Chapter IV: Part I (1)

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE BAZAAR MEDICINES AND INDIAN MEDICAL PLANTS INCLUDED IN THIS WORK.

1. +Abelmoschus, or Edible Hibiscus. Okra.+ The fresh unripe capsules or fruit of Abelmoschus (Hibiscus) esculentus, _Linn._

Bhindí, Rám-turáí (_Hind._), Bhéndí (_Duk._, _Punj._), Dhéras or Dhénras, Rám-Toráí (_Beng._), Vendaik-káy (_Tam._), Benda-káya (_Tel._), Ventak-káya (_Mal._), Bendé-káyi (_Can._), Bhéndá (_Mah._), Bhíndu (_Guz._), Banda-ká (_Cing._). Youn-padi-sí (_Burm._), Kachang-lindir (_Malay_).

2. This well-known vegetable, cultivated throughout India, abounds in a copious, bland, viscid mucilage, which possesses valuable emollient and demulcent properties, rendering the practitioner in India independent of mallow and other European articles of that class. The dried fruit may be employed where it is not procurable in a fresh state. It is best given in decoction, prepared by boiling three ounces of the fresh capsules, cut transversely, in a pint and a half of water for twenty minutes, straining and sweetening to taste. This, taken as an ordinary drink, proves alike agreeable and serviceable in _Fevers_, _Catarrhal attacks_, _Irritable states of the Bladder and Kidneys_, in _Gonorrhœa_, and in _all cases attended with scalding pain_, _and difficulty in passing Urine_. Under its use the urine is said to become much increased in quantity. _In Dysentery_, especially in the chronic form of the disease, the bland, viscid mucilage is often most beneficial. It is a good plan to give it in soup.

3. _In Hoarseness, and in dry and irritable states of the Throat, giving rise, as is often the case, to a troublesome Cough, as in Consumption, &c._, the free inhalation of the vapour of the hot decoction (_ante_) has in many instances been found serviceable.

4. The fresh capsules bruised are stated to form an efficient emollient poultice.

5. +Abrus, or Country Liquorice Root.+ The root of Abrus precatorius, _Linn._

Mulatthí-hindi, Gunj-ka-jar (_Hind._, _Duk._), Jaishtomodhu-bengala, Kunch-ka-jar (_Beng._), Múlathí (_Punj._), Shangir (_Kash._), Gundumani-vér (_Tam._), Guru-venda-véru (_Tel._), Kunnikuru-véra (_Mal._), Gul-ganji-béru (_Can._), Olindamúl (_Cing._), Yu-e-si-anú (_Burm._), Akar-sagamerah (_Malay_).

6. This root, obtained from a twining shrub common throughout India, whose bright scarlet seeds with a black spot at one end are universally known, possesses many of the sensible properties and medical qualities of the true liquorice-root (which is also to be met with in some of the large bazaars), hence its common name. Country Liquorice. Properly prepared, and according to directions in Indian Pharmacopœia, it yields an extract similar to officinal liquorice, but less sweet and more bitter. According to Moodeen Sheriff (_Suppl. to Ind. Ph._ p. 18), an extract prepared from the dried leaves of Abrus precatorius is much superior both in taste and as a medicine to that prepared from the root. He gives the following directions for its preparation: Pour boiling distilled water on the dried leaves till they are sufficiently covered; keep the vessel on a slow fire for six hours; then strain the liquor while hot through flannel and evaporate on a water bath to a proper consistence. The extract prepared from the juice of the fresh leaves, he adds, is also sweet, but very inferior to the latter for medicinal purposes. The following syrup has been found useful in the _Coughs of Childhood_. Take of fresh Abrus roots, the larger sized the better, well bruised, two ounces; and Abelmoschus capsules sliced, one ounce; boil in a pint of water for half an hour, and strain; to the liquor add eight ounces of sugar-candy or honey, and boil down to the consistence of a syrup. From a tea to a table-spoonful may be freely given several times a day when the cough is troublesome, whether fever is present or not. It forms also a good adjunct to other more active cough mixtures. The great objection to this, in common with all syrups in India, is the readiness with which it undergoes fermentation; hence only small quantities should be prepared when cases occur requiring its use.

7. +Acacia, or Babúl Bark.+ The bark of Acacia Arabica, _Willd._

Babúl-ka-chál, Kíkar-ka-chál (_Hind._), Kali-kíkar-kí chilká (_Duk._), Babúl-sál (_Beng._), Sák (_Punj._, _Kash._), Karu-vélam-pattai (_Tam._), Kulit-pokoh-bunga (_Malay_).

8. Babúl bark occurs in large thick pieces, coarsely fibrous, of a deep mahogany colour, and astringent, bitterish taste. It is an excellent astringent, and though less powerful than some others of the same class, it possesses the advantage of being obtainable, either in the fresh or dried state, throughout India, the tree yielding it being common everywhere in dry, sandy localities.

9. The best form for medical purposes is a decoction prepared by boiling one ounce and a half of the bruised bark in a pint of water for ten minutes, and straining. Of this the dose is from one and a half to two ounces twice daily, or oftener in _Chronic Diarrhœa_, &c.; it is, however, chiefly employed as an external or local application—as an injection in _Leucorrhœa and other Vaginal Discharges_; as an enema in _Piles_ and _Prolapsus (descent) of the Anus_, and as a gargle in _Sore Throat, and in Sponginess and Ulceration of the Gums_. In all these cases, however, it is generally used conjoined with alum and other agents.

10. +Acorus, or Sweet Flag Root.+ The root stock or Acorus Calamus, _Linn._

Bach or Vach (_Hind._, _Duk._), Bach, Saféd Bach (_Beng._), Warch (_Punj._), Vá'í (_Kash._), Vashambú (_Tam._), Vasa, Vadaja (_Tel._), Vash-anpa (_Mal._), Bajé (_Can._), Vékhanda (_Mah._), Vaj, Vach (_Guz._), Lene or Linhe (_Burm._), Jaringowe (_Malay_).

11. This is one of the commonest of bazaar medicines, and generally procurable everywhere, of good quality, at a very small cost. It occurs in pieces of various lengths, about the thickness of the thumb, rather flattened, spongy, provided with numerous sheath-like, ringed appendages; odour peculiar and aromatic; taste, bitterish, warm and somewhat acrid. Till very recently it was included in the British Pharmacopœia. It well deserves a place in every Indian domestic medicine chest.

