Chapter VII: Part I (4)

289_a_. _In Dysentery_, Opium in full and repeated doses (one to two grains three or four times a day) was formerly in great repute, but it has fallen into disuse since the Ipecacuanha treatment has been reintroduced; still, amongst the natives it seems, in many cases, to answer better than the latter drug. Even when Ipecacuanha is employed, a preliminary dose of Laudanum (25 to 30 drops) is often of great service in enabling the stomach to bear it and in preventing its emetic operation. _For the relief of the local pain, bearing down, and straining in this disease_, a small enema (two ounces) of _conjee_, with 30 to 40 drops of Laudanum in it, affords more relief than anything else. Opium is a valuable adjunct to Catechu and other astringents in the treatment of _Diarrhœa_.

290. _Vomiting_ is sometimes speedily relieved by a few drops of Laudanum (5 to 10 drops) in an effervescing draught, or a little Omum water. It may also be advantageously combined with Infusion of Cloves and other remedies.

291. There are many external or local diseases, including _Chronic Rheumatism_, _Lumbago_, and other _Muscular and Neuralgic Pains_, _Spasms_, and _Bruises_, _Enlarged Glands_, _Mumps_, &c., in which simple OPIUM LINIMENT, readily made by rubbing down a drachm of bazaar Opium in two ounces of Cocoanut, Sessamum, or other bland oil, proves very useful. Its efficacy, however, is greatly increased by conjoining it with an equal quantity of Camphor Liniment (68). This, which may be called CAMPHORATED OPIUM LINIMENT, is an excellent application in many painful external affections. It should be well shaken before being used, which it may be night and morning, or oftener if required; care should be taken not to apply it to an abraded or sore surface; it is only adapted for the sound skin, and not even then if the pain is attended with much heat and redness; under these circumstances, cooling lotions (325, 380) are better adapted. This Camphorated Liniment, well rubbed in along the course of the spine, is occasionally very useful in _Hooping Cough_. For _Stiff Neck_, warm Laudanum rubbed in over the part answers better.

292. _In Ophthalmia attended with great intolerance of light_, great relief may be obtained by fumigating the eye with the vapour of boiling water, to which has been added a teaspoonful of Laudanum, or a couple of grains of Opium. An excellent eyewash in these cases is composed of Laudanum, Vinegar, and Brandy, each one part, and Water four parts. _Toothache_, depending upon a decayed tooth, is often relieved by a grain of Opium put into the hollow of the tooth; the saliva should not be swallowed. _Earache_ also frequently yields to a mixture of equal parts of Laudanum and any bland oil, inserted into the outer passage of the ear on a piece of cotton wool: care should be taken not to push it in too far.

293. _To Painful Piles_, where there is much swelling and heat, a very soothing application is a soft rice poultice, the surface of which has been sprinkled with Laudanum, or smeared over with simple Opium Liniment.

294. +Papaw Tree.+ Carica Papaya, _Linn._

Popaiyáh (_Hind._), Popáí (_Duk._), Papaiyá (_Beng._), Pappáyi (_Tam._), Boppáyí (_Tel._, _Can._), Pappáya (_Mal._), Pópayá (_Mah._), Papáyi (_Guz._), Pepolká (_Cing._), Pimbo-si (_Burm._), Papaya (_Malay_).

295. The fresh milky juice of the Papaw has been successfully employed in the treatment of _Worms, especially the common Round Worm or Lumbricus_. The juice should be collected as it flows out from incisions made in the unripe fruit; a table-spoonful suffices for a dose for an adult. It should, whilst quite fresh, be mixed with an equal quantity of honey and two ounces of boiling water, and the whole well stirred. When cool, this should be taken as a draught, and two hours subsequently, one ounce of Castor Oil, with half a table-spoonful of Lime Juice. This process should be repeated two days in succession. Half the above dose is sufficient for a child between three and seven years old, and a third, or about a teaspoonful, for a child under three years of age. Should colic follow its use, draughts of sugar and water, or sugar and milk, should be freely given. _In Ringworm_ the unripe Papaw fruit, cut in slices and rubbed on the spots, is said by Dr. H. H. Goodeve to be a very simple and efficient remedy.

296. _In Enlargements of the Spleen and Liver_ Mr. Evers (_Indian Med. Gazette_, February 1875) reports highly of the value of the milky juice of the unripe Papaw fruit. Of sixty cases treated with it, thirty-nine were cured. He administered it as follows: About a teaspoonful of the fresh juice was thoroughly mixed with an equal quantity of sugar, and the mass made into three boluses, one to be taken morning, noon, and evening. For children a single drop of the juice with sugar was found sufficient. A poultice of the pulp of the unripe fruit was placed in each case over the enlarged organ; but on this Dr. Evers places little reliance. From 20 to 25 days was the longest period a patient was under treatment. A nutritious and liberal diet to be enforced. It was found notably useful in recent cases. No ill effects—nothing beyond a feeling of heat in the stomach—followed its use. Should there be gastric or intestinal irritation, a small dose of Opium or Henbane may be combined with the juice.

296_b_. +Pedalium Murex+, _Linn._

Bará-ghókrú (_Hind._, _Dak._, _Beng._), Ánai-nerunji, Peru-neranji (_Tam._), Enuga-palléru-mullu, Káítu-nerinjil (_Tel._), Ána-nerinnil, Káttu-nerinnil (_Mal._), Ánne-galu-gidá (_Can._), Hattí-charátté (_Mah._), Motte-ghókru (_Guz._), Ati-naranchi (_Cing._), Sulegí (_Burm._).

297. This small plant, with its yellow flowers and sharp-spined seed vessel, exhaling when bruised the odour of musk, is common on dry sandy localities, especially on the seaboard of most parts of Southern India. The fresh leaves and stems briskly agitated in cold water convert it into a thick mucilage, nearly of the consistency of the white of a raw egg, inodorous and tasteless. An infusion thus prepared is a highly prized remedy among the people of Southern India in _Gonorrhœa_. For this purpose half a pint of the above infusion is taken every morning for ten days successively; and under its use great relief to the scalding on the passage of urine is afforded, and a cure in many cases effected. It seems well worthy of further trial. One of its effects, indeed its principal one, is greatly to increase the flow of urine; hence it might prove useful in some forms of _Dropsy_. Water rendered mucilaginous by this plant soon regains its original fluidity; hence the infusion should be freshly prepared each time it is to be administered.

298. +Pepper, Black.+ The unripe fruit of Piper nigrum, _Linn._

Kálí-mirch, Gól-mirch (_Hind._, _Punj._), Kálí-mirchí (_Duk._), Kálá-morich, Gól-morich (_Beng._, _Punj._), Martz (_Kash._), Milagu, Mulagu (_Tam._), Miriyálu (_Tel._), Kuru-mulaka (_Mal._), Menasu (_Can._), Miré (_Mah._), Kálo-mirich, Miri (_Guz._), Kalu-miris (_Cing._), Náyu-kon (_Burm._), Lada hitam (_Malay_).

