Chapter III: Part 3

Central capsule, isolated. The double contoured outer
membrane exhibits only one opening, with a radiate
operculum and long proboscis. The granular protoplasm
encloses clear spherical vacuoles. The sphæroidal
nucleus contains irregular amoeboid nucleoli.

Fig. 2. _Phæodina tripylea_, n. sp., × 300 1545

A central capsule in self-division, with two elliptical
nuclei. The astropyle is already bisected and has two
proboscides.

Fig. 3. _Cannorrhaphis spinulosa_, n. sp., × 300 1552

A complete specimen with two central capsules, each of
which contains two nuclei. The alveolate calymma
contains a dark phæodium and is surrounded by
tangential tubular needles.

Fig. 4. _Cannorrhaphis spinulosa_, n. sp., × 300 1552

A single tangential tube.

Fig. 5. _Cannorrhaphis spathillata_, n. sp., × 300 1552

A single tangential tube.

Fig. 6. _Aulactinium actinastrum_, n. sp., × 100 1574

A complete specimen, seen in optical meridional section. In
the centre the spheroidal central capsule, with its
double membrane and three openings (above two lateral
parapylæ, below the large astropyle with its radiate
operculum). The capsule encloses numerous spherical
vacuoles and two hemispherical nuclei, each with
numerous nucleoli. The anterior half of the capsule is
surrounded by the blackish phæodium. The spherical
calymma contains numerous globular alveoles and is
pierced by the radial tubes, the proximal ends of which
are in contact with the surface of the central capsule
(compare Pl. 103, fig. 1).

Fig. 7. _Aulactinium actinastrum_, n. sp., × 300 1574

A single radial tube.

Fig. 8. _Aulactinium actinelium_, n. sp., × 200 1574

A single radial tube.

Fig. 9. _Mesocena stellata_, n. sp., × 600 1557

A single annular piece of the skeleton

Fig. 10. _Dictyocha stapedia_, n. sp., × 300 1561

A complete specimen, observed living at Ceylon. In the
centre is visible the large, spheroidal, tripylean
central capsule, with its three openings, containing a
large nucleus with numerous nucleoli. Its oral half is
covered with the dark phæodium. The voluminous
spherical calymma contains numerous globular alveoles
and its surface is covered with scattered,
stirrup-shaped pieces of the skeleton. Numerous free
pseudopodia arise from the surface.

Fig. 11. _Dictyocha stapedia_, n. sp., × 800 1561

A single piece of the skeleton, from above.

Fig. 12. _Dictyocha stapedia_, n. sp., × 800 1561

A twin piece of the skeleton.

Fig. 13. _Dictyocha medusa_, n. sp., × 800 1560

A single piece of the skeleton, from the side.

Fig. 14. _Dictyocha medusa_, n. sp., × 800 1560

A single piece of the skeleton, from above.

PLATE 102.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOCYSTINA.

Family AULACANTHIDA.

Fig. 1. _Auloceros elegans_, n. sp., × 80 1584

A complete specimen, observed living at Ceylon. In the
centre is visible the red central capsule with its
three openings, containing a large nucleus of half the
size, with numerous nucleoli. The alveolate calymma
encloses a green excentric phæodium, is surrounded by a
veil of interwoven tangential needles, and forms
conical elevations, which enclose the piercing radial
tubes. Between these radiate numerous pseudopodia
(compare for the single parts, Pl. 103, fig. 1 and Pl.
104, figs. 1-3, and their explanation).

Figs. 2-6. _Auloceros furcosus_, n. sp., × 100 1583

Distal ends of different radial tubes, exhibiting the great
variability of this species.

Fig. 7. _Auloceros trigeminus_, n. sp., × 300 1584

Distal end of a single tube.

Fig. 8. _Auloceros capreolus_, n. sp., × 200 1584

Distal End of a Single Tube.

Figs. 9, 10. _Auloceros cervinus_, n. sp., × 300 1584

Distal ends of two single tubes.

Fig. 12. _Auloceros spathillaster_, n. sp., × 300 1585

Distal end of a single tube.

Figs. 11, 13. _Auloceros arborescens_, n. sp., × 300 1585

Distal ends of two single tubes.

PLATE 103.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOCYSTINA.

Family AULACANTHIDA.

Fig. 1. _Aulographis candelabrum_, n. sp., × 100 1583

_p_, The dark phæodium surrounding the central capsule on
its oral part; _a_, a part of the surrounding alveolate
calymma, also surrounding the central capsule; _s_, the
veil of tangential needles covering the surface of the
alveolate calymma; _r_, the big radial tubes, seven of
which are visible, with an elegant verticil of terminal
branches; _f_, the numerous pseudopodia radiating
between the branches. The central capsule exhibits the
following parts:--_o_, Astropyle; _u_, parapylæ; _e_,
outer membrane; _i_, inner membrane; _v_, vacuoles;
_n_, nucleus; _l_, nucleoli.

Figs. 2-9. _Aulographis pandor_, n. sp., × 100 1577

Distal ends of various radial tubes of a single specimen,
exhibiting the extraordinary variability of this
species.

Fig. 10. _Aulographis furcula_, n. sp., × 400 1580

A two-branched tube.

Fig. 11. _Aulographis furcula_, n. sp., × 400 1580

A three-branched tube.

Figs. 12, 13. _Aulographis bovicornis_, n. sp., × 200 1577

Two tubes with two branches.

Fig. 14. _Aulographis bovicornis_, n. sp., × 200 1577

A tube with three branches.

Fig. 15. _Aulographis triangulum_, n. sp., × 200 1580

A single tube.

Fig. 16. _Aulographis taumorpha_, n. sp., × 300 1577

Two tubes, each with two branches.

Fig. 17. _Aulographis triglochin_, n. sp., × 300 1578

A tube with three branches.

Figs. 18, 19. _Aulographis hexancistra_, n. sp., × 300 1581

Distal end of two tubes (one with four, the other with five
terminal branches).

Fig. 20. _Aulographis dentata_, n. sp., × 200 1582

Distal end of a single tube.

Fig. 21. _Aulographis ancorata_, n. sp., × 300 1578

Two tubes, each with four recurved branches.

Fig. 22. _Aulographis tetrancistra_, n. sp., × 300 1581

A single tube.

Fig. 23. _Aulographis stellata_, n. sp., × 300 1578

_a_ and _b_, Two rudimentary or incompletely developed
tubes; _c_, a well-developed tube of the usual form.

Fig. 24. _Aulographis asteriscus_, n. sp., × 300 1581

Terminal verticil of a single tube.

Fig. 25. _Aulographis cruciata_, n. sp., × 300 1578

Distal end of a single tube.

Fig. 26. _Aulographis pulvinata_, n. sp., × 400 1582

Distal end of a single tube.

Fig. 27. _Aulographis serrulata_, n. sp., × 400 1582

Distal end of a single tube.

PLATE 104.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOCYSTINA.

Family AULACANTHIDA.

AULACANTHIDA.

Fig. 1. _Aulospathis bifurca_, n. sp., × 50 1586

A complete specimen, excellently preserved, with an ovate
alveolate calymma and two central capsules. The surface
of the calymma is covered with tangential needles.

Fig. 2. _Aulospathis bifurca_, n. sp., × 100 1586

An isolated central capsule of another specimen, surrounded
by granules of the phæodium. _o_, Radiate operculum of
the astropyle; _u_, the two lateral parapylæ; _e_,
external membrane of the capsule; _i_, internal
membrane; _c_, vacuoles in the protoplasm; _n_,
nucleus; _l_, numerous nucleoli.

Fig. 3. _Aulospathis bifurca_, n. sp., × 80 1586

Two central capsules of another specimen, surrounded by the
phæodium (Self-division). Characters as in fig. 2.

Fig. 4. _Aulospathis bifurca_, n. sp., × 100 1586

A single radial tube.

Fig. 5. _Aulospathis bifurca_, n. sp., × 200 1586

Distal part of another radial tube, partly filled up by
air-bubbles.

Fig. 6. _Aulospathis trifurca_, n. sp., × 200 1586

Distal part of a single radial tube.

