Chapter XI: Literature and History (39)

The most characteristic and the most voluminous part of the acanthinic skeleton in all Diploconida appears as the diploconical or nearly cylindrical solid "mantle" giving them their name and odd appearance (Pl. 140). Usually this mantle is broader on its two opposite terminal openings than in its more or less constricted middle part. This latter is now more spherical or ellipsoidal, now more lenticular, and usually separated from the two cones by two slight transverse strictures. On the surface of this middle part twelve to eighteen radial spines, which in _Diplocolpus_ are rudimentary or absent, are visible in _Diploconus_. The longitudinal axis of this shell is constantly occupied by a very large pair of opposite stout prismatic or cylindrical principal spines, which are united in the centre and usually more or less prominent with their distal apex over the two openings of the double cone.

In my first communication on the _Diploconus_ (1862, _loc. cit._) I correctly compared these two large spines in the prolonged main axis of the shell to the principal equatorial spines of _Amphilonche_ (or to the "hydrotomical spines," _c_1, _c_3); but my explanation of the two peculiar cones enveloping them was erroneous. I supposed at that time that they were formed by the eight flattened and leaf-shaped curved {883}tropical spines, so that around each principal spine the four neighbouring tropical spines (two of the northern and two of the southern hemisphere) had grow together by their edges and formed the peculiar conical sheath. I can now say that this opinion (afterwards adopted also by Hertwig) was quite erroneous, the two conical or funnel-shaped sheaths being the enlarged basal sheaths of the two hydrotomical spines, which we have already seen in the Hexalaspida (Pl. 139). But whilst in these latter all six principal spines of the hydrotomical meridian plane are hypertrophied (two equatorial and four polar spines), in the nearly allied Diploconida only the two opposite equatorial spines are developed, whilst all other eighteen spines are more or less atrophied or quite rudimentary. In _Diploconus_ the latter are more or less evident, whilst in _Diplocolpus_ they disappear externally.

The true lattice-shell of the #Acanthophracta# (constantly composed of the meeting apophyses of twenty radial spines) is therefore represented in the Diploconida by the small roundish middle part of the whole shell, which is usually much smaller than the two opposite cones, and separated from them by the two slight transverse strictures. Usually this small but most important middle part of the shell is very dark and opaque, on account of its very thick wall and small pores; but in some species it is clear enough to ascertain that the structure of this lattice-shell is the same as in the lenticular Hexalaspida, there being a network of thick crests on the outer surface and small pores in the dimples between them. Indeed, in many (and probably in all) Diploconida the forty aspinal pores are present which we found in all Hexalaspida, Belonaspida, and Diporaspida, so that these four families of #Acanthophracta# represent one continuous phylogenetical series; _Phractaspis_ among the Diporaspida is at the beginning, and _Diplocolpus_ among the Diploconida at the end of this remarkably transformed morphological series.

The twenty radial spines in all Diploconida are probably united very firmly (or even perfectly grown together) in the centre of the small thick-walled lattice-shell, the inner space of which is extremely reduced. Probably, too, the sutures between the meeting apophyses of the thick radial spines are often (or even constantly) obliterated by concrescence, so that the whole shell forms a single piece of acanthin. But I regret that I cannot ascertain these and other points in the structure of the shell, as the small number of specimens observed did not permit an anatomical examination to be made. I have no doubt, however, that the structure of the whole of the middle main part of the shell is quite the same as in the lenticular shell of the thick-walled Hexalaspida, and that in both families each of the twenty radial spines bears originally only two opposite apophyses.

The characteristic mantle of the double cone of the Diploconida, or the basal sheath of their two large, perfectly developed principal spines is usually much larger than the shell itself, and more or less compressed from both poles of the shortened geotomical axis. Therefore the transverse section of the two cones is usually elliptical, more {884}rarely circular. Their widest part is generally the distal opening; more rarely this is a little constricted. The thin transparent lamella of acanthin, representing the mantle of the double cone, is commonly ribbed or furrowed by longitudinal, parallel or divergent crests, and elegantly denticulated on the edge of the distal opening.

The two conical or cylindrical halves of the mantle are connected with the two enclosed principal spines not only at the base, where they arise from the small central lattice-shell, but also throughout a certain part of their length, by means of two, four, or six wings or leaves, which lie opposite and in pairs in the meridian planes of those spines. These meridian wings are more or less triangular (with broader concave outer bases), and connected by their axial edge with the spine and by their peripheral edge with the mantle. They separate two, four, or six conical spaces or pyramidal compartments in each cone. But these aspinal compartments and the separating septa are not new productions of the Diploconida, but are inherited from their ancestral family, the Hexalaspida (compare above, p. 873).

The eighteen smaller spines in _Diploconus_ are either of nearly equal size or more or less differentiated. The eight tropical spines are often much larger than the eight polar spines. The two geotomical spines, (or the two opposite equatorial spines of the shortened geotomical axis) are often quite rudimentary. In _Diplocolpus_ the external part (outside the shell) is in all eighteen smaller spines rudimentary or atrophied.

_The Central Capsule_, as shown by Hertwig, contains numerous small nuclei, and is divided into three parts by the above named two transverse strictures; the smaller central part (in the original lenticular lattice-shell) and the two opposite larger parts, filling up the greater part of the two conical or cylindrical sheaths, and more or less adopting their form. Corresponding to the shell itself the enclosed capsule is often more or less flattened, being compressed at both poles of the geotomical axis. The pseudopodia seem to proceed only from the two large polar apertures of the sheaths, and form therefore two opposite conical tufts or bunches.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Diploconida._

All twenty spines more or less developed (sometimes
eight of them rudimentary), 380. _Diploconus_.

Only the two hydrotomical spines developed (all the
eighteen others rudimentary), 381. _Diplocolpus_.

Genus 380. _Diploconus_,[420] Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 404.

_Definition._--#Diploconida# with two very large spines (opposite in the hydrotomical axis) and ten to eighteen other much smaller spines externally visible.

{885}The genus _Diploconus_ must be derived from _Hexacolpus_ (among the _Hexalaspida_) by the stronger development of the two hydrotomical spines and their large sheaths; all the other eighteen spines are much smaller, and usually devoid of prominent sheaths. Sometimes the eight tropical spines are rudimentary.

Subgenus 1. _Diploconulus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Mantle of the double cone not compressed; its transverse section therefore circular.

1. _Diploconus amalla_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 1).

Mantle of the double cone thick walled, not compressed, its transverse section circular; its contour little convex; its surface nearly smooth; its distal margin regularly denticulated. Diameter of its mouth twice as large as the equatorial diameter of the shell and one-third as long as its total length. The two large spines prismatic, one-fourth longer than their conical sheath. The eighteen smaller spines very thin, about half as long as the former, a little curved.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.3; equatorial breadth 0.05, polar breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, station 271, surface.

2. _Diploconus cyathiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 3).

Mantle of the double cone thin walled, not compressed; its transverse section circular; its contour strongly convex; its surface with six stronger and many smaller ribs; its margin with numerous straight and long, parallel denticles. Diameter of its mouth half as long as the whole shell and one and a half times as long as its equatorial diameter. The two principal spines one-fourth longer than their conical sheath. The eighteen smaller spines about half as long, thin, straight. Both geotomical spines thick and short.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2; equatorial breadth 0.07, polar breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, surface.

3. _Diploconus cylindrus_, n. sp.

Mantle of the double cone thick walled, dark, cylindrical, not compressed; its transverse section circular; its contours straight, parallel; its surface with strong parallel straight longitudinal ribs; its margin irregularly dentated. Diameter of its mouth one-fifth as long as the whole shell and two-thirds as long as the diameter of the equatorial intumescence. The two principal spines prismatic, nearly twice as long as their cylindrical sheath. The smaller spines about half as long, thin, conical, straight. (Resembles the medial part of _Hexacolpus trypanon_, Pl. 140, fig. 11.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.25; equatorial breadth 0.08, polar breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, surface.

