Chapter I: Part 1

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REPORT ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER DURING THE YEARS 1873-76

Under the Command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S. and the Late Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R.N.

Prepared Under the Superintendence of the Late Sir C. Wyville Thomson, KNT., F.R.S., &c. Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh Director of the Civilian Scientific Staff on Board and Now of John Murray One of the Naturalists of the Expedition

ZOOLOGY--VOL. XVIII.

PLATES

Published by Order of Her Majesty's Government

Printed for Her Majesty's Stationary Office and Sold by London:--Eyre & Spottiswoode, East Harding Street, Fetter Lane Edinburgh:--Adam & Charles Black Dublin:--Hodges, Figgis, & Co. 1887

Price (in Two Parts, with a Volume of Plates) £5, 10s.

CONTENTS.

REPORT on the RADIOLARIA collected by H.M.S. CHALLENGER during the years 1873-1876.

By ERNST HAECKEL, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Zoology in the University of Jena.

PLATES.

CONTENTS.

PLATES 1-50. SPUMELLARIA.
" 51-98. NASSELLARIA.
" 99-128. PHÆODARIA.
" 129-140. ACANTHARIA.
MAP, SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE RADIOLARIA.

PLATE 1.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order COLLOIDEA.

Family THALASSICOLLIDA.

Fig. 1. _Actissa princeps_, n. sp., × 300 13

The entire living Spumellarium. _c_, The spherical central
capsule containing finely granulated protoplasm, which
is radially striated in the cortical zone; _v_,
spherical vacuoles enclosed by the protoplasm; _n_, the
spherical nucleus in the centre; _l_, the concentric
nucleolus; _f_, the radial pseudopodia which pierce the
calymma or the (yellowish) jelly-envelope of the
central capsule and arise from the granular
sarcomatrix.

Fig. 1_a_. Half of the central capsule of another specimen,
in which the original central nucleus is cleft into
numerous small nuclei, × 400

Fig. 1_b_. Half of the central capsule of another specimen,
filled up by flagellate spores, × 400

Fig. 1_c_. Eight isolated flagellate spores, × 800

Fig. 2. _Thalassolampe maxima_, n. sp., × 8 17

The entire living Spumellarium. _c_, The big spherical
central capsule; _a_, the large alveoles filling the
central capsule and surrounding a central nucleus; _f_,
the pseudopodia piercing the extracapsular calymma.

Fig. 2_a_. The nucleus alone, with numerous nucleoli, × 30

Fig. 3. _Thalassopila cladococcus_, n. sp., × 20 17

_c_, The big central capsule; _a_, numerous large alveoles
contained in the central capsule; _k_, oil globules,
many of which are placed in the radially striped
cortical zone; the nucleus placed centrally, is covered
with numerous radial apophyses or cæcal sacs. _f_, The
radially striped calymma.

Fig. 4. _Thalassicolla maculata_, n. sp., × 100 21

_c_, The central capsule; _v_, vacuoles filling this
capsule; _n_, the central nucleus; _l_, the concentric
nucleolus; _g_, the voluminous calymma, a small radial
piece of which is only represented; _a_, the large
alveoles; _b_, peculiar exoplasmatic bodies; _p_, black
pigment in the inner zone; _f_, the retracted
pseudopodia in the outer zone.

Fig. 4_a_. An exoplasmatic body, × 300

Fig. 4_b_, Vacuoles in the endoplasm, × 300

Fig. 5. _Thalassicolla melacapsa_, n. sp., × 300 21

_n_, The large nucleus; _l_, numerous small nucleoli inside
the nucleus; _v_, the vacuoles filling up the central
capsule and separated by black pigment; _a_, large
alveoles in the calymma; _k_, oil globules; _b_,
exoplasmatic bodies; _f_, the retracted pseudopodia in
the outer zone of the calymma.

Fig. 5_a_. An endoplasmatic vacuole, resembling a cell, × 600

Fig. 5_b_. A piece of the central capsule, × 600

PLATE 2.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order BELOIDEA.

Family THALASSOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Lampoxanthium pandora_, n. sp., × 120 38

The central capsule exhibits distinct pore-canals in its
membrane, and a clear interval between this and the
coagulated and vacuolated protoplasm. The central
nucleus contains numerous dark nucleoli. The spicula
are scattered throughout the alveolate calymma.

Fig. 2. _Thalassoplancta brevispicula_, n. sp. (vel
_Lampoxanthium brevispiculum_), × 120 36

The central capsule contains numerous clear vacuoles, and
in the cortical zone a layer of large oil-globules. The
central nucleus includes numerous dark nucleoli. The
calymma is alveolate. The spicula lie only in the
cortical zone.

Fig. 3. _Thalassoxanthium cervicorne_, n. sp., × 300 33

The central capsule is filled up by clear vacuoles and
contains a large central nucleus, with a single
nucleolus. The spicula surround the thin calymma.

Fig. 4. _Thalassoxanthium cervicorne_, n. sp., × 600 33

A single spiculum.

Fig. 5. _Thalassoxanthium medusinum_, n. sp., × 120 32

The central capsule is filled up by clear vacuoles and
contains on its cortical zone a layer of large
oil-globules. The central nucleus contains numerous
dark nucleoli. The calymma is radially striped,
contains numerous small xanthellæ, and is surrounded by
the spicula.

Fig. 6. _Thalassoxanthium octoceras_, n. sp., × 400 34

Three isolated spicula.

PLATE 3.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order COLLOIDEA.

Family COLLOZOIDA.

Fig. 1. _Collozoum serpentinum_, n sp (vel _Collophidium
serpentinum_, Hkl), × 10 26

A living coenobium, with expanded pseudopodia. The
spherical calymma (or the common jelly-mass of the
colony) is alveolate and contains numerous cylindrical,
serpentine, central capsules. Numerous yellow cells or
xanthellæ are scattered between the radial pseudopodia
in the periphery.

Fig. 2. _Collozoum serpentinum_, n. sp., × 50 26

An isolated, cylindrical, worm-shaped, central capsule,
with an axial series of oil-globules; the red points
are nuclei.

Fig. 3. _Collozoum serpentinum_, n. sp., × 150 26

An isolated, cylindrical, serpentine, central capsule. _k_,
Oil-globules forming an axial series; _n_, densely
placed, red-coloured nuclei;, _c_, the capsule membrane
under which are scattered small black pigment spots in
the colourless cortical zone of the endoplasm; _a_,
extracapsular alveoles; _x_, xanthellæ or "yellow
cells."

Fig. 4. _Collozoum amoeboides_, n. sp., × 100 28

A spherical coenobium or jelly-colony. Each amoeboid
central capsule contains an oil-globule; the small red
points are nuclei.

Fig. 5. _Collozoum amoeboides_, n. sp., × 400 28

_c_, A single isolated central capsule; _n_, nuclei; _k_,
oil-globule.

Fig. 6. _Collozoum vermiforme_, n. sp., × 30 27

_g_, A spherical coenobium or jelly-colony; _a_, large
alveoles, forming a cortical zone; _c_, central
capsules; _k_, oil-globules.

Fig. 7. _Collozoum vermiforme_, n. sp., × 100 27

_c_, A single isolated central capsule; _x_, xanthellæ
surrounding this central capsule; _k_, oil-globules;
_n_, nuclei.

Fig. 8. _Collozoum ellipsoides_, n. sp., × 2 26

A spherical colony; the red points are central capsules.

Fig. 9. _Collozoum ellipsoides_, n. sp., × 150 26

_c_, A single isolated central capsule; _k_, oil-globules;
_n_, nuclei.

Fig. 10. _Collozoum inerme_, Hkl., × 2 25

An old, cylindrical, articulated coenobium; the red points
are centralcapsules.

Fig. 11. _Collozoum inerme_, Hkl., × 2 25

A young cylindrical coenobium; the red points are central
capsules.

Fig. 12. _Collozoum inerme_, Hkl., × 400 25

A piece of a young colony with eight small central
capsules, without oil-globules. _n_, The central
nucleus in different stages of division. Two capsules
are also dividing. _x_, Xanthellæ in the jelly-like
calymma (blue), which also contains numerous vacuoles.

PLATE 4.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Orders BELOIDEA.

Families Sphærozoida.

Fig. 1. _Sphærozoum trigeminum_, n. sp., × 50 43

An annular colony. The main mass of the jelly-colony is
filled up by large alveoles; the entire surface is
densely covered with spicula, and beyond this
skeleton-cover lie the spherical central capsules, each
with an oil-globule. This species is by mistake not
mentioned in the text.

Fig. 2. _Sphærozoum alveolatum_, n. sp., × 50 43

Section through a spherical colony; displaying the inside
of a hemisphere. All the central capsules lie in a
single stratum on the surface of the jelly-sphere, each
being surrounded by a thick-walled alveole. The spicula
lie between the alveole and the capsule, which includes
a central oil-globule.