Fig. 7. _Aulospathis trifurca_, n. sp., × 200 1586

Distal part of another radial tube.

Fig. 8. _Aulospathis triodon_, n. sp., × 100 1587

A single radial tube.

Fig. 9. _Aulospathis tetrodon_, n. sp., × 200 1588

Distal end of single tube.

Figs. 10-13. _Aulospathis polymorpha_, n. sp., × 400 1587

Four single terminal branches with very different forms of
spathillæ.

Figs. 14-17. _Aulospathis variabilis_, n. sp., × 400 1588

Four single terminal branches with very different forms of
spathillæ.

PLATE 105.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOCYSTINA.

Family AULACANTHIDA.

AULACANTHIDA.

Fig. 1. _Aulodendron indicum_, n. sp., × 200 1590

A single tube.

Fig. 2. _Aulodendron pacificum_, n. sp., × 400 1589

Distal half of a tube.

Fig. 3. _Aulodendron australe_, n. sp., × 300 1589

A single tube.

Fig. 4. _Aulacantha spinosa_, n. sp., × 300 1575

Distal half of a tube.

Fig. 5. _Aulodendron antarcticum_, n. sp., × 300 1589

A single tube.

Fig. 6. _Aulographis pistillum_, n. sp., × 300 1579

A single tube.

Fig. 7. _Aulographis martagon_, n. sp., × 300 1579

Distal end of a single tube.

Fig. 8. _Aulographis triæna_, n. sp., × 80 1579

A single tube.

Fig. 9. _Aulographis flammabunda_, n. sp., × 100 1579

Distal end of a tube.

Fig. 10. _Aulographis flosculus_, n. sp., × 300 1580

Distal end of a tube.

Fig. 11. _Aulographis gemmascens_, n. sp., × 100 1580

Distal end of a tube.

Fig. 12. _Aulographis verticillata_, n. sp., × 400 1582

Distal end of a tube.

Fig. 12_a_. Apical view, with four verticils of five
branches.

Fig. 13. _Aulographis tripentas_, n. sp., × 300 1582

Distal end of a tube.

Fig. 13_a_. Apical view, with three verticils of five
branches.

Fig. 14. _Auloceros dicranaster_, n. sp., × 400 1585

Distal end of a tube, seen from the side.

Fig. 15. _Auloceros dicranaster_, n. sp., × 200 1585

Distal end of a tube, seen from the terminal face.

Fig. 16. _Aulacantha cannulata_, n. sp., × 300 1576

Distal end of a tube.

PLATE 106.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Orders PHÆOSPHÆRIA.

Family OROSPHÆRIDA.

OROSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Orosphæra serpentina_, n. sp., × 50 1595

The entire shell.

Fig. 2. _Orosphæra horrida_, n. sp., × 50 1596

The entire shell.

Fig. 3. _Orosphæra arborescens_, n. sp. (vel _Orothamnus
arborescens_), × 50 1597

The entire shell.

Fig. 4. _Oroscena gegenbauri_, n. sp., × 50 1597

The entire shell.

(Compare Pl. 12, fig. 1.)

PLATE 107.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOSPHÆRIA.

Family OROSPHÆRIDA.

(Fig. 8 of this Plate has no number, by mistake; it is at
the top in the middle.)

Fig. 1. _Oroplegma diplosphæra_, n. sp., × 50 1600

The entire shell, enveloped by an outer mantle of spongy
framework.

Fig. 2. _Oroplegma giganteum_, n. sp., × 200 1601

A small piece of the spongy framework.

Fig. 3. _Oroplegma spongiosum_, n. sp., × 50 1601

A pyramidal elevation of the inner shell, with its spongy
framework, and a radial spine on the top.

Fig. 4. _Oroscena bærii_, n. sp., × 100 1598

A pyramidal elevation of the shell, with a radial spine on
its top.

Fig. 5. _Orona maxima_, n. sp., × 300 1594

A small piece of the network; the central canals of the
bars are partly filled by air.

Fig. 6. _Oroscena cuvieri_, n. sp., × 50 1598

A single radial spine.

Fig. 7. _Orona crassissima_, n. sp., × 300 1594

A single bar of the coarse network, with dimpled surface.

Fig. 8. _Oroscena mülleri_, n. sp., × 50 1598

A single radial spine.

PLATE 108.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOSPHÆRIA.

Family SAGOSPHÆRIDA.

SAGOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Sagoscena castra_, n. sp., × 50 1608

Half the shell, with the enclosed central capsule and the
phæodium, stained by carmine. (The central nucleus
dark.)

Fig. 2. _Sagmarium spongodictyum_, n. sp., × 50 1612

Half the shell, with its delicate spongy framework.

Fig. 3. _Sagenoscena stellata_, n. sp., × 300 1610

Top and axial rod of a pyramid, prolonged into a crowned
radial spine.

Fig. 4. _Sagenoscena ornata_, n. sp., × 300 1610

A single pyramid with its axial rod, prolonged into a
crowned radial spine.

Fig. 5. _Sagoscena pellorium_, n. sp., × 300 1609

A single pyramid of the shell-surface.

Fig. 6. _Sagoscena tentorium_, n. sp., × 100 1608

A piece of the shell with eight pyramids.

Fig. 7. _Sagoscena prætorium_, n. sp., × 400 1609

Top of a pyramid.

Fig. 8. _Sagena ternaria_, n. sp., × 400 1606

A single triangular mesh of the lattice sphere.

Fig. 9. _Sagmidium crucicorne_, n. sp., × 400 1613

A single nodal point with three radial spines.

Fig. 9_a_. A portion of a spine, more highly magnified.

Fig. 10. _Sagosphæra penicilla_, n. sp., × 400 1607

One nodal point and its radial spine.

Fig. 11. _Sagosphæra furcilla_, n. sp., × 300 1607

Two nodal points of the network.

Fig. 11_a_. Extremity of a spine.

Fig. 12. _Sagmidium quadricorne_, n. sp., × 400 1614

A nodal point of the shell surface, with four divergent
spines.

Fig. 13. _Sagoplegma scenophora_, n. sp., × 300 1615

Tops of two pyramids.

Fig. 14. _Sagmarium plegmosphærium_, n. sp., × 300 1612

A nodal point of the spongy framework.

PLATE 109.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOSPHÆRIA.

Family AULOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Aulosphæra dendrophora_, n. sp., × 50 1625

The entire shell, with the central capsule and its nucleus,
enveloped by the dark granular phæodium.

Fig. 2. _Aulosphæra dendrophora_, n. sp., × 300 1625

A single radial tube.

Fig. 3. _Aulosphæra sceptrophora_, n. sp., × 300 1625

A hexagonal group of six triangular meshes.

Fig. 4. _Aulosphæra sceptrophora_, n. sp., × 300 1625

A similar group, seen from the side, with three radial
tubes.

Fig. 5. _Aulosphæra spinosa_, n. sp., × 300 1627

A hexagonal group of six triangular meshes.

Fig. 6. _Aulosphæra undulata_, n. sp., × 400 1627

A single radial tube.

Fig. 7. _Aulosphæra spathillata_, n. sp., × 400 1624

A single radial tube.

Fig. 7_a_. An abnormal variety, × 400

Fig. 8. _Aulosphæra triodon_, n. sp., × 400 1623

A single radial tube.

Fig. 9. _Aulosphæra trifurca_, n. sp., × 400 1626

A single radial tube.

Fig. 10. _Aulosphæra cruciata_, n. sp., × 300 1624

A single radial tube.

Fig. 11. _Aulosphæra bisternaria_, n. sp., × 300 1624

A single radial tube.

Fig. 12. _Aulosphæra bisternaria_, n. sp., × 600 1624

Distal end of a single radial tube.

PLATE 110.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOSPHÆRIA.

Family AULOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Auloscena mirabilis_, n. sp., × 50 1628

The complete shell, representing a regular latticed sphere,
which is composed of equal hexagonal pyramids; the top
of each pyramid bears a radial tube with a terminal
corona.