{886}Subgenus 2. _Diploconium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Mantle of the double cone compressed from both poles of the shortened geotomical axis; its transverse section therefore elliptical.

4. _Diploconus fasces_, Haeckel.

_Diploconus fasces_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 405, Taf. xx.
figs. 7, 8.

_Diploconus fasces_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 28, Taf.
ii. fig. 3.

Mantle of the double cone compressed, with elliptical transverse section; its contour straight; its surface with numerous longitudinal furrows; its margin finely denticulated. Diameter of its mouth two-fifths as long as the whole shell and three times as broad as its equatorial diameter. The two main spines one-third longer than their conical sheath, four-edged. The eighteen smaller spines thick and short, cylindrical or a little compressed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.18; equatorial breadth 0.025, polar breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.

5. _Diploconus cotyliscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 4).

Mantle of the double cone compressed, thin walled, with elliptical transverse section; its contour convex; surface and margin nearly smooth. Diameter of its mouth half as long as the whole shell and twice as long as its equatorial diameter. The two main spines scarcely longer than their hemispherical sheath. The smaller spines conical, straight, nearly of the same length.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.3; equatorial breadth 0.08, polar breadth 0.15.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface,

6. _Diploconus saturnus_, Haeckel.

_Diploconus saturnus_, Haeckel, 1879, Natürl. Schöpfungsgesch., Aufl.
vii. p. 706, Taf. xvi. fig. 11.

Mantle of the double cone compressed, thick walled, with elliptical transverse section; its contour convex; its surface with numerous deep and irregular longitudinal furrows and marginal incisions. Diameter of its mouth one-third as long as the whole shell and twice as broad as its equatorial diameter. The two hydrotomical spines short, scarcely longer than their sheath. The eighteen other spines thin, cylindrical, nearly of the same length, curved. (Resembles a sheaf.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.24; equatorial breadth 0.04, polar breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, surface.

7. _Diploconus hexaphyllus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 2).

Mantle of the double cone compressed, thick walled, with elliptical transverse section; its contour straight; surface with six stronger and numerous smaller straight ribs and six marginal {887}denticulate incisions. Diameter of its mouth one-third as long as the whole shell and somewhat smaller than the equatorial diameter. Hydrotomical spines about twice as long as their sheath, pyramidal, with emarginate point and six wings. Geotomical spines short and strong, pyramidal. Sixteen other spines thin, straight, conical.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.3; equatorial breadth 0.11, polar breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.

Genus 381. _Diplocolpus_,[421] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Diploconida# with only two developed, very large spines (opposite in the hydrotomical axis); all the other eighteen spines quite rudimentary or externally atrophied.

The genus _Diplocolpus_ is the last and the most modified genus among the ACANTHARIA. The eighteen smaller spines of _Diploconus_ are here quite rudimentary or have even perfectly disappeared by atrophy, so that the shell seems to consist only of the large hydrotomical spines and their enveloping sheaths.

Subgenus 1. _Diplocolpulus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Mantle of the double cone not compressed; its transverse section therefore circular.

1. _Diplocolpus costatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 7).

Mantle of the double cone thin walled, not compressed; its transverse section circular or nearly hexagonal; its contour little convex; surface with six thick longitudinal equidistant ribs and many thinner ribs between them; margin denticulate. Transverse diameter of the shell one-third as long as the longitudinal. The two hydrotomical spines thick and short, little prominent over the polar mouth. No rudiments of other spines visible externally.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.15; equatorial and polar breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.

2. _Diplocolpus cristatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 6).

Mantle of the double cone thick walled, not compressed; its transverse section circular or hexagonal; its contour nearly straight; surface with six thick prominent longitudinal equidistant ribs; margin irregularly dentated. Transverse diameter of the shell half as long as the longitudinal. {888}The two hydrotomical spines very thick and short, pyramidal, little prominent. Short rudiments of the eighteen other spines present, bristle-shaped.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, surface.

Subgenus 2. _Diplocolpium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Mantle of the double cone compressed from both poles of the shortened geotomical axis; its transverse section therefore elliptical.

3. _Diplocolpus serratus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 5).

Mantle of the double cone thick walled, compressed, with elliptical transverse section; its surface with numerous delicate ribs; contour little convex; margin regularly serrate. Hydrotomical spines short, pyramidal, with six serrate wings. Transverse diameter of the shell nearly twice as great at the polar mouth as at the equator and half as long as the whole shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.15; breadth on the equator 0.035, on the poles 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.

4. _Diplocolpus dentatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 9).

Mantle of the double cone thin walled, compressed, with elliptical transverse section; its contour straight; surface with six deeper and numerous shallower furrows; margin denticulated, with six triangular prominent larger teeth. Hydrotomical spines very large prismatic, pyramidal at the ends. Transverse diameter of the shell a little larger at the polar mouth than at the equator and half as long as the whole shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2; breadth on the equator 0.08, on the poles 0.1.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, surface.

5. _Diplocolpus sulcatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 8).

Mantle of the double cone thin walled, compressed, with elliptical transverse section; its contour straight; surface with twelve to sixteen deep longitudinal furrows, which are separated by thin, undulating, double edged ribs; margin little dentated. Hydrotomical spines short, pyramidal, with six dentate wings. Transverse diameter of the shell a little larger at the polar mouth than at the equator, about one-third of the whole length of the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.17; breadth on the equator 0.05, on the poles 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 291, surface.

Notes.

[1] The numbers preceded by L. N. refer to the list of names of authors
in the Bibliography on p. clxxvi.

[2] _Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena_, February 16, 1883.

[3] _Loc. cit._

[4] _Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin_, 1858, p. 28.

[5] Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, Taf. ii. p. 253.

[6] Histologie der Radiolarien, pp. 43-73, Taf. iii.-v.

[7] _Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena_, February 16, 1883.

[8] _Actissa_ = Radiant, [Greek: aktis].

[9] _Thalassolampe_ = Sea-scum; [Greek: thalassa] and [Greek: lampê].

[10] _Thalassopila_ = Sea-ball; [Greek: thalassa], [Greek: pila].

[11] _Thalassicolla_ = Sea-jelly, [Greek: thalassa], [Greek: kolla].

[12] _Thalassophysa_ = Sea-bladder; [Greek: thalassa], [Greek: physa.]

[13] _Collozoum_ = Jelly-animal; [Greek: kolla], [Greek: zôon].

[14] _Thalassosphæra_ = Sea-sphere; [Greek: thalassa], [Greek: sphaira].

[15] Atlantic, vol. i. p. 233, fig. 51, 1877.

[16] _Thalassoxanthium_ = Sea-burdock; [Greek: thalassa], [Greek:
xanthion.]

[17] _Physematium_ = Small vesicle; [Greek: Physêmation].

[18] _Thalassoplancta_ = Floating on the sea; [Greek: thalassoplankta].

[19] Compare _Thalassoplancta cavispicula_, Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, p.
261, Taf. iii. figs. 10-13.

[20] _Lampoxanthium_ = Scum-burdock; [Greek: lampe], [Greek: xanthion].

[21] _Loc. cit._, Taf. xxxii., xxxiii.

[22] _Belonozoum_ = Needle-animal; [Greek: belonê], [Greek: zôon].

[23] _Sphærozoum_ = Spherical animal; [Greek: sphaira], [Greek: zôon].

[24] _Rhaphidozoum_ = Needle-animal; [Greek: rhaphis], [Greek: zôon].

[25] Ethmosphærida = Liosphærida simplicia = Monosphærida anacantha.

[26] _Cenosphæra_ = Hollow sphere; [Greek: kenos], [Greek: sphaira].