Black pepper, when fresh and of good quality, is a useful stimulant and stomachic in doses of from 10 to 15 grains or more.

299. _In Cholera_ the following pills were formerly held in high repute in Bengal. Take of Black Pepper, Asafœtida, and Opium, each 20 grains; beat them well together, and divide into 12 pills; of these one was the dose, repeated in an hour if required. On account of the quantity of Opium they contain, it is inadvisable to continue their use too long (_See_ Par. 285). They are chiefly indicated at the very outset of the attack.

300. _For Piles in aged and debilitated persons_ the following Confection is often of great service: Take of Black Pepper in fine powder, 1 ounce; Caraway fruit in fine powder, 1½ ounce; Honey, 7½ ounces. Rub them well together in a mortar, and give from one to two drachms twice or thrice daily. It proves useful also in the case of old and weak people suffering from _Descent of the Rectum_. An infusion of Black Pepper (2 drachms of bruised Pepper to 1 pint of Boiling Water) forms a useful stimulant gargle in _Relaxed Sore Throat, and Hoarseness_ dependent thereon.

301. +Physic Nut Plant.+ Jatropha Curcas, _Linn._

Jangle-arandí (_Hind._, _Guz._), Jangli-yarandi (_Duk._), Erandá-gách, Bon-bhérandá (_Beng._), Kátt-áma-naku (_Tam._), Pépalam (_Tel._), Káttá-vanaka (_Mal._), Bettada-haralu (_Can._), Rána-yerandi (_Mah._), Val-endaru, Erandu (_Cing._), Késu-gi, Simbo-késu (_Burm._).

302. A common plant in waste places throughout India. The seeds, which in their native state are an acro-narcotic poison, yield on expression about 30 per cent. of a pale yellow oil, which in doses of 12 to 15 drops acts as a purgative equal in action to one ounce of Castor Oil, but is far less certain in its operation and causes more griping than the latter, hence it is rarely employed. Its ill effects are corrected by Lime Juice, as in the case of Croton Seeds (Sec. 120). Diluted with a bland oil (1 part to 2 or 3), it forms a useful embrocation in _Chronic Rheumatism_. The leaves locally applied to the breasts, as directed in Sec. 85, are stated notably to _increase the secretion of Milk_; it is worthy of a trial. More important, however, than the preceding is the alleged power of the fresh juice to _arrest Bleeding or Hæemorrhage from Wounds_. Baboo Udhoy Chand Dutt (_Indian Med. Gazette_, Oct. 1, 1874) details two cases in which a piece of lint, soaked in the juice and locally applied, at once arrested the bleeding; in one of these cases alum, perchloride of iron, &c., had been previously used without effect. He states that it does not cause pain nor act as a caustic, but seems simply to coagulate the blood, and covers the bleeding surface with a tenacious layer. Further evidence of its styptic powers is recorded by Mr. B. Evers (_Indian Med. Gazette_, March 1875), who furnishes also an interesting account of a pulsating tumour, "a varicose aneurism," situated just above the inner ankle, which was cured (?) by the subcutaneous injection of a drachm of this juice. The styptic properties of this agent seem well worthy of further trial.

302_b_. +Plantago, or Ispaghúl Seed.+ The seeds of Plantago Ispaghula, _Roxb._

Ispaghúl, Isbaghól (_Hind._), Isapghól (_Duk._, _Punj._), Eshopgól (_Beng._), Ís-mogul (_Kash._), Ishappukól-virai, Iskól-virai (_Tam._), Isapagála-vittulu (_Tel._), Isabakólu (_Can._), Isabagóla (_Mah._), Isapghól (_Guz._).

303. Ispaghúl seeds, ovate-elliptical, concave, about an eighth of an inch in length, of a greyish colour, yielding to water an abundance of tasteless mucilage, are procurable in most bazaars, and constitute a highly useful demulcent medicine.

304. _In Dysentery and Diarrhœa_ they have been long held in well-deserved repute when given, as advised by the late Mr. Twining, of Calcutta. "_In the Chronic Diarrhœa of Europeans_, who have been long resident in India, benefit [he remarks] often follows the use of demulcents followed by mild tonics. For this purpose the Ispaghúl seeds seem to answer better than any other remedy. The dose for an adult is 2½ drachms mixed with half a drachm of powdered sugar candy. The seeds are exhibited whole, and in their passage through the intestines they absorb as much fluid as makes them swell, and by the time they reach the central or lower portions of the canal, they give out a bland mucilage, and in general they continue to possess the same mucilaginous properties until they have passed through the intestines. If the frequency of the dejections be restrained by anodyne enema, and by using only a small quantity of food, the mucilaginous properties of these seeds are most evident. It is said that a slight degree of astringency and some tonic property may be imparted to the seeds by exposing them to a moderate degree of heat, so that they shall be dried and slightly browned. This remedy sometimes cures the protracted diarrhœa of European and Native children after many other remedies have failed."

305. _In many affections of the Kidneys and Bladder, in Gonorrhœa_, &c. attended with pain, local irritation and scalding or difficulty in passing urine, the following decoction is likely to prove serviceable: Take of Ispaghúl Seeds bruised, 2 drachms; Water a pint; boil for ten minutes in a covered vessel, and strain. Of this the dose is from 2 to 4 ounces, three or four times daily or oftener.

306. +The Plantain or Banana Tree.+ Musa sapientum, _Linn._

Kélah-ká-pér (_Hind._), Mouz-ká-jhár (_Duk._), Kéla-gáchh (_Beng._), Kadali (_Tam._), Kadali, Arati-chettu (_Tel._), Vázha-marum (_Mal._), Bálegida (_Can._), Kéla-jháda (_Mah._), Kéla-nu-jháda (_Guz._), Kehal-gahá (_Cing._), Napiyá-bin (_Burm._).

307. The Plantain, or Banana-tree, is extensively cultivated throughout the tropical portion of both hemispheres for the sake of its fruit, which forms a valuable article of diet, and in the dried state is of no mean value as an anti-scorbutic (See Art. _Scurvy_ in _Index_). It is mentioned in this place chiefly on account of its leaves, which, when young and tender, are of a beautifully fine texture, and may be utilised with great advantage in medical and surgical practice.

