Chapter XVI: Appendix: Chinese Primitivism (1)

Perhaps the closest approach in the past to the movement of which Rousseau is the most important single figure is the early Taoist movement in China. Taoism, especially in its popular aspects, became later something very different, and what I say is meant to apply above all to the period from about 550 to 200 B.C. The material for the Taoism of this period will be found in convenient form in the volume of Léon Wieger (1913)--_Les Pères du Système taoïste_ (Chinese texts with French translations of Lao-tzŭ, Lieh-tzŭ and Chuang-tzŭ). The Tao Tê King of Lao-tzŭ is a somewhat enigmatical document of only a few thousand words, but plainly primitivistic in its general trend. The phrase that best sums up its general spirit is that of Wordsworth--a “wise passiveness.” The unity at which it aims is clearly of the pantheistic variety, the unity that is obtained by breaking down discrimination and affirming the “identity of contradictories,” and that encourages a reversion to origins, to the state of nature and the simple life. According to the Taoist the Chinese fell from the simple life into artificiality about the time of the legendary Yellow Emperor, Hoang-ti (27th century B.C.). The individual also should look back to beginnings and seek to be once more like the new-born child[322] or, according to Chuang-tzŭ, like the new-born calf.[323] It is in Chuang-tzŭ indeed that the doctrine develops its full naturalistic and primitivistic implications. Few writers in either East or West have set forth more entertainingly what one may term the Bohemian attitude towards life. He heaps ridicule upon Confucius and in the name of spontaneity attacks his doctrine of humanistic imitation.[324] He sings the praises of the unconscious,[325] even when obtained through intoxication,[326] and extols the morality of the beautiful soul.[327] He traces the fall of mankind from nature into artifice in a fashion that anticipates very completely both Rousseau’s Discourse on the Arts and Sciences[328] and that on the Origin of Inequality.[329] See also the amusing passage in which the brigand Chi, child of nature and champion of the weak against the oppressions of government, paints a highly Rousseauistic picture of man’s fall from his primitive felicity.[330] Among the things that are contrary to nature and purely conventional, according to Chuang-tzŭ and the Taoists, are, not only the sciences and arts and attempts to discriminate between good and bad taste,[331] but likewise government and statecraft,[332] virtue and moral standards.[333] To the artificial music of the Confucians, the Taoists oppose a natural music that offers startling analogies to the most recent programmatic and descriptive tendencies of Occidental music.[334] See especially Chuang-tzŭ’s programme for a cosmic symphony in three movements[335]--the _Pipes of Pan_ as one is tempted to call it. This music that is supposed to reflect in all its mystery and magic the infinite creative processes of nature is very close to the primitivistic music (“L’arbre vu du côté des racines”) with which Hugo’s satyr strikes panic into the breasts of the Olympians.

The Taoist notion of following nature is closely related, as in other naturalistic movements, to the idea of fate whether in its stoical or epicurean form.[336] From the references in Chuang-tzŭ[337] and elsewhere to various sects and schools we see that Taoism was only a part of a great stream of naturalistic and primitivistic tendency. China abounded at that time in pacifists,[338] in apostles of brotherly love, and as we should say nowadays Tolstoyans. A true opposite to the egoistic Yang-chu was the preacher of pure altruism and indiscriminate sympathy, Mei-ti. Mencius said that if the ideas of either of these extremists prevailed the time would come, not only when wolves would devour men, but men would devour one another.[339] In opposing discrimination and ethical standards to the naturalists, Mencius and the Confucian humanists were fighting for civilization. Unfortunately there is some truth in the Taoist charge that the standards of the Confucians are too literal, that in their defence of the principle of imitation they did not allow sufficiently for the element of flux and relativity and illusion in things--an element for which the Taoists had so keen a sense that they even went to the point of suppressing the difference between sleeping and waking[340] and life and death.[341] To reply properly to the Taoist relativist the Confucians would have needed to work out a sound conception of the rôle of the imagination--the universal key to human nature--and this they do not seem to have done. One is inclined to ask whether this is the reason for China’s failure to achieve a great ethical art like that of the drama and the epic of the Occident at their best. The Taoists were richly imaginative but along romantic lines. We should not fail to note the Taoist influence upon Li Po and other Bohemian and bibulous poets of the Tang dynasty, or the relation of Taoism to the rise of a great school of landscape painting at about the same time. We should note also the Taoist element in “Ch’an” Buddhism (the “Zen” Buddhism[342] of Japan), some knowledge of which is needed for an understanding of whole periods of Japanese and Chinese art.

In these later stages, however, the issues are less clear-cut than in the original struggle between Taoists and Confucians. The total impression one has of early Taoism is that it is a main manifestation of an age of somewhat sophistical individualism. Ancient Chinese individualism ended like that of Greece at about the same time in disaster. After a period of terrible convulsions (the era of the “Fighting States”), the inevitable man on horseback appeared from the most barbaric of these states and “put the lid” on everybody. Shi Hwang-ti, the new emperor, had many of the scholars put to death and issued an edict that the writings of the past, especially the Confucian writings, should be destroyed (213 B.C.). Though the emperor behaved like a man who took literally the Taoist views as to the blessings of ignorance, it is not clear from our chief authority, the historian Ssŭ-ma Ch’ien, that he acted entirely or indeed mainly under Taoist influence.

It is proper to add that though Lao-tzŭ proclaims that the soft is superior to the hard, a doctrine that should appeal to the Occidental sentimentalist, one does not find in him or in the other Taoists the equivalent of the extreme emotional expansiveness of the Rousseauist. There are passages, especially in Lao-tzŭ, that in their emphasis on concentration and calm are in line with the ordinary wisdom of the East; and even where the doctrine is unmistakably primitivistic the emotional quality is often different from that of the corresponding movement in the West.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

My only justification for these very unsystematic bibliographical notes is that, bringing together as they do under one cover material somewhat scattered and inaccessible to most readers, they may help to add to the number, now unfortunately very small, of those who have earned the right to have an opinion about romanticism as an international movement. A list of this kind is a fragment of a fragment. I have given, for example, only a fraction of the books on Rousseau and scarcely any of the books, thousands in numbers, which without being chiefly on Rousseau, contain important passages on him. I may cite almost at random as instances of this latter class, the comparison between Burke and Rousseau in the fifth volume of Lecky’s _History of the Eighteenth Century_; the stanzas on Rousseau in the third canto of _Childe Harold_; the passage on Rousseau in Hazlitt’s essay on the _Past and Future_ (_Table Talk_).

The only period that I have covered with any attempt at fullness is that from about 1795 to 1840. Books that seem to me to possess literary distinction or to deal authoritatively with some aspect of the subject I have marked with a star. I make no claim, however, to have read all the books I have listed, and my rating will no doubt often be questioned in the case of those I have read.

I have not as a rule mentioned articles in periodicals. The files of the following special publications may often be consulted with profit. Those that have current bibliographies I have marked with a dagger.

† _Revue d’Histoire littéraire de la France._--† _Annales romantiques._--† _Revue germanique_ (Eng. and German).

† _Englische Studien_--_Anglia_.--† _Mitteilungen über Englische Sprache und Literatur_ (Beiblatt zur Anglia).--† _Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen_ (_Herrigs Archiv_).--† _Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur_--_Kritischer Jahresbericht der romanischen Philologie_--_Germanisch-Romanische Monatschrift_--_Euphorion_ (German lit.).--† _Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur._

_Publications of the Modern Language Association of America._--† _Modern Language Notes_ (Baltimore).--_Modern Philology_ (Chicago).--_The Journal of English and Germanic Philology_ (Urbana, Ill.).--† _Studies in Philology_ (Univ. of North Car.).--† _The Modern Language Review_ (Cambridge, Eng.).

Works that are international in scope and that fall either wholly or in part in the romantic period are as follows: L. P. Betz: ✱ _La Littérature Comparée, Essai bibliographique_, 2e éd. augmentée, 1904.--A. Sayous: _Le XVIIIe siècle à l’étranger_, 2 vols. 1861.--H. Hettner: ✱ _Literaturgeschichte des 18. Jahr._ 1872. 6 vols. 5th edn. 1909. (Still standard.)--G. Brandes: ✱ _Main Currents in 19th Century Literature_, 6 vols. 1901 ff. Originally given as lectures in Danish at the University of Copenhagen and trans. into German, 1872 ff. (Often marred by political “tendency.”)--T. Süpfle: _Geschichte des deutschen Kultureinflusses auf Frankreich_, 2 vols. 1886-90.--V. Rossel: _Hist. de la litt. fr. hors de France_. 2e éd. 1897.--C. E. Vaughan: _The Romantic Revolt_, 1900.--T. S. Omond: _The Romantic Triumph_, 1900. (A somewhat colorless book.)

ENGLISH FIELD

✱ _The Cambridge History of English Literature_, vols. X, XI, XII, 1913 ff. (Excellent bibliographies.)--See also articles and bibliographies in ✱ _Dictionary of National Biography_, Chambers _Encyclopædia of English Literature_ (new edn.) and _Encyclopædia Britannica_ (11th edn.).