Fig. 3. _Sphærozoum alveolatum_, n. sp., × 400 43

A single central capsule, filled up by crystal-spores.
Numerous geminato-radiate spicula and spherical
xanthellæ lie between the capsule and the including
thick-walled alveole. In the jelly-calymma, between the
capsule and the alveole, numerous thin ramified
pseudopodia are expanded.

Fig. 4. _Sphærozoum geminatum_, n. sp., × 400 45

A single central capsule, with a central oil-globule,
surrounded by numerous spicula and spherical xanthellæ.
The jelly-substance of the calymma is expanded between
the points of the spicula.

Fig. 5. _Sphærozoum variabile_, n. sp., × 300 45

Three isolated spicula.

Fig. 6. _Sphærozoum pandora_, n. sp. (vel _Rhaphidozoum
pandora_), × 300 49

A group of various spicula.

Fig. 7. _Sphærozoum verticillatum_, n. sp., × 300 44

A single spiculum.

Fig. 8. _Sphærozoum arborescens_, n. sp., × 300 44

A single spiculum.

Fig. 9. _Sphærozoum armatum_, n. sp., × 300 43

A single spiculum.

PLATE 5.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family COLLOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Trypanosphæra transformata_, n. sp., × 150 111

A living colony. The centre of the spherical coenobium
contains a large alveole, surrounded by a net of
sarcode. The entire calymma is filled up by smaller,
thin-walled alveoles. Its inner part contains numerous
small, young, central capsules (each with an
oil-globule) without shells; in the cortical zone of
the calymma lie larger capsules, each of which is
enclosed by a fenestrated shell with from two to four
or more dentated tubes. Between the radiant pseudopodia
very numerous small yellow cells (xanthellæ), which are
scattered everywhere.

Fig. 2. _Trypanosphæra transformata_, n. sp., × 300 111

A single shell.

Fig. 3. _Trypanosphæra coronata_, n. sp., × 300 110

Fig. 4. _Trypanosphæra trepanata_, n. sp., × 300 110

Fig. 5. _Odontosphæra monodon_, n. sp., × 300 102

Fig. 6. _Odontosphæra cyrtodon_, n. sp., × 300 102

Fig. 7. _Acrosphæra inflata_, n. sp., × 300 101

Fig. 8. _Mazosphæra hippotis_, n. sp., × 400 108

Fig. 9. _Mazosphæra lagotis_, n. sp., × 300 108

Fig. 10. _Pharyngosphæra stomodæa_, n. sp., × 400 98

Fig. 11. _Buccinosphæra invaginata_. n. sp., × 500 99

Each shell contains numerous larger and smaller crystals.

Fig. 12. _Tribonosphæra centripetalis_, n. sp., × 500 98

Each shell contains numerous large crystals.

Fig. 13. _Collosphæra polygona_, n. sp., × 200 96

PLATE 6.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family COLLOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. Siphonosphæra socialis, n. sp., × 500 106

A small piece of the surface of a living coenobium, seen
from the surface. Only four individuals are visible,
the central capsule of which contains numerous small
nuclei and a central oil-globule. The including
spherical lattice-shell is provided with a few (one to
four) larger apertures, which are prolonged into short
cylindrical tubules. Through these latter radiate
bundles of fine pseudopodia, branching and
anastomosing, and forming a fine sarcode network
between the alveoles of the calymma. On the surface of
the alveolated jelly-sphere the pseudopodia form a
dense radiating zone. Xanthella or yellow cells are
everywhere scattered.

Fig. 2. _Siphonosphæra socialis_, n. sp., × 300 106

A small coenobium or colony in the state of alveolation,
forming a jelly-sphere, composed of a great number of
capsulated individuals, densely aggregated. Each
central capsule contains an oil-globule, and is
enclosed by a spherical lattice-shell, which bears a
few (one to four) short cylindrical tubules. Each shell
is again enveloped by a membranous polyhedral alveole
and separated from it by structureless jelly. The thick
cortical jelly-envelope, which surrounds the whole
spherical colony, exhibits a fine radial striation,
produced by radiating pseudopodia; many xanthellæ or
yellow cells are scattered in the calymma.

Fig. 3. _Siphonosphæra pipetta_, n. sp., × 300 108

Fig. 4. _Siphonosphæra tubulosa_, J. Müller, × 300 105

The central capsule, enclosed in the cavity of the shell,
has a central oil-globule, and is surrounded by a few
xanthella.

Fig. 5. _Siphonosphæra chonophora_, n. sp., × 300 107

Fig. 6. _Siphonosphæra serpula_, n. sp., × 300 107

Fig. 7. _Siphonosphæra patinaria_, n sp., × 300 105

The central capsule, enclosed in the cavity of the shell,
contains a central oil-globule, and is surrounded by a
few xanthella.

Fig. 8. _Siphonosphæra patinaria_, n. sp., × 300 105

Fig. 9. _Siphonosphæra conifera_, n. sp., × 300 106

Fig. 10. _Siphonosphæra cyathina_, n. sp., × 300 105

PLATE 7.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family COLLOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1 _Caminosphæra dendrophora_, n. sp., × 300 112

Fig. 2. _Caminosphæra dichotoma_, n. sp., × 300 112

Fig. 3. _Coronosphæra diadema_, n. sp., × 300 117

Fig. 4. _Coronosphæra calycina_, n. sp., × 300 117

Fig. 5. _Otosphæra auriculata_, n. sp., × 300 116

Fig. 6. _Otosphæra polymorpha_, n. sp., × 300 116

Fig. 7. _Solenosphæra serpentina_, n. sp., × 300 114

Fig. 8. _Solenosphæra cornucopia_, n. sp., × 300 115

Fig. 9. _Solenosphæra ascensionis_, n. sp., × 300 115

Fig. 10. _Solenosphæra pandora_, n. sp., × 300 113

Fig. 11. _Solenosphæra pandora_, n. sp., × 100 113

An entire spherical coenobium. The shells of the colony
bear a variable number of fenestrated radial tubes and
are densely crowded in the jelly-sphere of the calymma,
the cortical zone of which is radially striped.

PLATE 8.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family COLLOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Acrosphæra echinoides_, n. sp., × 400 100

Fig. 2. _Acrosphæra collina_, n. sp., × 300 101

Fig. 3. _Chænicosphæra nassiterna_, n. sp., × 400 103

Fig. 4. _Chænicosphæra murrayana_, n. sp., × 300 102

Fig. 5. _Chænicosphæra flammabunda_, n. sp., × 300 103

Fig. 6. _Clathrosphæra circumtexta_, n. sp., × 400 118

Fig. 7. _Clathrosphæra arachnoides_, n. sp., × 300 119

Fig. 8. _Clathrosphæra lamellosa_, n. sp., × 300 119

Fig. 9. _Xanthiosphæra erinacea_, n. sp., × 400 120

Fig. 10. _Xanthiosphæra lappacea_, n. sp., × 300 120

Fig. 11. _Xanthiosphæra lappacea_, n. sp., × 100 120

A complete spherical coenobium. The associated central
capsules (each with a double shell) are densely crowded
in the central part of the calymma, whilst its
peripheral part is occupied by a layer of large
alveoles. Numerous xanthellæ or yellow cells an
scattered in the calymma.

PLATE 9.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order LARCOIDEA.

Family PYLONIDA.

Fig. 1. _Monozonium alatum_, n. sp., × 300 633

Dorsal view.

Fig. 1_a_. Apical view.

Fig. 2. _Dizonium pleuracanthum_, n. sp., × 400 636

Fig. 3. _Dizonium stauracanthum_, n. sp., × 300 636

Fig. 4. _Trizonium tricinctum_, n. sp., × 300 637

Dorsal view.

Fig. 4_a_. Lateral view.

Fig. 4_b_. Apical view.

Fig. 5. _Amphipyle tetraceros_, n. sp., × 400 642

Dorsal view.

Fig. 6. _Amphipyle callizona_, n. sp., × 300 644

Dorsal view.

Fig. 7. _Amphipyle amphiptera_, n. sp., × 300 642

Dorsal view.

Fig. 7_a_. Lateral view.

Fig. 8. _Tetrapyle circularis_, n. sp., × 300 645

Dorsal view.

Fig. 9. _Tetrapyle pleuracantha_, n. sp., × 400 646

Dorsal view. The lentelliptical central capsule is visible
between medullary and cortical shell.

Fig. 10. _Tetrapyle turrita_, n. sp., × 400 649

Oblique view, half dorsal, half lateral.

Fig. 11. _Octopyle stenozona_, n. sp., × 400 652

Dorsal view.

Fig. 12. _Octopyle sexangulata_, n. sp., × 300 653

Dorsal view.