_a._ _As a dressing for blistered surfaces_, for which purpose they are admirably adapted in hot climates, where Spermaceti Ointment, usually employed in European practice, rapidly becomes rancid, and consequently irritant. After the removal of a blister a piece of plantain leaf of the required size, smeared with any bland oil, should be applied to the denuded surface and kept in its place by means of a bandage. The first sensation it occasions is peculiarly cooling and soothing, and the blistered surface generally heals satisfactorily in four or five days. For the first two days the upper smooth surface is placed next to the skin, and subsequently the under side, until the healing process is complete. The dressing should be changed twice daily, with fresh leaves, or oftener if required.

_b._ _As a substitute for India Rubber or Gutta Percha Tissue in the water-dressing of Wounds and Ulcers._ The younger the leaf the better is it suited for this purpose. Two points require attention: 1, the piece used should be sufficiently large to cover or envelop the whole part; and, 2, it should be carefully kept in its place by bandages, &c. If properly applied, evaporation of any subjacent fluid is effectively prevented.

_c._ _As a shade for the eyes in Ophthalmia and other Diseases of the Eye_, no manufactured shade is superior to it; the older and greener leaves answer best for this purpose.

308. +Plumbago rosea+, _Linn._

Lál-chíta, Lál-chítarak (_Hind._), Lál-chitarmúl (_Duk._), Rakto-chitá (_Beng._), Chitra (_Punj._), Shitranj (_Kash._), Shivappu-chittira-múlam, Kodi-múli (_Tam._), Erra-chitra-múlam (_Tel._), Chenti-kotuvéli (_Mal._), Kempu-chitra-múlá (_Can._), Támbada-chitramúla (_Mah._), Ratnitúl (_Cing._), Kin-khen-ní (_Burm._), Chiraka-merah (_Malay_).

309. The root of this plant, common in gardens throughout India, is of great value as a means of raising a blister when other articles of the same class are not available. For this purpose take the fresh bark of the root and rub it into a paste with water and a little rice flour; spread this on a piece of rag and apply it to the surface; in about five minutes it begins to give pain, which increases in severity for about half an hour, when it may be removed; a rice poultice may then be applied over the part, and within twelve or eighteen hours a large uniform blister will be found to have formed. The fluid having being let out, it may be dressed with plantain leaf, in the usual way. The chief objection to the use of a Plumbago blister is the great pain it occasions, hence it should only be used when other blistering agents are not at hand, and a blister is an immediate necessity.

310. +Pomegranate Tree.+ Punica Granatum, _Linn._

Anár-ká-pér (_Hind._), Anár-ká-jhár (_Duk._), Dálimgásh (_Beng._), Dháun (_Kash._), Mádalai-chedi (_Tam._), Dálimba, Dádima-chettu (_Tel._), Mátalam-chetti (_Mal._), Dálimbe-gidá (_Can._), Dálimba-jhàda (_Mah._), Dádam-nujháda (_Guz._), Delun-gahá (_Cing._), Salé-bin, or Talí-bin (_Burm._), Dalima (_Malay_).

311. Two parts of the Pomegranate tree, common in gardens and elsewhere throughout India, are employed medicinally, viz., the Rind of the Fruit and the Bark of the Root or Root-Bark.

312. _In Diarrhœa and the advanced stages of Dysentery_, the rind of the fruit is a valuable astringent. It is best given in Decoction prepared by boiling in a covered vessel, 2 ounces of the bruised Dried Rind, and 2 drachms of bruised Cloves or Cinnamon in a pint of water for fifteen minutes and straining. Of this, when cold, the dose is 1½ ounces three or four times a day; in obstinate cases, five drops of Laudanum may be added to each dose. It is said to be especially useful in the _Diarrhœa of Natives_.

313. _In Relaxed Sore Throat_ the above decoction, with the addition of a drachm of Alum to the pint, is a very useful gargle, and it also forms a good astringent injection in _Vaginal Discharges_; in these cases the cloves or cinnamon should be omitted.

314. _For Tape Worm_ the Root-bark is a remedy of established value given as follows: Take of the fresh Bark sliced, 2 ounces: Water, 2 pints; boil to 1 pint and strain. Of this, two ounces should be taken fasting, early in the morning, and repeated every half-hour, until four doses have been taken. This should be followed by an aperient (1 ounce of Castor Oil), and the worm will generally be expelled within twelve hours.

315. +Ptychotis, Ajwain or Omum Seeds.+ The fruit of Carum (Ptychotis) Ajowan, _D.C._

Ajváyan (_Hind._), Ajvain, Ajván (_Beng._), Ajván (_Duk._), Ajwain (_Punj._), Jáwind (_Kash._), O'mam, or O'mum (_Tam._), Omamu, Vámamu (_Tel._), Hómam, Ayamód-kam (_Mal._), Vóma (_Can._), Vóvá, Vóva-sádá, (_Mah._), Ajwán (_Guz._), Oman, Assamodagam (_Cing._), Samhún (_Burm._), Lavinju-larmisi (_Malay_).

316. These small, pungent, aromatic seeds rank deservedly high in the list of native remedies; they are considered to combine the stimulant quality of capsicum or mustard with the bitter property of chiretta, and the antispasmodic virtues of asafœtida. This remedy, Dr. Bidie remarks, in moderate quantities increases the flow of saliva, augments the secretion of gastric juice, and acts as a stimulant, carminative and tonic. As a topical remedy it may be used with advantage along with astringents in cases of _Relaxed Sore Throat_. For disguising the taste of disagreeable drugs and obviating their tendency to cause nausea and griping, he adds, that he knows no remedy of equal power. Testimony of a similar character is borne by Mr. J. J. Wood and others, and no room is left to doubt the value of this medicine.

317. The natives employ the crude seeds in doses of about a dessert-spoonful with the addition of a little salt; this is chewed and washed down with draughts of water. They also employ them in decoction, but this is objectionable, as heat dissipates the essential oil, in which the virtues of the seeds reside. A far better form is the Distilled Water, OMUM WATER—Aarqe-ajván (_Hind. et Duk._), Ajwain-ka-arak (_Punj._), Jawind-húnd-arak (_Kash._), Óman-tí-nír (_Tam._), Ómam-dráv-akam (_Tel._). It is also sold under the name of "Sison Cordial." Every Indian domestic medicine chest should contain a good supply of this useful preparation, which is procurable in all the large towns in India, being a very popular remedy with the native and East Indian portion of the community. Where, however, it is not purchasable it can be readily prepared by any native who has a common country still; in this case care should be taken that the right proportions be used—3lb. of the bruised seeds to six quart bottles of water, and distil over four. In order to prevent the seeds touching the bottom or sides of the boiler, and thus by becoming charred communicating a burnt flavour to the water, they should be tied up in a bag or cloth of loose texture, and suspended in the centre of the water. The dose is from 1 to 2 ounces, repeated as circumstances may require; that for a child ranges from a teaspoonful to a table-spoonful, according to age. The Distilled Oil is also an excellent form of administration in doses of 1 to 3 drops on sugar, or made into an emulsion with Gum Arabic.