L. Stephen: ✱ _History of English Thought in the 18th Century_, 1876. (To be consulted for the deistic prelude to emotional naturalism. The author’s horizons are often limited by his utilitarian outlook.)--T. S. Seccombe: _The Age of Johnson_, 1900.--E. Bernbaum’s _English Poets of the 18th Century_, 1918. (An anthology so arranged as to illustrate the growth of sentimentalism.)--W. L. Phelps: _The Beginnings of the English Romantic Movement_, 1893.--H. A. Beers: _A History of English Romanticism in the 18th Century_, 1898. _A History of English Romanticism in the 19th Century_, 1901. (Both vols. are agreeably written but start from a very inadequate definition of romanticism.)--C. H. Herford: _The Age of Wordsworth_, 1897.--G. Saintsbury: _Nineteenth Century Literature_, 1896.--A. Symons: _The Romantic Movement in English Poetry_, 1909. (Ultra-romantic in outlook.)--W. J. Courthope: _History of English Poetry_, vols. V and VI, 1911.--O. Elton: ✱ _A Survey of English Literature, 1780-1830_, 1912. (A distinguished treatment of the period, at once scholarly and literary. The point of view is on the whole romantic, as appears in the use of such general terms as “beauty” and the “infinite.”)--H. Richter: _Geschichte der englischen Romantik_, 1911 ff.--W. A. Neilson: _The Essentials of Poetry_, 1912. (The point of view appears in a passage like the following, pp. 192-93: According to Arnold high seriousness “is the final criterion of a great poet. One might suggest it as a more fit criterion for a great divine. … The element for which Arnold was groping when he seized on the σπουδή of Aristotle was not seriousness but intensity.”)--P. E. More: ✱ _The Drift of Romanticism_ (_Shelburne Essays, Eighth Series_), 1913. (Deals also with the international aspects of the movement, especially in the essay on Nietzsche. The point of view has much in common with my own.)

George Lillo: _The London Merchant_; or _The History of George Barnwell_, 1731. _Fatal Curiosity_, 1737. Both plays ed. with intro. by A. W. Ward, 1906. (Bibliography.)--E. Bernbaum: _The Drama of Sensibility, 1696-1780_, 1915.

=S. Richardson=, 1689-1761: _Novels_, ed. L. Stephen, 12 vols. 1883.

D. Diderot: _Eloge de R._, 1761. Reprinted in _Œuvres complètes_, vol. v.--J. Jusserand: _Le Roman Anglais_, 1886.--J. O. E. Donner: _R. in der deutschen Romantik_, 1896.--W. L. Cross: _The Development of the English Novel_ (chap. II, “The 18th Century Realists”), 1899.--J. Texte: ✱ _J.-J. Rousseau et les Origines du Cosmopolitisme littéraire_. Eng. trans. by J.W. Matthews, 1899.--C. L. Thomson: _Samuel Richardson: a Biographical and Critical Study_, 1900.--A. Dobson: _S. R._, 1902.

=L. Sterne=, 1713-68: Collected Works, ed. G. Saintsbury, 6 vols. 1894. Ed. W. L. Cross, 12 vols. 1904.

P. Fitzgerald: _Life of S._, 2 vols. 1864. 3d edn. 1906.--P. Stapfer: _Laurence Sterne_, 1870.--H. D. Traill: _Sterne_, 1882.--L. Stephen: _Sterne. Hours in a Library_, vol. III, 1892.--J. Czerny: _Sterne, Hippel, und Jean Paul_, 1904.--H. W. Thayer: _L. S. in Germany_, 1905.--P. E. More: _Shelburne Essays_, 3d Series, 1905.--W. L. Cross: _The Life and Times of L. S._, 1909.--W. Sichel: ✱ _Sterne_, 1910.--L. Melville: _The Life and Letters of L. S._, 2 vols. 1911.--F. B. Barton: _Etude sur l’influence de S. en France au XVIIIe siècle_, 1911.

Henry Mackenzie: _The Man of Feeling_, 1771.--Horace Walpole: _The Castle of Otranto_, 1765.--Clara Reeve: _The Champion of Virtue_, 1777. Title changed to _The Old English Baron_ in later edns.--Thomas Amory: _Life of John Buncle, Esq._, 4 vols. 1756-66. New edn. (with intro. by E. A. Baker), 1904.--Henry Brooke: _The Fool of Quality_, 5 vols. 1766-70. Ed. E. A. Baker, 1906.--William Beckford: _An Arabian Tale_ [_Vathek_], 1786. In French, 1787. Ed. R. Garnett, 1893.--L. Melville: _The Life and Letters of William Beckford_, 1910.--P. E. More: _W. B._, in _The Drift of Romanticism_, 1913.

=Edward Young=, 1683-1765: _Works_, 6 vols. 1757-78. _Poetical Works_ (Aldine Poets), 1858.--George Eliot: _The Poet Y._, in _Essays_, 2d edn. 1884.--W. Thomas: _Le poète E. Y._, 1901.--J. L. Kind: _E. Y. in Germany_, 1906.--H. C. Shelley: _The Life and Letters of E. Y._, 1914.

=James Macpherson=, 1736-96: _Fingal_, 1762. _Temora_, 1763. _The Works of Ossian_, ed. W. Sharp, 1896.--For bibliography of Ossian and the Ossianic controversy see _Lowndes’s Bibliographer’s Manual_, part VI, 1861.--J. S. Smart: ✱ _James Macpherson_, 1905.

Thomas Percy: _Reliques of Ancient English Poetry_, 3 vols. 1765. Ed. H. B. Wheatley, 3 vols. 1876 and 1891.--A. C. C. Gaussen: _Percy, Prelate and Poet_, 1908.

=Thomas Chatterton=, 1752-70: _Complete Poetical Works_, ed. with intro. and bibliography by H. D. Roberts, 2 vols. 1906. _Poetical Works_, with intro. by Sir S. Lee, 2 vols. 1906-09.--A. de Vigny: _Chatterton_. Drame, 1835--D. Masson: _Chatterton_ in _Essays_, 1856.--T. Watts-Dunton: Introduction to poems of C., in _Ward’s English Poets_.--C. E. Russell: _Thomas Chatterton_, 1909.--J. H. Ingram: _The True Chatterton_, 1910.

Thomas Warton: _The History of English Poetry_, 1774-88.--C. Rinaker: _Thomas Warton_, 1916.--Joseph Warton: _Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope_, 2 vols. 1756-82.--Paul-Henri Mallet: _Introduction à l’Hist. de Dannemarc_, 2 vols. 1755-56--F. E. Farley: _Scandinavian Influence on the English Romantic Movement_, 1903 (Bibliography).--R. Hurd: _Letters on Chivalry and Romance_, 1762; ed. E. J. Morley, 1911.

=W. Godwin=, 1756-1836: _Political Justice_, 1793. _Caleb Williams_, 1794.

C. K. Paul: _W. G., his Friends and Contemporaries_, 2 vols 1876.--W. Hazlitt: _W. G._, in _The Spirit of the Age_, 1902.--L. Stephen: _W. G.’s Novels. Studies of a Biographer_, vol. III, 1902.--P. Ramus: _W. G. der Theoretiker des kommunistischen Anarchismus_, 1907.--H. Saitzeff: _W. G. und die Anfänge des Anarchismus im xviii Jahrhundert_, 1907.--Helene Simon: _W. G. und Mary Wollstonecraft_, 1909.--H. Roussin: _W. G._, 1912.

=R. Burns=, 1759-96: _The Complete Poetical Works_, ed. J. L. Robertson, 3 vols. 1896.--J. C. Ewing: _Selected List of the Works of R. B., and of Books upon his Life and Writings_, 1899.

W. Wordsworth: _Letter to a Friend of R. Burns_, 1816.--T. Carlyle: _Burns_, 1828. Rptd. 1854. _On Heroes and Hero-Worship_, 1841.--J. G. Lockhart: _Life of R. Burns_, 1828.--H. A. Taine: _Histoire de la Littérature Anglaise_, vol. III, 1863-64.--J. C. Shairp: _R. Burns_, 1879.--R. L. Stevenson: _Familiar Studies of Men and Books_, 1882.--M. Arnold: _Essays in Criticism, Second Series_, 1888.--A. Angellier: ✱ _R. Burns: la vie et les œuvres_, 2 vols. 1893.--T. F. Henderson: _R. Burns_, 1904.--W. A. Neilson: _Burns: How to Know Him_, 1917.

=W. Blake=, 1759-1827: _The Poetical Works_, ed. with an intro. and textual notes by J. Sampson, 1913.

A. Gilchrist: _Life of B._, 2 vols. 1863. New edn. 1906.--A. C. Swinburne: _W. B._, 1868. New edn. 1906.--A. T. Story: _W. B._, 1893.--J. Thomson (B.V.): _Essay on the Poems of W. B._, in _Biographical and Critical Studies_, 1896.--W. B. Yeats: _Ideas of Good and Evil_, 1903.--F. Benoit: _Un Maître de l’Art. B. le Visionnaire_, 1906.--P. E. More: _Shelburne Essays, Fourth Series_, 1906.--P. Berger: _W. B._, 1907.--S. A. Brooke: _Studies in Poetry_, 1907.--E. J. Ellis: _The Real B., a Portrait Biography_, 1907.--B. de Selincourt: _W. B._, 1909.--G. Saintsbury: _A History of English Prosody_, vol. III, 1910.--J. H. Wicksteed: _B.’s Vision of the Book of Job_, 1910.--H. C. Beeching: _B.’s Religious Lyrics, Essays and Studies by Members of the Eng. Association_, vol. III, 1912.--A. G. B. Russell: _The Engravings of W. B._, 1912.