[27] _Stigmosphæra_ = Sphere with central point; [Greek: stigma], [Greek:
sphaira].

[28] _Ethmosphæra_ = Sieve-sphere; [Greek: êthmos], [Greek: sphaira].

[29] _Sethosphæra_ = Sieve-sphere; [Greek: sêthos], [Greek: sphaira].

[30] _Carposphærida_ = Liosphærida duplicia = Dyosphærida anacantha.

[31] _Carposphæra_ = Fruit-shaped sphere, [Greek: karpos], [Greek:
sphaira].

[32] _Liosphæra_ = Smooth sphere; [Greek: leios], [Greek: sphaira].

[33] Thecosphærida = Liosphærida triplicia = Triosphærida anacantha.

[34] _Thecosphæra_ = Capsule-sphere; [Greek: thêkê], [Greek: sphaira].

[35] _Rhodosphæra_ = Rose-sphere; [Greek: rhodon], [Greek: sphaira].

[36] Cromyosphærida = Liosphærida tetraplicia = Tetrasphærida anacantha.

[37] _Cromyosphæra_ = Onion-sphere; [Greek: chromyon], [Greek: sphaira].

[38] Caryosphærida = Liosphærida multiplicia = Polysphærida anacantha.

[39] _Caryosphæra_ = Nut-sphere; [Greek: karyon], [Greek: sphaira].

[40] Plegmosphærida = Liosphærida spongiosa = Spongosphærida anacantha.

[41] _Styptosphæra_ = Hemp-sphere; [Greek: styptos], [Greek: sphaira].

[42] _Plegmosphæra_ = Sphere of wicker-work; [Greek: plegma], [Greek:
sphaira].

[43] _Spongoplegma_ = Spongy wickerwork; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
plegma].

[44] _Spongodictyon_ = Spongy network; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: diktyon].

[45] _Loc. cit._, pp. 17, 55, 1858.

[46] _Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin_, p. 55, 1858.

[47] _Loc. cit._, p. 530, 1862.

[48] _Loc. cit._, pp. 30, 133, 1879.

[49] _Loc. cit._, p. 471, 1881.

[50] _Loc. cit._, p. 535, Taf. xxxiv. fig. 1.

[51] _Collosphæra_ = Jelly-sphere; [Greek: kolla], [Greek: sphaira].

[52] _Tribonosphæra_ = Cloak-sphere; [Greek: tribôn], [Greek: sphaira].

[53] _Pharyngosphæra_ = Throat-sphere; [Greek: pharynx], [Greek: sphaira].

[54] _Buccinosphæra_ = Trumpet-sphere; [Greek: bykanê], [Greek: sphaira].

[55] _Acrosphæra_ = Pointed-sphere; [Greek: akros], [Greek: sphaira].

[56] _Odontosphæra_ = Teeth-sphere; [Greek: odous], [Greek: sphaira].

[57] _Choenicosphæra_ = Shell with coronel trepans; [Greek: choinikê],
[Greek: sphaira].

[58] _Siphonosphæra_ = Sphere with tubes; [Greek: siphôn], [Greek:
sphaira].

[59] _Mazosphæra_ = Teat-sphere; [Greek: mazos], [Greek: sphaira].

[60] _Trypanosphæra_ = Auger-sphere; [Greek: trypanon], [Greek: sphaira].

[61] _Caminosphæra_ = Chimney-sphere; [Greek: kaminos], [Greek: sphaira].

[62] _Solenosphæra_ = Sphere with tubules; [Greek: sôlên], [Greek:
sphaira].

[63] _Otosphæra_ = Shell with ears; [Greek: otosphaira].

[64] _Coronosphæra_ = Coronal-sphere; [Greek: koronê], [Greek: sphaira].

[65] _Clathrosphæra_ = Lattice-sphere.

[66] _Xanthiosphæra_ = Burdock-sphere; [Greek: xanthion], [Greek:
sphaira].

[67] Stylosphærida = Sphæroidea dissacantha, Prodromus, p. 449.

[68] _Xiphosphæra_ = Sword-sphere; [Greek: xiphos], [Greek: sphaira].

[69] _Xiphostylus_ = Sword style; [Greek: xiphos], [Greek: stylos].

[70] _Saturnalis_ = Similar to _Saturnus_, with a ring.

[71] _Stylosphæra_ = Sphere with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek:
sphaira].

[72] _Sphærostylus_ = Sphere with styles; [Greek: sphaira], [Greek:
stylos].

[73] _Saturnulus_ = Small _Saturnus_, with a ring.

[74] _Amphisphæra_ = Sphere with spines on both poles; [Greek: amphi],
[Greek: sphaira].

[75] _Amphistylus_ = Shell with styles on both poles; [Greek: amphi],
[Greek: stylos].

[76] _Saturninus_ = Similar to Saturnus, with a ring.

[77] _Stylocromyum_ = Onion with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek:
kromyon].

[78] _Cromyostylus_ = Onion with styles; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek:
stylos].

[79] _Spongolonchis_ = Spongy shell with spears; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
lonchis].

[80] _Spongostylus_ = Spongy shell with styles; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
stylos].

[81] _Spongostylidium_, diminutive of _Spongostylus_.

[82] Staurostylida = Staurosphærida simplicia = Monosphærida tetracantha.

[83] _Staurosphæra_ = Cross-sphere; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: sphaira].

[84] _Staurostylus_ = Cross-style; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: stylos].

[85] _Stylostaurus_, Style-cross; [Greek: stylos], [Greek: stauros].

[86] Staurolonchida = Staurosphærida duplicia = Dyosphærida tetracantha.

[87] _Staurolonche_ = Crossed spear; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: lonchê].

[88] _Staurancistra_ = Crossed fish-hook; [Greek: stauros], [Greek:
ankistra].

[89] _Staurolonchidium_ = Diminutive from _Staurolonche_.

[90] _Stauroxiphos_ = Sword with cross; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: xiphos].

[91] Stauracontida = Staurosphærida triplicia = Triosphærida tetracantha.

[92] _Stauracontium_ = Crossed dart; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: akontion].

[93] Staurocromyida = Staurosphærida quadruplicia = Tetrasphærida
tetracantha.

[94] _Staurocromyum_ = Cross-onion; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: kromyon].

[95] _Cromyostaurus_ = Onion-cross; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek: stauros].

[96] Staurocaryida = Staurosphærida multiplicia = Polysphærida
tetracantha.

[97] _Staurocaryum_ = Cross-nut; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: karyon].

[98] Staurodorida = Staurosphærida spongiosa = Spongosphærida tetracantha.

[99] _Staurodoras_ = Crossed spear; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: doras].

[100] Hexastylida = Cubosphærida simplicia = Monosphærida hexacantha.

[101] _Hexastylus_ = Shell with six styles; [Greek: hexa], [Greek: stylos].

[102] _Hexastylarium_ = Shell with six styles; derivation from
_Hexastylus_.

[103] _Hexastylidium_ = Shell with six styles; derivation from
_Hexastylus_.

[104] Hexalonchida = Cubosphærida duplicia = Dyosphærida hexacantha.

[105] _Hexalonche_ = Shell with six spears; [Greek: hexalonchê].

[106] _Hexancistra_ = Shell with six fish-hooks; [Greek: hexankistra].

[107] _Hexaloncharium_ = Shell with six spears; derivation from
_Hexalonche_.

[108] _Hexalonchidium_ = Shell with six spears; derivation from
_Hexalonche_.

[109] Hexacontida = Cubosphærida triplicia = Triosphærida hexacantha.

[110] _Hexacontion_ = Shell with six darts; [Greek: hexakontion].

[111] _Hexadendron_ = Shell with six trees; [Greek: hexadendron].