318. In some forms of _Dyspepsia_, _in the vomiting, Griping or Diarrhœa arising from errors of diet_; _in simple Flatulence and even Tympanites_; _in Faintness and Exhaustion_; _in Spasmodic Affection of the Bowels in Choleraic Diarrhœa, in certain cases of Colic_; _and in Hysteria_, it has been found, even when given alone, pre-eminently useful (Wood). _It is especially adapted for the Diarrhœa and Flatulent Colic of Children._

319. _In Cholera_ much reliance is placed by the natives and Anglo-Indians on Omum water, and although it appears to have no claim to the character of a specific in this disease which popular opinion assigns to it, there can be little doubt that it exercises considerable power, especially in the early stage, of checking the diarrhœa and vomiting, and at the same time of stimulating the system. It is not to be trusted to alone, but forms an admirable adjunct to other remedies.

320. _In Habitual Drunkenness, Dipsomania_, Omum seems worthy of trial. On this point Mr. Wood observes, "On account of its biting or pungent, yet pleasant taste, and the sensation of warmth it creates in the stomach, it has been constantly recommended of late years to those afflicted with the desire for alcoholic drinks. It does not, of course, intoxicate, but it is no mean substitute for the ordinary stimulant, in removing almost immediately the sensation of 'gnawing' or 'sinking at the pit of the stomach,' which the frequent use of spirits so invariably brings on. And I have been assured that it has been the means of rescuing many otherwise sensible and useful men from slavery to the habit of spirit drinking."

321. +Rice.+ The husked seed of Oryza sativa, _Linn._

Chával (_Hind._), Chánval (_Duk._), Chál, Chánvol (_Beng._), Chánwal (_Punj._), Thomúl (_Kash._), Arishi (_Tam._), Biyyam (_Tel._), Ari (_Mal._), Akkí (_Can._), Tándúla (_Mah._), Chókha (_Guz._), Hál (_Cing._), Sán, Chán (_Burm._), Bras (_Malay_).

322. Rice may be utilised in the following ways in the treatment of disease:

_a._ In the form of Decoction—"_Conjee Water_," as it is commonly called, prepared by boiling one ounce of cleansed Rice in a quart of Water for twenty minutes, straining, and flavouring with Sugar, and with Lime Juice if desired, to taste. This forms an excellent drink in _Fevers_, _Smallpox_, _Measles_, _Scarlet Fever and Inflammations of all kinds_, also in _Gonorrhœa_, and other cases where there is _pain and difficulty in passing Urine_.

_b._ In the form of Powder—RICE FLOUR; this dusted thickly over the surface forms a very cooling and soothing application in _Small-pox_, _Measles_, _Erysipelas_, _Prickly Heat_, and other _Inflammatory Affections of the Skin_. It is pleasant to the patient's feelings, and allays heat and irritation. _To Burns and Scalds_, Rice Flour is an excellent application: it should be used as soon as possible after the occurrence of the injury, and it should be dusted thickly over the whole of the burnt surface, so as to absorb any discharge that may be present, and at the same time exclude the air as far as possible. If in a few days this becomes hardened and irritating, a warm Rice poultice should be applied, so as to soften it and allow its easy removal; the surface should then be dressed with Lime Liniment (229) or Resin Ointment (372).

_c._ In the form of Poultice.—RICE POULTICE.—To prepare this, place a sufficiency of Rice Flour in an open vessel over the fire, gradually add Water, and stir until the mass has the required consistence. A more ready mode is to place the Rice Flour in a basin, and then gradually to add Boiling Water, constantly stirring it, as above. A piece of cloth of the required size being ready at hand, the poultice should be smoothly spread on it, to the thickness of from a quarter to half an inch, and applied over the affected part. In most cases it is advisable before applying it, to smear the surface of the poultice with a bland oil; this renders it more soothing and keeps it longer soft and moist. A rice poultice requires changing twice or even thrice daily. It is an excellent application to _Abscesses_, _Boils_, _Buboes_, _Ulcers_, and _other local inflammatory affections_, _Inflamed Piles_, _&c._ _In Chronic Bronchitis and other Chronic Coughs_ considerable relief often results from the application of a large soft Rice Poultice placed over the chest at bedtime, and allowed to remain on all night; another may also be advantageously placed on the back between the shoulder-blades. The efficacy of these poultices is in many cases increased by the addition of a little Mustard Flour (1 part to 3 or 4 of Rice Flour), so as to produce a slight redness of the skin; or the surface of the poultice may be smeared over with Oil of Turpentine.

323. +Sal Ammoniac.+ Hydrochlorate of Ammonia, Chloride of Ammonium.

Nousádar (_Hind._), Nouságar (_Duk._), Noshágar (_Beng._), Charám, Navá-charám (_Tam._), Navá-charám, Nava-ságaram (_Tel._), Nava-sáram (_Mal._), Navá-ságára (_Can._), Nav-sága (_Guz._), Navá-cháram (_Cing._), Zavasa (_Burm._), Namu-charum (_Malay_), Nãushádar (_Punj._), Nausadan (_Kash._).

324. Sal Ammoniac, procurable in most Indian bazaars, is generally very impure; occurring in thick translucent cakes or masses of a dirty white or brownish colour, inodorous, of a bitter, acrid taste. To fit it for medical use, it should be dissolved in boiling water, strained through calico, and the clear solution exposed in an open vessel to crystallise. The crystals and white residuum should be collected and kept in bottles for use. Thus prepared, it proves valuable in many affections. Its nauseous taste, which is a great objection to its use, is completely covered by the addition of a small quantity of liquorice.

325. _Milk Abscesses_ occurring after confinements and in nursing mothers may often be arrested, if at an early stage, before matter forms, the breast be kept constantly wet by means of rags saturated with a lotion composed of one drachm of Sal Ammoniac, one ounce of _Arrack_, and a pint of Rose Water. It also proves useful in removing any hardness which may remain after the abscess has burst, and is sometimes successful in arresting _Abscesses in other parts of the body_, when applied at an early stage before matter has formed.

326. _In Tic Douloureux and Rheumatic Faceache_, Sal Ammoniac occasionally proves very useful. Two drachms in six ounces of water should be taken in divided doses (1½ ounce for a dose), every four hours, till relief is obtained: if the pain does not yield after the four doses, no benefit can be expected from persevering with it. _Other forms of Neuralgia_, as _Sciatica_ and _Lumbago_, have also been found to yield to it, when administered early in the attack.

327. _In Chronic Rheumatism, especially when the muscles are mainly affected_, Sal Ammoniac, in doses of 15 to 24 grains, with infusion of Country Sarsaparilla (163), proves highly serviceable; but it is even more effectual in relieving those _Muscular pains of the Chest_ and other parts of the trunk so often met with in the overworked and underfed portion of the working classes in large cities. In these cases it requires to be persevered in for some time.