12. It is a tonic and stomachic of no small value, and is best given in the form of infusion: one ounce of the bruised root to half a pint of boiling water, in doses of a wine-glassful twice or thrice daily. Combined with Chiretta, it has been reported to cure _Intermittent Fevers in natives_, but though its power in this respect is doubtful, except, perhaps, in cases of the mildest description, yet in _Convalescence after this and other forms of Fever_, a mixture of equal parts of the infusion of Acorus and Chiretta (98) is as good a formula as can be employed. The same combination proves also most serviceable in _Dyspepsia, especially when attended with much flatulence, in Loss of Appetite and Constitutional Debility_.

13. _In the Dysentery of Natives, and in that especially of Native Children_, Dr. Evers (_Indian Medical Gazette_, Feb. 1, 1875) speaks very highly of Acorus given in decoction as follows: Take of the bruised root-stock two ounces, Coriander seed one drachm, Black Pepper half a drachm, Water one pint; boil down to about twelve ounces (or for about a quarter of an hour), and set aside to cool. The dose for an adult is a wine-glassful three times daily; for a child from one to three tea-spoonfuls, sweetened with sugar, two or three times a day. Astringents or Quinine (the latter when the disease is apparently of malarious origin) may be added if necessary. Dr. Evers found this decoction not only useful in _Dysentery and Diarrhœa_, but also in the _Bronchitic Affections of Children_. He considers it worthy of a more extended trial.

14. This root, especially when freshly collected, and retaining its full aroma, is reported, on good authority, to _drive away fleas and other insects_, a fact well to bear in mind in a sick room, as well as elsewhere.

15. +Aloes.+ The inspissated juice of Aloe Socotrina, _Linn._, and other species of Aloes.

Musabbar, Ilvá, Yalvá (_Hind._), Musanbar (_Duk._), Móshabbar (_Beng._), Elwá (_Punj._), Mússbar, Sibar (_Kash._), Kariya-pólam, Irakta-pólam (_Tam._), Múshámbaram (_Tel._), Chenna-náyakam (_Mal._), Musam-bara-bóla (_Mah._), Yéliyo (_Guz._), Kalu-bólam, Kari-bolam (_Cing._), Mo (_Burm._), Jadam (_Malay_).

16. Aloes, as met with in the bazaars, are generally imported, and of a very inferior description, but they may be rendered fit for medical use by the following process: Take of bazaar Aloes, in small fragments, one pound; boiling water, one gallon; stir them well together until they are thoroughly mixed, and set aside for twelve hours; then pour off the clear liquor, strain the remainder, mix the liquors, and place in open vessels in the sun, or over a gentle fire, till it is evaporated to dryness. Aloes of very good quality may also be prepared from two indigenous species of Aloe, A. Indica, _Royle_, and A. litoralis, _König_; the former inhabiting dry sandy plains in the Northwestern Provinces, and the latter similar localities on the sea-coasts of the Madras peninsula. The viscid juice with which the thick leaves abound should be collected and evaporated to dryness by exposure in open pans in the sun or over a gentle fire.

17. The principal use of Aloes is as a purgative, in doses of from three to six grains. If administered alone, it is apt to cause griping, nausea, &c.; hence, it is generally given in combination with aromatics, &c. _It is ill adapted for children, for persons subject to Piles, or for Pregnant Females._

18. Few medicines are more generally useful for women when suffering from _an Irregular or Suspended_ _state of the Menstrual Discharge_; but it _should not_ be given during pregnancy, _nor whilst_ the menstrual discharge is present. In these cases, especially when the patient is pale, thin, and weak, it is best given as follows: Take purified Aloes and Sulphate of Iron, of each, finely powdered, 24 grains; Cinnamon in powder, 60 grains; Honey, sufficient to make a mass; be careful that all the ingredients are well mixed; and divide into 24 pills, of which two are to be taken twice daily.

19. The following is another very good combination: Take Aloes and Asafœtida, of each 20 grains; beat into a mass with honey, and divide into 12 pills, of which one may be taken twice daily. These pills often prove of great service to women subject to _Hysterical fits_, and _Flatulent distension of the Abdomen_, especially when at the same time there is _Constipation of the Bowels_. _In Headaches arising from the sudden stoppage either of menstrual discharge or of long-standing bleeding from piles_, these pills often prove useful. Aloes should not ordinarily be given to persons subject to piles, as they are apt to aggravate the disease.

20. _In cases of Habitual Constipation of the Bowels_ great benefit has been found from the persevering use of the following pills: Take of purified Aloes, 18 grains; Sulphate of Iron, 30 grains; beat into a mass with a little honey, and divide into 24 pills. Of these, one may be taken three times a day, immediately after the principal meals, till they begin to act upon the bowels gently and then the number may be reduced to two daily. At the end of a week or two another pill may be omitted, and within a month a single pill once or twice a week will suffice. If at any time they should act powerfully on the bowels as a purgative, they should be discontinued for a time.

21. +Alum.+

Phitkarí (_Hind._), Phitkarí (_Beng._), Fatkarí (_Punj._), Fatkar, Phatkar (_Kash._), Pati-káram (_Tam._, _Tel._), Chinik-káram (_Mal._), Pati-kárá (_Can._), Patikár, Turatí (_Mah._), Sina-karam (_Cing._), Keo-khin (_Burm._), Twas (_Malay_).

22. Alum of good quality is generally procurable in all bazaars. It should be in colourless, transparent, crystalline masses, or pieces of various sizes, with an acid, sweetish, astringent taste. When mixed with impurities, as it often is, it may be rendered fit for medicinal purposes by dissolving it in boiling water, straining the solution, and evaporating it so as to obtain crystals, which should be preserved for use. Alum, whether applied externally or given internally, is a valuable astringent. Dose, from 10 to 20 grains for adults.

23. In that form of _Ophthalmia_ commonly known in India by the name of _Country Sore Eyes_, especially when it attacks children, a solution of Alum is often of great service. For children the strength of three grains to an ounce of water is sufficient; but for adults, a solution of double this strength may be used: the eyes should be freely washed with it four or five times a day, or a cloth wet with it may be kept constantly applied. If the eyelids are much swollen, especially in the morning, they should be well bathed with warm milk, the eyelids should then be carefully separated, and the Alum lotion dropped in. There is a native plan of treatment of these cases which proves in many instances effectual, but it has the disadvantage of being very painful for a short time. It is as follows: Place some finely powdered alum on a heated plate of iron, and whilst it is in a state of fusion add a small portion of lemon or lime-juice, until it forms a black, soft mass. This, whilst hot, is applied entirely round the orbit, care being taken that none of it gets beneath the eyelids, as it causes under such circumstances intense agony. One or two applications, each being allowed to remain on for twelve hours, suffice ordinarily to effect a cure.

24. _After severe Blows on the Eye_, when the pain and heat have subsided, and much discoloration and swelling remain, an ALUM POULTICE is an effectual application. It is made by rubbing up 30 grains of powdered alum with the white of an egg till it forms a coagulum. This placed between two pieces of thin rag or muslin, should be kept applied to the eye for some hours.