=W. Wordsworth=, 1770-1850: _Poetical Works_, ed. T. Hutchinson, 1904. _Poems_, chosen and edited by M. Arnold, 1879. _Prose Works_, ed. W. Knight, 2 vols. 1896. _Wordsworth’s Literary Criticism_, ed. N. C. Smith, 1905.

W. Hazlitt: _The Spirit of the Age_, 1825.--C. Wordsworth: _Memoirs of W. W._, 2 vols. 1851.--T.B. Macaulay: _Critical and Historical Essays_, 1852.--J. R. Lowell: _Among my Books_, 1870.--R. H. Hutton: _Essays Theological and Literary_, 2 vols. 1871.--J. C. Shairp: _W._, 1872.--S. A. Brooke: _Theology in the English Poets_, 1874. 10th edn. 1907.--E. Dowden: _Studies in Literature_, 1878. _New Studies in Literature_, 1895.--W. Bagehot: _Literary Studies_, 1879.--F. W. H. Myers: _W._, 1881.--J. H. Shorthouse: _On the Platonism of W._, 1882.--W. A. Knight: _Memorials of Coleorton_, 2 vols. 1887. _Letters of the Wordsworth Family from 1787 to 1855_, 1907.--M. Arnold: ✱ _Essays in Criticism, Second Series_, 1888.--P. Bourget: _Etudes et Portraits_, vol. II, 1888.--W. H. Pater: _Appreciations_, 1889.--L. Stephen: _Hours in a Library_, vol. II, 1892. _Studies of a Biographer_, vol. I, 1898.--Dorothy Wordsworth: _Journals_, ed. W. Knight, 2 vols, 1897.--E. Legouis: ✱ _The Early Life of W., 1770-98_. Trans. by J.W. Matthews, 1897.--E. Yarnall: _W. and the Coleridges_, 1899.--W. A. Raleigh: _W._, 1903.--K. Bömig: _W. W. im Urteile seiner Zeit_, 1906.--A. C. Bradley: _Eng. Poetry and German Philosophy in the Age of W._, 1909.--M. Reynolds: _The Treatment of Nature in Eng. Poetry between Pope and W._, 1909. (Bibliography.)--L. Cooper: _A Concordance to the Poems of W. W._, 1911.--E. S. Robertson: _Wordsworthshire. An Introduction to a Poet’s Country_, 1911.

=W. Scott=, 1771-1832: _Poetical Works_, ed. J. L. Robertson, 1904. _The Waverly Novels_ (Oxford edn.), 25 vols. 1912. _The Miscellaneous Prose Works_, 30 vols. 1834-71.

W. Hazlitt: _The Spirit of the Age_, 1825.--J. G. Lockhart: ✱ _Memoirs of the Life of Sir W. S. Baronet_, 2 vols. 1837-38.--T. Carlyle: _Sir W.S._, 1838.--G. Grant: _Life of Sir W. S._, 1849.--L. Stephen: _Hours in a Library_, vol. I, 1874. _The Story of S.’s Ruin, Studies of a Biographer_, vol. II, 1898.--R. H. Hutton: _Sir W. S._, 1876.--W. Bagehot: _The Waverley Novels in Literary Studies_, vol. II, 1879.--G. Smith: _Sir W. S._, in _Ward’s English Poets_, vol. IV, 1883.--R. L. Stevenson: _A Gossip on Romance_ in _Memories and Portraits_, 1887.--J. Veitch: _The Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry_, 2 vols. 1887. Vol. II. _History and Poetry of the Scottish Border_. 2d edn. 2 vols. 1893.--C.D. Yonge: _Life of Sir W.S._ (bibliography by J.P. Anderson), 1888.--V. Waille: _Le Romantisme de Manzoni_, 1890.--A. Lang: _Life and Letters of J.G. Lockhart_, 2 vols. 1896. _L. and the Border Minstrelsy_, 1910.--F.T. Palgrave: _Landscape in Poetry_, 1896.--A.A. Jack: _Essays on the Novel as illustrated by S. and Miss Austen_, 1897.--G. Saintsbury: _Sir W.S._, 1897.--L. Maigron: ✱ _Le Roman historique à l’époque romantique. Essai sur l’influence de W.S._, 1898.--W.L. Cross: _Development of the English Novel_, 1899.--M. Dotti: _Delle derivazioni nei Promessi sposi di A. Manzoni dai Romanzi di W.S._, 1900.--W.H. Hudson: _Sir W.S._, 1901.--W.S. Crockett: _The Scott Country_, 1902. _Footsteps of S._, 1907. _The Scott Originals_, 1912.--A. Ainger: _S. Lectures and Essays_, vol. I. 1905.--A.S.G. Canning: _History in S.’s Novels_, 1905. _Sir W.S. studied in Eight Novels_, 1910.--G. Agnoli: _Gli Albori del romanzo storico in Italia e i primi imitatori di W.S._, 1906.--C.A. Young: _The Waverley Novels_, 1907.--G. Wyndham: _Sir W.S._, 1908.--F.A. MacCunn: _Sir W.S.’s friends_, 1909.

=S. T. Coleridge=, 1772-1831: _Dramatic Works_, ed. D. Coleridge, 1852. _Poetical Works_, ed. with biographical intro. by J.D. Campbell, 1893. _Complete Poetical Works_, ed. E.H. Coleridge, 2 vols. 1912. _Prose Works_, 6 vols. in _Bohn’s Library_, 1865 ff.--_Biographia Literaria_, ed. with his æsthetical essays by I. Shawcross, 2 vols. 1907. _Anima Poetae_, ed. E.H. Coleridge, 1895. C.’s _Literary Criticism_, with intro. by J.W. Mackail, 1908. _Biographia epistalaris_, ed. A. Tumbull, 2 vols. 1911.

W. Hazlitt: _Mr. C._, in _The Spirit of the Age_, 1825.--T. Allsop: _Letters, Conversations, and Recollections of S.T.C._, 2 vols. 1836.--T. Carlyle: _Life of John Sterling_ (part I, chap, VIII), 1851.--Sara Coleridge: _Memoirs and Letters of Sara Coleridge_, 2 vols. 1873.--H.D. Traill: _Coleridge_, 1884.--A. Brandl: _S.T.C. und die englishe Romantik_, 1886. Eng. trans. by Lady Eastlake, 1887.--W. Pater: _Coleridge. Appreciations_, 1889.--T. De Quincey: _S.T.C._, 1889.--L. Stephen: _Coleridge, Hours in a Library_, vol. III, 1892.--J.D. Campbell: _S.T.C._, 1894. 2d edn.; 1896.--E. Dowden: _C. as a Poet. New Studies in Literature_, 1895.--E.V. Lucas: _Charles Lamb and the Lloyds_, 1898.--R.H. Shepherd: _The Bibliography of C._, 1900.--C. Cestre: _La Révolution française et les poètes anglais (1789-1809)_, 1906.--J. Aynard: _La vie d’un poète_. _Coleridge_, 1907.--A.A. Helmholtz: _The Indebtedness of S.T.C. to A.W. Schlegel_, 1907.--A.A. Jack and A.C. Bradley: _Short Bibliography of C._, 1912.

=C. Lamb=, 1775-1834: _Life and Works_, ed. A. Ainger, 12 vols. 1899-1900. _The Works of Charles and Mary L._, ed. E.V. Lucas, 7 vols. 1903-05. _The Works in Prose and Verse of Charles and Mary L._, ed. T. Hutchinson, 2 vols. 1908. _The Letters of C.L._ Intro, by H.H. Harper, 5 vols. 1907. _Dramatic Essays of C.L._, ed. B. Matthews, 1891.

G. Gilfillan: _C.L._, vol. II, 1857.--B.W. Proctor: _C.L._, 1866.--P. Fitzgerald: _C.L._, 1866.--A. Ainger: _C.L., a Biography_, 1882. _Lectures and Essays_, vol. II, 1905.--W. Pater: _C.L. Appreciations_, 1889.--E.V. Lucas: _Bernard Barton and his Friends_, 1893. _C.L. and the Lloyds_, 1898. _The Life of C.L._, 2 vols. 1905.--F. Harrison: _L. and Keats_, 1899.--G.E. Woodberry: _C.L._, 1900.--H. Paul: _C.L. Stray Leaves_, 1906.

=W. Hazlitt=, 1778-1830: _Works_, edd. A.R. Waller and A. Glover, 12 vols. and index, 1902-06.

L. Hunt: _Autobiography_, 3 vols. 1850.--W. C. Hazlitt: _Memoirs of W. H._, 2 vols. 1867. _Four Generations of a Literary Family_, 2 vols. 1897. _Lamb and H._, 1899.--G. Saintsbury: _H. Essays in English Literature (1780-1860)_, 1890.--L. Stephen: _Hours in a Library_, vol. II, 1892.--A. Birrell: _W. H._, 1902.--P. E. More: _The Shelburne Essays, Second Series_, 1905.--J. Douady: _Vie de W. H._, 1907.--_Liste chronologique des œuvres de W. H._, 1906.

=Lord Byron=, 1788-1824: _The Works of Lord B._, ed. by R. H. Coleridge and R. E. Prothero, 13 vols. 1898-1904. _Complete Poetical Works_, ed. with intro., etc., by P. E. More, 1905.--_Poetry of B._, chosen and arranged by M. Arnold, 1881.