Fig. 13. _Octopyle decastyle_, n. sp., × 300 654

Dorsal view.

Fig. 13_a_. Lateral view.

Fig. 14. _Pylonium quadricorne_, n. sp., × 400 655

Dorsal view.

Fig. 15. _Tetrapylonium quadrangulare_, n. sp., × 300 658

Dorsal view.

Fig. 16. _Pylozonium octacanthum_, n. sp., × 300 660

Dorsal view.

PLATE 10.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order LARCOIDEA.

Family THOLONIDA.

Fig. 1. _Tholartus tricolus_, n. sp., × 200 664

Fig. 2. _Tholodes cupula_, n. sp., × 500 665

Fig. 3. _Amphitholus artiscus_, n. sp., × 400 666

Fig. 4. _Amphitholus panicium_, n. sp., × 500 668

Fig. 5. _Amphitholus acanthometra_, n. sp., × 300 667

Fig. 6. _Amphitholus acanthometra_, n. sp., × 300 667

Frontal section of the shell.

Fig. 7. _Amphitholonium tricolonium_, n. sp., × 300 669

Fig. 8. _Staurotholus tetrastylus_, n. sp., × 300 673

Fig. 9. _Staurotholus dodecastylus_, n. sp., × 400 674

Fig. 10. _Tholoma quadrigeminum_, n. sp., × 200 672

Fig. 11. _Staurotholonium octodoronium_, n. sp., × 300 676

Fig. 12. _Tholocubus tessellatus_, n. sp., × 200 677

Fig. 13. _Tholoma metallasson_, n. sp., × 300 672

Fig. 14. _Cubotholus regularis_, n. sp., × 200 680

Fig. 15. _Cubotholonium ellipsoides_, n. sp., × 300 682

Fig. 16. _Tholocubus tesseralis_, n. sp., × 400 678

Fig. 17. _Tholonium hexonium_, × 400 679

PLATE 11.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family ASTROSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Lychnosphæra regina_, n. sp., × 200 277

The entire shell and the central capsule. Numerous
club-shaped radial apophyses or coecal sacs arise from
the pink central capsule and are protruded through the
pores of the medullary shell, which is completely
hidden by them. The sarcomatrix in the calymma,
surrounding the central capsule, exhibits a fine radial
striation. Numerous retracted pseudopodia, bearing red
granules, arise from the sarcomatrix and pierce the
calymma radially. The interval between the two
concentric shells is filled up by the hyaline calymma.

Fig. 2. _Lychnosphæra regina_, n. sp., × 400 277

A part of the cortical shell, with a radial spine.

Fig. 3. _Lychnosphæra regina_, n. sp., × 400 277

The medullary shell and the basal parts of the radial
spines arising from it.

Fig. 4. _Lychnosphæra regina_, n. sp., × 400 277

Distal end of a radial spine.

Fig. 5. _Rhizoplegma lychnosphæra_, n. sp., × 200 276

The central capsule and the enclosed parts of the skeleton.
The protoplasm is radially striped. The central nucleus
(red) sends out numerous radial apophyses, which are
protruded through the pores of the medullary shell.

PLATE 12.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Orders PHÆOSPHÆRIA ET SPHÆROIDEA.

Families OROSPHÆRIDA, ASTROSPHÆRIDA et LIOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Orosphæra huxleyii_, n. sp. (vel _Oroscena
huxleyii_), × 50 1599

Fig. 1_a_. A piece of the network, the bars of which
contain partly an axial canal, × 200 1599

Fig. 2. _Conosphæra orthoconus_, n. sp., × 200 221

Fig. 3. _Conosphæra platyconus_, n. sp., × 300 221

Fig. 4. _Conosphæra plagioconus_, n. sp., × 300 222

Fig. 5. _Ethmosphæra conosiphonia_, n. sp., × 400 69

Fig. 5_a_. Vertical section through the wall.

Fig. 6. _Ethmosphæra polysiphonia_, n. sp., × 400 70

Fig. 7. _Cenosphæra compacta_, n. sp., × 300 65

Fig. 8. _Cenosphæra elysia_, n. sp., × 300 64

Fig. 8_a_. Vertical section through the wall.

Fig. 9. _Cenosphæra mellifica_, n. sp., × 300 62

Fig. 10. _Cenosphæra favosa_, n. sp., × 300 62

Fig. 10_a_. Vertical section through the wall.

Fig. 11. _Cenosphæra vesparia_, n. sp., × 300 62

Fig. 11_a_. Vertical section through the wall.

PLATE 13.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Orders SPHÆROIDEA ET PRUNOIDEA.

Families STYLOSPHÆRIDA et ELLIPSIDA.

Fig. 1. _Ellipsostylus aquila_, n. sp., × 300 300

Fig. 2. _Ellipsostylus hirundo_, n. sp., × 300 301

Fig. 3. _Ellipsostylus columba_, n. sp., × 300 300

Fig. 4. _Xiphostylus alcedo_, n. sp., × 400 127

Fig. 5. _Xiphostylus edolius_, n. sp., × 400 130

Fig. 6. _Ellipsostylus psittacus_, n. sp., × 400 300

Fig. 7. _Stylostaurus caudatus_, n. sp., × 400 157

Fig. 8. _Ellipsostylus ciconia_, n. sp., × 300 300

Fig. 9. _Xiphostylus phasianus_, n. sp., × 400 127

Fig. 10. _Xiphostylus trochilus_, n. sp., × 300 129

Fig. 11. _Xiphostylus emberiza_, n. sp., × 300 131

Fig. 12. _Saturnalis circoideus_, n. sp., × 400 132

Not fully developed.

Fig. 13. _Xiphostylus alca_, n. sp., × 300 130

Fig. 14. _Xiphostylus falco_, n. sp., × 300 130

Fig. 15. _Saturnalis rotula_, n. sp., × 400 133

Fig. 16. _Saturnalis annularis_, n. sp., × 400 132

PLATE 14.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Orders SPHÆROIDEA ET PRUNOIDEA.

Families STYLOSPHÆRIDA et ELLIPSIDA.

Fig. 1. _Ellipsoxiphus atractus_, n. sp., × 300 298

Fig. 2. _Xiphosphæra venus_, n. sp., × 300 123

Fig. 3. _Ellipsoxiphus claviger_, n. sp., × 300 297

Fig. 4. _Xiphosphæra pallas_, n. sp., × 400 124

Fig. 5. _Xiphosphæra gæa_, n. sp., × 400 123

Fig. 6. _Xiphosphæra vesta_, n. sp., × 300 126

Fig. 7. _Ellipsoxiphus elegans_, n. sp., var. _palliatus_, × 400 296

Fig. 8. _Lithapium halicapsa_, n. sp., × 300 303

Fig. 9. _Lithapium pyriforme_, n. sp., × 300 303

Fig. 10. _Lithapium monocyrtis_, n. sp., × 300 304

Fig. 11. _Ellipsoxiphus bipolaris_, n. sp., × 600 297

Fig. 12. _Xiphostylus trogon_, n. sp., × 400 129

Fig. 13. _Xiphostylus picus_, n. sp., × 300 129

Fig. 14. _Lithomespilus flammabundus_, n. sp., × 400 303

Fig. 15. _Xiphostylus alauda_, n. sp., × 400 128

Fig. 16. _Lithomespilus phloginus_, n. sp., × 600 302

Fig. 17. _Lithomespilus phlogoides_, n. sp., × 600 302

PLATE 15.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Orders SPHÆROIDEA ET PRUNOIDEA.

Families STAUROSPHÆRIDA et DRUPPULIDA.

Fig. 1. _Cromyatractus tetracelyphus_, n. sp., × 300 335

Fig. 1_a_. The two inner medullary shells.

Fig. 2. _Cromyatractus tetraphractus_, n. sp., × 300 335

Fig. 3. _Cromyatractus cepicius_, n. sp., × 300 336

The spongy distal part of a polar spine.

Fig. 4. _Cromyatractus ceparius_, n. sp. (vel _Caryostylus
ceparius_), × 300 336

Fig. 5. _Staurolonche pertusa_, n. sp., × 300 159

Fig. 5_a_. Its medullary shell.

Fig. 6. _Staurosphæra philippi_, n. sp., × 300 154

Fig. 7. _Stauroxiphus gladius_, n. sp., × 400 163

Fig. 8. _Staurocaryum arborescens_, n. sp., × 300 167

Fig. 9. _Rhizoplegma radicatum_, n. sp., × 200 276

Fig. 9_a_. The medullary shell, which is completely hidden
in fig. 9 by the numerous club-shaped apophyses of the
central capsule.

PLATE 16.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Orders SPHÆROIDEA ET PRUNOIDEA.

Families STYLOSPHÆRIDA et DRUPPULIDA.