25. _In Hæmorrhage from the Lungs, Stomach, Kidneys, Uterus, and other Internal Organs_, Alum, in doses of 10 to 12 grains, thrice daily, with or without opium, may often be given with advantage. It is, however, inadmissible if much fever is present, and should at once be discontinued if after the first few doses the symptoms are at all aggravated. The following, called ALUM WHEY, is a good form of administration: Boil for ten minutes two drachms of powdered Alum in a pint of milk, and strain; of this, the dose is one and a half to two ounces thrice daily. This may also be given with the view of checking _Excessive Menstrual Discharges_ (_Menorrhagia_) and _Bleeding from Piles_. In this last case, clothes saturated with a solution of Alum in decoction of Galls (145) or Babúl bark (9), in the proportion of two drachms to eight ounces, should be kept constantly applied externally. This application also proves useful in _Prolapsus (descent) of the Anus_, especially in children. _In Profuse Bleeding from the Nose_ injections of a solution of Alum (20 grains to one ounce of water) into the nostril is sometimes effectual; care, however, is required in its use. Powdered Alum, or a very strong saturated solution, applied locally on a compress, occasionally suffices to arrest _Bleeding from Leech-bites, Cuts, &c._

26. _In the Chronic Diarrhœa of Natives_, the following mixture has been found useful: Take of Alum ten grains, infusion of Acorus root (12), one and a half ounce, Laudanum, five drops; repeat three or four times daily. _In the Diarrhœa which precedes Cholera, and in the early stages of Cholera_, the following powders are worthy of a trial. Take Alum, Catechu, and Cinnamon, of each, powdered, ten grains, mix with honey, and give at a dose. It may be repeated every one or two hours, according to circumstances. It proves useful also in controlling the _Diarrhœa of Phthisis_.

27. As a palliative in _Diabetes_, "Alum Whey," prepared as directed in paragraph 25, may be tried; under its use the quantity of urine voided is, in some instances, diminished. _In Albuminuria_, also, it has been useful in some instances in reducing the proportion of albumen in the urine.

28. _In Hooping Cough_, when the first or acute stage has passed, no remedy is more generally efficacious than Alum, in doses of three or four grains, every four or six hours for a child from two to three years old. It may be given in the form of powder or in solution (Alum 25 grains, Omum Water three ounces) in doses of a dessert-spoonful every four or six hours for a child from two to four years old.

29. _For Relaxed or Ulcerated Sore Throat, for Ulceration and Sponginess of the Gums, in Salivation, and in Fissures of the Tongue in Consumption_, a very useful gargle or mouth wash is made by dissolving two drachms of Alum in a pint of the decoction of Galls (145) or Babúl Bark (9), and sweetening with honey. _For the small white Ulcers_ (_Aphthæ, or Thrush_) _in the mouths of infants and young children_, a better application is 20 grains of finely powdered Alum, incorporated with one ounce of honey. This may be applied twice daily, with the tip of the finger. _In the severer Ulcerative forms of the disease_ (_Ulcerative Stomatitis_) Alum in fine powder, or in strong solution, proves a more effectual application.

30. There is a disease often confounded with _Gonorrhœa_, where the discharge does not come, as it does in true gonorrhœa, from the urethra, but from a sore or excoriated surface between the prepuce and the head of the penis. For this there is no better application than a solution of Alum, 20 grains in one ounce of water. It may be used twice or thrice daily. The strictest cleanliness should be enforced at the same time. _In Gleet_, a solution of Alum (three grains), in water (one ounce), used as an injection twice daily, is often productive of benefit. _In Leucorrhœa and other Vaginal Discharges_, injections of Alum in decoction of Galls or Babúl bark, as advised in the last paragraph, often prove very useful.

31. _In old Chronic spreading and gangrenous Ulcers_ so common amongst natives, the following forms an excellent application: Finely powdered Alum, four drachms; finely powdered Catechu, one drachm; Opium, half a drachm; Ceromel (167), or Kokum butter, or Ghee, one ounce. First, rub down the opium with the ceromel till thoroughly mixed, and then incorporate the other ingredients. A portion of this, spread on soft rag, should be applied to the ulcer night and morning. If it occasion much pain, the proportion of ceromel should be increased. _For Bed-Sores or where these are likely to occur_, Dr. Aitchison describes as an excellent remedy—a mixture of 30 grains of burnt alum and the white of an egg. It should be well painted over the part.

32. _For Enlargement of the Joints, especially that of the Knee, and for other Swellings resulting from Blows, Bruises, or Sprains_, the following lotion has been found useful; Alum, four drachms, Vinegar and _Arrack_, of each a pint; dissolve, and keep cloths wet with this lotion constantly to the affected part. _In Scorpion Bites_, Alum moistened with water and locally applied often affords instantaneous relief (Dr. Saunders).

33. +Asafœtida.+

Hing (_Hind._, _Duk._, _Beng._, _Pung._, _Mah._, _Guz._), Yang (_Kash._), Káyam, Perun-gáyam (_Tam._), Inguva (_Tel._), Perun-gáyam, Káyam (_Mal._), Perun-káyam (_Cing._), Shinkhu or Shingu (_Burm._), Hingu (_Malay_).

34. Asafœtida of good quality may be obtained in most bazaars. The moister and most strongly smelling kinds should be chosen for medical purposes. It may be given in the form of pill, in doses of from five to ten grains; or in that of mixture, prepared by rubbing down in a mortar five drachms of Asafœtida in a pint of hot water, and straining and setting aside to cool. Of this solution, which is thick and milky, the dose is from one to two table-spoonfuls. Its nauseous taste is a great objection to its use.

35. _In Hysterical Fits_ and in _Fainting, Nervous Palpitations, and other affections connected with Hysteria_, Asafœtida proves most useful. When the symptoms are urgent, as in fits, &c., it is best given in the liquid form (_ante_), but where the object is rather to combat the tendency to this state, and to make an impression on the system, the solid form should be preferred. For this purpose it may be advantageously combined with Aloes, as advised in Sect. 19.

36. _In Flatulence, Flatulent Colic, and Spasmodic_ _Affections of the Bowels_, especially when connected with hysteria, it is best given in the form of enema (30 grains in four ounces of water); but if this is not practicable, it may be given by mouth in the liquid form advised above. A teaspoonful of the mixture, with a little Omum water, is often very effectual in relieving the _Flatulent Colic of Children_. It may also be tried in the _Convulsions of pale, weakly children_. An Asafœtida enema is an effectual means of removing _Thread worms_ from the rectum and lower bowel.