S. E. Brydges: _Letters on the Character and Poetical Genius of Lord B._, 1824.--T. Medwin: _Journal of the Conversations of Lord B._, 1824.--L. Hunt: _Lord B. and Some of his Contemporaries_, 3 vols. 1828.--J. Galt: _The Life of Lord B._, 1830, 1908.--V. E. P. Chasles: _Vie et influence de B. sur son époque_, 1850.--T. B. Macaulay: _Lord B._, 1853.--H. Beyle: _Lord B. en Italie_, in _Racine et Shakespeare_, 1824.--K. Elze: _Lord B._, 1870.--H. von Treitschke: _Lord B. und der Radicalismus_, in _Historische und politische Aufsätze_, vol. I, 1871.--E. Castelar: _Vida de Lord B._, 1873.--A. C. Swinburne: B., in _Essays and Studies_, 1875.--C. Cant: _Lord B. and his Works_, 1883.--J. C. Jeaffreson: _The Real Lord B._, 2 vols. 1883.--M. Arnold: ✱ _Essays in Criticism, Second Series_, 1888.--R. Noel: _Life of B._ (bibliography by J. P. Anderson), 1890.--O. Schmidt: _Rousseau und B._, 1890.--S. Singheimer: _Goethe und Lord B._, 1894.--K. Bleibtreu: _B. der Übermensch_, 1897. _Das Byron-Geheimnis_, 1912.--R. Ackermann: _Lord B._, 1901.--F. Melchior: _Heines Verhältnis zu Lord B._, 1902.--G. K. Chesterton: _The Optimism of B., in Twelve Types_, 1902.--E. Koeppel: _Lord B._, 1903.--J. C. Collins: _The Works of Lord B., in Studies in Poetry and Criticism_, 1905.--W. E. Leonard: _B. and Byronism in America_, 1905.--M. Eimer: _Lord B. und die Kunst_, 1907.--E. Estève: ✱ _B. et le romantisme français_, 1907.--J. Calcaño: _Tres Poetas pesimistas del siglo xix_ (_Lord B., Shelley, Leopardi_), 1907.--P. H. Churchman: _B. and Espronoeda_, 1909.--R. Edgcumbe: B.; _The Last Phase_, 1909.--B. Miller: _Leigh Hunt’s Relations with B._, 1910.--C. M. Fuess: _Lord B. as a Satirist in Verse_, 1912.--E. C. Mayne: B., 2 vols. 1912.

=T. De Quincey=, 1785-1859. _Select Essays_, ed. D. Masson, 2 vols. 1888. _Collected Writings_, ed. D. Masson, 14 vols. 1889-90. _Literary Criticism_, ed. H. Darbishire, 1909.

A. H. Japp: _T. De Q.: His Life and Writings._. 2 vols. 1877. New edn. 1890. _De Q. Memorials_, 2 vols. 1891.--S. H. Hodgson: _Outcast Essays_, 1881.--D. Masson: _T. De Q._, 1881.--G. Saintsbury: _De Q. Essays in English Literature (1780-1860)_, 1890.--L. Stephen: _Hours in a Library._ New edn. vol. I. 1892.--J. Hogg: _De Q. and his Friends_, 1895.--A. Barine: _Névrosés: De Q._, etc., 1898.--A. Birrell: _Essays about Men, Women and Books_, 1901.--H. S. Salt: _De Q._, 1904.--J. A. Green: _T. De Q.: a Bibliography_, 1908.

=P. B. Shelley=, 1792-1822: _Complete Poetical Works_, ed. T. Hutchinson, 1904. _Prose Works_, 4 vols. Ed. H. B. Forman, 1880. _Prose Works_, ed. R. H. Shepherd, 2 vols. 1888, 1912. _S.’s Literary Criticism_, ed. J. Shawcross, 1909. _Letters to Elizabeth Hitchener_, ed. B. Dobell, 1909. The _Letters of S._, ed. R. Ingpen, 2 vols. 1909. New edn. 1912.

L. Hunt: _Lord Byron and his Contemporaries_, 1828.--T. Medwin: _The Shelley Papers_, 1833. _Life of S._, 2 vols. 1847. Ed. H. B. Forman, 1913.--T. J. Hogg: _Life of S._, 2 vols. 1858. Ed. E. Dowden, 1906.--E. J. Trelawny: _Recollections of the Last Days of S. and Byron_, 1858. Ed. E. Dowden, 1906.--D. Masson: _Wordsworth, S., Keats, and other Essays_, 1874.--J. A. Symonds: _S._, 1878.--J. Todhunter: _A Study of S._, 1880.--_Shelley Society Publications_, 1884-88.--F. Rabbe: _S._, 1887.--J. C. Jeaffreson: _The Real S._, 2 vols. 1885.--E. Dowden: _Life of S._, 2 vols. 1886. Revised and condensed, 1896.--W. Sharp: _Life of S._, 1887.--M. Arnold: ✱ _Essays in Criticism, Second Series_, 1888.--F. S. Ellis: _A Lexical Concordance to the Poetical Works of S._, 1892.--W. Bagehot: _Literary Studies_. New edn., vol. I, 1895.--H. Richter: _P. B. S._, 1898.--W. B. Yeats: _The Philosophy of S.’s Poetry_, 1903.--S. A. Brooke: _The Lyrics of S._, etc. _Studies in Poetry_, 1907.--E. S. Bates: _A Study of S.’s Drama The Cenci_, 1908.--F. Thompson: _S._, 1909.--A. C. Bradley: _S.’s View of Poetry_, in _Oxford Lectures on Poetry_, 1909. _Short Bibliography of S._, English Association Leaflet, no. 23, 1912.--A. Clutton-Brock: _S., the Man and the Poet_, 1910.--P. E. More: _S._, in _Shelburne Essays, Seventh Series_, 1910.--A. H. Koszul: _La Jeunesse de Shelley_, 1910.--H. R. Angeli: _S. and his Friends in Italy_, 1911.--F. E. Schelling: _The English Lyric_, 1913.--H. N. Brailsford: _S. and Godwin_, 1913.--R. Ingpen: _S. in England_, 2 vols. 1917.

=J. Keats=, 1795-1821: _Poetical Works_, ed. with an intro., etc., by H. B. Forman, 1906. _Poems_, ed. Sir S. Colvin, 2 vols. 1915. _Letters._ Complete revised edn., ed. H. B. Forman, 1895. _Keats Letters, Papers and other Relics_, ed. G. C. Williamson, 1914.

M. Arnold: _Selections from K.’s Poems_, with _Introduction_, in _Ward’s English Poets_, vol. IV, 1880. Also in ✱ _Essays in Criticism, Second Series_, 1888.--A. C. Swinburne: _Miscellanies_, 1886.--W. M. Rossetti: _Life of J. K._ (bibliography by J. P. Anderson), 1887.--S. Colvin: _K._, 1887.--W. Watson: _Excursions in Criticism_, 1893.--J. Texte: _K. et le neo-hellénisme dans la poésie anglaise_ in _Etudes de littérature européenne_, 1898.--P. E. More: _Shelburne Essays, Fourth Series_, 1906.--S. A. Brooke: _Studies in Poetry_, 1907.--A. E. Hancock: _J. K._, 1908.--A. C. Bradley: _The Letters of K._, in _Oxford Lectures on Poetry_, 1909.--L. Wolff: _An Essay on K.’s Treatment of the Heroic Rhythm and Blank Verse_, 1909. _J. K., sa vie et son œuvre_, 1910.--J. W. Mackail: _Lectures on Poetry_, 1912.--Sir S. Colvin: ✱ _Life of J. K._, 1917.

FRENCH FIELD

Bibliography: G. Lanson: ✱ _Manuel bibliographique de la litt. fr. moderne, 1500-1900_, vols. III and IV. Nouvelle éd. revue et complétée, 1915.--H. P. Thieme: _Guide bibliographique de la litt. fr. de 1800-1906_, 1907.--Asselineau: _Bibliographie romantique_, 3d edn., 1873. Histories of French Literature: D. Nisard: _Histoire de la litt. fr._, 4 vols. 1844-61. (For N.’s type of classicism see my _Masters of Mod. Fr. Crit._, pp. 87 ff.)--F. Brunetière: _Manuel de l’histoire de la litt. fr._, 1899.--G. Lanson: ✱ _Histoire de la litt. fr._ 11th edn. 1909.--C. H. C. Wright: _A History of Fr. Lit._ (bibliography), 1912.--C.-M. Des Granges: _Histoire illustrée de la litt. fr._, 1915.

Eighteenth century: F. Baldensperger: _Lénore de Bürger dans la litt. fr._, in _Etudes d’hist. litt._ 1e série, 1907. _Young et ses Nuits en France_, _ibid._--J. Reboul: _Un grand précurseur des romantiques, Ramond (1755-1827)_, 1911.--D. Mornet: _Le romantisme en Fr. au XVIIIe siècle_, 1912.--P. van Tieghem: _Ossian en Fr._, 2 vols. 1917.

E. Bersot: _Etudes sur le XVIIIe siècle_, 1855. _Hist. des idées morales et politiques en Fr. au XVIIIe siècle_, 2 vols. 1865-67.--H. Taine: ✱ _L’Ancien Régime_, 1876. Vol. I of _Les Origines de la Fr. contemporaine_.--E. Faguet: ✱ _XVIIIe siècle_, 1892.--Rocafort: _Les Doctrines litt. de l’Encyclopédie_, 1890.--G. Lanson: _Le Rôle de l’expérience dans la formation de la philosophie du XVIIIe siècle_, 1910.