[112] _Hexacontarium_ = Shell with six darts; derivation, from
_Hexacontion_.

[113] Hexacromyida = Cubosphærida quadruplicia = Tetrasphærida hexacantha.

[114] _Hexacromyum_ = Onion with six rays; [Greek: hexa], [Greek: kromyon].

[115] Hexacaryida = Cubosphærida multiplicia = Polysphærida hexacantha.

[116] _Cubosphæra_ = Sphere with three axes of a cubus; [Greek: kubos],
[Greek: sphaira].

[117] _Hexacaryum_ = Nut with six spines; [Greek: hexa], [Greek: karyon].

[118] Hexadorida = Cubosphærida spongiosa = Spongosphærida hexacantha.

[119] _Cubaxonium_ = Shell with three axes like those of a cube; [Greek:
kubos], [Greek: axônion].

[120] _Hexadoras_ = Shell with six spears; [Greek: hexadoras].

[121] _Hexadoridium_ = Shell with six small spears; derivation from
_Hexadoras_.

[122] _Acanthosphæra_ = Spiny sphere; [Greek: akantha], [Greek: sphaira].

[123] _Heliosphæra_ = Sun sphere; [Greek: hêlios], [Greek: sphaira].

[124] _Conosphæra_ = Sphere with cones; [Greek: kônos], [Greek: sphaira].

[125] _Coscinomma_ = Sieve eye; [Greek: koskinon], [Greek: omma].

[126] _Cladococcus_ = Nucleus with branches; [Greek: klados], [Greek:
kokkos].

[127] _Elaphococcus_ = Shell with harts' horn-shaped spines; [Greek:
elaphos], [Greek: kokkos].

[128] Haliommida = Astrosphærida duplicia = Dyosphærida polycantha.

[129] _Haliomma_ = Sea-eye; [Greek: hals], [Greek: omma].

[130] _Heliosoma_ = Sun-body; [Greek: hêlios], [Greek: sôma].

[131] _Elatomma_ = Pine-eye; [Greek: elatê], [Greek: omma].

[132] _Leptosphæra_ = Delicate sphere; [Greek: leptos], [Greek: sphaira].

[133] _Diplosphæra_ = Double sphere; [Greek: diploos], [Greek: sphaira].

[134] _Drymosphæra_ = Woody sphere; [Greek: drymos], [Greek: sphaira].

[135] _Astrosphæra_ = Star-sphere; [Greek: astron], [Greek: sphaira].

[136] Actinommida = Astrosphærida triplicia = Triosphærida polyacantha.

[137] _Actinomma_ = Radiant eye; [Greek: aktis], [Greek: omma].

[138] _Echinomma_ = Urchin-eye; [Greek: echinos], [Greek: omma].

[139] _Pityomma_ = Pine-eye; [Greek: pitys], [Greek: omma].

[140] Cromyommida = Astrosphærida quadruplicia = Tetrasphæria polyacantha.

[141] _Cromyomma_ = Onion-eye; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek: omma].

[142] _Cromyechinus_ = Onion-shaped Urchin; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek:
echinos].

[143] _Cromyodrymus_ = Onion with trees; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek: drymos].

[144] Caryommida = Astrosphærida multiplica = Polysphæria polyacantha.

[145] _Caryomma_ = Nut-eye; [Greek: karyon], [Greek: omma].

[146] _Arachnopila_ = Cobweb ball; [Greek: arachnê], [Greek: pilos].

[147] _Arachnopegma_ = Cobweb-building; [Greek: arachnê], [Greek: pêgma].

[148] _Arachnosphæra_ = Cobweb-sphere; [Greek: arachnê], [Greek: sphaira].

[149] Spongiommida = Astrosphærida spongiosa = Spongosphærida polyacantha.

[150] _Spongiomma_ = Spongy-eye; [Greek: spongia], [Greek: omma].

[151] _Spongodrymus_ = Spongy wood; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: drymos].

[152] _Spongechinus_ = Spongy Urchin; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: echinos].

[153] _Spongothamnus_ = Spongy shrub; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: thamnos].

[154] _Spongopila_ = Spongy ball; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: pilos].

[155] _Rhizoplegma_ = Root-shaped wicker-work; [Greek: rhiza], [Greek:
plegma].

[156] _Lychnosphæra_ = Lantern-sphere; [Greek: lychnos], [Greek: sphaira].

[157] _Centrocubus_ = Shell with a central cube; [Greek: kentron], [Greek:
kubos].

[158] _Octodendron_ = Shell with eight trees; [Greek: oktô], [Greek:
dendron].

[159] _Spongosphæra_ = Spongy sphere; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: sphaira].

[160] _Rhizosphæra_ = Root-sphere; [Greek: rhiza], [Greek: sphaira].

[161] _Cenellipsis_ = Hollow ellipsoid; [Greek: kenos], [Greek: elleipsis].

[162] _Axellipsis_ = Ellipsoid with an axial beam; [Greek: axis], [Greek:
elleipsis].

[163] _Ellipsidium_ = Small ellipsoid; [Greek: elleipsidion].

[164] _Ellipsoxiphus_ = Ellipsoid with swords; [Greek: elleipsis], [Greek:
xiphos].

[165] _Axoprunum_ = Plum with axis; [Greek: axis], [Greek: prounon].

[166] _Ellipsostylus_ = Ellipsoid with styles; [Greek: elleipsis], [Greek:
stylos].

[167] _Lithomespilus_ = Siliceous medlar; [Greek: lithos], [Greek:
mespilos].

[168] _Lithapium_ = Siliceous pear; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: apion].

[169] _Pipettella_ = Small pipette.

[170] _Druppula_ = Small drupe or [Greek: druppa], ripe Olive.

[171] _Druppocarpus_ = Olive-fruit; [Greek: druppa], [Greek: karpos].

[172] _Prunulum_ = Little-plum.

[173] _Prunocarpus_ = Plum fruit; [Greek: prounon], [Greek: karpos].

[174] _Cromyodruppa_ = Onion-olive; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek: druppa].

[175] _Cromyocarpus_ = Onion fruit; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek: karpos].

[176] _Lithatractus_ = Spindle of silex; [Greek: lithos], [Greek:
atraktos].

[177] _Druppatractus_ = Spindle-like olive; [Greek: druppa], [Greek:
atraktos].

[178] _Stylatractus_ = Spindle with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek:
atraktos].

[179] _Xiphatractus_ = Sword-spindle; [Greek: xiphos], [Greek: atraktos].

[180] _Cromyatractus_ = Onion-spindle; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek: atraktos].

[181] _Pipetta_ = Small pipe.

[182] _Pipettaria_ = _Pipetta_-like.

[183] _Spongellipsis_ = Spongy ellipsoid; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
elleipsis].

[184] _Spongurus_ = Spongy tail; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: oura].

[185] _Spongocore_ = Spongy puppet; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: korê].

[186] _Spongoprunum_ = Spongy plum; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: prounon].

[187] _Spongodruppa_ = Spongy olive-fruit; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
druppa].

[188] _Spongatractus_ = Spongy-spindle; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
atraktos].

[189] _Spongoliva_ = Spongy olive; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: eleia].

[190] _Spongoxiphus_ = Spongy sword; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: xiphos].

[191] _Artiscus_ = Small loaf; [Greek: artiskos].

[192] _Stylartus_ = Bread with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek: artos].

[193] _Cannartus_ = Leaf with tubes; [Greek: kanna], [Greek: artos].

[194] _Cyphanta_ = [Greek: Kyphanta], Mediterranean port in Laconia.

[195] _Cyphonium_ = Roundish vessel; [Greek: kyphônion].

[196] _Cypassis_ = [Greek: kypassis]; A girl's girdle.

[197] _Cyphocolpus_ = Vaulted-bosom; [Greek: kyphos], [Greek: kolpos].