Fig. 2. _Auloscena mirabilis_, n. sp., × 600 1628

Terminal corona of a single radial tube.

Fig. 3. _Auloscena penicillus_, n. sp., × 200 1629

A single tent-shaped elevation or six-sided pyramid,
bearing on the top a brush-shaped radial tube.

Fig. 4. _Auloscena flammabunda_, n. sp., × 400 1629

A single radial tube, with a centripetal free prolongation
at the base and a verticil of undulate terminal
branches at the distal end.

Fig. 5. _Auloscena serrata_, n. sp., × 600 1630

Terminal corona of a single radial tube.

Fig. 6. _Auloscena tentorium_, n. sp., × 400 1628

A single radial tube, with a centripetal prolongation at
the base and a terminal corona at the distal end.

Fig. 7. _Auloscena gigantea_, n. sp., × 400 1629

Basal part of a radial tube, exhibiting the internal axial
thread and its connection with the six tubes, which
form the edges of a flat six-sided pyramid (usually
more elevated than the figure exhibits).

Fig. 8. _Auloscena spectabilis_, n. sp., × 400 1628

Apex of an abnormal pyramid (sometimes occurring), in which
seven radial tubes are united, instead of six.

Fig. 9. _Auloscena spectabilis_, n. sp., × 800 1628

Basal part of a radial tube, in the top of a flat six-sided
pyramid; above it the distal part of the same tube with
its terminal corona (middle part of the tube wanting).

Fig. 10. _Auloscena verticillus_, n. sp., × 300 1629

Apex of a six-sided pyramid, seen from the inside.

Fig. 11. _Auloscena verticillus_, n. sp., × 400 1629

Distal part of a single radial tube, with the terminal
corona.

PLATE 111.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOSPHÆRIA.

Family AULOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Aulonia hexagonia_, n. sp., × 30 1634

The complete spherical shell.

Fig. 2. _Aularia ternaria_, n. sp., × 300 1621

A group of six triangular meshes, with seven nodal points
of radial tubes. Behind the central capsule, with its
double membrane (_e_, outer; _i_, inner) and radiate
operculum (_o_); _u_, the two outer parapylæ; _v_,
vacuoles in the protoplasm. The ellipsoidal nucleus
(_n_) contains numerous nucleoli (_l_).

Fig. 3. _Aulastrum triceros_, n. sp., × 50 1635

The complete shell.

Fig. 3_a_. _Aulastrum triceros_, n. sp., × 300 1635

A single radial tube.

Figs. 4_a_, 4_b_, 4_c_. _Aulastrum dendroceros_, n. sp., × 400 1635

Three single radial spines (taken from three different
specimens).

Fig. 5_a_. _Aulophacus lenticularis_, n. sp., × 300 1631

A single radial spine.

Fig. 5_b_. _Aulophacus amphidiscus_, n. sp., × 300 1631

A single radial spine.

Fig. 6. _Aulatractus fusiformis_, n. sp., × 5 1632

The complete shell, five times enlarged.

Fig. 6_a_. _Aulatractus fusiformis_, n. sp., × 20 1632

Apical part of the shell.

Fig. 6_b_. _Aulatractus fusiformis_, n. sp., × 400 1632

A single radial tube.

Fig. 7. _Aulatractus diploconus_, n. sp., × 20 1632

Apical part of the shell.

Fig. 7_a_. _Aulatractus diploconus_, n. sp., × 400 1632

A single radial tube.

Fig. 8. _Auloplegma perplexum_, n. sp., × 50 1630

Half the shell.

Fig. 8_a_. _Auloplegma perplexum_, n. sp., × 400 1630

A single radial tube.

Fig. 9. _Auloplegma spongiosum_, n. sp., × 300 1631

A single radial tube.

PLATE 112.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Orders PHÆOSPHÆRIA.

Family CANNOSPHÆRIDA.

CANNOSPHÆRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Cannosphæra antarctica_, n. sp., × 50 1640

The entire shell. The inner mammillate shell, from the
month of which is prominent the phæodium, in connected
by numerous radial beams with the outer shell.

Fig. 2. _Cannosphæra antarctica_, n. sp., × 200 1640

The inner shell, from the mouth of which is prominent the
phæodium, and a single hexagonal mesh of the outer
shell, connected with the former by thin radial
threads.

Fig. 3. _Cannosphæra antarctica_, n. sp., × 200 1640

A single radial spine, with four terminal branches.

Fig. 4. _Cannosphæra pacifica_, n. sp., × 200 1641

The inner shell, exhibiting on its base the widely open
mouth, and in its upper half the transparent spherical
central capsule with its nucleus. Of the outer shell
(which is connected with the inner by thin radial
threads), only a few polygonal meshes are visible.

Fig. 5. _Cannosphæra atlantica_, n. sp., × 200 1640

The inner shell, connected by spiny radial beams with the
outer shell, a quadrant only of which is visible.

Fig. 6. _Cannosphæra atlantica_, n. sp., × 200 1640

A single radial spine, with five terminal branches.

PLATE 113.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOGROMIA.

Family CASTANELLIDA.

Fig. 1. _Castanissa challengeri_, n. sp., × 100 1686

In the lower part of the figure is visible the large corona
of teeth around the mouth (_a_).

Fig. 2. _Castanidium moseleyi_, n. sp., × 80 1686

In the upper part of the figure, at left, is visible the
irregular polygonal mouth (_a_).

Fig. 3. _Castanopsis naresi_, n. sp., × 80 1688

In the upper part of the figure is visible the smooth
circular mouth (_a_).

Fig. 4. _Castanura tizardi_, n. sp., × 80 1689

Fig. 4_a_. A single main-spine of the same, × 400

Fig. 5. _Castanidium murrayi_, n. sp., × 100 1685

With a large phæodium, partly protruded through the
circular mouth.

Fig. 5_a_. A single main-spine of the same, hexagonally
dimpled, × 400

Fig. 6. _Castanella wyvillei_, n. sp., × 100 1683

A piece of the shell with the mouth, armed with six large
teeth (_a_).

Fig. 7. _Castanidium buchanani_, n. sp., × 100 1685

A piece of the shell with the smooth roundish mouth (_a_).

PLATE 114.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Orders PHÆOCYSTINA ET PHÆOGROMIA.

Families CANNORRHAPHIDA et CIRCOPORIDA.

Fig. 1. _Haeckeliana darwiniana_, n. sp., × 200 1702

A complete shell.

Fig. 2. _Haeckeliana darwiniana_, n. sp., × 400 1702

A single coronet of pores.

Fig. 3. _Haeckeliana goetheana_, n. sp., × 300 1702

The oral part of the shell with the mouth.

Fig. 4. _Haeckeliana lamarckiana_, n. sp., × 400 1701

A single coronet of pores.

Fig. 5. _Haeckeliana maxima_, n. sp., × 300 1701

A single coronet of pores.

Fig. 6. _Haeckeliana porcellana_, John Murray, × 200 1701

A complete shell.

Fig. 7. _Distephanus corona_, n. sp., × 800 1566

A single pileated piece (half from the side, half from
below).

Fig. 8. _Distephanus corona_, n. sp., × 800 1566

Two coupled pileated pieces caught into one another
(twin-piece).

Fig. 9. _Distephanus corona_, n. sp., × 800 1566

A single pileated piece, seen from above.

Fig. 10. _Cannopilus diplostaurus_, n. sp., × 800 1568

A single pileated piece, seen from above.

Fig. 11. _Cannopilus cyrtoides_, n. sp., × 800 1569

A single pileated piece, seen obliquely from the side.

Fig. 12. _Cannopilus cyrtoides_, n. sp., × 800 1569

A single pileated piece, seen from below.

Fig. 13. _Haeckeliana porcellana_, John Murray, × 600 1526

The radiate operculum of the central capsule.

PLATE 115.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOGROMIA.

Family CIRCOPORIDA.

Fig. 1. _Circoporus sexfuscinus_, n. sp., × 100 1695

The cruciform mouth is visible in the upper part of the
figure, to the right.