Abbé Prévost: _Manon Lescaut_, 1731.--Harrisse: _Bibliographie et Notes pour servir à l’hist. de Manon Lescaut_, 1875. _L’Abbé Prévost: hist. de sa vie et de ses œuvres_, 1896.--Heilborn: _Abbé Prévost und seine Beziehungen zur deutschen Lit._, 1897.

_Œuvres complètes de Gessner_, trad. par Huber, 3 vols. 1768. H. Heis: _Studien aber einige Beziehungen zwischen der deutschen und der französischen Lit. im XVII. Jahr._ I. _Der Uebersetzer und Vermittler Huber_, 1909.

G. Lanson: ✱ _Nivelle de La Chaussée et la comédie larmoyante_, 1887. 2d edn. 1903.--E. Lintilhac: _Beaumarchais et ses œuvres_, 1887.--L. Béclard: _Sébastien Mercier_, 1903.--Günther: _L’œuvre dramatique de Sedaine_, 1908.--F. Gaiffe: _Etude sur le drame en Fr. au XVIIIe siècle_, 1910.

=J.-J. Rousseau=, 1712-1778: _Discours sur les sciences et les arts_, 1750. _Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité_, 1755. _Nouvelle Héloïse_, 1761. _Emile_, 1762. _Le contrat social_, 1762. Ed. Dreyfus-Brisác, 1896. Ed. Beaulavon, 1903. 2 éd. revue, 1914. _Confessions_, 1782-88. Ed. A. van Beyer, 1914. ✱ _The Political Writings of R._, ed. with intro., etc. by C. E. Vaughan, 2 vols. 1915. (Excellent work on the text. The estimate of the political influence seems to me to lack penetration.) Collected works: Ed. Petitain, 22 vols. 1819-20. Ed. Musset-Pathay, 23 vols. 1823-26. Ed. Hachette, 13 vols. 1887. (No good collected ed. as yet.)

Streckeisen-Moultou: _Œuvres et Correspondance inédites de J.-J. R._, 1861. _J.-J. R., ses amis et ses ennemis_ (Lettres à R.), 1865.: E. Asse: _Bibliographie de J.-J. R._ [no date]. For current bibliography see ✱ _Annales de la Société J.-J. Rousseau_, 1905 ff. _Extraits de J.-J. R._ publiés avec intro. p. L. Brunel. 3e éd. 1896.--_Morceaux choisis de J.-J. R._ avec intro. etc., p. D. Mornet, 1911.

Studies (chiefly biographical): Musset-Pathay: _Histoire de la Vie et des Ouvrages de J.-J. R._, 2 vols. 1821.--Gaberel: _R. et les Génevois_, 1858.--H. Beaudoin: _La Vie et les Œuvres de J.-J. R._, 2 vols. 1891 (bibliography).--F. Mugnier: _Mme. de Warens et J.-J. R._, 1891.--F. Macdonald: _Studies in the France of Voltaire and R._, 1895. _J.-J. R., a New Criticism_, 2 vols. 1906. (The evidence offered as to the tampering with the memoirs of Mad. d’Epinay is of value. The work is in general uncritical.)--E. Ritter: ✱ _La famille et la jeunesse de J.-J. R._, 1896.--Stoppolini: _Le donne nella vita di G.-G. R._, 1898.--E. Rod: _L’affaire J.-J. R._, 1906.--Comte de Girardin: ✱ _Iconographie de J.-J. R._, 1908. _Iconographie des Œuvres de J.-J. R._, 1910.--H. Buffenoir: _Les Portraits de J.-J. R._--E. Faguet: _Vie de R._, 1912.--G. Gran: _J.-J. R._, 1912.

Hume: _Exposé succint de la contestation qui s’est élevée entre M. Hume et M. Rousseau_, 1766.--Dussaulx: _De mes rapports avec J.-J. R._, 1798.--Comte d’Escherny: _Mélanges de littérature_, etc., 1811.--D. Guillaume: _J.-J. R. à Motiers_, 1865.--Metzger: _J.-J. R. à l’île Saint-Pierre_, 1875. _La conversion de Mme. Warens_, 1887. _Une poignée de documents inédits sur Mme. Warens_, 1888. _Pensées de Mme. Warens_, 1888. _Les dernières années de Mme. Warens_ [no date]. G. Desnoiresterres: _Voltaire et J.-J. R._ (vol. VI of ✱ _Voltaire et la société fr. au XVIIIe siècle_) 2e éd. 1875.--G. Maugras: _Voltaire et J.-J. R._, 1886.--F. Berthoud: _J.-J. R. au Val de Travers_, 1881. _J.-J. R. et le pasteur de Montmollin_, 1884.--T. de Saussure: _J.-J. R. à Venise, notes et documents_, recueillis par Victor Ceresole 1885.--P. J. Möbius: ✱ _J.-J. R.’s Krankheitsgeschichte_, 1889.--Chatelain: _La Folie de J.-J. R._, 1890.--F. Mugnier: _Nouvelles Lettres de Mme. Warens_, 1900.--A. de Montaigu: _Démêlés du Comte Montaigu et de son secrétaire J.-J. R._, 1904.--B. de Saint-Pierre: _La Vie et les Ouvrages de J.-J. R._, éd. critique p. par M. Souriau, 1907.--C. Collins: _J.-J. R. in England_, 1908.--A. Rey: _J.-J. R. dans la vallée de Montmorency_, 1909.--D. Cabanès: _Le Cabinet secret de l’histoire_, 3e série, 1909.--F. Girardet: _La Mort de J.-J. R._, 1909.--P.-P. Plan: _R. raconté par les gazettes de son temps_, 1913.

General Studies (chiefly critical): Bersot: _Etudes sur le XVIIIe siècle_, t. II, 1855.--J. Morley: ✱ _R._, 1873. 2d edn. 2 vols., 1886--Saint-Marc Girardin: _J.-J. R., sa vie et ses œuvres_, 1874.--H.-F. Amiel: _Caractéristique générale de R._, in _J.-J. R. jugé par les Génevois d’aujourd’hui_, 1878.--Mahrenholtz: _J.-J. R.’s Leben_, 1889.--Chuquet: _J.-J. R._, 1893.--H. Höffding: _R. und seine Philosophie_, 1897.--J.-F. Nourrisson: _J.-J. R. et le Rousseauisme_, 1903.--Brédif: _Du Caractère intellectuel et moral de J.-J. R._, 1906.--J. Lemaître: _J.-J. R._, 1907.--L. Claretie: _J.-J. R. et ses amis_, 1907.--L. Ducros: _J.-J. R. (1712-57)_, 1908. _J.-J. R. (1757-65)_, 1917.--B. Bouvier: _J.-J. R._, 1912.

Special Studies (chiefly critical): Sainte-Beuve: ✱ _Lundis_, t. II (_R. et Mme. de Franqueville_), 1850; t. III (_les Confessions_), 1850; t. XV (_Œuvres et Correspondance inédites_), 1861. _Nouveaux Lundis_, t. IX (_Mad. de Verdelin_), 1865.--J. R. Lowell: _R. and the Sentimentalists, in Lit. Essays_, II, 1867.--Brunetière: _Etudes critiques_, t. III (1886) et IV (1890).--C. Borgeaud: _J.-J. R.’s Religionsphilosophie_, 1883.--A. Jansen: _R. als Musiker_, 1884. _R. als Botaniker_, 1885.--Espinas: _Le système de R._, 1895.--T. Davidson: _J.-J. R. and Education according to Nature_, 1898.--M. Liepmann: _Die Rechtsphilosophie des J.-J. R._ 1898.--F. Haymann: _J.-J. R.’s Sozial-Philosophie_, 1898.--P. E. Merriam: _History of the Theory of Sovereignty since R._, 1900.--E. Duffau: _La profession de foi du Vicaire Savoyard_, 1900.--J. L. Windenberger: _Essai sur le Système de politique étrangère de J.-J. R._, 1900.--A. Pougin: _J.-J. R. musicien_, 1901.--G. Schumann: _Religion und Religion-Erziehung bei R._, 1902.--Faguet: _Politique comparée de Montesquieu, Voltaire et R._, 1902.--M. Gascheau: _Les Idées économiques chez quelques philosophes du XVIIIe siècle_, 1903.--Grand-Carteret: _La Montagne à travers les âges_, 1903.--Albalat: _Le Travail du Style enseigné par les corrections manuscrites des grands écrivains_, 1903.--A. Geikie: _Landscape in History and other Essays_, 1905.--B. Lassudrie-Duchesne: _J.-J. R. et le Droit des gens_, 1906.--G. del Vecchio: _Su la teoria del Contratto Sociale_, 1906.--P. E. More: _Shelburne Essays_, VI (_Studies in Religious Dualism_), 1909.--D. Mornet: _Le sentiment de la nature en France, de J.-J. R. à B. de S. Pierre_, 1907.--L. Gignoux: _Le théâtre de J.-J. R._, 1909.--H. Rodet: _Le Contrat Social et les idées politiques de J.-J. R._, 1909.--A. Schinz: _J.-J. R., a Forerunner of Pragmatism_, 1909.--G. Fusseder: _Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Sprache R.’s_, 1909.--J.-J. Tiersot: _R._, 1912 (_Les Maîtres de la Musique_).--G. Vallette: _J.-J. R. Génevois_, 1911.--E. Faguet: _R. contre Molière_, 1912. _Les Amies de R._, 1912. _R. Artiste_, 1913. _R. Penseur_, 1913.