[198] _Cyphinus_ = [Greek: kyphinos]; derivation from [Greek: kyphos] =
roundish vessel, a kind of fruit.

[199] _Cyphinidium_ = Small Cyphinus; [Greek: kyphinidion].

[200] _Cannartiscus_ = Small loaf with tubes; [Greek: kanna], [Greek:
artiskos].

[201] _Cannartidium_ = Small loaf with tubules; [Greek: kanna], [Greek:
artidion].

[202] _Panartus_ = quite bread-like; [Greek: panartos].

[203] _Peripanartus_ = _Panartus_ with mantle; [Greek: peripanartos].

[204] _Panicium_ = A kind of bread.

[205] _Peripanicium_ = _Panicium_ with mantle.

[206] _Panarium_ = Bread-basket.

[207] _Peripanarium_ = _Panarium_ (or bread-basket) with mantle.

[208] _Ommatocampe_ = Caterpillar with eyes; [Greek: omma], [Greek: kampê].

[209] _Ommatartus_ = Loaf with eyes; [Greek: omma], [Greek: artos].

[210] _Desmocampe_ = Chain-like caterpillar; [Greek: desmos], [Greek:
kampê].

[211] _Desmartus_ = Chain-like loaf; [Greek: desmos], [Greek: artos].

[212] _Zygocampe_ = Caterpillar with paired joints; [Greek: zygon], [Greek:
kampê].

[213] _Zygartus_ = Loaf with paired joints; [Greek: zygon], [Greek: artos].

[214] _Cenodiscus_ = Hollow disk; [Greek: kenos], [Greek: diskos].

[215] _Zonodiscus_ = Disk with girdle; [Greek: zônê], [Greek: diskos].

[216] _Stylodiscus_ = Disk with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek: diskos].

[217] _Theodiscus_ = Divine disk; [Greek: theos], [Greek: diskos].

[218] _Crucidiscus_ = Disk with cross.

[219] _Trochodiscus_ = Wheel-disk; [Greek: trochos], [Greek: diskos].

[220] _Sethodiscus_ = Sieve-disk; [Greek: sêthos], [Greek: diskos].

[221] _Phacodiscus_ = Lenticular disk; [Greek: phakos], [Greek: diskos].

[222] _Periphæna_ = Shell with transparent girdle; [Greek: periphaina].

[223] _Perizona_ = Shell with surrounding girdle; [Greek: peri], [Greek:
zônê].

[224] _Sethostylus_ = Sieve with styles; [Greek: sêthos], [Greek: stylos].

[225] _Phacostylus_ = Lens with styles; [Greek: phakos], [Greek: stylos].

[226] _Triactiscus_ = Shell with three rays; [Greek: triaktiskos].

[227] _Sethostaurus_ = Sieve-cross; [Greek: sêthos], [Greek: stauros].

[228] _Phacostaurus_ = Lens with cross; [Greek: phakos], [Greek: stauros].

[229] _Distriactis_ = Shell with twice three rays; [Greek: distriaktis].

[230] _Heliosestrum_ = Sun-sieve; [Greek: hêlios], [Greek: sêstron].

[231] _Astrosestrum_ = Stellated sieve; [Greek: astron], [Greek: sêstron].

[232] _Heliodiscus_ = Sun-disk; [Greek: hêlios], [Greek: diskos].

[233] _Heliodrymus_ = Sun-forest; [Greek: hêlios], [Greek: drymos].

[234] _Astrophacus_ = Star-lens; [Greek: astron], [Greek: phakos].

[235] _Lithocyclia_ = Circular stone; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: kyklion].

[236] _Coccodiscus_ = Disk with nucleus; [Greek: kokkos], [Greek: diskos].

[237] _Stylocyclia_ = Circular shell with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek:
kyklion].

[238] _Amphicyclia_ = Circular shell with spines on both sides; [Greek:
amphi], [Greek: kyklion].

[239] _Trigonocyclia_ = Triangular shell with circular rings; [Greek:
trigonon], [Greek: kyklion].

[240] _Staurocyclia_ = Circular shell with four crossed spines; [Greek:
stauros], [Greek: kyklia].

[241] _Astrocyclia_ = Stellated circular shell; [Greek: astron], [Greek:
kyklion].

[242] _Coccocyclia_ = Circular shell with nucleus; [Greek: kokkos], [Greek:
kyklios].

[243] _Diplactura_ = Stellated shell with double tail; [Greek: diplous],
[Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].

[244] _Amphiactura_ = Stellated shell with tail on both sides; [Greek:
amphi], [Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].

[245] _Trigonactura_ = Triangular shell with three rays; [Greek: trigonon],
[Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].

[246] _Hymenactura_ = Star-shaped shell with membrane between the rays;
[Greek: hymên], [Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].

[247] _Astractura_ = Star-shaped shell with many rays; [Greek: astron],
[Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].

[248] _Stauractura_ = Cruciform shell with four rays; [Greek: stauros],
[Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].

[249] _Pentactura_ = Stellated shell with five rays; [Greek: pente],
[Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].

[250] _Echinactura_ = _Echinus_-like shell with five rays; [Greek:
echinos], [Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].

[251] _Archidiscus_ = Primordial disk; [Greek: archidiskos].

[252] _Axodiscus_ = Disk with certain axes; [Greek: axis], [Greek: diskos].

[253] _Porodiscus_ = Porous disk; [Greek: poros], [Greek: diskos].

[254] _Perichlamydium_ = Shell surrounded by a mantle; [Greek: peri],
[Greek: chlamydion].

[255] _Ommatodiscus_ = Disk with eyes; [Greek: omma], [Greek: diskos].

[256] _Stomatodiscus_ = Disk with openings; [Greek: stoma], [Greek:
diskos].

[257] _Xiphodictya_ = Net with swords; [Greek: xiphos], [Greek: diktyon].

[258] _Tripodictya_ = Net with tripod; [Greek: tripous], [Greek: diktyon].

[259] _Staurodictya_ = Cross-net; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: diktyon].

[260] _Stylodictya_ = Net with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek: diktyon].

[261] _Stylochlamydium_ = Shell with styles and mantle; [Greek: stylos],
[Greek: chlamydion].

[262] _Amphibrachium_ = Shell with two arms; [Greek: amphi], [Greek:
brachiôn].

[263] _Amphymenium_ = Shell with veil on both sides; [Greek: amphi],
[Greek: hymênion].

[264] _Amphirrhopalum_ = Shell with clubs on both sides; [Greek: amphi],
[Greek: rhopalon].

[265] _Amphicraspedum_ = Shell with borders on both sides; [Greek: amphi],
[Greek: kraspedon].

[266] _Dictyastrum_ = Reticulated star; [Greek: diktyon], [Greek: astron].

[267] _Rhopalastrum_ = Club-star; [Greek: rhopalon], [Greek: astron].

[268] _Hymeniastrum_ = Membranous star; [Greek: hymên], [Greek: astron].

[269] _Euchitonia_ = Nice shell; [Greek: eu], [Greek: chitônia].

[270] _Chitonastrum_ = Star-shell; [Greek: chitônia], [Greek: astron].

[271] _Trigonastrum_ = Triangular star; [Greek: trigônon], [Greek: astron].

[272] _Stauralastrum_ = Crossed sea-star; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: hals],
[Greek: astron].

[273] _Hagiastrum_ = Holy starrulet; [Greek: hagion], [Greek: astron].

[274] _Histiastrum_ = Star with enveloping tissue; [Greek: histion],
[Greek: astron].

[275] _Tessarastrum_ = Starrulet with four rays; [Greek: tessara], [Greek:
astron].

[276] _Stephanastrum_ = Garland-starrulet; [Greek: stephanos], [Greek:
astron].