Fig. 1. _Stylosphæra melpomene_, n. sp., × 300 135

Fig. 2. _Lithatractus jugatus_, n. sp., (vel _Stylosphæra
jugata_), × 400 323

Fig. 3. _Lithatractus fragilis_, n. sp. (vel _Stylosphæra
fragilis_), × 400 319

Fig. 4. _Stylosphæra lithatractus_, n. sp., × 300

The entire shell.

Fig. 5. _Stylosphæra lithatractus_, n. sp., × 300

The greater part of the cortical shell and the two spines
taken off.

The description of _Stylosphæra lithatractus_ (intermediate
between _Stylosphæra jugata_ and _Stylosphæra
terpsichore_, p. 137) is by mistake not given in the
text.

Fig. 6. _Stylosphæra calliope_, n. sp., × 400 134

Fig. 7. _Stylosphæra clio_, n. sp., × 400 134

Fig. 8. _Druppatractus ostracion_, n. sp., × 300 326

The entire shell.

Fig. 9. _Druppatractus ostracion_, n. sp., × 300 326

The anterior half of the cortical shell has been removed.

Fig. 10. _Druppatractus hippocampus_, n. sp., × 300 324

The entire shell.

Fig. 11. _Druppatractus hippocampus_, n. sp., × 300 324

The greater part of the cortical shell has been removed.

Fig. 12. _Stylosphæra nana_, n. sp., × 300 136

The entire shell

Fig. 13. _Stylosphæra nana_, n. sp., × 300 136

The greater part of the cortical shell taken off.

Fig. 14. _Sphærostylus ophidium_, n. sp., × 300 140

The entire shell.

Fig. 15. _Sphærostylus ophidium_, n. sp., × 300 140

The medullary shell alone.

Fig. 16. _Saturnulus ellipticus_, n. sp., × 400 141

Fig. 17. _Saturnulus planetes_, n. sp., × 400 142

PLATE 17.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Orders SPHÆROIDEA ET PRUNOIDEA.

Families STYLOSPHÆRIDA, DRUPPULIDA et SPONGURIDA.

Fig. 1. _Stylatractus giganteus_, n. sp. (vel _Amphistylus
giganteus_), × 300 329

Fig. 2. _Stylatractus sethoporus_, n. sp., × 400 330

The greater part of the cortical shell taken off.

Fig. 3. _Stylatractus sethoporus_, n. sp., × 400 330

The entire cortical shell.

Fig. 4. _Stylatractus compactus_, n. sp., × 400 329

Fig. 5. _Amphisphæra cronos_, n. sp. (vel _Amphistylus
cronos_), × 400 144

Fig. 6. _Stylatractus neptunus_, n. sp. (vel _Amphisphæra
neptunus_), × 300 328

Fig. 7. _Amphisphæra pluto_, n. sp., × 300 144

The entire cortical shell.

Fig. 8. _Amphisphæra pluto_, n. sp., × 300 144

Meridional section through the three concentric shells.

Fig. 9. _Xiphatractus glyptodon_, n. sp., × 400 334

The entire cortical shell.

Fig. 10. _Xiphatractus glyptodon_, n. sp., × 400 334

The greater part of the cortical shell taken off.

Fig. 11. _Xiphatractus armadillo_, n. sp., × 400 332

Fig. 12. _Spongoxiphus prunococcus_, n. sp., × 300 354

The spongy cortical shell.

Fig. 13. _Spongoxiphus prunococcus_, n. sp., × 600 354

The two concentric latticed medullary shells.

PLATE 18.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Families LIOSPHÆRIDA et ASTROSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Centrocubus cladostylus_, n. sp., × 100 278

Fig. 2. _Octodendron spathillatum_, n. sp., × 300 280

The entire inner shell, but a small part only of the outer
shell is represented.

Fig. 3. _Octodendron cubocentron_, n. sp., × 400 279

The central capsule (somewhat irregular by compression?)
exhibits a large excentric nucleus (probably dislocated
artificially?).

Fig. 4. _Octodendron spathillatum_, n. sp., × 800 280

Free distal end of a radial spine, with the spathillæ on
the end of the branches.

Fig. 5. _Rhizosphæra serrata_, n. sp., × 300 284

Fig. 6. _Rhizosphæra serrata_, n. sp., × 300 284

Medullary shell.

Fig. 7. _Rhizosphæra serrata_, n. sp., × 600 284

A single radial spine.

Fig. 8. _Plegmosphæra exodictyon_, n. sp., × 200 89

The central shell-cavity encloses the spherical central
capsule and the concentric nucleus.

Fig. 9. _Spongodrymus elaphococcus_, n. sp., × 150 272

The entire inner shell, but only a small part of the outer
spongy envelope is represented.

PLATE 19.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family ASTROSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Drymosphæra polygonalis_, n. sp., × 200 249

Fig. 2. _Leptosphæra hexagonalis_, n. sp., × 200 244

Showing the central capsule (forming numerous club-shaped
protuberances) and the simple spherical nucleus in its
centre. The skeleton is nearly the same as in
_Diplosphæra hexagonalis_ (fig. 3).

Fig. 3. _Diplosphæra hexagonalis_, n. sp., × 200 246

The spherical central capsule, with radially striped
protoplasm, is enclosed in the inner shell, and
exhibits in its centre the clear spherical nucleus.

Fig. 4. _Astrosphæra hexagonalis_, n. sp., × 300 250

Fig. 5. _Astrosphæra stellata_, n. sp., × 300 251

The central capsule, enclosed in the inner shell, exhibits
a distinct radial striation of the protoplasm, and in
the centre a clear spherical nucleus.

Fig. 6. _Haliomma rhodococcus_, n. sp. (vel _Sethosphæra
rhodococcus_), × 400 237

The greater part of the outer shell is removed.

PLATE 20.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Families LIOSPHÆRIDA et ASTROSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Drymosphæra dendrophora_, n. sp., × 300 249

Fig. 1_a_. Meridional section through the central capsule.
In the centre the large spherical nucleus is visible.
The protoplasm around it is distinctly radiate. From
the central capsule arise numerous club-shaped
apophyses or cæcal sacs, which are protruded through
the meshes of the inner shell, × 300

Fig. 1_b_. Basal part of a single radial spine, and its
connection with the network of the two shells, × 400

Fig. 2. _Liosphæra polypora_, n. sp., × 300 78

The greater part of the outer shell is removed.

Fig. 3. _Liosphæra hexagonia_, n. sp., × 400 76

Fig. 4. _Carposphæra melitomma_, n. sp. (vel _Melitomma
melittosphæra_), × 400 73

PLATE 21.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family CUBOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Hexastylus cochleatus_, n. sp., × 400 174

From the central capsule, enclosed in the shell, numerous
delicate radial pseudopodia arise, which are protruded
through the pores of the shell.

Fig. 2. _Hexastylus triaxonius_, n. sp., × 400 175

Fig. 3. _Hexastylus phænaxonius_, n. sp., × 300 171

Fig. 4. _Hexastylus thaletis_, n. sp., × 400 172

Fig. 5. _Hexastylus minimus_, n. sp., × 400 172

Fig. 6. _Hexastylus dimensivus_, n. sp., × 400 175

Fig. 7. _Hexastylus spiralis_, n. sp., × 400 177

Fig. 8. _Hexastylus dictyotus_, n. sp., × 400 176

Fig. 9. _Hexastylus dictyotus_, n. sp., × 400 176

Central capsule with concentric nucleus and nucleolus; the
protoplasm is radially striped.

Fig. 10. _Hexastylus marginatus_, n. sp., × 400 176

Fig. 10_a_. Radial section through the shell-wall.

Fig. 11. _Hexastylus solonis_, n. sp., × 400 173

Fig. 12. _Hexastylus contortus_, n. sp., × 300 177

PLATE 22.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family CUBOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Hexalonche pythagoræa_, n. sp., × 300 185

Fig. 2. _Hexalonche conicornis_, n. sp., × 300 181

Fig. 3. _Hexalonche aristarchi_, n. sp., × 400 185

Fig. 4. _Hexalonche philosophica_, n. sp., × 400 186

Fig. 5. _Hexalonche anaximandri_, n. sp., × 400 182

Fig. 6. _Hexalonche octocolpa_, n. sp., × 300 183

Fig. 6_a_. The inner shell alone.

Fig. 7. _Hexalonche heracliti_, n. sp., × 300 187

Fig. 8. _Hexalonche octahedra_, n. sp., × 400 181

Fig. 8_a_. The inner shell alone.