37. _In the obstinate Coughs of Childhood_, remaining after attacks of inflammation, and also _the advanced stages of Hooping Cough_, the mixture has also occasionally been found of great service in doses of a teaspoonful four or five times daily. It has also been recommended in the _Chronic Bronchitis and Asthma of Adults_; its disagreeable smell and taste is a great bar to its use, but this may, in a great measure, be obviated by giving it in the form of pill.

38. +Asteracantha (Barleria) longifolia+, _Nees_.

Talmakháné, Gokshura (_Hind._), Kolsí (_Duk._), Kánta-koliká (_Beng._), Tálmakhánáh (_Punj._, _Kash._), Nir-mulli (_Tam._), Niru-gobbi (_Tel._), Vayal-chulli (_Mal._), Kolava-like (_Can._), Tál-makháná (_Mah._), Ikkiri (_Cing._), Súpadán (_Burm._).

39. The whole of this plant, common in moist sites throughout India, but especially the root, which in the dried state is sold in the bazaars, enjoys a high repute amongst the natives as a diuretic in _Dropsical_ _cases_, which European experience has, in a great measure, tended to confirm. It may be given in the form of decoction, prepared by boiling one ounce of the root in a pint of water for ten minutes, straining, and taking the whole in divided doses during the day. The following is advised by Baboo Kanny Lall Dey: Take of freshly dried Asteracantha leaves, two ounces; Distilled Vinegar, 16 ounces; macerate for three days; press and strain. Of this, the dose is from one to three tablespoonfuls in water thrice daily.

40. +Atis, or Atees.+ The root of Aconitum heterophyllum, _Wallich_.

Atís (_Hind._), Atviká (_Duk._), Atis, Batis, Patis (_Punj._), Mohand-i-guj-saféd, Hong-i-saféd (_Kash._), Ati-vadayam (_Tam._), Ati-vasa (_Tel._).

41. Atís, as met with in the bazaars, occurs in the form of small tuberous roots, tapering towards a point, from one to one and a half inches or more in length, and from three-eighths to a quarter of an inch in thickness; grey externally, slightly wrinkled longitudinally, and marked here and there with rootlet scars, easily friable; internally white, farinaceous, inodorous, and of a pure bitter taste, devoid of acidity or astringency. This last character serves to distinguish it from all other roots sold under the same name. _Every root should be broken across, and all which are not pure white, with a short, starchy fracture and pure bitter taste, should be discarded._ Further, if on placing a small piece on the tongue it cause _a_ _feeling of tingling or peculiar sensibility_, followed by even the smallest degree of numbness or altered sensibility, it should _on no account_ be used. Mr. Boughton discovered in it an alkaloid to which he gave the name of _Atisine_.

42. The chief use of Atís is in the treatment of _Intermittent Fever and other periodical fevers_, and in these it often proves most valuable. It should be given in doses of half a drachm (30 grains), mixed with a little water, every four or six hours during the intermissions, commencing its use during or towards the close of the sweating stage. For children the dose may be reduced one-half, or three-fourths, according to age. For combating the _Debility after Fevers and other diseases_, Atís is an excellent tonic, in doses of five to ten grains thrice daily.

43. +Bael Fruit.+ The fruit of Ægle Marmelos, _Corr._

Bél, Si-phal (_Hind._, _Beng._, _Punj._), Bél-phal (_Duk._), Vilva or Bilva-pazham (_Tam._), Bilva-pandu, Márédu-pandu (_Tel._), Kúvalap-pazham (_Mal._) Bilapatri-hannu (_Can._) Bél-phal (_Guz._), Bélá-chaphala, Bela (_Mah._) Bélli, Bélli-ka (_Cing._), Ushi-si, Ushi-ti (_Burm._), Buah Bail (_Malay_), Bil-kath (the entire fruit), Shífal-gúj, the pulp and seeds with the rind removed (_Kash._).

44. The half-ripe fruit is best suited for medical use, and that freshly gathered is preferable to that which has been kept a long time, as is generally the case with the bazaar article. In bazaar specimens, the Wood-apple (fruit of Feronia Elephantum) is often substituted for Bael. Though they bear a close resemblance externally, they can easily be distinguished by opening them. In the true Bael there are, in the centre of the pulp, a number of cells, from five to eighteen, each containing one or more seeds and glutinous mucus, whilst in the Wood-apple there are no cells, and the seeds are embedded in the pulp. European experience has confirmed the native opinion that it is a remedy of much value in cases of _obstinate Diarrhœa and Dysentery_ when unattended by fever, and the patient is weak and dyspeptic. It proves especially serviceable when any signs of _Scurvy_ are present. It is best given as follows: Take of the soft gummy fluid from the interior of the fruit two ounces, mix this with three or four ounces of water, sweeten to taste, and, if procurable, add a lump of ice. This draught should be repeated twice or thrice daily. _In the obstinate Diarrhœa and Dysentery of Children_ it may safely be given in doses of from one quarter to one half the above quantity, according to age. The Fluid Extract of the _dried_ Bael is regarded by many as superior to any other preparations of this fruit. The dose is from half a drachm to a drachm, twice or thrice daily for an adult. Dietetic Bael is also a valuable preparation. Dr. Aitchison suggests that a supply of Dietetic Bael (prepared by Messrs. Bathgate & Co., of Calcutta) should be kept in store. "It consists," he remarks, "of the pulp of dried Bael fruit carefully pulverised and mixed with a certain proportion of arrowroot. It is an excellent preparation to be used in those cases when Bael is prescribed, and where the fresh fruit cannot be got of good quality, _e.g._, the Bael fruit grown in the Punjaub is not to be compared with that of the more moist and tropical regions. Besides using this in actual disease it makes a good substitute in a patient's diet owing to its pleasant aromatic flavour."

45. _In Irregularity of the Bowels, presenting alternations of Diarrhœa and Constipation_, one draught, as described in the last section, taken in the early morning, often exercises a most beneficial effect in regulating the bowels. Where much debility exists, and the stomach is weak and irritable, it is apt to disagree, occasioning eructations, &c., in which case it may be tried in smaller doses, or be given at bedtime in place of early morning.

46. +Betel or Betle Leaves.+ The fresh leaves of Chavica (Piper) Betle, _Retz._

Pán (_Hind._, _Duk._, _Beng._, _Punj._, and _Guz._), Vettilai (_Tam._), Tamala-páku, Nága-valli (_Tel._), Vetrila (_Mal._), Viledele (_Can._), Videchapána (_Mah._), Balát (_Cing._), Kún-yoe (_Burm._), Seereh (_Malay_).