328. _Hysterical, Nervous, and Bilious Headaches_ are often greatly benefited, or disappear altogether, under the use of this salt in doses of 10 to 20 grains twice or thrice daily, dissolved in Camphor Julep. The earlier in the attack it is given, the greater are the chances of its proving effectual.

329. _In Chronic Coughs, especially in those of old age_, a mixture of a drachm of Sal Ammoniac, two ounces of syrup of country Liquorice (6), and four ounces of Water, in doses of one ounce five or six times a day, occasionally proves serviceable. In doses of from 1 to 5 grains, according to the age of the child, conjoined with a few grains of powdered Cinnamon, it has been found useful in _Hooping Cough_; it is inferior in efficacy to Alum, but may be commenced with safety and advantage at a much earlier period in the attack.

330. _In Hæmorrhage from the Lungs, Stomach, and other Internal Organs_, it is worthy of a trial if other more effectual agents are not at hand. In these cases, two drachms should be dissolved in a pint of _conjee_ water, and a wineglassful given every second or third hour, according to the severity of the case. The patient should be kept quiet, cool, and in the recumbent posture.

331. _In Jaundice_, especially when it comes on suddenly, after a great mental shock, or after exposure, a few doses of Sal Ammoniac (20 grains every four hours) have often a marked effect. _In Hepatitis and Abscess of the Liver_, Dr. W. Stewart, after considerable experience in its use, regards this salt almost as a specific, and he pronounces it very serviceable in _all cases of Liver Disease_, whether depending on organic change or on functional derangement. The proper period for its exhibition is after the abatement of acute symptoms, and when diaphoresis (sweating) has been freely established, and it should then be administered in doses of 20 grains night and morning. The evidence he adduces in support of his views is very strong. He also speaks highly of its efficacy in _Chronic Dysentery_, and advises its continued use for some time after the disappearance of acute symptoms. (_Madras Journal of Med. Science_, 1870, and Feb., March, and Dec. 1872.) _In Dropsy_, especially in that connected with disease of the liver, or in that following fevers, it may be administered with advantage in the same doses, conjoined with Infusion of Moringa (237), or Decoction of Asteracantha (39).

332. _For Bruises_, _Strains_, _Rheumatic Swellings_, _Enlarged Glands_, _Indolent Buboes_, _Swollen Joints_, _Boils_, _&c._, and _local Inflammations of the Skin_ generally, a solution of this salt in _hot_ water (2 drachms to a pint), kept to the parts for a few hours, proves useful, not only relieving the pain but reducing the swelling. It is also thought to be more effectual than anything else in removing the discoloration consequent on bruises and sprains. This has been noticed especially with reference to blows on the eye (_Black Eye_). It is an important ingredient in the Cold Lotion described in Sect. 265.

333. +Sandal-wood Oil.+ The oil obtained by the distillation of Sandal Wood, Santalum album, _Linn._

Sandal-ká-aitr (_Hind._), Sandal vel Chandan-ká-tél (_Duk._, _Punj._), Safed-chandnúk-til (_Kash._), Sandal-ká-tel (_Beng._), Shandanam-talium (_Tam._), Miniak Chandana (_Malay_).

334. Sandal-Wood Oil is sold commonly in the bazaars, being a favourite native perfume. It has been successfully employed in the treatment of _Gonorrhœa_. Dr. Aitchison strongly recommends commencing with five-drop doses, each dose to be made up separately, and the oil mixed in the fluid it is to accompany with the aid of a drop or two of Liquor Potassæ. It is an excellent remedy, he adds, but must be used with _great care_, as it is apt to produce baneful effects on the kidneys if given in too large doses. It is of great importance to use only good or pure oil; hence it should be procured, if possible, direct from the manufacturer. Much that is sold in the bazaars is adulterated or of inferior quality. It seems well worthy of trial in cases of obstinate _Gleet_. It is best given in a little Omum water or Infusion of Ginger.

335. +Senna.+ The leaves of Cassia lanceolata, _Forsk._, and other species. Indian or Tinnevelly Senna.

Saná, Hindí-saná-ká-pát (_Hind._), Nát-kí-saná (_Duk._), Són-pát, Shín-pát (_Beng._), Sanna-mákhí (_Punj._), Berg-i-sanna (_Kash._), Nilá-virai, Níla-vakái (_Tam._), Néla-tangédu (_Tel._), Níla-váká (_Mal._), Nelá-varíke (_Can._), Sana-kola, Nil-ávari (_Cing._), Puve-kain-yoe (_Burm._), Sunna Maki (_Malay_).

336. The imported Senna met with in the bazaars is usually of very inferior quality, consisting of broken pieces of old leaves, pieces of stem, and other rubbish. That grown in India, especially in Tinnevelly, is preferable to that imported from Arabia, which is called _Sana-Makhí_, or _Mecca Senna_. The leaves should be unbroken, clean, brittle, pale green, or yellow, with a heavyish smell. It is a good safe aperient, and may be given as follows: Take of Senna leaves, one ounce; of bruised Ginger and Cloves, each half a drachm; Boiling Water, ten ounces. Let it stand for one hour, and strain. This is a good aperient in all cases of _Constipation_, in doses of one and a half to two ounces; half this quantity, or less, is required for children, according to age. A simple infusion of Senna leaves, of the above strength, if taken hot, with the addition of milk and sugar, can hardly be distinguished from ordinary tea. In this manner it is easily administered to children, and will be borne by the most delicate stomachs. As a general rule. Castor Oil is preferable as an aperient for infants.

337. +Sesamum+, +Jinjili+, or +Til Oil+. The expressed oil of the seeds of Sesamum Indicum, _Linn._

Til-ká-tél, Míthá-tel (_Hind._, _Punj._), Mittá-tél (_Duk._), Nal-enney (_Tam._), Manchi-núne (_Tel._), Nall-enná (_Mal._), Valle-yanne (_Can._), Chokhóta-téla (_Mah._), Mítho-tél (_Guz._), Talla-tel (_Cing._), Tíl (_Kash._), Nahu-sí (_Burm._), Miniak-bijan (_Malay_).

338. Til or Jingili Oil, met with in all bazaars throughout India, is quite equal, when properly prepared, to Olive Oil for medicinal and pharmaceutical purposes. It is advisable always to keep a small stock of it on hand for cases of emergency, such as burns, &c., when Lime Liniment (229) may be required. As a dressing for _Ulcers, Suppurating Wounds_, "oil dressing" has been successfully applied in Bombay; it consists of the continuous application of a pledget of common country cloth or rag saturated with pure Sesamum Oil to the affected part. It is thought to be superior to any other simple dressing particularly during the hot season. _In Leprosy_ Dr. Hilson has conclusively shown that great and manifest benefit, though it may be temporary, results from diligent frictions of the body with this oil (see Sect. 161).