Sources: Dom Cajot: _Les Plagiats de J.-J. R. de Genève sur l’Education_, 1765.--J. Vuy: _Origine des ideés politiques de J.-J. R._, 1878.--G. Krüger: _Emprunts de J.-J. R. dans son premier Discours_, 1891.--J. Texte: ✱ _J.-J. R. et les origines du Cosmopolitisme littéraire au XVIIIe siècle_, 1895.--C. Culcasi: _Degli influssi italiani nell’ opera di J.-J. R._--G. Chinni: _Le fonti dell’ Emile de J.-J. R._, 1908.--D. Villey: _L’influence de Montaigne sur les idées pédagogiques de Locke et de R._, 1911.

Reputation and Influence: Mme. de Staël: _Lettres sur le caractère et les ouvrages de J.-J. R._, 1788.--Mercier: _De J.-J. R. considéré comme l’un des premiers auteurs de la Révolution_, 1791.--Kramer: _A.-H. Francke, J.-J. R., H. Pestalozzi_, 1854.--E. Schmidt: _Richardson, Rousseau und Goethe_, 1875.--Dietrich: _Kant et R._, 1878.--Nolen: _Kant et J.-J. R._, 1880.--O. Schmidt: _R. et Byron_, 1887.--Pinloche: _La réforme de l’éducation en Allemagne au XVIIIe siècle, Basedow et le philanthropinisme_, 1889. _Pestalozzi et l’éducation populaire moderne_, 1891.--Lévy-Bruhl: _L’Allemagne depuis Leibnitz_, 1890. _La Philosophie de Jacobi_, 1894.--J. Grand-Carteret: _J.-J. R. jugé par les Français d’aujourd’hui_, 1890.--R. Fester: _R. und die deutsche Geschichtsphilosophie_, 1890.--H. Gössgen: _R. und Basedow_, 1891.--C. H. Lincoln: _J.-J. R. and the French Revolution_, 1898.--A. Chalybans: _J.-J. R.’s Einfluss auf die französische Revolution und die Socialdemokratie_, 1899.--V. Delbos: _Essai sur la formation de la philosophie pratique de Kant_, 1903.--C. Cestre: _La Révolution française et les Poètes anglais_, 1906.--P. Lasserre: ✱ _Le Romantisme français_, 1907.--Natorp: _Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Sozialpädagogik_, erste Abteilung: _Historisches (Pestalozzi et R.)_, 1907.--M. Schiff: _Editions et traductions italiennes des œuvres de J.-J. R._, 1908.--H. Buffenoir: _Le Prestige de J.-J. R._, 1909.--E. Champion: _J.-J. R. et la Révolution française_, 1910 (superficial).--A. Meynier: _J.-J. R. révolutionnaire_, 1913 (superficial).--_Revue de métaphysique et de morale_, May, 1912. Symposium on R. and his influence by E. Boutroux, B. Bosanquet, J. Jaurès, etc. For similar symposium (by G. Lanson, H. Höffding, E. Gosse, etc.) see _Annales de la Soc. J.-J. R._, VIII (1912). For symposium by Italian writers see _Per il IIo centenario di G. G. R. (Studi pubblicati dalla Rivista pedagogica)_, 1913.--P. M. Masson: ✱ _La Religion de J.-J. R._, 3 vols. 1917. (A storehouse of information for the growth of deism and religious sentimentalism in France in the 18th century. Unfortunately the author is himself confused as to the difference between genuine religion and mere religiosity.)

=D. Diderot=, 1713-84: _Œuvres_, p. par Assézat et Tourneux, 20 vols. 1875-79. _Diderot. Extraits_, avec intro., etc., par J. Texte, 1909 (excellent). _Pages choisies de D._, p. avec intro. par G. Pellissier, 1909 (excellent).

Naigeon: _Mémoire sur la vie et les ouvrages de D._, 1798. _Mémoires de Mme. de Vandeul_, 1830.--Sainte-Beuve: _Portraits litt._, I (1830). _Lundis_, III, (1851).--Rosenkranz: _D.’s Leben und Werke_, 2 vols. 1866.--E. Scherer: ✱ _D._, 1880.--Caro: _La fin du Dix-huitième Siècle_, t. I, 1880.--E. Faguet: _Dix-huitième Siècle_, 1892.--J. Morley: ✱ _Diderot and the Encyclopædists_, 2 vols. 1891.--L. Ducros: _D., l’homme et l’écrivain_, 1894.--J. Reinach: _D._, 1894.--A. Collignon: _D., sa vie, ses œuvres, sa correspondance_, 1895.--Bersot: _Etudes sur le Dix-huitième Siècle_, t. II, 1855.--Brunetière: _Etudes critiques_, t. II. _Les Salons de D._, 1880.--J. Bédier: _Le Paradoxe sur le Comédien est-il de D.? Etudes Critiques_, 1903.

=Bernardin de Saint-Pierre=, 1737-1814: _Etudes de la nature_, 3 vols. 1784; 4 vols. 1787 (4th vol. contains _Paul et Virginie_); éd. augmentée, 5 vols. 1792. _œuvres complètes_, p. par Aimé Martin, 12 vols. 1818-20. Supplément, 1823. _Correspondance_, p. par A. Martin, 3 vols. 1826.--A. Barine: _B. de Saint-Pierre_, 1891.--F. Maury: _Etude sur la vie et les œuvres de B. de Saint-Pierre_, 1892.

Nineteenth Century: A. Nettement: _Histoire de la litt. fr. sous le gouvernement de juillet_, 2 vols. 1854.--A. Michiels: _Histoire des idées lit. en Fr._, 2 vols. 1842.--G. Pellissier: ✱ _Le mouvement litt. au XIXe siècle_. (Eng. trans.) 6th edn. 1900.--E. Faguet: _Le XIXe siècle_, 1887. ✱ _Politiques et Moralistes du XIXe siècle_, 3 vols. 1891-99.--F. Brunetière: ✱ _L’Evolution de la poésie lyrique en Fr. au XIXe siècle_, 2 vols. 1894.--C. Le Goffie: _La Litt. fr. au XIXe siècle_, 1910.--F. Strowski: _Histoire de la litt. fr. au XIXe siècle_, 1911. Important material bearing on the romantic period will also be found in the critical essays of G. Planche, D. Nisard, Sainte-Beuve, A. Vinet, E. Scherer, Barbey d’Aurevilly, H. Taine, E. Montégut, F. Brunetière, P. Bourget, E. Biré, E. Faguet, J. Lemaître, G. Larroumet, G. Pellissier, R. Doumic, etc. For fuller information see bibliography of my _Masters of Mod. Fr. Crit._, 395 ff. For tables of contents of the different volumes of these and other critics see Thieme: _Guide bibliographique_, 499 ff.

History, Critical Studies and Special Topics: Stendhal: _Racine et Shakespeare_, 1823.--D. Sauvageot: _Le Romantisme_ (t. VIII de _L’Hist. de la Litt. fr._, publiée sous la direction de Petit de Julleville).--T. Gautier: _Hist. du Romantisme_, 1874.--Fournier: _Souvenirs poétiques de l’Ecole Romantique_, 1880.--R. Bazin: _Victor Pavie_, 1886.--T. Pavie: _Victor Pavie, sa jeunesse, ses relations littéraires_, 1887.--L. Derôme: _Les éditions originales des romantiques_, 2 vols. 1887.--G. Allais: _Quelques vues générales sur le Romantisme fr._ 1897.--J. Texte: _L’influence allemande dans le Romantisme fr._, in _Etudes de litt. européenne_, 1898.--E. Asse: _Les petits romantiques_, 1900.--E. Dubedout: _Le sentiment chrétien dans la poésie romantique_, 1901.--Le Roy: _L’Aube du théâtre romantique_, 1902.--R. Canat: _Du sentiment de la solitude morale chez les romantiques et les parnassiens_, 1904.--E. Barat: _Le style poétique et la révolution romantique_, 1904.--H. Lardanchet: _Les enfants perdus du romantisme_, 1905.--A. Cassagne: _La théorie de l’art pour l’art en France_, 1906.--E. Kircher: _Philosophie der Romantik_, 1906.--E. Estève: ✱ _Byron et le Romantisme fr._, 1907.--Lasserre: ✱ _Le Romantisme fr._, 1907. (A very drastic attack on Rousseau and the whole Rousseauistic tendency.)--L. Séché: _Le Cénacle de La Muse Fr. (1823-27)_, 1908.--E. Seillière: _Le Mal romantique, essai sur l’impérialisme irrationnel_, 1908. (One of about 18 vols. in which S. attacks the underlying postulates of the Rousseauist. Like the other leaders of the crusade against romanticism in France, S. seems to me unsound on the constructive side.)--A. Pavie: _Médaillons romantiques_, 1909.--W. Küchler: _Französische Romantik_, 1909.--C. Lecigne: _Le Fléau romantique_, 1909.--P. Lafond: _L’Aube romantique_, 1910.--L. Maigron: ✱ _Le Romantisme et les mœurs_, 1910. _Le Romantisme et la mode_, 1911.--G. Michaut: _Sur le Romantisme, une poignée de définitions_ (extraits du _Globe_) in _Pages de critique et d’hist. litt._, 1910.--J. Marsan: _La Bataille romantique_, 1912.--P. van Tieghem: _Le Mouvement romantique_, 1912.--G. Pellissier: _Le Réalisme du romantisme_, 1912.--A. Bisi: _L’Italie et le romantisme français_, 1914.--C. Maurras: _L’Avenir de l’intelligence._ 2e éd. 1917.--L. Rosenthal: _Du Romantisme au réalisme_, 1918.