Fig. 9. _Hexancistra tricuspis_, n. sp., × 300 188

Fig. 10. _Hexancistra triserrata_, n. sp., × 300 188

Fig. 11. _Hexancistra quadricuspis_, n. sp., × 300 189

PLATE 23.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family CUBOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Hexadendron bipinnatum_, n. sp., × 400 200

Fig. 2. _Hexacromyum octahedrum_, n. sp., × 400 202

Fig. 3. _Hexancistra mirabilis_, n. sp. (= _Hexapitys
mirabilis_), × 400 189

The spherical central capsule encloses the concentric
spherical inner shell (which is filled up by the
nucleus), and is surrounded by the octahedral outer
shell. The latter is enveloped by the octahedral
calymma, which is radially striated and contains
numerous xanthellæ.

Fig. 4. _Hexacaryum arborescens_, n. sp., × 400 203

Fig. 5. _Hexacontium clavigerum_, n. sp., × 300 19

PLATE 24.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family CUBOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Hexacontium sceptrum_, n. sp., × 400 194

Fig. 1_a_. The two medullary shells.

Fig. 2. _Hexacontium favosum_, n. sp., × 400 194

Fig. 2_a_. The two medullary shells.

Fig. 3. _Hexacontium axotrias_, n. sp., × 300 192

The six lattice-plates, which form the cortical shell, are
not yet fully developed.

Fig. 4. _Hexacontium floridum_, n. sp., × 300 195

Fig. 4_a_. The two medullary shells.

Fig. 5. _Hexacontium papillosum_, n. sp., × 400 197

Fig. 5_a_. The two medullary shells.

Fig. 6. _Hexacontium lævigatum_, n. sp., × 400 193

The contours of the two medullary shells are visible in the
centre.

Fig. 7. _Hexacontium prionacanthum_, n. sp., × 400 195

Fig. 7_a_. The two medullary shells, connected with a
fragment of the cortical shell.

Fig. 8. _Cubosphæra cubaxonia_, n. sp., × 400 203

Fig. 8_a_. A single radial spine.

Fig. 9. _Hexacromyum elegans_, n. sp., × 400 201

A part of the two cortical shells is broken off.

PLATE 25.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family CUBOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Hexadoridium streptacanthum_, n. sp., × 400 206

Fig. 1_a_. The two concentric medullary shells.

Fig. 2. _Hexalonche amphisiphon_, n. sp., × 300 182

Fig. 2_a_. Medullary shell connected with a fragment of the
cortical shell.

Fig. 2_b_. Vertical section through the wall of the
cortical shell. (Below the centre of the Plate, also
lettered 3_a_ by mistake.)

Fig. 3. _Hexalonche rosetta_, n. sp., × 400 180

Fig. _3a_. Medullary shell.

Fig. _3b_. Vertical section through the wall of the
cortical shell.

Fig. 4. _Hexalonche curvicornis_, n. sp., × 300 181

Outer shell not yet complete, or partly broken off (?).

Fig. 5. _Hexalonche anaximenis_, n. sp., × 400 183

Fig. 6. _Hexalonche hystricina_, n. sp., × 300 187

Fig. 7. _Hexacontium circumtextum_, n. sp., × 400 193

Fig. 7_a_. Vertical section through the double wall of the
cortical shell.

Fig. 8. _Hexacontium gladiatum_, n. sp., × 400 198

A part of the two outer shells and of the radial spines is
broken off.

PLATE 26.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Families LIOSPHÆRIDA et ASTROSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Coscinomma amphisiphon_, n. sp., × 300 222

Fig. 1_a_. A piece of the lattice-shell, × 600

Fig. 1_b_. Vertical section through the shell-wall, × 600

Fig. 2. _Heliosphæra hexagonaria_, n. sp., × 300 217

Fig. 3. _Acanthosphæra castanea_, n. sp., × 400 211

Fig. 4. _Acanthosphæra angulata_, n. sp., × 300 216

Fig. 5. _Acanthosphæra reticulata_, n. sp., × 300 217

Fig. 6. _Heliosphæra coronata_, n. sp., × 400 219

Fig. 6_a_. A single pore with its coronal, × 300

Fig. 7. _Acanthosphæra mucronata_, n. sp., × 400 212

Fig. 8. _Acanthosphæra clavata_, n. sp., × 400 212

Fig. 9. _Heliosphæra pectinata_, n. sp., × 400 218

Fig. 10. _Cenosphæra perforata_, n. sp., × 400 66

Fig. 11. _Cenosphæra coronata_, n. sp., × 400 67

PLATE 27.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family ASTROSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Cladococcus pinetum_, n. sp., × 300 226

Fig. 2. _Cladococcus scoparius_, n. sp., × 300 225

Fig. 3. _Cladococcus abietinus_, n. sp., × 300 226

The central capsule, enclosed originally in the shell,
sends out numerous club-shaped apophyses through the
pores of the lattice-sphere. The central spherical
nucleus fills up half the shell-cavity.

Fig. 4. _Cladococcus stalactites_, n. sp., × 300 227

Fig. 5. _Cladococcus dendrites_, n. sp., × 200 227

PLATE 28.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Families LIOSPHÆRIDA et ASTROSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Haliomma lirianthus_, n. sp., × 300 232

Fig. 1_a_. Medullary shell, × 300

Fig. _1b_. Three pores of the cortical shell, × 900

Fig. 2. _Carposphæra nodosa_, n. sp., × 300 76

Fig. 2_a_. The medullary shell is visible, the upper half
of the cortical shell being taken off, × 300

Fig. 3. _Heliosoma radians_, n. sp., × 300 240

Fig. 3_a_. Medullary shell, × 300

Fig. 4. _Heliosoma hastatum_, n. sp., × 400 241

Fig. 5. _Haliomma compactum_, n. sp., × 400 239

Fig. 5_a_. The upper half of the cortical shell is removed, × 300

Fig. 6. _Haliomma macrodoras_, n. sp., × 400 238

Fig. 7. _Haliomma circumtextum_, n sp., × 400 233

Fig. 8. _Elatomma juniperinum_, n. sp., × 400 243

Fig. 8_a_. Medullary shell, × 400

PLATE 29.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Family ASTROSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Echinomma toxopneustes_, n. sp., × 400 259

Fig. 2. _Echinomma sphærechinus_, n. sp., × 400 258

Fig. 3. _Actinomma denticulatum_, n. sp., × 400 254

Fig. 4. _Actinomma pachyderma_, n. sp., × 400 254

The half of the cortical shell is removed.

Fig. 5. _Actinomma pachyderma_, n. sp., × 400 254

Fig. 6. _Actinomma capillaceum_, n. sp., × 300 255

Fig. 7. _Actinomma arcadophorum_, n. sp., × 400 255

A part of the two outer shells is removed.

Fig. 8. _Actinomma arcadophorum_, n. sp., × 400 255

Inner medullary shell.

Fig. 9. _Pityomma drymodes_, n. sp., × 300 260

A part of the two outer shells is removed.

PLATE 30.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order SPHÆROIDEA.

Families LIOSPHÆRIDA et ASTROSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Cromyechinus icosacanthus_, n. sp., × 300 263

Fig. 2. _Cromyomma villosum_, n. sp., × 300 261

Fig. 3. _Cromyechinus dodecacanthus_, n. sp., × 400 264

Fig. 3_a_. The innermost shells.

Fig. 4. _Cromyomma circumtextum_, n. sp., × 300 262

Fig. 5. _Cromyomma mucronatum_, n. sp., × 200 263

Fig. 5_a_. The innermost shells.

Fig. 6. _Cromyodrymus abietinus_, n. sp., × 300 265

Fig. 7. _Cromyodrymus quadricuspis_, n. sp., × 400 264

Fig. 7_a_. The inner concentric shells.

Fig. 8. _Cromyomma perspicuum_, n. sp., × 300 262

Fig. 9. _Cromyosphæra quadruplex_, n. sp., × 300 84

Fig. 9_a_. The innermost shells.

PLATE 31.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Families CENODISCIDA et PHACODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Sethostaurus orthostaurus_, n. sp., × 300 433

Fig. 2. _Sethostaurus orthostaurus_, n. sp., × 300 433

Vertical section through the centrum.

Fig. 3. _Sethostaurus recurvatus_, n. sp., × 100 434

Optical section through the equatorial plane.

Fig. 4. _Sethostaurus rhombostaurus_, n. sp., × 100 434

Optical section through the equatorial plane.

Fig. 5. _Sethostaurus cruciatus_, n. sp. (vel _Heliostaurus
cruciatus_), × 300 434

Fig. 6. _Phacostaurus oceanidum_, n. sp., × 300 435

Fig. 7. _Phacostaurus magnificus_, n. sp., × 400 436

Fig. 8. _Phacostaurus magnificus_, n. sp., × 200 436

Vertical section through the centrum.

Fig. 9. _Sethostylus distyliscus_, n. sp., × 400 428

Fig. 10. _Sethostylus dicylindrus_, n. sp., × 300 428

Marginal view.