Fig. 2. _Circoporus sexfuscinus_, n. sp., × 200 1695

A single radial spine, with four cruciate pores at the
base.

Fig. 3. _Circoporus sexfuscinus_, n. sp., × 600 1695

The radiate operculum of the central capsule, with the
proboscis.

Fig. 4. _Circospathis furcata_, n. sp., × 100 1696

Five of the nine spines are visible, two others (on the
upper face) broken off. Between the latter the
pentagonal mouth (with five teeth).

Fig. 5. _Circospathis furcata_, n. sp., × 300 1696

The mouth with its five teeth.

Fig. 6. _Circospathis furcata_, n. sp., × 400 1696

A piece of the shell with a radial spine.

Fig. 7. _Circospathis furcata_, n. sp., × 400 1696

Vertical section through the base of a radial spine, to
show the central funicle.

Fig. 8. _Circogonia dodecacantha_, n. sp., × 100 1698

The central capsule with the elliptical nucleus (to the
right) and the dark phæodium (to the left) are visible,
in the upper part (to the left) the mouth of the shell,
with six teeth.

Fig. 9. _Circogonia dodecacantha_, n. sp., × 400 1698

A fragment of the shell, exhibiting its peculiar structure
(needles tangentially scattered in the cement of the
porcellanous substance), and a circle of nine pores
around the base of a broken spine.

Fig. 10. _Circospathis tetrodonta_, n. sp., × 400 1697

The mouth with four teeth, in profile view.

PLATE 116.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOGROMIA.

Families MEDUSETTIDA et CIRCOPORIDA.

Fig. 1. _Polypetta mammillata_, n. sp., × 500 1677

In the upper part of the figure the dentate proboscis.

Fig. 1_a_. Vertical section through the shell-wall, showing
two of the hollow alveoles, opening on its inside, ×1000

Fig. 2. _Polypetta tabulata_, n. sp., × 500 1677

In the upper part of the figure the dentate proboscis.

Fig. 2_a_. A piece of the shell, seen from the surface,
with the triangular plates, ×1000

Fig. 2_b_. Vertical section through the shell-wall, with an
alveole, ×1000

Fig. 3. _Circostephanus coronarius_, n. sp., × 150 1699

The polyhedral shell exhibits in its wall the small
tangential needles. The radial spines are partly broken
off. The mouth of the shell, surrounded by eight short
conical teeth, is visible on the left side of the
figure.

Fig. 3_a_. The mouth of the shell, seen in profile, with
eight conical spinulate teeth, × 400

Fig. 3_b_. The base of a radial spine broken off, to show
the corona of (five or six) basal pores, × 400

PLATE 117.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Orders PHÆOCYSTINA ET PHÆOGROMIA.

Families CANNORRHAPHIDA, MEDUSETTIDA et CIRCOPORIDA.

Fig. 1. _Circogonia icosahedra_, n. sp., × 80 1698

The entire shell, with twelve radial tubes and twenty
triangular faces. In the centre of one face is the
mouth, with six teeth.

Fig. 1_a_. The mouth alone, with its six spinulate teeth, × 400

Fig. 2. _Circorrhegma dodecahedra_, n. sp., × 80 1699

The entire shell, with twenty radial tubes and twelve
pentagonal faces. In the centre of one face is the
mouth, with five teeth.

Fig. 2_a_. The mouth alone, with its five spinulate teeth,
seen in profile, × 200

Fig. 3. _Circospathis novena_, n. sp., × 100 1696

The entire shell, with nine radial tubes and fourteen
triangular faces. In one face (to the left above) is
the mouth with nine teeth.

Fig. 3_a_. The mouth alone, with its nine spinulate teeth, × 150

Fig. 4. _Circoporus hexastylus_, n. sp., × 80 1695

A single radial spine.

Fig. 5. _Circoporus sexfurcus_, n. sp., × 80 1694

The entire spherical shell with six forked and ciliated
radial tubes. In the centre the cruciform mouth with
four teeth.

Fig. 6. _Circoporus octahedrus_, n. sp., × 300 1695

The entire shell, with six verticillate radial tubes and
eight triangular faces. In the centre of one face is
the mouth, with four teeth.

Fig. 7. _Cortinetta tripodiscus_, n. sp., × 300 1667

The entire shell with the enclosed central capsule, and the
phæodium around the astropyle.

Fig. 7_a_. The astropyle, partly detached from the wall of
the central capsule, seen in profile, × 800

Fig. 8. _Catinulus quadrifidus_, n. sp., × 80 1553

A complete specimen, with four equal central capsules,
united in a single spherical calymma.

Fig. 8_a_. Some single pieces of the skeleton, × 400

PLATE 118.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOGROMIA.

Family MEDUSETTIDA.

Fig. 1. _Gazelletta melusina_, n. sp., × 300 1674

From the peristome of the thorny campanulate shell arise
six large descending feet, which are studded with
arborescent fragile lateral branches, and armed at the
distal end with stouter dichotomous terminal branches.

Fig. 2. _Euphysetta staurocodon_, n. sp., × 300 1670

The peristome of the ovate shell bears an odd large foot
with three terminal branches and three cruciate
rudimentary feet. In the upper part of the shell-cavity
is visible the sphæroidal central capsule (containing a
nucleus of half the size, with numerous nucleoli); in
the lower half the dark pigment-masses of the green
phæodium.

Fig. 3. _Euphysetta amphicodon_, n. sp., × 300 1670

The shell-wall exhibits the regular alveolate structure.
From the mouth are prominent large masses of the
phæodium, which is more voluminous than the
shell-cavity, and seems to contain nucleated cells.

PLATE 119.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOGROMIA.

Family MEDUSETTIDA.

Fig. 1. _Gorgonetta mirabilis_, n. sp., × 100 1674

The entire body. From the margin of the cap-shaped shell
arise six ascending arborescent feet and six
alternating descending feet, which are covered with
anchor-pencils and branched at the distal end. From the
mouth of the delicately alveolate shell depend
prominent parts of the dark voluminous phæodium.

Fig. 2. _Gorgonetta mirabilis_, n. sp., × 300 1674

The distal end of an ascending foot; the branches bear a
terminal spathilla with small recurved teeth.

Fig. 3. _Gorgonetta mirabilis_, n. sp., × 300 1674

The distal end of a descending foot, with three lateral
anchor-pencils and three terminal branches (broken
off). Odd alveole contains an air-bubble.

Fig. 4. _Gorgonetta mirabilis_, n. sp., × 600 1674

A single thread of an anchor-pencil with two quadridentate
spathillæ, a larger proximal and a smaller distal
(terminal).

PLATE 120.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOGROMIA.

Family MEDUSETTIDA.

Fig. 1. _Medusetta codonium_, n. sp., × 400 1668

Fig. 2. _Medusetta quadrigata_, n. sp., × 400 1668

The central capsule is visible in the upper half, the
phæodium in the lower half of the shell-cavity.

Fig. 3. _Medusetta tetranema_, n. sp., × 400 1669

Fig. 4. _Medusetta craspedota_, n. sp., × 400 1669

Fig. 5. _Gazelletta hexanema_, n. sp., × 300 1671

Fig. 6. _Gazelletta bifurca_, n. sp., × 300 1672

A single alveolate foot.

Fig. 7. _Gazelletta macronema_, n. sp., × 200 1671

Oral view of the shell.

Fig. 8. _Gazelletta macronema_, n. sp., × 800 1671

Three joints of an alveolate foot.

Fig. 9. _Gazelletta cyrtonema_, n. sp., × 300 1671

The upper part of the shell encloses the central capsule
with its nucleus. The voluminous phæodium is prominent
over the mouth.

Fig. 10. _Gazelletta orthonema_, n. sp., × 200 1671

The central capsule and its nucleus are visible in the
shell-cavity.

Fig. 11. _Gazelletta schleinitzii_, n. sp., × 400 1673

Oblique apical view, with the enclosed central capsule, the
nucleus of which contains numerous nucleoli.

Fig. 12. _Gazelletta schleinitzii_, n. sp., × 300 1673

A single alveolate foot.