A. Jullien: _Le Romantisme et l’éditeur Renduel_, 1897.--P. Nebout: _Le Drame romantique_, 1897.--F. Baldensperger: ✱ _Goethe en France_, 1904. _Bibliographie critique de Goethe en France_, 1907.--C. Latreille: _La Fin du théâtre romantique et François Ponsard_, 1899.--R. Canat: _La renaissance de la Grèce antique (1820-50)_, 1911.--G. Gendarme de Bévotte: _La Légende de Don Juan_, 2 vols. 1911.--L. Séché: _Le Cénacle de Joseph Delorme_, 2 vols. 1912.--J. L. Borgerhoff: _Le théâtre anglais à Paris sous la Restauration_, 1913.--M. Souriau: _De la convention dans la tragédie classique et dans le drame romantique_, 1885.

Anthologies: _Anthologie des poètes fr. du XIXe siècle_ (Lemerre), 4 vols. 1887-88.--_French Lyrics of the Nineteenth Century_, ed. by G. N. Henning, 1913. (An excellent selection.)--_The Romantic Movement in French Literature_, traced by a series of texts selected and edited by H. F. Stewart and A. Tilley, 1910.

The Press: _La Muse Française_, 1823-24. Reprinted with intro. by J. Marsan, 2 vols. 1907-09.--P. F. Dubois: _Fragments litt._, articles extraits du _Globe_, 2 vols. 1879.--T. Ziessing: _“Le Globe” de 1824 à 1830, considéré dans ses rapports avec l’école romantique_, 1881.--F. Davis: _French Romanticism and the Press, “The Globe”_, 1906.--C. M. Desgranges: ✱ _Le Romantisme et la critique, la presse litt. sous la Restauration_, 1907.

B. Constant: _Adolphe_, 1816; avec préface de Sainte-Beuve, 1867; de P. Bourget, 1888; d’A. France, 1889.--Sainte-Beuve: _Portraits litt._, 1844. _Lundis_, XI (sur _Adolphe_); _Nouveaux Lundis_, I, 1862.--E. Faguet: _Politiques et Moralistes_, 1re série, 1891.--G. Rudler: _La jeunesse de B. Constant (1767-94)_, 1909. _Bibliographie critique des œuvres de B. C._, 1908.--J. Ettlinger: _B. C., der Roman eines Lebens_, 1909.

=Madame de Staël=, 1766-1817: _De la littérature_, 1801. Delphine, 1802. _Corinne_, 1807. _De l’Allemagne_, 1814. _Œuvres complètes_, 3 vols. 1836.

Biography: Mme. Necker de Saussure: _Notice en tête de l’édition des Œuvres_, 1820.--Mme. Lenormant: _Mme. de S. et la grande duchesse Louise_, 1862. _Mme. Récamier_, 1872.--A. Stevens: _Mme. de S._, 2 vols. 1881.--D’Haussonville: _Le Salon de Mme. Necker_, 1882.--Lady Blennerhassett: ✱ _Mme. de S. et son temps_, traduit de l’allemand p. A. Dietrich, 3 vols. 1890.--A. Sorel: _Mme. de S._, 1890.--Dejob: _Mme. de S. et l’Italie_, 1890.--E. Ritter: _Notes sur Mme. de S._, 1899.--P. Gautier: _Mme. de S. et Napoléon_, 1903.

Critical Studies: Sainte-Beuve: _Portraits Littéraires_, t. III, 1836. _Portraits de Femmes_, 1844. _Nouveaux Lundis_, t. II, 1862.--Vinet: _Etudes sur la litt. française. Mme. de S. et Chateaubriand_, 1849. New edn. published by P. Sirven, 1911.--Faguet: _Politiques et Moralistes_, 1891.--F. Brunetière: _Evolution de la Critique_, 1892.--U. Mengin: _L’Italie des Romantiques_, 1902.--Maria-Teresa Porta: _Mme. de S. e l’Italia (bibliographia)_, 1909.--G. Muoni: _Ludovico di Breme e le prime polemiche intorno a Mme. de S. ed al Romanticismo in Italia_.--E. G. Jaeck: _Mme. de S. and the Spread of German Literature_, 1915.--P. Kohler: _Mme. de S. et la Suisse_, 1916.--R. C. Whitford: _Mme. de S.’s Reputation in England_, 1918.

=François René de Chateaubriand=, 1768-1848. _Essai sur les Révolutions_, 1797.--Atala, 1801. _Le Génie du Christianisme_, 1802. _René_, 1802. _Les Martyrs_, 1809. _Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe_, 1849-50; éd. Biré, 6 vols. 1898-1901. _œuvres complètes_, 12 vols. 1859-61. _Correspondance générale_, p. par L. Thomas, vols. I-IV, 1912-13.--Rocheblave: _Pages choisies de C._, 1896.--V. Giraud: _Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe: Pages choisies_, 1912.

Biography: Vinet: _Etudes sur la litt. française. Mme. de Staël et C._, 1849. New edn. published by P. Sirven, 1911.--A. France: _Lucile de Chateaubriand_, 1879.--A. Bardoux: _Mme. de Beaumont_, 1884. _Mme. de Custine_, 1888. _Mme. de Duras_, 1898.--F. Saulnier: _Lucile de Chateaubriand_, 1885.--G. Pailhès: _Mme. de C._, 1887. _Mme. de C., lettres inédites à Clausel de Coussergues_, 1888. _C., sa femme et ses amis_, 1896. _Du nouveau sur Joubert, C._, etc., 1900.--J. Bédier: _C. en Amérique_, 1899. _Etudes critiques_, 1903.--E. Biré: _Les dernières années de C. (1830-48)_, 1902.--A. Le Braz: _Au pays d’exil de C._, 1909.--A. Beaunier: _Trois amies de C._, 1910.--A. Cassagne: _La vie politique de C._, 1911.

Critical Studies: Sainte-Beuve: _Portraits Contemporains_, t. I, 1834, 1844. _Lundis_, ts. I, II, 1850; X, 1854. _Nouveaux Lundis_, t. III, 1862. ✱ _C. et son groupe littéraire sous l’Empire_, 1848.

Villemain: _C._, 1853.--Comte de Marcellus: _C. et son temps_, 1859.--P. Bourget: _C._, in _Etudes et Portraits_, 1889.--C. Maurras: _Trois idées politiques (C., Michelet, Sainte-Beuve)_, 1898.--F. Gansen: _Le rapport de V. Hugo à C._, 1900.--Lady Blennerhassett: _Die Romantik und die Restaurationsepoche in Frankreich, C._, 1903.--E. Dick: _Plagiats de C._, 1905.--G. Daub: _Der Parallelismus zwischen C. und Lamartine_, 1909.--E. Michel: _C., interprétation médico-psychologique de son caractère_, 1911.--Portiquet: _C. et l’hystérie_, 1911.--V. Giraud: _Nouvelles études sur C._, 1912.--J. Lemaître: _C._, 1912.--G. Chinard: ✱ _L’Exotisme américain dans l’œuvre de C._, 1918. (This volume with its two predecessors: _L’Exotisme américain au XVIe siècle_ (1911), and _L’Amérique et le rêve exotique au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècle_ (1913) is an important repertory of material for the legend of the “noble savage” and allied topics.)

=E. P. de Senancour=, 1770-1846: _Rêveries_, 1798, 1800. Ed. critique, pub. par J. Merlant, vol. I, 1911. _Obermann_, 1804, 2d edn. with preface by Sainte-Beuve, 1833.--J. Levallois: _Un précurseur, Senancour_, 1897.--A. S. Tornudd: _S._, 1898--J. Troubat: _Essais critiques_, 1902.--J. Merlant: _S., poète, penseur religieux et publiciste_, 1907.--R. Bouyer: _Un contemporain de Beethoven, Obermann précurseur et musicien_, 1907.--G. Michaut: _S., ses amis et ses ennemis_, 1909.

=Charles Nodier=, 1783-1844: _Œuvres_, 13 vols. 1832-41 (incomplete).--S. de Lovenjoul: _Bibliographie et critique_, 1902. _Œuvres choisies de N._ Notices p. A. Cazes, 1914.--Sainte-Beuve: _Portraits littér._, I, 1840.--P. Mérimée: _Portraits histor. et littér._, 1874.--E. Montégut: _Nos morts contemp._, I, II, 1884.--M. Salomon: _C. N. et le groupe romantique d’après des documents inédits_, 1908.--J. Marsan: _Notes sur C. N., documents inédits, lettres_, 1912.

=Alphonse de Lamartine=, 1790-1869: _Méditations poétiques_, 1820. _Nouvelles méditations poétiques_, 1823. _Harmonies poétiques et religieuses_, 1832. _Jocelyn_, 1836. _Œuvres complètes_, 41 vols. 1860-66. _Œuvres_ (éd. Lemerre), 12 vols. 1885-87. _Correspondance_, p. par V. de Lamartine, 6 vols. 1872-75.