338_a_. The leaves, which abound in mucilage, have attained some repute in bowel affections, and Mr. B. Evers (_Indian Med. Gazette_, March 1875) made trials with them in sixteen cases of _Dysentery_. Recovery followed in each case, but they were all of a mild type, and though the remedy acted as a demulcent, it did not appear to exercise any specific influence on the disease; besides, as opium had to be conjoined with it to control the tenesmus, the benefit may have been due as much, if not more, to the opiate as to the mucilage. It is evidently a remedy of very secondary value, and inferior to Ispaghúl Seeds (304). The seeds have powerfully emmenagogue properties assigned to them, and it is believed by the natives and Anglo-Indians that, if taken in large quantities, they are capable of producing abortion. In _Amenorrhœa_ the employment of a warm hip bath containing a handful of the bruised seeds has been reported on good authority to be an efficient mode of treatment. It seems worthy of further trial. In three cases of _Dysmenorrhœa_ (_Painful Menstruation_) Mr. B. Evers (_op. cit._) administered with benefit the powdered seeds in ten-grain doses three or four times daily. At the same time he employed the hip bath containing the bruised seeds as mentioned above.

339. +Sulphur.+

Gandak, Gandhak (_Hind._, _Duk._, _Mah._, _Guz._, _Punj._), Gandrok (_Beng._), Gandakam, Gandhakam (_Tam._, _Tel._, _Mal._, _Cing._), Gandhaká (_Can._), Kán (_Burm._), Blerang (_Malay_), Ganduk (_Kash._).

340. Several kinds of Sulphur are met with in the bazaars, but as their composition is unknown and some of them are reputed to contain a large proportion of arsenic, they are unsuited for internal administration; the better and purer kinds, however, may be safely employed as external applications.

341. As a remedy for _Itch_, SULPHUR OINTMENT holds a high place. One part of finely powdered or sublimed sulphur to six of kokum butter or any bland oil is sufficiently strong for ordinary cases. After cleansing the parts with soap and hot water, the ointment should be thoroughly well rubbed in for fifteen or twenty minutes, till the pustules are all broken. Its use should be confined to the hands and wrists and other parts affected; no good is obtained from applying it extensively over the whole surface of the body, as is often done. It is best rubbed in at night before going to bed, allowing it to remain on the whole night, and then washing it off in the morning with soap and hot water. This process may be repeated every night till a cure is effected, which will be the case after three or four applications, provided the ointment is properly rubbed in. The patient should not resume the clothes he wore previously until they have been subjected to the process of _boiling_, a temperature of 212° F. being necessary for the destruction of the acarus, on the presence of which the disease depends. Simply washing the clothes in hot water will not destroy the germ of infection.

342. Some other forms of _Chronic Skin Disease in Natives_ improve under the use of Sulphur Ointment, described in the last section; or, better still, of "Balsam of Sulphur" so called, which is simply a solution of sulphur in warm Olive or Sesamum Oil.

343. _In Chronic Rheumatism_ a liniment, composed of two ounces of powdered or Sublimed Sulphur, and a pint of Ním Oil, well rubbed in twice daily, has been used with great benefit in many cases. Relief sometimes follows the practice of dusting the affected part with Flour of Sulphur at bedtime, enveloping it in flannel, and covering the whole with plantain-leaf to prevent the escape of the fumes.

344. _In Piles_ few medicines afford more relief to the distressing local symptoms than a mixture of equal parts of Sublimed Sulphur and Cream of Tartar; of this a teaspoonful should be taken in milk once or twice daily, so as to keep the bowels gently open. Should this quantity, however, operate too powerfully on the bowels, the dose should be diminished. The ingredients for this powder should be procured from a regular chemist. The same treatment appears to act beneficially in _Chronic Dysentery_. It is likewise well adapted for _Habitual Constipation_, especially when occurring in persons subject to piles. It is well to bear in mind that in all cases where Sulphur is administered internally, it communicates to the stools a peculiarly disagreeable odour of sulphuretted hydrogen.

345. +Tamarinds.+ The Fruit of Tamarindus Indicus, _Linn._

Anblí (_Hind._), Amlí, Amlí-ká-bót (_Duk._), Imlí (_Punj._), Tamar-i-hind (_Kash._), Téntúul, Tintúrí, Ámlí (_Beng._), Puliyam-pazham (_Tam._, _Mal._), Chinta-pandu (_Tel._), Chinch (_Mah._), Hunashí-hannu (_Can._), Ámblí (_Guz._), Siyambula (_Cing._), Magi (_Burm._), Assam-java (_Malay_).

346. The pulp of the fruit, of a reddish-brown colour and acid saccharine taste, is laxative and refrigerant, and made into sherbet with water or milk (in the proportion of one ounce of the pulp to one pint of fluid) forms an agreeable and useful drink in _Febrile and Inflammatory Affections_. The only objection to it in some cases is (in others this is an advantage) that it is apt to act on the bowels as a laxative. In the absence of limes or lemons, Tamarind pulp may be given with great advantage in _Scurvy_, both as a preventive and as a curative, but it requires to be discontinued if it cause griping and diarrhœa; otherwise it is a valuable antiscorbutic, and as such may be taken on board ship, or form a portion of daily rations in jails, &c.

347. +Telini Fly, Mylabris Cichorii+ (_Fabr._).

Télní, Télní-makkhí (_Hind._), Zírangí, Bad-bó-kí-zírangí (_Duk._), Pinsttarin-í (_Tam._), Ígelu (_Tel._).

348. This insect is of common occurrence throughout India; it has the following characters: About an inch in length and the third of an inch broad; the elytra, or wing-cases, of an obscure yellow, with three large somewhat zigzag transverse black bands; the first band is interrupted and sometimes reduced to three or four spots. There are met with in various parts of India other allied species, which differ more or less from the above description, but they all partake of the same irritant and vesicant properties, the active principle being the same with that of the officinal Cantharides, viz., Cantharidine. It is apparently a complete substitute for the European article as a vesicant, provided that due care is taken in its preparation, &c. The best season for collecting the insects is just previous to the setting in of the monsoon, in the early morning or evening; they should be killed by the steam of boiling vinegar, thoroughly dried in the sun, and preserved in well stoppered bottles.

349. Its principal use is as a blistering agent, and for this purpose it is used in the form of plaster, prepared as follows: Take Telini Fly, finely powdered; White or Black Dammar, Bees-wax, and Suet (mutton or goat), of each two ounces; liquefy the three latter with a gentle heat, then remove from the fire and sprinkle in the Telini; mix the whole thoroughly, and continue to stir the mixture while it is allowed to cool.