Fig. 11. _Stylodiscus endostylus_, n. sp. (vel _Sethostylus
endostylus_), × 300 413

Fig. 12. _Phacostylus amphistylus_, n. sp., × 300 430

PLATE 32.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Family PHACODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Astrophacus solaris_, n. sp., × 300 453

Fig. 2. _Astrophacus apollinis_, n. sp., × 300 455

Fig. 3. _Astrophacus phacodiscus_, n. sp., × 300 454

Vertical section through the centrum.

Fig. 4. _Astrosestrum ephyra_, n. sp., × 300 442

Fig. 4_a_. Transverse section through the double medullary
shell, × 300 442

Fig. 5. _Astrosestrum nauphanta_, n. sp., × 300 442

Fig. 6. _Phacostylus caudatus_, n. sp. (vel _Astrosestrum
caudatum_), × 200 431

Fig. 7. _Perizona scutella_, n. sp., × 400 427

Fig. 8. _Perizona pterygota_, n. sp., × 400 427

Fig. 8_a_. Medullary shells and radial beams connecting
them with the disk, × 300 427

PLATE 33.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Family PHACODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Sethodiscus lenticula_, n. sp., × 300 423

Fig. 2. _Sethodiscus lenticula_, n. sp., × 300 423

Vertical section.

Fig. 3. _Sethodiscus macrococcus_, n. sp., × 300 423

Young shell, not yet closed, seen from the margin.

Fig. 4. _Periphæna cincta_, n. sp., × 400 426

Fig. 5. _Triactiscus tricuspis_, n. sp., × 300 432

Marginal view.

Fig. 6. _Triactiscus tripyramis_, n. sp., × 400 432

Fig. 7. _Heliodiscus cingillum_, n. sp., × 300 448

Fig. 8. _Heliodiscus asteriscus_, n. sp., × 300 445

Fig. 9. _Heliodrymus dendrocyclus_, n. sp.(vel _Heliocladus
dendrocyclus_), × 300 451

PLATE 34.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Family PHACODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Sethostylus dentatus_, n. sp. (vel _Heliostylus
dentatus_), × 300 429

Upper half of the disk.

Fig. 2. _Sethostylus serratus_, n. sp. (vel _Heliostylus
serratus_), × 300 429

Lower half of the disk.

Fig. 3. _Heliosestrum octonum_, n. sp., × 300 440

Fig. 4. _Heliodiscus solaster_, n. sp., × 300 447

Fig. 5. _Heliodiscus echiniscus_, n. sp., × 400 448

Fig. 6. _Heliosestrum medusinum_, n. sp., × 300 438

Fig. 7. _Sethostaurus conostaurus_, n. sp., × 100 433

Normal form with four regular spines.

Fig. 8. _Sethostaurus conostaurus_, n. sp., × 100 433

Abnormal form with five spines.

Fig. 9. _Heliodiscus marginatus_, n. sp., × 100 449

Fig. 10. _Heliodiscus trochiscus_, n. sp., × 100 445

Fig. 11. _Heliodiscus polymorphus_, n. sp., × 100 447

Fig. 12. _Heliodiscus polymorphus_, n. sp., × 100 447

Fig. 13. _Heliodiscus trochiscus_, n. sp., × 100 445

Fig. 14. _Astrophacus trochiscus_, n. sp., × 100 453

PLATE 35.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Family PHACODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Heliodiscus pertusus_, n. sp. (vel _Heliosestrum
pertusum_), × 400 448

Irregular form with ten (instead of eight) larger latticed
spines.

Fig. 2. _Heliodiscus glyphodon_, n. sp. (vel _Heliosestrum
glyphodon_), × 300 446

Fig. 3. _Heliodrymus ramosus_, n. sp., × 300 452

Fig. 4. _Heliodrymus ramosus_, n. sp., × 500 452

Medullary shell and a segment of the disk.

Fig. 5. _Heliodrymus viminalis_, n. sp., × 400 452

Marginal view.

Fig. 6. _Phacodiscus clypeus_, n. sp., × 400 425

Fig. 7. _Phacodiscus rotula_, n. sp., × 400 424

Marginal view.

Fig. 8. _Phacodiscus lentiformis_, n. sp., × 400 425

Vertical section nearly through the centre.

Fig. 9. _Phacodiscus clypeus_, n. sp., × 400 425

Vertical section nearly through the centre.

PLATE 36.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Family COCCODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Coccodiscus lamarckii_, n. sp., × 500 459

The left half of the figure represents a horizontal section
through the peripheral shell, the right half a view of
the surface.

Fig. 2. _Coccodiscus goethei_, n. sp., × 500 461

Vertical section nearly through the centre.

Fig. 3. _Lithocyclia lenticula_, n. sp., × 400 459

Fig. 4. _Lithocyclia lenticula_, n. sp., × 400 459

Vertical section through the centre.

Fig. 5. _Coccocyclia helianthus_, n. sp., × 400 468

Fig. 6. _Coccocyclia helianthus_, n. sp., × 500 468

Vertical section through the outer medullary shell, showing
the inner.

Fig. 7. _Astrocyclia solaster_, n. sp., × 300 466

Fig. 8. _Astrocyclia heterocycla_, n. sp., × 400 468

Horizontal section through the equatorial plane.

PLATE 37.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Family COCCODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Staurocyclia cruciata_, n. sp., × 400 465

Fig. 2. _Staurocyclia phacostaurus_, n. sp., × 300 465

Fig. 3. _Staurocyclia phacostaurus_, n. sp., × 300 465

Vertical section through the centre.

Fig. 4. _Staurocyclia magniducis_, n. sp. (_Coccostaurus
magniducis_), × 300 466

Fig. 5. _Trigonocyclia triangularis_, n. sp., × 400 464

Fig. 6. _Stylocyclia prionacantha_, n. sp., × 500 462

A great part of the peripheral shell is removed.

Fig. 7. _Amphicyclia amphistyla_, n. sp., × 300 464

Vertical section through the centre.

Fig. 8. _Stylocyclia excavata_, n. sp., × 200 463

Vertical section through the centre.

PLATE 38.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Family COCCODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Amphicyclia chronometra_, n. sp., × 400 463

Fig. 2. _Amphicyclia pachydiscus_, n. sp., × 500 464

Vertical section through the centre.

Fig. 3. _Amphiactura amphibrachia_, n. sp., × 300 470

Fig. 4. _Amphiactura amphibrachia_, n. sp., × 150 470

Vertical section through the centre.

Fig. 5. _Diplactura diploconus_, n. sp., × 300 470

Fig. 6. _Trigonactura triacantha_, n. sp., × 200 472

Fig. 7. _Trigonactura triacantha_, n. sp., × 400 472

Vertical section nearly through the centre.

Fig. 8. _Hymenactura archimedis_, n. sp., × 300 473

Fig. 9. _Hymenactura copernici_, n. sp., × 200 475

PLATE 39.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order PRUNOIDEA.

Families ELLIPSIDA, DRUPPULIDA, ARTISCIDA et CYPHINIDA.

Fig. 1. _Cenellipsis faceta_, n. sp. (vel _Ellipsis
faceta_), × 300 291

Fig. 2. _Cenellipsis infundibulum_, n. sp. (vel _Ellipsis
infundibulum_), × 300 292

Fig. 3. _Druppula pandanus_, n. sp. (vel _Coccymelium
pandanus_), × 300 308

Fig. 4. _Prunulum coccymelium_, n. sp. (vel _Coccymelium
prunulum_), × 300 313

Fig. 5. _Prunocarpus artocarpium_, n. sp. (vel _Artocarpium
indicum_), × 300 316

Fig. 6. _Pipettella prismatica_, n. sp., × 300 305

Fig. 7. _Pipetta tuba_, n. sp., × 300 337

Fig. 8. _Pipetta fusus_, n. sp., × 300 337

Fig. 8_a_. The enclosed medullary shell.

Fig. 9. _Artiscus nodosus_, n. sp. (vel _Artidium
nodosum_), × 400 356

Fig. 10. _Cannartus violina_, n. sp., × 300 358

Fig. 11. _Cyphonium cribellum_, n. sp., × 200 365

Fig. 12. _Cyphonium virgineum_, n. sp. (vel _Ommatospyris
virginea_), × 400 363

Fig. 12_a_. Vertical section through the double medullary
shell.

Fig. 13. _Cypassis puella_, n. sp. (vel _Didymospyris
puella_), × 400 367

The enclosed central capsule is visible.

Fig. 14. _Cyphinus amphilophus_, N. sp., × 300 370

Fig. 15. _Pipettaria tubaria_, n. sp., × 300 339

Fig. 16. _Cannartidium mammiferum_, n. sp., × 300 375

Fig. 17. _Cannartidium mastophorum_, n. sp., × 150 375

Fig. 18. _Cannartidium bicinctum_, n. sp., × 300 374

Fig. 18_a_. Vertical section through the main axis.