[277] _Dicranastrum_ = Fork-starrulet; [Greek: dikranon], [Greek: astron].

[278] _Myelastrum_ = Medullary starrulet; [Greek: myelos], [Greek: astron].

[279] _Pentalastrum_ = Little sea-star with five rays; [Greek: pente],
[Greek: hals], [Greek: astron].

[280] _Pentinastrum_ = Starrulet with five rays; [Greek: pente], [Greek:
inos], [Greek: astron].

[281] _Pentophiastrum_ = Starrulet with five snakes; [Greek: pente],
[Greek: ophis], [Greek: astron].

[282] _Hexalastrum_ = Little sea-star with six rays; [Greek: hexa], [Greek:
hals], [Greek: astron].

[283] _Hexinastrum_ = Starrulet with six rays; [Greek: hexa], [Greek:
inos], [Greek: astron].

[284] _Triolena_ = Shell with three arms; [Greek: tria], [Greek: ôlenê].

[285] _Triopyle_ = With three gate-openings; [Greek: tria], [Greek: pylê].

[286] _Triodiscus_ = Disk with three openings; [Greek: triodiskos].

[287] _Pylolena_ = Disk with alternating gates and arms; [Greek: pylê],
[Greek: ôlenê].

[288] _Hexapyle_ = With six gate-openings; [Greek: hexa], [Greek: pylê].

[289] _Pylodiscus_ = Disk with gates; [Greek: pylê], [Greek: diskos].

[290] _Discozonium_ = Disk with girdle; [Greek: diskos], [Greek: zônion].

[291] _Discopyle_ = Disk with gate; [Greek: diskos], [Greek: pylê].

[292] _Spongodiscus_ = Spongy disk; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: diskos].

[293] _Spongophacus_ = Spongy lens; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: phakos].

[294] _Spongolonche_ = Spongy disk with spontoons; [Greek: spongos],
[Greek: lonchê].

[295] _Spongotripus_ = Spongy disk with tripod; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
tripous].

[296] _Spongostaurus_ = Spongy disk with crossed spines; [Greek: spongos],
[Greek: stauros].

[297] _Stylotrochus_ = Wheel with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek:
trochos].

[298] _Spongotrochus_ = Spongy wheel; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: trochos].

[299] _Spongolena_ = Spongy disk with two arms; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
ôlenê].

[300] _Spongobrachium_ = Spongy shell with two arms; [Greek: spongos],
[Greek: brachiôn].

[301] _Rhopalodictyum_ = Network with clubs; [Greek: rhopalon], [Greek:
diktyon].

[302] _Dictyocoryne_ = Net with clubs; [Greek: diktyon], [Greek: korynê].

[303] _Spongasteriscus_ = Spongy star; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
asteriskos].

[304] _Spongaster_ = Spongy star; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: astêr].

[305] _Cenolarcus_ = Hollow basket; [Greek: kenos], [Greek: larkos].

[306] _Larcarium_ = A kind of basket; [Greek: larkarion].

[307] _Coccolarcus_ = Basket with kernel; [Greek: kokkos], [Greek: larkos].

[308] _Larcidium_ = Little basket, diminutive of _Larcus_; [Greek:
larkidion].

[309] _Spongolarcus_ = Spongy basket; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: larkos].

[310] _Stypolarcus_ = Hemp basket; [Greek: stypê], [Greek: larkos].

[311] _Larnacilla_ = Little chest, diminutive of _Larnax_; [Greek: larnax].

[312] _Larnacidium_ = Little chest, diminutive of Larnax; [Greek: larnax].

[313] _Larnacalpis_ = Tankard-shaped chest; [Greek: larnax], [Greek:
kalpis].

[314] _Larnacantha_ = Chest with spines; [Greek: larnax], [Greek: akantha].

[315] _Larnacoma_ = Shell of chest form; [Greek: larnax].

[316] _Larnacospongus_ = Spongy chest; [Greek: larnax], [Greek: spongos].

[317] _Larnacostupa_ = Chest with hemp envelop; [Greek: larnax], [Greek:
stupê].

[318] _Monozonium_ = With one girdle; [Greek: monozônion].

[319] _Dizonium_ = With two girdles; [Greek: dizônion].

[320] _Trizonium_ = With three girdles; [Greek: trizônion].

[321] _Amphipyle_ = With one gate on both sides; [Greek: amphi], [Greek:
pylê].

[322] _Tetrapyle_ = With four gate-openings; [Greek: tetrapylê].

[323] _Octopyle_ = With eight gate-openings; [Greek: oktô], [Greek: pylê].

[324] _Pylonium_ = Building with gates; [Greek: pylônion].

[325] _Amphipylonium_ = With one large gate on either side; [Greek: amphi],
[Greek: pylônion].

[326] _Tetrapylonium_ = Building with four gates; [Greek: tetra], [Greek:
pylônion].

[327] _Pylozonium_ = Shell with gates and girdles; [Greek: pylê], [Greek:
zônion].

[328] _Tholartus_ = Cupola-bread; [Greek: tholos], [Greek: artos].

[329] _Tholodes_ = Cupola-shaped; [Greek: tholôdês] _vel_ [Greek:
tholoeidês].

[330] _Amphitholus_ = Shell with two opposite cupolas; [Greek: amphi],
[Greek: tholos].

[331] _Amphitholonium_ = Small shell with two opposite cupolas; [Greek:
amphi], [Greek: tholônion].

[332] _Tholostaurus_ = Cross of four cupolas; [Greek: tholos], [Greek:
stauros].

[333] _Tholoma_ = Dome-building; [Greek: tholôma].

[334] Alternating, [Greek: metallassôn].

[335] _Staurotholus_ = Cupolas cross-wise disposed; [Greek: stauros],
[Greek: tholos].

[336] _Staurotholonium_ = Small shell with cupolas cross-wise disposed;
[Greek: stauros], [Greek: tholônion].

[337] _Tholocubus_ = Cube with six cupolas on its sides; [Greek: tholos],
[Greek: kubos].

[338] _Tholonium_ = Shell with cupolas; [Greek: tholônion].

[339] _Cubotholus_ = Shell with cupolas disposed on six cube-sides; [Greek:
kubos], [Greek: tholos].

[340] _Cubotholonium_ = Small shell with cupolas disposed on the six sides
of a cube; [Greek: kubos], [Greek: tholônion].

[341] _Zonarium_ = Small girdle; [Greek: zônarion].

[342] _Zoniscus_ = Elegant girdle; [Greek: zôniskos].

[343] _Zonidium_ = Little girdle; [Greek: zônidion].

[344] _Spirema_ = Convolution, turning; [Greek: speirêma].

[345] _Lithelius_ = Stony sun; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: hêlios].

[346] _Larcospira_ = Spiral basket; [Greek: larkos], [Greek: speira].

[347] _Pylospira_ = Spiral shell with internal gates; [Greek: pylê],
[Greek: speira].

[348] _Tholospira_ = Shell with spiral domes; [Greek: tholos], [Greek:
speira].

[349] _Spironium_ = Shell with spiral structure; [Greek: speirônion].

[350] _Streblonia_ = Screw-shell; [Greek: streblônion].

[351] _Streblacantha_ = Screw-shell with spines; [Greek: streblê], [Greek:
akantha].

[352] _Streblopyle_ = Screw-shell with gates; [Greek: streblê], [Greek:
pylê].

[353] _Phorticium_ = Small vessel; [Greek: phortikion].

[354] _Spongophortis_ = Spongy vessel; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: phortis].

[355] _Soreuma_ = [Greek: sôreuma], heap.

[356] _Sorolarcus_ = Basket heap; [Greek: sôros], [Greek: larkos].

[357] _Actinelius_ = Radiant sun; [Greek: aktis], [Greek: hêlios].