47. These leaves are in almost universal use amongst the natives of India as a masticatory, in conjunction with lime and areca-nut; and can now be purchased, almost fresh, in any of the larger bazaars of the Punjaub, as they are forwarded by rail and post. There are two ways in which they may be usefully employed medicinally:

48. _In Coughs, especially those of Infancy and Childhood, where there is difficulty of breathing_, the application of betel leaves, warmed, smeared with oil, and applied in layers over the chest, often affords speedy and marked relief. It is a native practice, the utility of which has been confirmed by European experience. It can do no harm, may do much good, and is therefore worthy of a trial in all cases. The same application has been recommended in _Congestion and other affections of the Liver_.

49. For the purpose of _Arresting the Secretion of Milk_, when from any cause this may be desirable, betel leaves, warmed by the fire, and placed in layers over the breast, are stated to be very effectual. Thus employed they are also said to be useful in reducing _Glandular Swellings_.

50. +Bonduc Nut.+ The fruit of Cæsalpinia (Guilandina) Bonducella, _Linn._

Kat-kalijá, Kat-karanj (_Hind._), Gajgá (_Duk._), Nátá, Nátú-koranjá (_Beng._), Kanjúá (_Punj._), Kazhar-shik-káy (_Tam._), Gech-chak-káyá (_Tel._), Kalan-chik-kuru (_Mal._), Gajaga-káyi (_Can._), Gajaga (_Mah._), Gájgá (_Guz._) Kumbura-atta (_Cing._), Kalén-zi (_Burm._), Buah gorah (_Malay_).

51. These nuts, common in all the bazaars of India, are roundish or ovoid in shape, about half an inch, or more, in diameter, smooth, hard, of a grey or leaden colour externally, and contain a white starchy kernel of a pure, bitter taste. Their efficacy appears to reside in a bitter oil. Mr. Broughton failed to detect in them any special crystalline principle.

52. _In Intermittent Fevers_, especially in those of the natives, this remedy has been found very useful. It is adapted only for mild, uncomplicated cases, and is best given in the following form: Take of Bonduc seeds, deprived of their shells and powdered, one ounce; Black Pepper, powdered, one ounce; mix thoroughly, and keep in a well-stoppered bottle. Of this the dose is from 15 to 30 grains three times a day for adults. In smaller doses it is a good tonic in _Debility after Fevers and other diseases_. The bark of the root of the Bonduc shrub in 10 grain doses is reported to be even more effectual in the above cases than the seeds themselves.

53. +Borax.+ Biborate of Soda.

Sohágá, Tinkál (_Hind._), Sohágá (_Beng._, _Duk._, _Punj._), Vávut, Váwuth (_Kash._), Venkáram (_Tam._), Elegáram (_Tel._), Ponkáram, Vellakaram (_Mal._), Biligára (_Can._), Vengáram, Puskara (_Cing._), Lakhiya, Let-khya (_Burm._), Pijar (_Malay_).

54. Borax of good quality is met with in most bazaars; if good it should be in transparent, colourless, crystalline masses or pieces of various sizes, inodorous, with a cool, saltish taste. After having been exposed to the air for some time, as that found in the bazaars has generally been, it becomes covered with a whitish powder or efflorescence, which being removed shows the transparent crystal beneath. If brown or dirty, or otherwise impure, it may be rendered fit for medical use by dissolving one pound of it with one drachm of quicklime in three pints of water, straining through cloth and evaporating by exposure to the sun in an open vessel or over a gentle fire. Dose from 20 to 40 grains for an adult.

55. _In Aphthæ or Thrush_ (small white spots and ulcerations in the mouths of infants and young children) a mixture of powdered Borax (1 drachm) and Honey (1 ounce) is one of the best applications which can be used; it should be applied by means of the finger to the spot twice or thrice daily. _In Fissures or Cracks in the Tongue in adults, which occur in the advanced stages of Consumption, Fever, &c._, an application, twice the strength of the above, proves highly serviceable. _In Mercurial Salivation_, a solution of Borax (half an ounce), in water (eight ounces) forms an excellent gargle.

56. _To Sore Nipples_ a solution of Borax, one drachm to one ounce of water, should be applied before and after suckling the infant, or it may be employed in the form of ointment (a drachm of Borax to an ounce of Ghee). These applications are also serviceable when applied to _inflamed and painful Piles_.

57. _As a means of allaying the distressing Irritation of the Genital Organs, both of males and females_, the latter especially, a solution of Borax (half an ounce) in eight ounces of water or Camphor julep (67) sometimes affords more relief than anything else. Cloths saturated with it should be kept to the parts, and in the case of women it should also be used in the form of vaginal injection. It also proves very useful in allaying the _Irritation of Nettlerash, Prickly Heat, and other Skin Diseases_.

58. _In prolonged and tedious Labours_ dependent apparently on want of action or power in the uterus to expel the fœtus, and in _Abortion_ under the same circumstances, 30 grains of Borax with 10 grains of powdered Cinnamon in a little warm _conjee_, may be given every one or two hours to the extent of three or four doses. This may also be given in _Convulsions attendant on Labours_. In doses of 10 grains, with 10 grains of Cinnamon, thrice daily, it also occasionally proves useful in _Suspension or Irregularity of the Menstrual Discharge_ and in some _Chronic Uterine Affections_.

59. _To Ulcerated Buboes, and Sloughing Ulcers_, a solution of Borax (two drachms in a pint of water or Camphor julep) often proves very useful by cleansing the surface and hastening the healing process. It should be applied on rags well over the whole sore, and renewed frequently by night and day. For dressing _Delhi Sores_, and stimulating them to healthy action, a favourite application is composed of Borax, Sulphur, and Catechu, of each, finely powdered, one drachm, and Ghee one ounce. This may be advantageously used in other forms of _Ulceration_.

60. _For Ringworm_, a solution of Borax (one drachm) in distilled vinegar (two ounces) is stated to be an effectual application.

61. +Butea Gum. Bengal Kino.+ The inspissated juice obtained from the stems of Butea frondosa, _Roxb._ Pterocarpus Marsupium, _D.C._, which yields the officinal Kino, inhabits the forests of Ceylon and the Indian Peninsula as far north as Behar; but almost all, if not the whole, of the Kino met with in bazaars is the produce of Butea frondosa or B. superba; but this is a matter of little moment, as it appears to be equally effectual as an astringent.

Palás-kí-gond (_Hind._, _Duk._), Pálásh-gun (_Beng._), Dhák-kí-gond (_Punj._,), Kamar-kash (_Kash._), Muruk-kan-pishin, Palásha-pishin (_Tam._), Palásha-banka, Móduga-banka (_Tel._) Plách-cha-pasha (_Mal._), Muttaga-góndu (_Can._), Phalása-cha-gónda (_Mah._), Khákar-nu-gún (_Guz._), Káliya-melliyam (_Cing._), Páv-si (_Burm._).