Fig. 19. _Cannartiscus amphiconiscus_, n. sp., × 300 372

PLATE 40.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order PRUNOIDEA.

Families PANARTIDA et ZYGARTIDA.

Fig. 1. _Panartus diploconus_, n. sp., × 300 379

Fig. 2. _Panartus pluteus_, n. sp., × 300 382

Fig. 3. _Panartus tetrathalamus_, n. sp., × 300 378

Fig. 4. _Panicium coronatum_, n. sp. (vel _Panartidium
coronatum_), × 300 386

Fig. 5. _Peripanartus amphiconus_, n. sp., × 300 383

Fig. 6. _Peripanartus cylindrus_, n. sp., × 150 384

Fig. 7. _Peripanartus atractus_, n. sp., × 300 384

Fig. 8. _Peripanicium amphicorona_, n. sp., × 300 387

Fig. 9. _Panarium tubularium_, n. sp., × 300 390

Fig. 10. _Ommatocampe nereides_, n. sp., × 300 394

Fig. 11. _Cyphocolpus virginis_, n. sp. (vel _Zygartus
virginis_) × 300 369

Fig. 12. _Desmartus larvalis_, n. sp. (vel _Zygartus
larvalis_), × 300 398

Fig. 13. _Zygartus chrysalis_, n. sp. (vel _Zygocampe
chrysalis_), × 400 401

PLATE 41.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Families PORODISCIDA et SPONGODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Porodiscus flustrella_, n. sp., × 300 493

Fig. 2. _Porodiscus perispira_, n. sp., × 200 495

The rings alone (equatorial section).

Fig. 3. _Porodiscus quadrigatus_, n. sp., × 200 494

The rings alone (equatorial section).

Fig. 4. _Porodiscus semispiralis_, n. sp., × 500 497

Fig. 5. _Perichlamydium saturnus_, n. sp., × 300 499

Fig. 6. _Porodiscus centrospira_, n. sp. (vel
_Perispongidium centrospira_), × 200 495

The rings alone (equatorial section).

Fig. 7. _Porodiscus irregularis_, n. sp. (vel
_Perispongidium irregulare_), × 200 498

The rings alone (equatorial section).

Fig. 8. _Stylodictya heliospira_, n. sp., × 400 512

Fig. 9. _Stylodictya centrospira_, n. sp., × 400 512

Fig. 10. _Stylochlamydium asteriscus_, n. sp., × 400 514

Fig. 11. _Stylotrochus geddesii_, n. sp., × 300 585

PLATE 42.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Family PORODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Staurodictya elegans_, n. sp., × 500 507

Fig. 2. _Staurodictya ciliata_, n. sp., × 400 506

Fig. 3. _Staurodictya medusa_, n. sp., × 400 506

Fig. 4. _Staurodictya cruciata_, n. sp., × 300 507

Fig. 5. _Staurodictya cruciata_, n. sp., × 300 507

Vertical section through the disk.

Fig. 6. _Staurodictya grandis_, n. sp., × 300 508

Vertical section through the disk.

Fig. 7. _Tripodictya triacantha_, n. sp., × 400 505

Fig. 8. _Tripodictya trigonaria_, n. sp., × 400 505

Fig. 9. _Tripodictya tribelonia_, n. sp., × 400 505

Vertical section through the disk.

Fig. 10. _Xiphodictya amphibelonia_, n. sp., × 300 503

Marginal view.

Fig. 11. _Xiphodictya amphirrhopalia_, n. sp., × 400 504

Fig. 12. _Xiphodictya staurospira_, n. sp., × 500 504

PLATE 43.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Family PORODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Rhopalastrum malleus_, n. sp., × 100 527

Fig. 2. _Rhopalastrum ypsilinum_, n. sp., × 50 528

Fig. 3. _Rhopalastrum hexaceros_, n. sp., × 100 529

Fig. 4. _Rhopalastrum triceros_, n. sp., × 50 529

Fig. 5. _Rhopalastrum trispinosum_, n. sp. (vel
_Dictyastrum trispinosum_), × 150 525

Fig. 6. _Rhopalastrum arcticum_, n. sp., × 300 539

Fig. 7. _Rhopalastrum hexagonum_, n. sp. (vel _Dictyastrum
hexagonum_), × 100 525

Fig. 8. _Rhopalastrum irregulare_, n. sp., × 100 528

Fig. 9. _Euchitonia lanceolata_, n. sp., × 80 534

Fig. 10. _Euchitonia carcinus_, n. sp., × 300 535

Fig. 11. _Euchitonia echinata_, n. sp., × 120 536

Fig. 12. _Euchitonia stohrii_, n. sp., × 100 534

Fig. 13. _Hymeniastrum euclidis_, n. sp., × 200 531

Fig. 14. _Chitonastrum jugatum_, n. sp., × 200 537

Fig. 15. _Chitonastrum lyra_, n. sp., × 500 538

A living specimen observed. The entire shell is enveloped
by the calymma and surrounded by radiating pseudopodia
(drawn much too short). Between the two paired arms
arises a large "sarcode-flagellum." The central chamber
and the first enveloping ring are filled by the clear
nucleus; the other rings and all the chambers of the
arms contain numerous pink oil-globules.

Fig. 16. _Trigonastrum regulare_, n. sp. (vel _Chitonastrum
regulare_), × 200 539

PLATE 44.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Family PORODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Stephanastrum capitatum_, n. sp., × 200 549

Fig. 2. _Pentinastrum asteriscus_, n. sp., × 300 557

Fig. 3. _Pentalastrum ophidiaster_, n. sp., × 100 557

Fig. 4. _Hexinastrum geryonidum_, n. sp., × 300 560

Fig. 5. _Hexalastrum orchidaceum_, n. sp., × 50 560

Fig. 6. _Amphibrachium dilatatum_, n. sp., × 50 517

Fig. 7. _Amphymenium zygartus_, n. sp., × 400 520

Fig. 8. _Amphymenium pupula_, n. sp., × 300 519

Fig. 9. _Amphymenium amphistylium_, n. sp., × 200 520

Fig. 10. _Amphicraspedum murrayanum_, n. sp., × 300 523

Fig. 11. _Amphymenium monstrosum_, n. sp., × 300 520

PLATE 45.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Family PORODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Stauralastrum rhopalophorum,_ n. sp., × 200 541

Fig. 2. _Dicranastrum cornutum_, n. sp., × 200 551

Fig. 3. _Hagiastrum mosis_, n. sp., × 100 543

Fig. 4. _Hagiastrum mosis_, n. sp., × 50 543

Lateral view, from the edge.

Fig. 5. _Hagiastrum buddhæ_, n. sp., × 50 542

Fig. 6. _Stauralastrum cruciforme_, n. sp. (in glycerine), × 500 540

The central capsule contains a large central nucleus with
nucleolus, and is surrounded by the jelly calymma and
numerous small zooxanthellæ. The endoplasm is radially
striped.

Fig. 7. _Tesserastrum democriti_, n. sp., × 100 548

Fig. 8. _Tesserastrum straussii_, n. sp., × 500 547

Fig. 9. _Tesserastrum brunonis_, n. sp., × 200 548

Disk seen from the edge.

Fig. 10. _Amphirhopalum echinatum_, n. sp., × 300 522

Fig. 11. _Amphicraspedum maclaganium_, n. sp., × 100 523

Fig. 12. _Amphicraspedum wyvilleanum_, n. sp., × 300 523

PLATE 46.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Family PORODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Histiastrum boseanum_, n. sp., × 400 546

Fig. 2. _Histiastrum pentadiscus_, n. sp., × 200 546

Fig. 3. _Histiastrum quadrigatum_, n. sp., × 300 544

Fig. 4. _Histiastrum velatum_, n. sp., × 200 545

Fig. 5. _Stephanastrum quadratum_, n. sp., × 200 549

PLATE 47.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order DISCOIDEA.

Family PORODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Dicranastrum bifurcatum_, n. sp., × 200 552

Fig. 1_a._ Central disc of the same, × 600

Fig. 2. _Dicranastrum furcatum_, n. sp., × 100 550

Fig. 3. _Dicranastrum wyvillei_, n. sp., × 100 551

Fig. 4. _Pentophiastrum forcipatum_, n. sp., × 50 559

Fig. 5. _Pentophiastrum caudatum_, n. sp., × 50 559

Fig. 6. _Myelastrum papilio_, n. sp., × 50 554

Fig. 7. _Myelastrum decaceros_, n. sp., × 20 554

Fig. 8. _Myelastrum heteropterum_, n. sp., × 20 553

Fig. 9. _Myelastrum anomalum_, n. sp., × 50 556

Fig. 10. _Myelastrum farfalla_, n. sp., × 50 554

Fig. 11. _Myelastrum dodecaceros_, n. sp., × 100 554

Fig. 12. _Myelastrum octocorne_, n. sp., × 90 553

Fig. 13. _Myelastrum medullare_, n. sp., × 50 553

PLATE 48.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Orders PRUNOIDEA ET DISCOIDEA.