[358] _Astrolophus_ = Star-like bunch; [Greek: astron], [Greek: lophos].

[359] _Actinastrum_ = Radiant star; [Greek: aktis], [Greek: astron].

[360] _Litholophus_ = Stony brush; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: lophos].

[361] _Chiastolus_ = With crossed arms; [Greek: chiastos], [Greek: ôlos].

[362] _Acanthochiasma_ = Spine-cross; [Greek: akantha], [Greek: chiasma].

[363] _Acanthometron_ = Spine proportion; [Greek: akantha], [Greek:
metron].

[364] _Zygacantha_ = Spines opposite in pairs; [Greek: zyga], [Greek:
akantha].

[365] _Acanthonia_ = Spiny article; [Greek: akantha], [Greek: ônia].

[366] _Lithophyllium_ = With stony leaves; [Greek: lithos], [Greek:
phyllion].

[367] _Phractacantha_ = Spines enclosed by a hedge; [Greek: phraktos],
[Greek: akantha].

[368] _Doracantha_ = Spear-like spine; [Greek: dory], [Greek: akantha].

[369] _Astrolonche_ = Star-spear; [Greek: astron], [Greek: lonchê].

[370] _Xiphacantha_ = Sword spine; [Greek: xiphos], [Greek: akantha].

[371] _Stauracantha_ = Cruciate spine; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: akantha].

[372] _Phatnacantha_ = Spine with fretwork; [Greek: phatnê], [Greek:
akantha].

[373] _Pristacantha_ = Saw-spine; [Greek: pristos], [Greek: akantha].

[374] _Acanthostaurus_ = Spine-cross; [Greek: akantha], [Greek: stauros].

[375] _Belonostaurus_ = Needle cross; [Greek: belonê], [Greek: stauros].

[376] _Lonchostaurus_ = Spear-cross; [Greek: lonchê], [Greek: stauros].

[377] _Zygostaurus_ = Pair-cross; [Greek: zygon], [Greek: stauros].

[378] _Quadrilonche_ = Square-spear.

[379] _Xiphoptera_ = Sword-wing; [Greek: xiphos], [Greek: pteron].

[380] _Lithoptera_ = Stone wing; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: pteron].

[381] _Amphilonche_ = With two opposed spears; [Greek: amphi], [Greek:
lonchê].

[382] _Amphibelone_ = With two opposed needles; [Greek: amphi], [Greek:
belonê].

[383] _Acantholonche_ = Spiny spear; [Greek: akantha], [Greek: lonchê].

[384] _Sphærocapsa_ = Spherical capsule; [Greek: sphaira], [Greek: kapsa].

[385] _Astrocapsa_ = Star-capsule; [Greek: astron], [Greek: kapsa].

[386] _Porocapsa_ = Porous capsule; [Greek: poros], [Greek: kapsa].

[387] _Cannocapsa_ = Tubular capsule; [Greek: kanna], [Greek: kapsa].

[388] _Cenocapsa_ = Hollow Capsule; [Greek: kenos], [Greek: kapsa].

[389] _Phractaspis_ = Hedging shield; [Greek: phraktos], [Greek: aspis].

[390] _Pleuraspis_ = Shield formed by ribs; [Greek: pleura], [Greek:
aspis].

[391] _Dorataspis_ = Spear on the shield; [Greek: dory], [Greek: aspis].

[392] _Diporaspis_ = Shield with two pores; [Greek: diporos], [Greek:
aspis].

[393] _Orophaspis_ = Roof shield; [Greek: orophos], [Greek: aspis].

[394] _Ceriaspis_ = Dimply shield; [Greek: kêrion], [Greek: aspis].

[395] _Hystrichaspis_ = Porcupine-shield; [Greek: hystrix], [Greek: aspis].

[396] _Coscinaspis_ = Sieve-shield; [Greek: koskinon], [Greek: aspis].

[397] _Acontaspis_ = Shield with spears; [Greek: akontion], [Greek: aspis].

[398] _Stauraspis_ = Cross-shield; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: aspis].

[399] _Echinaspis_ = Urchin with shields; [Greek: echinos], [Greek: aspis].

[400] _Zonaspis_ = Shell with a girdle of shield; [Greek: zônê], [Greek:
aspis].

[401] _Dodecaspis_ = Shell with twelve shields; [Greek: dôdeka], [Greek:
aspis].

[402] _Tessaraspis_ = Shield with four pores; [Greek: tessara], [Greek:
aspis].

[403] _Lychnaspis_ = Lantern-shield; [Greek: lychnos], [Greek: aspis].

[404] _Icosaspis_ = Shell with twenty shields; [Greek: eikosi], [Greek:
aspis].

[405] _Hylaspis_ = Forest shield; [Greek: hylê], [Greek: aspis].

[406] _Phractopelta_ = Hedging shield; [Greek: phraktos], [Greek: peltê].

[407] _Pantopelta_ = Shell everywhere with shields; [Greek: pantê], [Greek:
peltê].

[408] _Octopelta_ = Shell with eight shields; [Greek: oktô], [Greek:
peltê].

[409] _Dorypelta_ = Spear with a light shield; [Greek: dory], [Greek:
peltê].

[410] _Stauropelta_ = Cross-shield; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: peltê].

[411] _Thoracaspis_ = Cuirass-shield; [Greek: thôrax], [Greek: aspis].

[412] _Belonaspis_ = Arrow-shield; [Greek: belonê], [Greek: aspis].

[413] _Dictyaspis_ = Net-shield; [Greek: diktyon], [Greek: aspis].

[414] _Coleaspis_ = Shield with sheaths; [Greek: koleos], [Greek: aspis].

[415] _Phatnaspis_ = Panel-shield or fretwork; [Greek: phatnê], [Greek:
aspis].

[416] _Hexalaspis_ = Shield with six wings; [Greek: hexalos], [Greek:
aspis].

[417] _Hexaconus_ = Shell with six cones; [Greek: hexa], [Greek: kônos].

[418] _Hexonaspis_ = Shield with six auricles; [Greek: hexonos], [Greek:
aspis].

[419] _Hexacolpus_ = Shell with six bosoms; [Greek: hexa], [Greek: kolpos].

[420] _Diploconus_ = Double cone; [Greek: diploos], [Greek: kônos].

[421] _Diplocolpus_ = Double bosom; [Greek: diploos], [Greek: kolpos].

* * * * *

Corrections made to printed text

Page iii, § 7: 'Radiolaria' corrected from 'Radioloria'.

Page xiv, § 29: 'Octodendron' corrected from 'Octodendrum'.

Page xvii, § 36: 'allopolar' corrected from 'alloplar'.

Page xxii, § 47: 'rhombic' corrected from 'rombic'.

Page xxvi, § 54B: 'Capsule' corrected from 'Caspule'.

Page xxxiii, § 63: 'Thalassosphærida' corrected from 'Thallassosphærida'.

Page xxxv, § 66.5: 'Nassellaria' corrected from 'Nasellaria'.

Page xlvii, § 77A: 'Mediterranean' corrected from 'Meditteranean'.

Page lxxvi, § 112: 'Phæodinida' corrected from 'Phoeodinida'; 'Cannorrhaphida' from 'Cannorhaphida'.

Page lxxxvi, § 131: Heliosphæra referred to Pl. 28, figs. 1-3 but these are not of this genus.

Page xciv, § 142B: 'Sphærozoea' corrected from 'Sphæozoea'.

Page xcix § 151: Reference to '§ 213' corrected from '§ 273'.

Page cx, § 166: 'interrupted' corrected from 'interruped'.

Page clxxiii, § 249: 'Cannorrhaphida' corrected from 'Cannorrhapida'.

Page clxxix, § 252: 'Karl' (Brandt) corrected from 'Karlt'.