62. Butea Gum occurs in the form of irregular shining fragments, seldom as large as a pea, more or less mixed with adherent pieces of greyish bark, of an intense ruby colour and astringent taste. Its astringency is due to the presence of tannic and gallic acids. It is an excellent astringent, similar to Catechu, but, being milder in operation, it is better adapted for children and delicate females. The dose of the powdered gum is 10 to 30 grains, with a few grains of powdered Cinnamon. It may be used with advantage in _Chronic Diarrhœa_, _Pyrosis_ (_Water-brash_), _and in those forms of Dyspepsia attended with increased secretion_. In these cases the addition of a small portion of opium increases its efficacy.

63. +Butea Seeds.+ The seeds of Butea frondosa, _Roxb._

Palás-ké-bínj (_Hind._), Palás-Páprá (_Duk._, _Beng._), Dhák-papri, Palás-páprí (_Punj._), Khálás-pápúr (_Kash._), Porasum-virai, Murukkam-virai (_Tam._), Palásha-vittulu, Moduga-vittulu (_Tel._), Pláshu, Murukka-vitta (_Mal._), Muttaga-bíjá (_Can._), Phalásá-cha-bí (_Mah._), Palás-páparo (_Guz._), Kaliya-atta (_Cing._), Páv-si (_Burm._).

64. Butea seeds are thin, flat, oval or kidney-shaped, of a mahogany brown colour, 1¼ to 1¾ inches in length, almost devoid of taste and smell. European experience has confirmed the high opinion held by the Mohammedan doctors as to their power in _expelling Lumbrici, or Round Worm_, so common amongst the natives of India. The seeds should be first soaked in water, and the testa, or shell, carefully removed; the kernel should then be dried and reduced to powder. Of this the dose is 20 grains thrice daily for three successive days, followed on the fourth day by a dose of Castor Oil. Under the use of this remedy, thus administered in the practice of Dr. Oswald, 125 lumbrici in one instance, and between 70 and 80 in another, were expelled. It has the disadvantage of occasionally purging when its vermifuge properties are not apparent; in some instances also it has been found to excite vomiting and to irritate the kidneys; and though these ill effects do not ordinarily follow, yet they indicate caution in its employment.

65. _For destroying Maggots in Unhealthy Ulcers_, so commonly met with amongst the natives, Raghupatie Mohun Rao (_Indian Medical Gazette_, Dec. 2, 1879, p. 346) directs the powder of these seeds to be sprinkled over the surface to kill them.

66. +Camphor.+

Káfúr (_Hind._, _Punj._), Káphúr (_Beng._), Karruppúram _or_ Karppúram (_Tam._), Karpúram (_Tel._, _Mal._), Karpúra (_Can._), Kapúra (_Mah._), Kapúr, Karpúr (_Guz._), Kapuru (_Cing._), Payo, Piyo (_Burm._), Kapor baroos (_Malay_).

Several varieties of Camphor are met with in the bazaars. That best suited for medicinal use should be in masses or lumps, white, translucent, of a crystalline structure, of a powerful penetrating odour, and pungent taste. Much of the camphor sold in the bazaars is worthless. Dose, from two to five grains or more for an adult.

67. CAMPHOR WATER, OR JULEP, as it is commonly called, may always be advantageously kept ready prepared for domestic use; it is made by adding two drachms of Camphor to a quart bottle of water, and setting aside for a few days. Of this the dose for an adult is about a wine-glassful. It is a good vehicle for other medicines.

68. CAMPHOR LINIMENT is formed by dissolving one ounce of Camphor in four ounces of Cocoa-nut, Sesamum, or other bland oil. It is an excellent application in _Chronic Rheumatism_, _Lumbago_, _Enlargement_ _of the Joints_, _Glandular Swellings_, _Bruises_, _Sprains_, _Muscular Pain, especially that of the loins, to which women are subject during Pregnancy and the Menstrual periods_, and other cases attended with local pain. It should be well rubbed in night and morning for 10 or 15 minutes; friction in these cases playing an important part.

69. _In Chronic Rheumatism_, in addition to its use externally, as advised in the last paragraph, it may be given internally in a dose of five grains with one grain of Opium at bedtime; it affords relief by causing copious perspiration, which should be promoted by a draught of infusion of Ginger (154) and by additional bedclothes. An excellent vapour bath for these cases may be made by substituting half an ounce of Camphor placed on a heated plate for the _chattie_ of hot water described in Section 397. Thus employed, it causes speedy and copious perspiration. Care, however, is necessary to prevent the patient inhaling the vapour, which is of comparatively little consequence when simple water is being employed.

70. _In Asthma_, Camphor in four-grain doses, with an equal quantity of Asafœtida, in the form of pill, repeated every second or third hour during a paroxysm, affords in some instances great relief. Turpentine stupes (362) to the chest should be used at the same time. Many cases of _Difficulty of Breathing_ are relieved by the same means. These pills also sometimes relieve violent _Palpitation of the Heart_. _In the Coughs of Childhood_, Camphor Liniment (68), previously warmed, well rubbed in over the chest at nights, often exercises a beneficial effect. For young children, the strength of the liniment should be reduced one half or more by the addition of some bland oil.

71. _In Rheumatic and Nervous Headaches_, a very useful application is one ounce of Camphor dissolved in a pint of Vinegar, and then diluted with one or two parts of water. Cloths saturated with it should be kept constantly to the part.

72. _In Spermatorrhœa, and in all involuntary Seminal discharges_, few medicines are more generally useful than Camphor in doses of four grains with half a grain of Opium, taken each night at bedtime. _In Gonorrhœa_, to relieve that painful symptom, _Chordee_, the same prescription is generally very effectual; but it may be necessary to increase the quantity of Opium to one grain, and it is advisable to apply the Camphor Liniment (68) along the under surface of the penis as far back as the anus. _To relieve that distressing Irritation of the Generative Organs which some women suffer from so severely_, it will be found that five or six grains of Camphor taken in the form of pill twice or three times daily, according to the severity of the symptoms, will sometimes afford great relief. In each of these cases it is important to keep the bowels freely open.

73. _In Painful Affections of the Uterus_ Camphor in six or eight grain doses often affords much relief. The Liniment (68) should at the same time be well rubbed into the loins. _In the Convulsions attendant on Childbirth_, the following pills may be tried: Camphor and Calomel, of each five grains. Beat into a mass with a little honey, and divide into two pills; to be followed an hour subsequently by a full dose of castor oil or other purgative.