Fig. 13. _Gazelletta trispathilla_, n. sp., × 400 1673

The middle part of a foot.

Fig. 14. _Gazellatta robusta_, n. sp., × 300 1673

The base of a foot, exhibiting the pores of the alveoli.

Fig. 15. _Gazelletta studeri_, n. sp., × 400 1673

The distal end of a foot; four alveoli filled up by
air-bubbles.

Fig. 16. _Gazelletta dendronema_, n. sp., × 300 1674

A part of the velum, seen from the inside. The alveoles are
partly filled by air.

PLATE 121.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOCONCHIA.

Family COELODENDRIDA.

Fig. 1. _Coelodendrum furcatissimum_, n. sp., × 50 1735

A complete specimen with the central capsule and the big
phæodium. The spherical calymma envelops almost the
entire skeleton.

Fig. 2. _Coelodendrum furcatissimum_, n. sp., × 300 1735

A distal branch with its terminal ramification.

Fig. 3. _Coelodendrum furcatissimum_, n. sp., × 100 1735

One valve of the shell, with its galea and the four hollow
forked tubes arising from it.

Fig. 4. _Coelodendrum furcatissimum_, n. sp., × 100 1735

The central capsule with its nucleus; on the left side one
valve of the closely enveloping shell (seen in vertical
section), and its galea with the origin of the four
tubes.

Fig. 5. _Coelodendrum serratum_, n. sp., × 400 1737

A flabellate terminal branch.

Fig. 6. _Coelodendrum flabellatum_, n. sp., × 150 1737

A flabellate terminal branch.

Fig. 7. _Coelodendrum spinosissimum_, n. sp., × 300 1735

Forked distal end of a terminal branch.

Fig. 8. _Coelodendrum cervicorne_, n. sp., × 150 1736

One valve of the shell, with its galea and the four tubes
arising from it. A network of protoplasm connects the
distal branches.

Fig. 9. _Coelodrymus ancoratus_, n. sp., × 50 1738

A complete specimen, with the central capsule and the
enveloping phæodium. The surface of the spherical
calymma is covered by a dense network, from which arise
numerous, anchor-bearing, radial tubules.

Fig. 10. _Coelodrymus ancoratus_, n. sp., × 150 1738

A small piece of the superficial network of the skeleton,
with the zigzag radial tubules arising from it, each of
which bears an anchor with two recurved denticulate
teeth on the distal end.

PLATE 122.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOCONCHIA.

Family COELOGRAPHIDA.

Fig. 1. _Coelotholus octonus_, n. sp., × 30 1749

The entire bivalved shell, seen obliquely from the dorsal
and somewhat from the right side, enveloped by the
yellowish calymma.

Fig. 2. _Coelotholus octonus_, n. sp., × 100 1749

One valve of the shell (_h_) with its large galea and the
origin of the three styles. The base of the two lateral
styles (_g_^1, _g_^2) is connected by two latticed
lateral frenula (_b_^1, _b_^2) with the mouth (_m_) of
the rhinocanna (_t_). The odd style (_g_^3) is free.

Fig. 3. _Coelothauma duodenum_, n. sp., × 20 1750

The entire shell, seen from the dorsal side. The long
styles are enveloped by the yellowish calymma.

Fig. 4. _Coelothauma duodenum_, n. sp., × 80 1750

One valve of the shell (_h_), seen from the apical side;
_t_, rhinocanna; _m_, its mouth; _b_^1, _b_^2, the two
lateral frenula; _g_^1, _g_^2, the two paired styles;
_g_^3, the odd style.

Fig. 5. _Coelothauma duodenum_, n. sp., × 80 1750

One valve of the shell, seen in profile. Characters as in
fig. 4.

Fig. 6. _Coelothamnus bivalvis_, n. sp., × 30 1751

The entire shell, enveloped by the yellowish calymma, seen
from the left side; between the two valves is the
central capsule, with nucleus and astropyle.

Fig. 7. _Coelothamnus bivalvis_, n. sp., × 100 1751

A single lateral anchor-pencil.

Fig. 8. _Coelothamnus bivalvis_, n. sp., × 200 1751

Distal end of a style, with its anchor-pencils.

Fig. 9. _Coelothamnus bivalvis_, n. sp., × 400 1751

A single anchor-thread, with its quadridentate terminal
spathilla.

PLATE 123.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOCONCHIA.

Family CONCHARIDA.

(The central capsule is coloured red in the figures of this
plate, the phæodium green).

Fig. 1. _Concharium diatomeum_, n. sp., 1717

Dorsal view. The central capsule (red) exhibits above the
anterior tubular main-opening (astropyle), and below
the two small posterior lateral openings (right and
left parapylæ).

Fig. 2. _Concharium bivalvum_, n. sp., × 150 1717

Dorsal view. The central capsule is visible in the lower
part, the margin of the two valves in the upper part of
the figure.

Fig. 2_a_ exhibits the two smooth lateral margins of the
valves, catching into one another. (Lateral view).

Fig. 3. _Concharium nucula_, n. sp., 1717

The dorsal valve alone, seen from the outside.

Fig. 4. _Concharium bacillarium_, n. sp., 1718

Lateral view from the smooth margin, by which the two
valves are united.

Fig. 5. _Conchasma radiolites_, n. sp., × 300 1719

Lateral view. In the aboral half of the shell-cavity lies
the red central capsule, in the oral half the green
phæodium.

Fig. 6. _Conchasma sphærulites_, n. sp., × 300 1719

Lateral view. On the aboral pole the two horns of the
hinge.

Fig. 7. _Conchellium tridacna_, n. sp., × 200 1720

Oblique lateral view (from the right and ventral side).

Fig. 7_a_. Three pores of the same, with their hexagonal
frames and six internal denticles, × 400

Fig. 8. _Conchopsis carinata_, n. sp., × 150 1725

Lateral view, from the left side.

Fig. 9. Conchopsis lenticula, n. sp., × 150 1726

Lateral view, from the right side. The two membranes of the
central capsule are separated by a wide interval in
this and the preceding figure. The nucleus contains
numerous nucleoli.

Fig. 9_a_. Two of the peculiar cells, which are contained
in the green phæodium in large numbers, × 400

PLATE 124.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOCONCHIA.

Family CONCHARIDA.

Fig. 1. _Conchidium terebratula_, n. sp., × 400 1721

Lateral view, from the left side.

Fig. 2. _Conchidium terebratula_, n. sp., × 800 1721

A piece of the frontal girdle-fissure, with the teeth of
both valves catching into one another.

Fig. 3. _Conchidium rhynchonella_, n. sp., × 200 1722

Lateral view, from the left side.

Fig. 4. _Conchidium leptæna_, n. sp., × 300 1722

Girdle-fissure with the teeth, seen from the left side.

Fig. 5. _Conchidium leptæna_, n. sp., × 800 1722

A single tooth with its base.

Fig. 6. _Conchidium thecidium_, n. sp., × 300 1721

Lateral view, from the left side. In the oral part of the
shell-cavity the dark phæodium, in the aboral part the
central capsule with two nuclei (a dorsal and a
ventral).

Fig. 7. _Conchidium argiope_, n. sp., × 300 1722

Oblique oral view (half from the anterior, half from the
left side).

Fig. 8. _Conchidium argiope_, n. sp., × 300 1722

Dorsal valve, from below.

Fig. 9. _Conchidium argiope_, n. sp., × 600 1722

A piece of the valve margin, with four teeth.

Fig. 10. _Conchonia diodon_, n. sp., × 200 1723

Lateral view, from the left side. In the anterior part of
the shell-cavity the dark phæodium, in the posterior
part the central capsule with the nucleus. The two
valves are connected at the posterior hinge by a
ligament (to the right in the figure).

Fig. 11. _Conchonia diodon_, n. sp., × 400 1723

Mouth of the shell, with its two lips, seen from the oral
pole.

Fig. 12. _Conchonia diodon_, n. sp., × 400 1723

A piece of the valve-margin, with four teeth.

Fig. 13. _Conchonia triodon_, n. sp., × 300 1724

Ventral valve, seen from the lower face.