Page clxxxii, § 252: 'Kenntniss' corrected from 'Kentniss'.

Page 29, Thalassosphærida, definition: 'Cannorrhaphida' corrected from 'Cannorhaphida'.

Page 36, Thalassoplancta, definition: 'Cannorrhaphis' corrected from 'Cannorhaphis'.

Page 43, Sphærozoum armatum: 'fig. 9' corrected from 'figs. 1, 9'.

Page 85, Cromyosphæra antarctica refers to Pl. 30, fig. 8 but that does not show this species

Page 87, Genus 26: 'Liosphærida' corrected from 'Liospærida'.

Page 99, Buccinosphæra invaginata, crystals: '0.008' corrected from '0.088'.

Ib., Buccinosphæra tubaria, pores: '0.008 to 0.012' corrected from '0.008 to 0.002' (cf. "three to four times as broad as the bars").

Page 130, Xiphostylus alca: 'Pl. 13' corrected from 'Pl. 14'.

Page 132, Saturnalis annularis, major axis: '0.27 to 0.3' corrected from '0.27 to 0.03'.

Page 137, Stylosphæra jugata, pores: '0.005 to 0.02' corrected from '0.005 to 0.002'.

Page 141, Sphærostylus ophidium, pores: '0.005 to 0.008' corrected from '0.05 to 0.008'.

Page 201, Hexacromyida, definition: 'concentric' corrected from 'concentic'.

Page 203, Cubosphæra concentrica, dimensions (A) and (B): '0.02' and '0.04' corrected from '0.2', '0.4' (cf. the given radial proportions).

Page 222, Coscinomma: 'n. gen.' corrected from 'n. sp.'.

Page 224, Cladococcinus: 'Subgenus' corrected from 'Sugenus'.

Page 241, Heliosoma hastatum, outer pores: '0.006' corrected from '0.06'.

Ib., Heliosoma indicum, outer pores: '0.004 to 0.01' corrected from '0.004 to 0.1' (cf. "twice to five times as broad as the bars").

Page 253, Actinomma japonicum, middle: '0.1' corrected from '0.01'.

Page 260, Pityomma piniferum, middle: '0.05' corrected from '0.5'; inner '0.025' from '0.25'.

Ib., Pityomma drymodes, middle: '0.1' corrected from '0.01'.

Page 261, Cromyomma perplexum, diameter (B): '0.13' corrected from '0.013'.

Page 271, Spongiomma spathillatum: 'Octodendron' corrected from 'Octodendrom'.

Page 291, Cenellipsis ehrenbergii, shorter axis: '0.08 to 0.1' corrected from '0.8 to 0.1'.

Page 307, synopsis, 141: 'Cromyatractus' corrected from 'Cromyotractus'.

Page 308, Druppula cocos, medullary shell: '0.03 and 0.035' corrected from '0.03 and 0.35'.

Page 309, Druppula phoenix, minor axis: '0.08' corrected from '0.8'.

Page 310, Druppula elliptica: 'irregularly' corrected from 'irreguarlly'.

Page 314, Prunulum triplex, minor axis: '0.065' corrected from '0.65'.

Page 324, Druppatractus hippocampus: 'Druppatractus' corrected from 'Druppactractus'.

Page 372, Cyphinidium apicatum, pores: '0.005 to 0.01' corrected from '0.005 to 0.001'.

Page 380, Panartus fusiformis, breadth: '0.08 to 0.1' corrected from '0.08 to 0.01'.

Ib., Panartus profundissimus, pores: '0.015' corrected from '0.15' (cf. "six to eight times as broad as the bars").

Page 405, ref. to Saturnalis: 'Pl. 13, fig. 16' corrected from 'fig. 6'.

Page 418, Trochodiscus solaris: reference to 'Heliodiscus solaster' corrected from 'solaris' per main text entry.

Page 468, Coccocyclia heliantha: 'Coccocyclia' corrected from 'Coccocylia'.

Page 469, Diplactura: reference to 'Spongolena' corrected from 'Spongolene'.

Page 485, synopsis, 236: 'Tessarastrum' corrected from 'Tesserastrum'.

Page 508, Staurodictya ocellata: 'Stylodictya' corrected from 'Stylodicta'.

Page 513, Stylodictya dujardinii: 'Stylodictya' corrected from 'Stylodicyta'.

Page 538: 'Chitonastrum dicranoides' corrected from 'Chitonastrum dicranodes' (per Index).

Page 544, Hagiastrum christi: 'Tessarastrum' corrected from 'Tesserastrum'.

Page 548, subgenus 2: 'Tessarastromma' corrected from 'Tessarostromma'.

Page 557, Pentinastrum, definition: 'Histiastrum' corrected from 'Histriastrum'.

Page 561, last paragraph: 'Archidiscus hexoniscus' corrected from 'Archidiscus hexonicus'.

Page 564, Triolena trispinosa, diameter: '0.55' corrected from '0.55'.

Page 577, Spongodiscus favus, outer meshes: '0.008 to 0.012' corrected from '0.08 to 0.012'.

Page 580, Spongolonche conostyla refers to Pl. 48, fig. 7 which does not show this species.

Page 593, Dictyocoryne trigona: (basal) 'breadth' corrected from 'breath'.

Page 606, first paragraph: 'Actilarcus' corrected from 'Actolarcus'.

Page 606, Cenolarcus: 'Actilarcus' corrected from 'Actolarcus'.

Page 608, Larcarium amphistylum, breadth: '0.12' corrected from '0.012'.

Page 612, Larcidium polyacanthum, medullary shell: '0.03 to 0.09' corrected from '0.3 to 0.09'.

Page 625, Larnacoma quadruplex, breadth (A): '0.016' corrected from '0.16'.

Ib., Larnacoma hexagonium: 'inner cortical and outer medullary' corrected from 'outer cortical and inner medullary'.

Page 632, synopsis: 'Amphipylonium' corrected from 'Amhipylonium'.

Page 654, Octopyle decastyle, breadth: '0.032' corrected from '0.32'.

Page 657, Amphipylonium spinosissimum, length of the inner cortical shell: '0.16' corrected from '0.016'.

Page 657, Amphipylonium tetraceros: 'breadth' corrected from 'breath'.

Page 660, Tholonida: (we distinguish in this) 'family' corrected from 'subfamily'.

Page 665, Tholodes, definition: 'Tholartus' corrected from 'Thalartus'.

Page 666, Amphitholus: 'lentelliptical' corrected from 'lentelleptical'. So also p. 666, Amphitholonium octostylium.

Page 677, pores: '0.004 to 0.008' corrected from '0.04 to 0.008', cf. "once to three times as broad as the bars".

Page 709, Phorticium pylonium, breadth: '0.045' corrected from '0.45'.

Page 742: 'Acanthometron elasticum' corrected from 'Acathometron'.

Page 748, Zygacantha semicompressa, habitat (author): 'Car' corrected from 'Czar'.

Page 765, Phatnacantha: 'Tessaraspida', 'Tessaraspis' corrected from 'Tesseraspida', 'Tesseraspis'.

Page 786, Amphilonche messanensis, length of the minor spines: '0.05 to 0.09' corrected from '0.5 to 0.09'.

Page 826, Coscinaspis rhacopora, diameter: '0.15' corrected from '1.15'.

Page 827, Coscinaspis orthopora: 'Phatnaspis lacunaria' corrected from 'Phatnaspis lacumaria'.

Page 834, Dodecaspis tricinata, diameter: '0.016' corrected from '0.16'.

Page 844, Icosaspis elegans, smaller pores: '0.001 to 0.003' corrected from '0.01 to 0.003'.

Page 852, Phractopelta: 'apophyses' corrected from 'aphophyses'.

Page 867, Coleaspis occulta: 'Coleaspis' corrected from 'Coleapsis'.