In consequence of the difficulty of preparing this, and the uncertainty of its strength, I would advise that every establishment should be provided with a supply of officinal Blistering Liquid of the British Pharmacopœia; this only requires to be applied for two or three minutes with a camel's-hair brush, allowed to dry on, and then covered with a warm rice poultice; in the course of a few hours the blister will be found to have risen. The Liquid prepared in India from the Telini Fly is quite equal in power to the European article prepared with Cantharides or Spanish Fly.

350. _Remarks on the Use of Blisters._—Blisters are of great value in many cases, but unless used with care and discrimination they may do _more harm than good_. Thus, a blister applied at the outset or during the acute stage of inflammation will increase the mischief, whereas in the advanced stages its action may prove in the highest degree beneficial. During pregnancy a blister to the chest has been known to induce premature labour, retention of urine, &c., and applied to a person suffering from scurvy it is apt to induce troublesome ulceration. To prevent gangrene, which has occasionally resulted from a blister, especially in children, it is advisable not to allow it to remain on more than ten minutes, then to remove it and apply a warm rice poultice. In infants a thin piece of muslin should be placed between the skin and the plaster. If strangury follow its use, the patient should drink plentifully of decoction of Abelmoschus (2), Rice _Conjee_ (322), or other demulcents, avoiding those of an oleaginous nature. After the fluid has been let out, which is easily done by snipping the raised cuticle in two or three places with a pair of sharp-pointed scissors, the blistered surface should be dressed with plantain-leaf, as directed in paragraph 307_a_.

351. +Tinospora cordifolia+, _Miers._, +Gulancha+.

Gulanchá, Gul-bél (_Hind._), Gul-bél (_Duk._), Gul-lanchá (_Beng._), Giló, Gúlanch (_Punj._), Bekh-gilló (_Kash._), Shindi-kodi (_Tam._), Tippa-tíge, Gadúchi (_Tel._), Amruta, Chitr-amruta (_Mal._), Amruta-balli (_Can._), Gula-vélí (_Mah._), Gul-vél (_Guz._), Rasa-kinda (_Cing._), Sinza-manné, Singomoné (_Burm._), Piturali, Akar-Sarimtooro (_Malay_).

351_b_. This twining shrub is common in most parts of India. The root and stems, which are the parts employed in medicine, should be collected in the hot season when the bitter principle is most abundant and concentrated. As met with in the bazaars it consists of dried transverse segments of a woody stem, varying in diameter from one quarter of an inch to two inches, and from half an inch to two inches in length; they have a shrunken appearance, and are covered with a smooth shrivelled bark, some of the pieces being marked on their surface with warty prominences; inodorous, of a very bitter taste.

352. Gulancha is a very useful tonic, and is best given in Infusion; one ounce of the bruised stem to half a pint of cold water macerated for three hours and strained; of this the dose is from one and a half to three ounces thrice daily; it is rendered more agreeable by the addition of Cinnamon, Cloves, or other aromatics. It has been used with benefit in mild forms of _Intermittent Fevers_, and in _Constitutional Debility_, _and Loss of Appetite after these and other Fevers_. It has also been found useful in some forms of _Dyspepsia_, and in _Chronic Rheumatism_.

353. An extract (Sat-giló, _Hind._, _Punj._; Gul-bél-kásat, _Duk._; Sath-gilló'i, _Kash._, Shíndal-sharuk-arai, _Tam._; Palo, _Beng._; Tippa-satu, _Tel._) prepared by the native doctors, is held in high repute amongst them in _Intermittents, &c._ It is a white floury substance, with a strongly bitter taste. It is, however, often adulterated with, or consists altogether of, gluten of Wheat; its bitterness, therefore, is a good test of its quality. In doses of one to three drachms, it is highly esteemed as a tonic in _Debility after Fevers_, in _Spleen Affections_, &c. Dr. Burton Brown speaks of it as an efficient remedy in _Diseases of the Bladder, especially in Chronic Inflammation of that organ_.

354. +Toddy.+ A saccharine juice obtained by the excision of the spadix, or young flowering branch of the Palmyra, Cocoanut, and other Palms.

Séndí, Tári (_Hind._, _Duk._), Kallu (_Tam._), Kallu (_Tel._), Henda (_Can._), Rá (_Cing._), Tu-ak (_Malay_).

There are many kinds of _Toddy_ in India, and they are named according to the plants from which they are produced. The names given above are generic.

355. Amongst its other uses _Toddy_ is valuable as the basis of a very useful stimulant application, the _Toddy_ POULTICE, which is to the Indian what the Yeast Poultice is to the European surgeon. It is prepared by adding freshly drawn _Toddy_ to Rice Flour till it has the consistence of a soft poultice and subjecting the mixture in an open vessel to heat over a gentle fire, stirring constantly till fermentation commences, or it "begins to rise," as it is commonly expressed. This, spread on a cloth and applied to the parts, acts as a valuable stimulant application to _Gangrenous or Sloughing Ulcerations_, _Carbuncles_, _Indolent Ulcers_, _&c._ It hastens the separation of the slough and establishes subsequent healthy action.

356. _Toddy_ left exposed to the air rapidly undergoes vinous fermentation, and becomes converted into _Arrack_, one of the most intoxicating drinks of the country. This _Arrack_, subjected to distillation until it has a specific gravity of 0·920, may be employed as Proof Spirit in the preparation of tinctures and other pharmaceutical purposes, and in the formation of cold evaporating lotions (380).

357. +Turmeric.+ The dried root-stock of Curcuma longa, _Linn._

Halad, Haldí (_Hind._, _Duk._, _Punj._), Holodí (_Beng._), Lidar, Gandar-i-lidar, (_Kash._), Manjal (_Tam._), Pasupu (_Tel._), Mannal, Marin-nala (_Mal._), Arishiná (_Can._), Halede (_Mah._), Halad (_Guz._), Kahá (_Cing._), Sanó, Tanún (_Burm._), Kooneit (_Malay_).

358. Turmeric has been employed in the following affections with excellent effects:

359. _In Catarrh, or severe "Cold in the head,"_ the fumes of burning Turmeric inhaled through the nostrils act as a local stimulant or irritant, causing a considerable discharge of mucus from the nasal cavity; this is generally followed by a marked degree of relief to the congestion or fulness often so troublesome in these cases.

360. _In Catarrhal and Purulent Ophthalmia_, especially in that termed "_Country Sore-Eye_," a Decoction of Turmeric (one ounce of the bruised root to 20 ounces of water) proves a very effectual lotion for relieving the burning and moderating the urgency of the symptoms. A piece of soft rag soaked in it should be kept constantly over the affected eye.