Fig. 14. _Conchonia triodon_, n. sp., × 300 1724

Dorsal valve, seen from the left side.

Fig. 15. _Conchoceras caudatum_, n. sp., × 300 1727

Lateral view, from the left side.

Fig. 16. _Conchoceras cornutum_, n. sp., × 200 1728

Lateral view, from the left side.

PLATE 125.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOCONCHIA.

Family CONCHARIDA.

Fig. 1. _Conchopsis aspidium_, n. sp., × 150 1726

Lateral view, from the left side.

Fig. 2. _Conchopsis aspidium_, n. sp., × 300 1726

The hinge of another specimen, in which the two valves are
connected by a ligament (as in figs. 8 and 9, Pl. 123).

Fig. 3. _Conchopsis orbicularis_, n. sp., × 200 1725

Lateral view, from the left side.

Fig. 4. _Conchopsis navicula_, n. sp., × 150 1727

Lateral view, from the right side. In the lower (posterior)
half of the figure is visible the central capsule with
its dark nucleus, in the upper (anterior) half the
phæodium with two broad sagittal wings.

Fig. 5. _Conchopsis navicula_, n. sp., × 400 1727

Three single pores with their hexagonal external frame and
the dilated internal ovate or ampullaceous channel.

Fig. 6. _Conchopsis navicula_, n. sp., × 400 1727

Hinge of the shell, from the right side.

Fig. 7. _Conchopsis compressa_, n. sp., × 150 1725

Lateral view from the left side. The triangular central
capsule with the dark nucleus is visible.

Fig. 8. _Conchopsis compressa_, n. sp., × 150 1725

Dorsal view of the upper valve with its keel.

Fig. 9. _Conchopsis pilidium_, n. sp., × 80 1726

The two valves separated and seen obliquely, half from the
lateral, half from the internal side. The inner opening
of each valve is bordered and partly closed by a broad
horizontal velum or diaphragm like the deck of a boat.

PLATE 126.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOCONCHIA.

Family COELOGRAPHIDA.

Figs. 1-1_c_. _Coelographis regina_, n. sp., 1752

Fig. 1. Lateral view. The central capsule it visible
between the two valves of the inner shell, the galeæ of
which are filled by the phæodium, × 20

Fig. 1_a_. Dorsal view (somewhat obliquely from the left
side). The galeæ appear triangular, × 20

Fig. 1_b_. Basal view, × 20

Fig. 1_c_. Distal end of a style, × 300

Figs. 2-2_b_. _Coelodecas sagittaria_, n. sp., 1755

Fig. 2. One valve of the shell, seen from the outside, × 30

Fig. 2_a_. Distal end of a style, × 300

Figs. 3-3_a_. _Coelostylus bisenarius_, n. sp., 1756

Fig. 3. Lateral view of the bivalved shell. The central
capsule is visible between the two valves of the inner
shell, the galeæ of which are filled by the phæodium, × 20

Fig. 3_a_. Distal end of a style, × 300

Figs. 4-4_a_. _Coelagalma mirabile_, n. sp., 1759

Fig. 4. Dorsal view of the bivalved shell, × 30

Fig. 4_a_. Basal view of the bivalved shell, × 10

PLATE 127.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOCONCHIA.

Family COELOGRAPHIDA.

Fig. 1. Coeloplegma murrayanum, n. sp., × 40 1757

One valve of the bivalved shell, seen from the inside, of
the usual ovate form.

Fig. 2. _Coeloplegma murrayanum_, n. sp., × 40 1757

One valve of the bivalved shell, seen from the inside, of
the rarer polyhedral form, which may be distinguished
as a different species (_Coeloplegma tritonis_, compare
p. 1758). _h_, hemispherical inner valve; _g_, galea;
_s_, its base.

Fig. 3. _Coeloplegma murrayanum_, n. sp., × 40 1757

The entire shell, seen from the base of the aboral pole
(dorsal and ventral valve connected by delicate teeth,
catching into one another).

Fig. 4. _Coeloplegma murrayanum_, n. sp., × 100 1757

_h_, The two hemispherical inner valves of the shell, seen
from the right side; _n_, the central nucleus inside
the central capsule; _d_, the astropyle; _g_, the
galea; _t_, the nasal tube, arising from its base; _m_,
its mouth; _p_, the phæodium, which is partly thrown
out by the nasal openings, filling up the galea and
nasal tube.

Fig. 5. _Coeloplegma murrayanum_, n. sp., × 200 1757

_h_, The two hemispherical inner valves of the shell and
the enclosed central capsule, seen from the oral side;
_d_, the radiate operculum of the astropyle, seen in
the frontal fissure between the two valves; _n_, the
nucleus; _k_, the crystals; _g_, galea; _g_^1-_g_^5,
the styles arising from the galea; _t_, nasal tube;
_m_, mouth of it.

Fig. 6. _Coeloplegma murrayanum_, n. sp., × 600 1757

Oral part of a central capsule, in profile. _o_, Opening of
the proboscis; _d_, radiate operculum of the astropyle,
which gives rise to the proboscis; _e_, the outer, _i_,
the inner membrane of the capsule; _k_, groups of
crystals; _n_, nucleus.

Fig. 7. _Coeloplegma murrayanum_, n. sp., ×1000 1757

Three single groups of crystals, taken from the central
capsule.

Fig. 8. _Coeloplegma murrayanum_, n. sp., × 300 1757

One inner valve of the shell, in profile. _h_,
hemispherical valve; g, galea; _g_^1-_g_^5, the tubes
arising from it; _t_, rhinocanna or nasal tube; _m_,
its mouth; _b_, frenulum.

Fig. 9. _Coeloplegma murrayanum_, n. sp., × 400 1757

_g_, The galea; _t_, rhinocanna of one inner valve; _m_,
its mouth; _p_, phæodella filling up both the galea and
the mouth of the rhinocanna. _g_^1-_g_^5, the styles
arising from the galea; _s_, sieve-plate, which
separates the cavity of the galea from the
hemispherical valve (_h_). View in profile.

Fig. 10. _Coeloplegma murrayanum_, n. sp., × 300 1757

An anchor-pencil of the outer shell.

Fig. 11. _Coeloplegma murrayanum_, n. sp., ×1000 1757

A single anchor-thread of a pencil.

Fig. 12. _Coeloplegma murrayanum_, n. sp., × 300 1757

Terminal branches of a style.

Fig. 13. _Coeloplegma murrayanum_, n. sp., ×1000 1757

A single terminal branch of a style.

PLATE 128.

LEGION PHÆODARIA.

Order PHÆOCONCHIA.

Family COELOGRAPHIDA.

Fig. 1. _Coelospathis ancorata_, n. sp., × 50 1754

Lateral view of the entire shell. The central capsule is
visible between the two valves of the inner shell. The
galeæ and rhinocannæ of the two inner valves are filled
up by the black phæodium.

Fig. 2. _Coelospathis ancorata_, n. sp., × 100 1754

The two valves of the inner shell; the galeæ and rhinocannæ
of which are filled up by the black phæodium. Between
the mouth of the two rhinocannæ is prominent the
proboscis of the astropyle, arising from the radiate
operculum of the central capsule. The latter contains
numerous crystals and a big dark nucleus. Lateral view.

Fig. 3. _Coelospathis ancorata_, n. sp., × 200 1754

The rhinocanna or the nasal tube of one valve, and the
latticed frenulum which connects its mouth with the top
of the galea.

Fig. 4. _Coelospathis ancorata_, n. sp., × 80 1754

Distal end of a style.

Fig. 5. _Coelospathis ancorata_, n. sp., × 200 1754

Terminal branches of a style.

Fig. 6. _Coelospathis ancorata_, n. sp., × 600 1754

Lateral branch of a style, with an anchor-pencil.

Fig. 7. _Coelospathis ancorata_, n. sp., × 300 1754

The lateral margins of the latticed valves of the outer
shell or mantle, catching into one another, without
being connected directly.

Fig. 8. _Coelospathis octostyla_, n. sp., × 300 1754

Terminal branches of a style.

