, 158, 167.

Tibbus, 116, 183.

Tibia, shape of, 28.

Tigres, 135.

Timbuctoo, 183.

Tinneh, 251.

Tlinkit, 257.

Tonkinese, 206.

Todas, 183, 244.

Tonga, 236.

Totem, the, 56.

Touaregs, 122.

Transylvania, 166.

Tribal religions, 69.

Tuariks, 116, 125.

Tungus, 207.

Tunisia, 90, 119, 120.

Tupis, 269.

“Turanian,” 213.

Turcomans, 210.

Turks, 161, 209, 210.

Types of white race, 106.

Ugrians, 212.

Umbrians, 151, 156.

Ural-Altaic, 206.

Utes, 43.

Vandals, 112, 125, 163.

Vans, 114, 153.

Veddahs, 230, 235.

Volapük, 67.

Volscians, 155.

Vouatouas, 178.

Waganda, 190.

Wallachians, 156.

Walloons, 107.

War, 76-78.

Watuta, 190.

Welsh, 107, 154.

Wends, 165.

White Nile, 176, 181, 182.

Wolofs, 183, 184.

Woman, 38, 58.

World religions, 69.

Zambesi river, 189.

Zapotecs, 262.

Zend, 145, 167.

Zulus, 189.

Zuñis, 258.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The cranial indices on one of these islands varied from 70 to 83. The excessive claims of craniometry have been severely but justly rebuked by Moriz Wagner, in his thoughtful work, _Die Entstehung der Arten durch räumliche Sonderung_, s. 528, sq. (Basel, 1889), and more forcibly censured by Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. I., ss. 84-88. The French school of anthropologists have been especially one-sided in their devotion to this one element of the science. Among other great naturalists, Charles Darwin was careful to point out the variability of the skull as an anatomical part. (_The Descent of Man_, p. 26.)

[2] Darwin, _The Descent of Man_, p. 56. The anatomical cause of elongated or short skulls is the earlier union of either the transverse or longitudinal sutures, thus forcing the growth to be in the other direction. (L. Holden, _Human Osteology_, p. 127). Of course, this begins in fœtal life; and Pruner Bey had observed children with different forms of the skull born of the same mother. (Oscar Peschel, _Völkerkunde_, s. 80).

[3] See Dr. Emil Schmidt, _Anthropologische Methoden_, s. 221. This is a valuable handbook for the student of anthropology.

[4] An interesting study of this subject has been made by Dr. F. C. Ribbe, _L’Ordre d’Obliteration des Sutures du Crane dans les Races Humaines_ (Paris, 1885).

[5] For a careful paper on this point see Dr. Washington Matthews, in the _American Anthropologist_, Oct., 1889.

[6] Instead of these terms the Germans use:

_Chamaekonch_ = orbital index below 80
_Mesokonch_ = “ “ 80-85.
_Hypsikonch_ = “ “ above 85.

The French expressions are preferable.

[7] W. H. Flower, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, Vol. XIV., p. 183.

[8] The “Lemurian reversion” in human dentition brought forward some years ago as a racial indication by Professor E. D. Cope has been largely negatived by the later researches of Dr. Harrison Allen. _See Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society_, 1890; also, Virchow, _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesellschaft_, 1886, s. 400, sq.

[9] L. Holden, _Human Osteology_, pp. 188, 189.

[10] More accurately, the pigment cells in man are in the deeper layer of the _rete mucosum Malpighii_. Cf. A. Kölliker, “Ueber die Entstehung des Pigments in den Oberhautgebilden,” in the _Zeitschrift für wissensch. Zoölogie_, Bd. XLV., s. 713 sq.

[11] This was the result of numerous autopsies during the American civil war. Some dissections reported by M. T. Chudzinski seem to show that the liver of the negro is smaller than that of the white. (_Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1887, p. 275). But its relative size to the lungs is the question at issue. The comparative splanchnology of the different races has yet to be worked out.

[12] Dr. John Beddoe in England, Topinard in France, and Virchow in Germany, have been especially active in obtaining these statistics.

[13] L. Testut, in _L’Homme_, 1884, p. 377.

[14] In _Archivio per l’Antropologia_, 1885.

[15] See Topinard, “Le Canon des Proportions du Corps de l’Homme Européen,” in _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1889, p. 392.

[16] An instructive article on this subject is that of Alphonse de Candolle, “Les Types brun et blond au point de vue de la Santé,” in the _Revue d’Anthropologie_, May, 1887.

[17] A number of striking instances have been collected by Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. I., s. 141. Dr. Max Bartels, in the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1888, s. 183, establishes this rule: “The higher the race, the less the tolerance of surgical disease; and in the same race, the lower the culture, the greater the tolerance.”

[18] _Solomon’s Song_, Chap. VII., v. 4, etc.

[19] See “The Wooing of Emer,” translated by Kuno Meyer, in _The Archæological Journal_, Vol. I., p. 68 sq.

[20] C. P. Tiele, _History of the Egyptian Religion_, pp. 93, 95, etc.

[21] The most valuable study upon it is that by the late Moriz Wagner, printed in his volume _Die Entstehung der Arten durch räumliche Sonderung_ (Basel, 1889).

[22] Some excellent remarks on this subject are offered by Elie Reclus, in his discussion of marriage among the Australians, in _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1887, p. 20, sq.

[23] On the interesting questions of the recurrence of red hair and albinos in various races, consult Richard Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche_, ss. 238, 261. (Neue Folge, Leipzig, 1889).

[24] The alleged examples are satisfactorily set aside by Dr. Wilhelm Schneider, _Die Naturvölker_, Bd. II., ss. 425, sqq. (Paderborn, 1886.)

[25] Much of this seeming violence is “ceremonial,” as I have already observed (page 44); but what I wish now to emphasize is that the marriage is without show of affection.

[26] D. G. Brinton, “The Conception of Love in some American Languages,” in _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 410, sq. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

[27] For numerous examples, see Dr. Wilhelm Schneider’s work, _Die Naturvölker_, Th. II., ss. 290, 294, etc.

[28] Our countryman, Lewis H. Morgan, was the first to place this subject in its true light in his work _Ancient Society_ (New York, 1878). He doubtless carried the theory too far in certain directions, but in others it has not yet been sufficiently appreciated by historians.

[29] See M. Kulischer, “Der Dualismus der Ethik bei den primitiven Völkern,” in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1885, s. 105.

[30] See “The Earliest Form of Human Speech as revealed by American Tongues,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 390. (Philadelphia, 1890).

[31] “On the Origin of Language,” in _Proceedings of the Amer. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, 1887, p. 279.

[32] The proof of this is furnished by Gustav Roskof, _Das Religionswesen der Rohesten Naturvölker_ (Leipzig, 1880), and Wilhelm Schneider, _Die Naturvölker_, II. Theil (Paderborn, 1886). The assertions to the contrary by Herbert Spencer, Sir John Lubbock, and various French writers, arise from a lack of study of the evidence, or a misunderstanding of terms.

[33] I have endeavored to show this, so far as it applies to native American religions, in my volume, _American Hero-Myths_ (Philadelphia, 1882).

[34] See my Essay, _The Cradle of the Semites_ (Philadelphia, 1890), and Sir Daniel Wilson, “Trade and Commerce in the Stone Age,” in _Trans. Royal Soc. Canada_, 1889.

[35] This is shown not only by the presence of artefacts and shells from the Pacific in old graves on the Atlantic coast, but by the well-preserved traditions of the Eastern tribes. See my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 188 (Philadelphia, 1890).