74. _In the advanced stages of Fever_, _Small Pox_, and _Measles_, when the patient is low, weak, and exhausted, and when there are at the same time delirium, muttering, and sleeplessness, three grains of Camphor with an equal quantity of Asafœtida, may be given even every third hour; Turpentine stupes (362) or Mustard poultices (247) being applied at the same time to the feet or over the region of the heart. It should be discontinued if it causes headache or increased heat of the scalp. Its use requires much discrimination and caution.

75. _To Prevent Bed Sores_, it is advisable to make a strong solution of Camphor in _arrack_ or brandy, and with this night and morning to bathe, for a few minutes, the parts which from continued pressure are likely to become affected. _Gangrenous or Sloughing Ulcerations_ often sensibly improve, and heal under the local application of powdered Camphor.

76. +Capsicum.+ The ripe dried fruit of Capsicum fastigiatum, _Blume_.

Lál-mirch, Gách-mirch (_Hind._), Mirchí, Lál-mirchí (_Duk._), Lal-morich, Lanká-morich (_Beng._), Lal-mirch (_Punj._), Mirch-wángun (_Kash._), Mulagáy, Milagáy (_Tam._), Mirapa-káya (_Tel._), Kappal-melaka (_Mal._), Ménashiná-káyi (_Can._), Mir-singá (_Mah._), Lál-mirich, Marchu (_Guz._), Miris (_Cing._), Náyu-si (_Burm._), Chalie, Loda-cheena (_Malay_).

77. A powerful stimulant; the bruised fruit applied locally in the form of poultice acts energetically as a rubefacient, and, added to Mustard poultices, greatly increases their activity. In the absence of mustard, Capsicum poultices may be substituted, but, being more energetic in operation, require more care; if left on too long they will cause blisters.

78. _In Scarlatina_, the following mixture has attained much repute in the West Indies. Take two table-spoonfuls of bruised Capsicum and two teaspoonfuls of Salt; beat them into a paste, and add half a pint of boiling Water; when cold, strain, and add half a pint of Vinegar. Dose for an adult, one table-spoonful every four hours; to be diminished for children according to age, or the severity of the attack. The same formula forms an excellent gargle in the _Sore Throat which accompanies this disease_, as well as in ordinary _Relaxed Sore Throat_, _Hoarseness_, &c.

79. Capsicum is a very useful adjunct to Aloes and other remedies for _Dyspepsia, Loss of Appetite, &c._ _In Diarrhœa, arising from the use of putrid food, especially fish_, Capsicum in five-grain doses in the form of pill has been found most useful.

80. +Cassia alata+, _Linn._ Ringworm Shrub.

Dádmurdan, Dád-ká-pát (_Hind._), Dádmurdan, Dádmari (_Beng._), Dát-ká-pattá, Viláyatí-agtí (_Duk._), Shimai-agatti, Vandu-kolli (_Tam._), Shíma-avishi-chettu (_Tel._), Shima-akatti (_Mal._), Shíme-agase (_Can._), Attóra (_Cing._), Timbó-mezali, Mezali-gi (_Burm._).

81. This handsome shrub, with its large conspicuous spike of yellow flowers, is common in gardens and waste places throughout India. Its leaves have attained a well-earned repute as a local remedy in _Skin Diseases_, especially in _Ringworm_; hence one of its common English names of _Ringworm Bush or Shrub_. The ordinary form of application is a sort of ointment made by bruising the fresh leaves with Sesamum, Cocoa-nut, or other bland oil; but a far better preparation is made by bruising the fresh leaves, with lemon or lime juice, into a thick paste. Whichever preparation is employed, it should be thoroughly well rubbed in over the affected part twice daily till a cure is effected. The more recent the case the greater will be the prospect of a speedy cure. Long-standing chronic cases often resist its influence.

82. +Castor Oil.+—The expressed oil of the seeds of Ricinus communis, _Linn._

Arandí-ká-tél (_Hind._, _Punj._), Yarandí-ká-tél (_Duk._), Bhérandá-tail (_Beng._), A'manak-kenney (_Tam._), A'mudam (_Tel._), Kottenná (_Mal._), Haralenne (_Can._), Eran-déla (_Mah._), Dívás, Yerandi-nu-tél (_Guz._), Endaru-tel (_Cing._), Kesú-si (_Burm._), Miniak jarak (_Malay_).

83. Castor Oil, of various degrees of purity, is met with in most bazaars. The dark brown viscid oil (obtained by boiling, and subsequent expression of the seeds) should be avoided, on account of its acridity. The best kind is clear, of a pale straw colour, and with a slightly nauseous taste. The "cold-drawn expressed oil" should always be used when procurable, as it generally is in most large bazaars. It is an excellent purgative when the object is simply to clear out the bowels. It is especially adapted for children and for women after confinements. The ordinary dose for a child is about a teaspoonful but it may be gradually raised according to the age of the patient, to two table-spoonfuls (one ounce), which is the full dose for an adult. It is best given floating on milk, strong coffee, or Omum water. _In Painful Affections of the Rectum_ Castor Oil in small doses is often of great service, softening the fæces and lubricating the passages without weakening the patient. (_Mr. Curling_.) The same remark applies to _Piles_, or when it is desirable to prevent the patient straining at stool, but, as a general rule, it is inferior to Sulphur, _q. v._

84. _For Sore Nipples_ nothing, according to Dr. Conant Foster (_Practitioner_, April 1872), is so beneficial as Castor Oil. The nipple should be smeared freely with it each time the child is removed from the breast. Rags or lint are unnecessary and injurious.

85. +The leaves of the Castor Oil plant+ deserve notice _as a means of increasing the secretion of Milk_. For this purpose a decoction is made by boiling a large handful of the plant in six or eight pints of water. With this the breasts are bathed for a quarter of an hour, and then the boiled leaves, in the form of a poultice, spread over them. In a few hours the effects of the application are manifest. A simpler mode of application, said to be equally effectual, consists in applying layers of the fresh leaves, simply warmed before a fire, over the breasts.

86. +Catechu.+ An extract from the heart-wood of Acacia, Catechu, _Willd._

Kát, Kath (_Hind._, _Punj._), Kát (_Beng._), Kathah (_Duk._), Khairah, Kuth (_Kash._), Káshu, Kátta-kámbu (_Tam._), Kánchu (_Tel._), Kátta (_Mal._), Káchu (_Can._), Kath-tho (_Guz._), Kaipu (_Cing._), Sházi (_Burm._), Gambir or Kachu (_Malay_).

87. Several varieties of Catechu are met with in the bazaars. That best adapted for medical use occurs in the form of masses consisting of layers, occasionally enveloped in rough leaves of a blackish-brown colour, easily fractured, of a very astringent taste.