361. +Oil of Turpentine.+ The oil obtained by distillation from Pinus palustris. _Lamb._, and other species of Pinus.

Gandhá-barójé-ká-tél (_Hind._, _Punj._) Gandhá-férózé-ká-tél, Káfúr-ká-tailam (_Duk._), Kapúrér-tail (_Beng._), Karppúrat-tailam (_Tam._), Karppúra-tailam (_Tel._, _Mal._), Karapúrada-tailá (_Can._), Kápúrácha-tela (_Mah._), Karpúrnu-tél (_Guz._), Kapuru-tel (_Cing._), Piyo-sí (_Burm._), Nimiak Kapor Baroos (_Malay_), Yárí-kanglun-ki-til (_Kash._).

362. Oil of Turpentine is procurable in most large bazaars, but not generally sufficiently pure for internal administration. It answers, however, perfectly well for external or local application, and is most valuable in the preparation of TURPENTINE STUPES or EPITHEMS, which are made in one of the following ways: 1. By steeping a flannel in hot water, as hot as can be borne by the hand, wringing it out dry and sprinkling the surface freely with Oil of Turpentine. 2. By steeping a piece of lint or rag of the required size in Oil of Turpentine, placing it over the affected surface, and immediately applying over it flannel heated before a fire, as hot as can be borne. In either way it acts admirably as a counter-irritant, and in most cases is superior to mustard poultices. It is applicable to all cases of _Internal Inflammations_, _Spasmodic Affections of the Bowels_, _advanced stages of Dysentery and Diarrhœa_, _Obstinate Vomiting_, _Flatulence, and Flatulent Colic_, _Chronic Bronchitis attended with Cough and Difficulty of Breathing_, _Asthma_, _&c._

363. In some cases, greater benefit is derived from applying these Stupes to a distant point rather than near to the affected part; thus, in _Apoplexy_, _Insensibility_, _Convulsions_, _Delirium_, whether arising in the course of fever or otherwise, they produce the best effects when applied to the feet and to the calves of the legs. _In Cholera_, when applied successively to the abdomen, over the region of the heart, along the spine and to the extremities, they often seem materially to aid other measures in stimulating the system and raising the vital powers. Turpentine friction and turpentine enemas may also be resorted to as aids to other treatment.

363_b_. _In "Pecnash," or Maggots in the Nose_, common amongst the natives of Bengal and other parts of India, "the best treatment is to inject every opening in the skin of those affected with this disease with pure Oil of Turpentine, which is found to kill the maggots, and then to extract any maggots that are visible by means of a pair of forceps. Chloroform is even more efficacious, but is more expensive." (Dr. T. E. B. Brown, _Indian Med. Gaz._, Sept. 1879, p. 263.)

364. TURPENTINE ENEMAS (one ounce of the Oil to 15 ounces of _Conjee_) are valuable agents in many cases, as in _Apoplexy_, _Insensibility_, _Convulsions, especially in those after Childbirth_, _Hysterical Fits_, _Spasmodic Affections of the Bowels_, _Flatulence_, _Flatulent Colic_, &c. They, together with turpentine stupes, have sometimes excellent effects in stimulating the system and rousing the vital powers in _Delirium and Exhaustion attendant on Fever_.

365. _For the removal of Thread Worms from the Rectum and Lower Bowel_, a Turpentine Enema often proves effectual. In the treatment of _Tape Worm_ Oil of Turpentine is a remedy of established value; it is best given internally in a dose of three drachms with an equal quantity of Castor Oil; the latter is considered to prevent the unpleasant head symptoms which are apt to arise when the Turpentine is given alone. It is best given two or three hours after a meal; if taken on an empty stomach it is apt to produce vomiting. The patient should remain quiet after taking it, and broths and mucilaginous drinks should be taken to aid its operation. The Oil of Turpentine for this purpose should be obtained from a regular chemist or other reliable source.

366. TURPENTINE LINIMENT is a valuable application in _Chronic Rheumatism_, _Lumbago_, _Sciatica_, _and other forms of Neuralgia_, _in Chronic Enlargement of the Joints_, _Bruises_, _Sprains_, _Muscular Pains_, _&c._ It is formed by dissolving one ounce of Camphor in 16 ounces of Oil of Turpentine, and then adding two ounces of Soft Soap, rubbing them together until they are thoroughly mixed. _Chronic Coughs_, especially of the aged, are much benefited by this liniment well rubbed into the chest at night.

367. TURPENTINE OINTMENT is prepared by melting together at a gentle heat one ounce of Oil of Turpentine, 60 grains of White or Black Dammar (372), half an ounce of Yellow Wax, and half an ounce of Kokum Butter. The ingredients, when melted together, should be removed from the fire, and the mixture constantly stirred whilst cooling. It constitutes a good stimulant application to _Indolent and ill-conditioned Ulcerations_, _&c._ Diluted with equal parts of _ghee_, it forms a highly useful dressing for _Carbuncles_, aiding the separation of sloughs, and stimulating to healthy action. It should be changed twice or thrice daily. Its action is aided by generous diet, &c., as mentioned in Index, Art. _Carbuncle_. Some _Chronic Skin Diseases_ improve under the use of the undiluted ointment, but in those of the _Hairy Scalp of Parasitic origin_, the pure oil, locally applied, according to Erlach (_Practitioner_, Oct. 1871), more surely and more rapidly than any other remedy.

367_b_. +Tylophora, or Country Ipecacuanha.+ Tylophora asthmatica, _W. et A._

Antá-múl, Janglí-pikván (_Hind._), Pit-kárí (_Duk._), Anto-mul (_Beng._), Nach-churuppán, Náy-pálai, Péyp-pálai (_Tam._), Verri-pála, Kukka-pála (_Tel._), Valli-pála (_Mal._), Bin-nuga (_Cing._).

368. This plant is common in sandy localities in Bengal and other parts of India. Its roots and leaves possess valuable emetic properties; the former, as met with in the bazaars, occurs in the form of thick, contorted pieces of a pale colour, and a bitterish, somewhat nauseous taste. As an emetic, and especially as a remedy in dysentery, it has long been in repute, but it has been superseded by the dried leaves, the operation of which has been found more uniform and certain; in fact, they are justly regarded as one of the best indigenous substitutes for Ipecacuanha. The dose of the powdered dried leaves as an emetic for an adult is from 40 to 50 grains; in smaller doses, four to eight grains, its action is that of an expectorant and diaphoretic.

369. _In Dysentery and Diarrhœa_, even in the earliest stages, and whilst fever is present, it may be given in doses of 10 to 15 grains three or four times daily, conjoined with mucilage, and opium if required; or it may be commenced in one large dose in the same way as Ipecacuanha (see _Index_). If the dysentery be connected with intermittent fever, or be of malarious origin, it should be combined with quinine.