Fig. 9. _Coelospathis octodactyla_, n. sp., × 400 1755

A single terminal branch of a style.

PLATE 129.

LEGION ACANTHARIA.

Orders ACTINELLIDA et ACANTHONIDA.

Families ASTROLOPHIDA, LITHOLOPHIDA, CHIASTOLIDA et ASTROLONCHIDA.

Fig. 1. _Actinelius primordialis_, n. sp., × 100 730

The red central capsule, coloured by carmine, contains
numerous intensely stained nuclei.

Fig. 2. _Litholophus decapristis_, n. sp., × 300 735

The conical central capsule contains numerous nuclei. The
calymma exhibits on the distal end of each spine a
coronet of myophriscs.

Fig. 3. _Chiastolus amphicopium_, n. sp., × 150 738

Sixteen diametral spines pierce the spherical, red coloured
capsule. The conical sheets of the calymma bear
myophriscs.

Figs. 3_a_, 3_b_. Two isolated diametral spines exhibiting
the peculiar spiral revolution at their central part, × 300

Fig. 4. _Xiphacantha ciliata_, n. sp., × 300 761

The spherical central capsule is coloured red. The
yellowish calymma envelops the radial spines
completely. The polygonal network of lines, in which
the radiating pseudopodia are symmetrically arranged,
is partly visible.

Fig. 5. _Xiphacantha ciliata_, n. sp., × 300 761

The central part of the skeleton, exhibiting the central
junction of the radial spines.

Fig. 6. _Acanthometron dolichoscion_, n. sp., × 300 743

Central capsule of a young specimen; in its upper half the
peculiar kidney-shaped nucleus is visible, with its
invagination; in the lower half some nucleated yellow
cells are visible (intracapsular xanthellæ). These and
the nucleus are stained by carmine.

Fig. 7. _Acanthometron dolichoscion_, n. sp., × 300 743

Cleavage of an isolated nucleus, with four buds.

Fig. 8. _Acanthometron dolichoscion_, n. sp., × 300 743

A central capsule with four large budding nuclei; and
numerous small spherical nuclei produced by gemmation.

Fig. 9. _Acanthonia tetracopa_, n. sp., × 400 749

Central capsule of s young specimen, with a large,
irregularly lobate nucleus.

Fig. 10. _Acanthonia tetracopa_, n. sp., × 400 749

An isolated nucleus, exhibiting the peculiar invagination,
with its circular folds, and the connection with the
flatly conical nucleolus.

Fig. 11. _Acanthonia tetracopa_, n. sp., × 800 749

Four flagellate spores.

PLATE 130.

LEGION ACANTHARIA.

Order ACANTHONIDA.

Family ASTROLONCHIDA.

Fig. 1. _Acanthometron bulbiferum_, n. sp., × 300 745

Fig. 2. _Acanthometron cylindricum_, n. sp., × 200 743

Fig. 3. _Lithophyllium gladiatum_, n. sp., × 200 754

Fig. 4. _Stauracantha quadrifurca_, n. sp., × 300 764

Fig. 5. _Stauracantha orthostaura_, n. sp., × 200 762

Fig. 6. _Phatnacantha icosaspis_, n. sp., × 400 765

Fig. 7. _Pristacantha polyodon_, n. sp., × 300 766

Fig. 8. _Pristacantha dodecodon_, n. sp., × 300 766

Only the central parts and the leaf-cross.

Fig. 9. _Pristacantha octodon_, n. sp., × 200 765

PLATE 131.

LEGION ACANTHARIA.

Order ACANTHONIDA.

Family QUADRILONCHIDA.

Fig. 1. _Quadrilonche mesostaura_, n. sp., × 300 777

Fig. 2. _Quadrilonche platystaura_, n. sp., × 100 777

Fig. 3. _Xiphoptera dodecactena_, n. sp., × 200 778

The central capsule with the central part of the skeleton.

Fig. 4. _Lonchostaurus bifurcus_, n. sp., × 300 773

Fig. 5. _Lonchostaurus crystallinus_, n. sp., × 400 773

Fig. 6. _Lonchostaurus rhomboides_, n. sp., × 200 772

The radial spines are completely enclosed in the rhombic
calymma, the surface of which is covered with small
plates, similar to those in the shell of the
Sphærocapsida.

Fig. 7. _Zygostaurus amphithectus_, n. sp., × 300 774

The square central capsule envelops the half skeleton.

Fig. 8. _Zygostaurus sagittalis_, n. sp., × 300 775

Fig. 9. _Lithoptera tetraptera_, n. sp., × 300 779

Fig. 10. _Lithoptera quadrata_, n. sp., × 300 780

The central part of the skeleton is enclosed by the
four-lobed central capsule.

PLATE 132.

LEGION ACANTHARIA.

Orders ACTINELLIDA ET ACANTHONIDA.

Families ASTROLOPHIDA, ASTROLONCHIDA et AMPHILONCHIDA.

Fig. 1. _Amphilonche lanceolata_, n. sp., × 300 783

Fig. 2. _Amphilonche hydrotomica_, n. sp., × 300 786

The spindle-shaped central capsule is filled up with small
granules. The clear calymma forms conical sheaths for
the spines, with myophriscs.

Fig. 3. _Amphilonche diodon_, n. sp., × 300 783

Fig. 4. _Amphilonche concreta_, n. sp., × 100 787

A complete specimen with the cylindrical central capsule.

Fig. 4_a_. Central part of the skeleton, × 400

Fig. 5. _Amphilonche violina_, n. sp., × 300 787

Fig. 6. _Amphilonche conica_, n. sp., × 300 785

The ellipsoidal central capsule contains numerous nuclei
and is enclosed by the calymma. The conical sheaths of
the latter include the radial spines completely and
exhibit coronets of myophriscs.

Fig. 7. _Acantholonche amphipolaris_, n. sp., × 200 790

Fig. 8. _Acantholonche peripolaris_, n. sp., × 300 791

Fig. 9. _Amphibelone pyramidata_, n. sp., × 300 789

Fig. 10. _Amphibelone cultellata_, n. sp., × 400 789

The central capsule contains numerous spherical nuclei and
is enclosed by the hyaline calymma, which forms conical
sheaths around the spines.

Fig. 11. _Stauracantha johannis_, n. sp., × 400 763

Basal part of a radial spine, exhibiting the peculiar
torsion of the basal leaf-cross and the central apex.

Fig. 12. _Astrolophus solaris_, n. sp., × 200 732

Fig. 12_a_. A group of larger and smaller radial spines
united in the centre.

Fig. 12_b_. Three isolated spines (one larger and two
smaller), × 200

PLATE 133.

LEGION ACANTHARIA.

Order SPHÆROPHRACTA.

Families SPHÆROCAPSIDA, DORATASPIDA et PHRACTOPELTIDA.

Fig. 1. _Phractopelta dorataspis_, n. sp., × 300 852

Fig. 2. _Dorypelta tessaraspis_, n. sp., × 300 858

Fig. 3. _Stauropelta cruciata_, n. sp., × 400 859

Fig. 4. _Pantopelta icosaspis_, n. sp., × 400 855

Meridional section through the double shell.

Fig. 5. _Octopelta scutella_, n. sp., × 400 856

Proximal part of two meeting spines, isolated.

Fig. 6. _Orophaspis furcata_, n. sp., × 400 818

Fig. 7. _Porocapsa murrayana_, n. sp., × 300 800

The central capsule is filled up by spherical vacuoles and
enclosed by the porous shell; in the centre radii of
small granules (nuclei ?) occur.

Fig. 8. _Cannocapsa stethoscopium_, n. sp., × 300 801

The shell alone.

Fig. 9. _Astrocapsa coronata_, n. sp., × 400 799

Middle part of one spine with the four aspinal holes.

Fig. 9_a_. Transverse section of a radial spine, with the
four surrounding aspinal holes and the neighbouring
part of the shell, × 400

Fig. 10. _Astrocapsa stellata_, n. sp., × 400 799

Part of one spine, with the aspinal holes and their four
triangular teeth.