88. _In Diarrhœa unattended by Fever_ Catechu is of much value; ten or fifteen grains in powder, with an equal quantity of powdered Cinnamon, may be given in honey or _jaggery_ three or four times a day if necessary; or it may be given in infusion prepared by macerating three drachms of bruised Catechu, and one drachm of bruised Cinnamon in half a pint of boiling water for two hours, and straining. Dose from one and a half to two ounces thrice daily. From five to ten drops of Laudanum to each dose add to its efficacy, or one grain of Opium may be given at bedtime. These doses are suited only for adults; for _the Diarrhœa of Children_, three or four grains of finely powdered Catechu, with an equal quantity of powdered Cinnamon, generally answer well.

89. _In Mercurial Salivation_, in _Ulceration and Sponginess of the Gums_, a small piece of Catechu allowed slowly to dissolve in the mouth is often of great service. The same measure is often useful in _Relaxed Sore Throat, Hoarseness, Loss of Voice, &c._ _In Toothache_, where there is a decayed tooth, with a piece of loose flesh growing within, great relief sometimes results from inserting into the hollow a small piece of Catechu, and retaining it there till it is dissolved.

90. _Chronic Ulcerations_, _attended by much or Fœtid Discharge_, often speedily improve under the use of an ointment composed of a drachm of finely powdered Catechu and an ounce of Ceromel (167). In obstinate cases the addition of sixteen grains of finely powdered Sulphate of Copper to the above greatly increases its efficacy. Another mode of treating these old ulcers is bathing them twice or thrice daily with an infusion of Catechu (six drachms to a pint of water), and dressing in the intervals with Ceromel. The above infusion proves effectual in some instances as a preventive of _Sore Nipples_, for which purpose the breasts should be bathed with it daily, for some six weeks prior to the confinement, and thus the tissues become so hardened that when the infant begins to suck any ill-effects are obviated.

90 _bis_. +Charcoal Wood, Charcoal.+

Lakrí ka-kóyelah (_Hind._), Lákri-ká-kólsá (_Duk._), Kásh-tha-kóyalá (_Beng._), Aduppu-kari (_Tam._), Katta-boggu (_Tel._), Atuppa-kari, Muttí-kari (_Mal._), Kattige-iddallu (_Can._), Láka-dácha-kólasé (_Mah._), Lákdu-kóelo (_Guz._), Thén-misu-e (_Burm._), Anguru (_Cing._), Ahrang (_Malay_), Kóiláh (_Punj._), Tsuíng (_Kash._).

91. Charcoal is an article of great importance in a sanatory and medical as well as in an economical point of view. It possesses no mean power as a deodoriser, and in close sick rooms the smell of the air is deprived of much of its unpleasantness by hanging about the apartment thin muslin bags loosely filled with roughly powdered charcoal. The charcoal requires to be renewed occasionally. For purifying water an effectual plan is to boil it with a good-sized piece of freshly prepared charcoal; it also forms an excellent filter, placed in alternate layers with river sand, as is in use by the natives of Southern India. Charcoal, especially that of the Areca or Betel nut, forms an excellent tooth-powder; but it is essential that it should be _very_ finely powdered, or it may scratch the enamel of the teeth. Lastly, it is of great value in forming the CHARCOAL POULTICE, which is made by adding finely powdered charcoal to a common Rice poultice (322 _c._) in the proportion of one part of the former to three of the latter. A little of the Charcoal should also be sprinkled over the surface of the poultice previous to applying it. This is a valuable application to _Ulcers_ _and Wounds attended by a fœtid discharge_; it proves useful in correcting the bad odour and stimulating to healthy action.

92. +Chaulmugra.+ (The seeds of Gynocardia odorata, _R. Brown_). In Southern India, where Chaulmúgra is rarely obtainable, the oil of the seeds of a tree of the same family, Hydnocarpus inebrians, _Vahl._ (Néradi-muttu, _Tam._, Niradi-vittulu, _Tel._), seems well worthy of a trial. This oil has a great repute amongst the natives of Malabar as a remedy in leprosy.

Chaulmúgra or Chál-mogré-ké, bínj (_Hind._).

93. Chaulmúgra seeds are about an inch in length, of an ovoid form, rendered more or less irregular by mutual compression. The shell, greyish brown, smooth and fragile, contains a large kernel, which by expression yields a fixed oil which has a peculiar and slightly unpleasant smell and taste. The oil procured from the bazaars is usually impure, and hence objectionable for internal administration.

94. _In Leprosy_ Chaulmúgra has been used with excellent effect; it has also been advantageously administered in _Scrofula_, _Skin Diseases_, _and Chronic Rheumatism_. The dose of the seeds coarsely powdered is about six grains, thrice daily, in the form of pill, gradually increased to three or four times that amount, or until it causes nausea, when the dose should be diminished, or the use of the remedy suspended for a time. This is the best form of administration. The dose of the oil is from five to six drops, gradually increased as in the case of the seeds. During the use of this remedy it is advisable to avoid all salt meats, acids, spices, and sweetmeats; on the other hand, its operation is aided by butter, ghee, and oily articles of diet. It might, perhaps, be advantageously combined with a course of fish-liver oil.

95. An ointment, prepared by beating the seeds, deprived of their shells, into a paste of the requisite consistence, with a little ghee, or simple ointment, has been found of great service as a local application in some _obstinate Skin Diseases_.

96. +Chiretta.+ The dried plant Ophelia Chirata, _D.C._

Charáyatah (_Hind._, _Duk._), Shirat-kuch-chi, Nilavémbu (_Tam._), Nelá-vému (_Tel._), Cherota (_Beng._), Chiraita, Kiraita (_Punj._), Chiraiet (_Kash._), Chiráyitá (_Mah._), Chírayata (_Guz._), Bincohamba (_Cing._), Sekhági (_Burm._), Chrita (_Malay_).

97. Stems about three feet long, of the thickness of a goose-quill, round, smooth, pale-brown, branched, branches opposite; flowers small, numerous, panicled; the whole plant intensely bitter. These characters belong to the officinal Chiretta, but there are met with, in almost every part of India, numerous varieties which differ more or less from it in many respects, except in bitterness, which pervades them all. They also partake, for the most part, in the same medicinal properties.

98. Chiretta is a good bitter tonic, and renders the practitioner in India independent of imported articles of the same class. It is best given as follows: take Chiretta, bruised one ounce, Hot Water a pint; infuse for six hours or more and strain. Dose from two to three ounces three times daily. A drachm of bruised Cloves, or Cinnamon, or Cardamom seeds, increases its efficacy and improves its flavour. It may be given in all cases of _Debility, especially after Fevers_, _in Indigestion_, _Loss of Appetite_, &c. It may also be given in mild cases of _Ague or Intermittent Fever_; but this is spoken of in Art. Galls, _q. v._