Families ELLIPSIDA, ARTISCIDA, SPONGURIDA, CENODISCIDA, PORODISCIDA et PYLODISCIDA.

Fig. 1. _Cenodiscus phacoides_, n. sp., × 100 411

Fig. 1_a._ Vertical section.

Fig. 2. _Crucidiscus endostaurus_, n. sp., × 200 416

Equatorial section.

Fig. 3. _Trochodiscus stellaris_, n. sp., × 200 418

Fig. 4. _Axoprunum stauraxonium_, n. sp., × 300 298

Equatorial section.

Fig. 5. _Stylartus bipolaris_, n. sp., × 200 357

Vertical section.

Fig. 6. _Spongocore puella_, n. sp., × 300 347

Fig. 7. _Spongoprunum amphilonche_, n. sp., × 300 347

Fig. 8. _Stomatodiscus osculatus_, n. sp., × 600 503

Fig. 9. _Archidiscus stauroniscus_, n. sp., × 400 487

Fig. 9_a._ Marginal view.

Fig. 10. _Archidiscus hexoniscus_, n. sp., × 400 488

Fig. _10a._ Marginal view.

Fig. 11. _Archidiscus pyloniscus_, n. sp., × 400 488

Fig. _11a._ Marginal view.

Fig. 12. _Triolena primordialis_, n. sp., × 800 564

Fig. 13. _Triopyle hexagona_, n. sp., × 600 565

Fig. 14. _Triodiscus spinosus_, n. sp., × 600 565

Fig. 15. _Pylolena armata_, n. sp., × 300 568

Fig. 16. _Hexapyle dodecantha_, n. sp., × 300 569

Fig. 17. _Pylodiscus triangularis_, n. sp., × 400 570

Fig. 18. _Discozonium hexagonium_, n. sp., × 400 572

Fig. 19. _Discopyle osculata_, n. sp., × 400 573

Fig. 20. _Discopyle elliptica_, n. sp., × 400 573

PLATE 49.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order LARCOIDEA.

Families LITHELIDA, STREBLONIDA, PHORTICIDA et SOREUMIDA.

Fig. 1. _Spirema melonia_, n. sp., × 300 692

Fig. 2. _Lithelius solaris_, n. sp. (the first central
convolutions only), × 300 695

Fig. 3. _Larcospira quadrangula_, n. sp., × 300 696

Fig. 4. _Pylospira octopyle_, n. sp., × 300 698

Fig. 5. _Tholospira cervicornis_, n. sp., × 300 700

Fig. 6. _Tholospira dendrophora_, n. sp., × 300 700

Fig. 7. _Spironium octonium_, n. sp., × 300 701

Fig. 8. _Streblacantha siderolina_, n. sp., × 300 706

Fig. 8_a_. Outlines of the chambers, × 200

Fig. 9. _Streblopyle helicina_, n. sp., × 300 707

Fig. 10. _Phorticium pylonium_, n. sp., × 300 709

Fig. 11. _Spongophortis larnacilla_, n. sp., × 200 711

Fig. 11_a._ The upper half of the cortical shell is
removed.

Figs. 11_b_ to _11d_. The enclosed medullary
_Larnacilla_-shell. _b_, Dorsal view; _c_, lateral
view; _d_, basal view.

Fig. 12. _Soreuma irregulare_, n. sp., × 200 713

Fig. 13. _Sorolarcus larnacillifer_, n. sp., × 300 715

PLATE 50.

LEGION SPUMELLARIA.

Order LARCOIDEA.

Families LARCARIDA, LARNACIDA et ZONARIDA.

Fig. 1. _Larnacilla typus_, n. sp., × 300 617

From the sagittal pole (dorsal view).

Fig. 1_a_. From the lateral pole (sagittal section).

Fig. 1_b_. From the principal pole (equatorial section).

Fig. 2. _Larnacalpis lentellipsis_, n. sp., × 400 620

From the sagittal pole (dorsal view).

Fig. 2_a_. From the lateral pole (sagittal section).

Fig. 2_b_. From the principal pole (equatorial section).

Fig. 3. _Larnacalpis triaxonia_, n. sp., × 400 621

From the sagittal pole (dorsal view).

Fig. 4. _Larnacantha hexacantha_, n. sp., × 400 622

From the sagittal pole (dorsal view).

Fig. 5. _Larnacantha bicruciata_, n. sp., × 300 623

Frontal view.

Fig. 6. _Larnacantha prismatica_, n. sp., × 300 623

Half frontal, half lateral view.

Fig. 7. _Cenolarcus primordialis_, n. sp., × 300 607

From the sagittal pole.

Fig. 7_a_. From the lateral pole.

Fig. 7_b_. From the principal pole.

Fig. 8. _Larcidium dodecanthum_, n. sp., × 300 612

From the sagittal pole.

Fig. 8_a_. From the principal pole.

Fig. 9. _Zonarium octangulum_, n. sp., × 300 685

Frontal view.

Fig. 10. _Zoniscus tetracanthus_, n. sp., × 300 687

Frontal view.

Fig. 11. _Zoniscus hexatholius_, n. sp., × 400 687

Dorsal view (from the sagittal pole).

Fig. 11_a_. Lateral view (from the frontal pole).

Fig. 12. _Zonidium octotholium_, n. sp., × 300 688

Frontal section (from the sagittal pole).

Fig. 12_a_. Lateral view (from the frontal pole).

PLATE 51.

LEGION NASSELLARIA.

Order CYRTOIDEA.

Families TRIPOCALPIDA, PHÆNOCALPIDA et CYRTOCALPIDA.

Fig. 1. _Tripterocalpis phylloptera_, n. sp., × 400 1138

Fig. 2. _Tripterocalpis conoptera_, n. sp., × 300 1138

Fig. 3. _Tripterocalpis ogmoptera_, n. sp., × 300 1138

Fig. 4. _Tripterocalpis ogmoptera_, n. sp., × 500 1138

A group of confluent pores, more enlarged.

Fig. 5. _Tripterocalpis ogmoptera_, n. sp., × 300 1138

Central capsule. In the centre the striate podoconus, above
it four oil-globules, to the right the nucleus.

Fig. 6. _Tripocalpis triserrata_, n. sp., × 600 1136

Fig. 7. _Tridictyopus conicus_, n. sp., × 300 1145

Fig. 8. _Tridictyopus vatillum_, n. sp., × 400 1145

Fig. 9. _Cyrtophormis spiralis_, n. sp., × 400 1166

Fig. 10. _Archicorys ovata_, n. sp., × 300 1185

Fig. 11. _Cyrtocalpis gromia_, n. sp., × 400 1188

Fig. 12. _Archicorys microstoma_, n. sp., × 400 1185

Fig. 13. _Cyrtocalpis urceolus_, n. sp., × 500 1186

The ovate central capsule exhibits in the lower half the
podoconus, in the upper half the spherical nucleus and
three oil-globules. Between the capsule and the shell
numerous xanthellæ, partly protruded through the
shell-mouth along the radiating pseudopodia.

PLATE 52.

LEGION NASSELLARIA.

Order CYRTOIDEA.

Families TRIPOCALPIDA, PHÆNOCALPIDA, CYRTOCALPIDA et ANTHOCYRTIDA.

Fig. 1. _Cyrtophormis pila_, n. sp., × 300 1165

Fig. 2. _Cyrtophormis ærostatica_, n. sp., × 300 1166

Fig. 3. _Cyrtophormis ærostatica_, n. sp., × 300 1166

Longitudinal section.

Fig. 4. _Cyrtocalpis sethopora_, n. sp., × 600 1187

Fig. 5. _Cyrtocalpis lithomitra_, n. sp., × 400 1187

Fig. 6. _Cyrtocalpis lithomitra_, n. sp., × 400 1187

Longitudinal section.

Fig. 7. _Cyrtocalpis compacta_, n. sp., × 400 1187

Fig. 8. _Cyrtocalpis compacta_, n. sp., × 400 1187

Longitudinal section.

Fig. 9. _Carpocanistrum flosculum_, n. sp., × 400 1171

Fig. 10. _Carpocanistrum cephalum_, n. sp., × 300 1171

Fig. 11. _Carpocanistrum evacuatum_, n. sp., × 400 1172

Fig. 12. _Carpocanium verecundum_, n. sp., × 400 1284

Vertical section through the top of the shell.