Fig. 11. _Cenocapsa nirvana_, n. sp., × 200 802

The entire shell, with its pavement of small plates and the
twenty cruciform perspinal holes.

Fig. 11_a_. A group of small ovate plates which compose the
shell; in each plate a dimple with a porule, × 400

Fig. 11_b_. A cruciform perspinal hole, seen from the face, × 400

Fig. 11_c_. A cruciform perspinal hole, with its four
teeth, seen in profile, × 400

PLATE 134.

LEGION ACANTHARIA.

Order SPHÆROPHRACTA.

Family DORATASPIDA.

Fig. 1. _Dodecaspis tricincta_, n. sp., × 400 834

The enclosed central capsule contains numerous spherical
nuclei.

Fig. 2. _Lychnaspis minima_, n. sp., × 400 841

Six-sided basal pyramid of an equatorial spine, with the
leaf-cross, seen from the centre.

Fig. 3. _Zonaspis cingulata_, n. sp., × 400 834

Equatorial section through the central capsule. n, nuclei;
g, yellow bodies (intracapsular xanthellæ).

Fig. 4. _Zonaspis cingulata_, n. sp., × 800 834

Central pyramidal base of an equatorial spine, with the
leaf-cross.

Fig. 5. _Stauraspis cruciata_, n. sp., × 400 831

Central union of the radial spines, three polar spines
being taken off.

Fig. 6. _Lychnaspis longissima_, n. sp., × 400 841

Fig. 7. Lychnaspis minima, n. sp., × 400 841

Five-sided basal pyramid of a tropical spine, with the
leaf-cross, seen from the centre.

Fig. 8. _Lychnaspis minima_, n. sp., × 400 841

Six-sided basal pyramid of a polar spine, with the
leaf-cross, seen from the centre.

Fig. 9. _Icosaspis elegans_, n. sp., × 400 844

An isolated polar plate.

Fig. 10. _Icosaspis cruciata_, n. sp., × 400 844

An isolated equatorial plate.

Fig. 11, 12. _Dorataspis species_, × 100

Diagram of the composition of the shell of twenty plates
(and also of the central union of the basal
leaf-cross).

Fig. 11. Oblique equatorial aspect.

Fig. 12. Accurate polar aspect (compare p. 804, 805).

Fig. 13. _Coscinaspis isopora_, n. sp., × 400 828

An isolated equatorial plate (with two aspinal and six
coronal pores).

Fig. 14. _Coscinaspis isopora_, n. sp., × 400 828

Two isolated tropical plates (_b_, northern; _d_,
southern), each with two aspinal and five coronal
pores.

Fig. 15. _Diporaspis nephropora_, n. sp., × 400 816

Fig. 16. _Acontaspis hastata_, n. sp., × 400 829

PLATE 135.

LEGION ACANTHARIA.

Order SPHÆROPHRACTA.

Families SPHÆROCAPSIDA et DORATASPIDA.

Fig. 1. _Hylaspis serrulata_, n. sp., × 300 846

Fig. 2. _Lychnaspis undulata_, n. sp., × 400 841

Fig. 3. _Lychnaspis giltschii_, n. sp., × 400 839

The spherical central capsule is enclosed in the shell.

Fig. 4. _Lychnaspis rottenburgii_, n. sp., × 400 841

Fig. 5. _Zonaspis æquatorialis_, n. sp., × 300 834

Fig. 6. _Sphærocapsa cruciata_, n. sp., × 150 798

The entire shell, with its twenty cruciate perspinal holes.

Fig. 7. _Sphærocapsa cruciata_, n. sp., × 800 798

Insertion of one spine in the cruciate perspinal hole of
the shell.

Fig. 8. _Sphærocapsa quadrata_, n. sp., × 800 798

A group of pores and dimples in the shell surface.

Fig. 9. _Sphærocapsa dentata_, n. sp., × 800 798

Insertion of one spine in the cruciate perspinal hole of
the shell.

Fig. 10. _Sphærocapsa pavimentata_, n. sp., × 800 798

Insertion of one spine in the perspinal hole of the shell,
which is composed of four cruciate aspinal holes and
surrounded by a group of dimples and pores.

PLATE 136.

LEGION ACANTHARIA.

Orders SPHÆROPHRACTA ET PRUNOPHRACTA.

Families DORATASPIDA et BELONASPIDA.

Fig. 1. _Tessaraspis arachnoides_, n. sp., × 300 836

Fig. 2. _Icosaspis tabulata_, n. sp., × 200 843

Fig. 3. _Icosaspis icosastaura_, n. sp., × 400 846

Fig. 4. _Icosaspis elegans_, n. sp., × 300 844

Fig. 5. _Tessaraspis concreta_, n. sp., × 400 838

Fig. 6. _Phatnaspis cristata_, n. sp., × 400 869

Fig. 7. _Phatnaspis haliommidium_, n. sp., × 200 871

Central capsule within the shell--outline.

Fig. 8. _Coscinaspis polypora_, n. sp., × 300 827

A single lattice-plate of the shell.

Fig. 9. _Phatnaspis lacunaria_, n. sp., × 400 869

PLATE 137.

LEGION ACANTHARIA.

Order SPHÆROPHRACTA.

Family DORATASPIDA.

Fig. 1. _Phractaspis complanata_, n. sp., × 400 809

Fig. 2. _Phractaspis prototypus_, n. sp., × 400 809

Fig. 3. _Phractaspis constricta_, n. sp., × 400 810

Fig. 4. _Pleuraspis horrida_, n. sp., × 400 811

Fig. 5. _Stauruspis stauracantha_, n. sp., × 300 832

Fig. 6. _Stauruspis stauracantha_, n. sp., × 600 832

A single spine.

Fig. 7. _Echinaspis echinoides_, n. sp., × 300 833

Fig. 8. _Echinaspis echinoides_, n. sp., × 800 833

A single spine.

Fig. 9. _Coscinaspis parmipora_, n. sp., × 400 827

PLATE 138.

LEGION ACANTHARIA.

Order SPHÆROPHRACTA.

Family DORATASPIDA.

Fig. 1. _Coscinaspis peripora_ (vel _Dorataspis peripora_),
n. sp., × 300 826

Fig. 2. _Dorataspis fusigera_, n. sp., × 400 813

Fig. 3. _Dorataspis micropora_, n. sp., × 300 815

Fig. 4. _Dorataspis typica_, n. sp., × 300 815

Fig. 4_a_. Polar view of the central union of the twenty
spines, × 300 815

Fig. 5. _Ceriaspis inermis_, n. sp., × 400 821

Fig. 6. _Ceriaspis favosa_, n. sp., × 400 821

Fig. 7. _Hystrichaspis fruticata_, n. sp., × 300 825

Fig. 8. _Hystrichaspis pectinata_, n. sp., × 300 822

Fig. 9. _Hystrichaspis furcata_, n. sp., × 400 822

Fig. 10. _Hystrichaspis dorsata_, n. sp., × 300 823

Fig. 11. _Hystrichaspis cristata_ (vel _Siphonaspis
cristata_, n. sp.), × 400 823

PLATE 139.

LEGION ACANTHARIA.

Order PRUNOPHRACTA.

Families BELONASPIDA et HEXALSPIDA.

Fig. 1. _Hexacolpus nivalis_, n. sp., × 300 880

Fig. 2. _Hexalaspis heliodiscus_, n. sp., × 300 875

Fig. 3. _Hexaconus ciliatus_, n. sp., × 300 876

Fig. 4. _Hexaconus serratus_, n. sp., × 300 877

_c_, Central base of an equatorial spine; _d_, central base
of a tropical spine.

Fig. 5. _Hexaconus coronatus_, n. sp., × 300 877

Fig. 6. _Hexaconus velatus_, n. sp., × 300 877

Marginal view of the shell.

Fig. 7. _Hexaconus vaginatus_, n. sp., × 300 877

Fig. 8. _Thoracaspis bipennis_, n. sp., × 300 862

Fig. 9. _Belonaspis datura_, n. sp., × 400 863

PLATE 140.

LEGION ACANTHARIA.