Biographical and General Studies: F. Falconnet: _A. de L._, 1840.--Chapuys-Montlaville: _L._, 1843.--E. de Mirecourt: _L._, 1853.--E. Ollivier: _L._, 1874.--H. de Lacretelle: _L. et ses amis_, 1878.--P. Bourget: _L._, in _Etudes et Portraits_, 1889.--De Pomairols: _L._, 1889.--Baron de Chamborand de Périssat: _L. inconnu_, 1891.--F. Reyssié: _La jeunesse de L._, 1892.--Deschanel: _L._, 1893.--A. France: _L’Elvire de L._, 1893.--R. Doumic: _Elvire à Aix-les-Bains_, in _Etudes sur la litt. française_, 6e série, 1909. _L._, 1912.--Zyromski: _L. poète lyrique_, 1897.--Larroumet: _L._, in _Nouvelles études de litt. et d’art_, 1899.--L. Séché: _L. de 1816 à 1830_, 1905. _Le Roman d’Elvire_, 1909. _Les amitiés de L., 1re série_, 1911.--E. Sugier: _L._, 1910.--P.-M. Masson: _L._, 1911.--P. de Lacretelle: _Les origines et la jeunesse de L._, 1911.

Critical Studies: G. Planche: _Portraits littéraires_, t. I, 1836. _Nouveaux Portraits_, 1854.--Sainte-Beuve: ✱ _Lundis_, ts. I, IV, X, 1849-54. _Portraits contemporains_, t. I, 1832-39.--J. Lemaître: _Les Contemporains_, 6e série, 1896.--E. Faguet: _XIXe siècle_, 1897--Brunetière: _L’évolution de la poésie lyrique en France au XIXe siècle_, 1894.--A. Roux: _La question de Jocelyn_, 1897.--M. Citoleux: _La poésie philosophique au XIXe siècle, L._, 1905.--C. Maréchal: _Le véritable Voyage en Orient de L._, 1908.--P. de Lacretelle: _Les origines et la jeunesse de L._, 1911.--L. Séché: _Les Amitiés de L._, 1912.--R. Doumic: _L._, 1912.--H. R. Whitehouse: _The Life of L._, 2 vols. 1918.

=Alfred de Vigny=, 1797-1863: _Eloa_, 1824. _Poèmes antiques et modernes_, 1826. _Cinq-Mars_, 1826. _Chatterton_, 1835. _Les Destinées_, 1864. _Œuvres_ (Lemerre), 8 vols. 1883-85. _Le Journal d’un poète_, p. par L. Ratisbonne, 1867. _La Correspondance d’A. de V._, 1906 (incomplete).--S. de Lovenjoul: _Les Lundis d’un chercheur_, 1894.--E. Asse: _A. de V. et les éditions originales de ses poésies_, 1895.--J. Langlais: _Essai de bibliographie de A. de V._, 1905.

Biography: L. Séché: _A. de V. et son temps_ [no date].--E. Dupuy: _La Jeunesse des Romantiques_, 1905. _A. de V., ses amitiés, son rôle littéraire_, 2 vols. 1912.

Critical Studies: Sainte-Beuve: _Portraits littéraires_, t. III, 1844. _Nouveaux Lundis_, t. VI, 1863.--Barbey d’Aurevilly: _Les Œuvres et les Hommes_, III, 1862.--A. France: _A. de V._, 1868.--P. Bourget: _Etudes et Portraits_, 1889.--Brunetière: _L’évolution de la poésie lyrique_, 1894.--Faguet: _XIXe siècle_, 1897.--Paléologue: _A. de V._, 1891.--Dorison: _A. de V. poète, philosophe_, 1891.--J. Lemaître: _Contemporains_, VII, 1899.--E. Sakellaridès: _A. de V., auteur dramatique_, 1902.--Marabail: _De l’influence de l’esprit militaire sur A. de V._, 1905.--H. Schmack: _A. de V.’s Stello und Chatterton_, 1905.--P.-M. Masson: _A. de V._, 1908.--P. Buhle: _A. de V.’s biblische Gedichte und ihre Quellen_, 1909.--E. Lauvrière: _A. de V._, 1910.--F. Baldensperger: _A. de V._, 1912.--L. Séché: _A. de V._, 2 vols. 1914.--A. Desvoyes: _A. de V. d’après son œuvre_, 1914.--J. Aicard: _A. de V._ 1914.

=Victor Hugo=, 1802-85: _Œuvres complètes_, ed. _ne varietur d’après les manuscrits originaux_, 48 vols. 1880-85. _Œuvres inédites_, 14 vols. 1886-1902. _Correspondence (1815-84)_, 2 vols. 1896. _Lettres à la fiancée (1820-22)_, 1901.

Biography: Mme. Victor Hugo: _V. H. raconté par un témoin de sa vie_, 2 vols. 1863.--E. Biré: _V. H. avant 1830_, 1883. _V. H. après 1830_, 2 vols. 1891. _V. H. après 1852_, 1894.--G. Larroumet: _La maison de V. H., impressions de Guernsey_, 1895.--A. Jullien: _Le Romantisme et l’éditeur Renduel_, 1897.--A. Barbou: _La Vie de V. H._, 1902.--G. Simon: _L’Enfance de V. H._, 1904.--E. Dupuy: _La Jeunesse des Romantiques_, 1905.--C. Maréchal: _Lamennais et V. H._, 1906.--L. Séché: _Le Cénacle de Joseph Delorme._ I, _V. H. et les Poètes._ II, _V. H. et les artistes_, 1912.--L. Guimbaud: _V. H. et Juliette Drouet_, 1914.

Critical Studies: G. Planche: _Portraits littéraires_, ts. I, II, 1836. _Nouveaux Portraits littéraires_, t. I, 1854.--Barbey d’Aurevilly: _Les Misérables de M. Victor Hugo_, 1862.--Sainte-Beuve: _Portraits litt._, t, I (1827); t. II (1840); t. III (1829); _Portraits contemporains_, t. I (1830-35).--Rémusat: _Critiques et études littéraires du passé et du présent_, 2e éd., 1857.--E. Zola: _Nos auteurs dramatiques_, 1881. _Documents littéraires_, 1881.--A. C. Swinburne: _Essay on V. H._, 1886.--E. Dupuy: _V. H., l’homme et le poète_, 1887.--G. Duval: _Dictionnaire des métaphores de V. H._, 1888.--P. Bourget: _V. H._, in _Etudes et Portraits_, 1889.--Nisard: _Essais sur l’école Romantique_, 1891.--L. Mabilleau: _V. H._, 1893.--C. Renouvier: _V. H., le poète_, 1893. _V. H., le philosophe_, 1900.--A. Ricard: _Mgr. de Miollis, évêque de Digne_, 1893.--Brunetière: _L’évolution de la poésie lyrique_, 1894. _Les époques du théâtre français_, 1892.--A. Blanchard: _Le théâtre de V. H. et la parodie_, 1894.--Morel Fatio: _L’Histoire dans Ruy Blas_, in _Etudes sur l’Espagne, 1re série_, 1895.--A. J. Theys: _Métrique de V. H._, 1896.--M. Souriau: _La préface de Cromwell_, 1897. _Les idées morales de V. H._, 1908.--A. Rochette: _L’Alexandrin chez V. H._, 1899 and 1911.--F. Ganser: _Beiträge zur Beurteilung des Verhältnisses von V. H. zu Chateaubriand_, 1900.--E. Rigal: _V. H. poète épique_, 1900.--P. Stapfer: _V. H. et la grande poésie satirique en France_, 1901.--T. Gautier: _V.H._, 1902.--P. and V. Glachant: _Essai critique sur le théâtre de V. H., Drames en vers. Drames en prose_, 2 vols., 1902 and 1903.--P. Levin: _V. H._, 1902.--_Leçons faites à l’Ecole Normale sous la direction de F. Brunetière_, 2 vols. 1902.--F. Gregh: _Etude sur V. H._, 1902.--H. Peltier: _La philosophie de V. H._, 1904.--H. Galletti: _L’opera di V.H. nella letteratura italiana_, 1904.--E. Huguet: _La couleur, la lumière et l’ombre dans les métaphores de V. H._, 1905.--L. Lucchetti: _Les images dans les œuvres de V. H._, 1907.--P. Bastier: _V. H. und seine Zeit._, 1908.--Maria Valente: _V. H. e la lirica italiana_, 1908.--A. Guiard: _La fonction du poète, étude sur V. H._, 1910. _Virgile et V. H._, 1910.--C. Grillet: _La Bible dans V. H._, 1910.--P. Berret: _Le moyen âge européen dans La Légende des Siècles_, 1911.--A. Rochette: _L’Alexandrin chez V. H._, 1911.--P. Dubois: _V. H. Ses Idées religieuses de 1802-25_, 1913.

H. Berlioz: _Correspondance inédite (1819-68)_, pub. par D. Bernard, 1879. _Lettres intimes_, pub. par Ch. Gounod, 1882. _Berlioz; les années romantiques (1819-42), Correspondance_, pub. par J. Tiersot, 1907.--A. Boschot: _La Jeunesse d’un romantique, H. Berlioz (1803-31)_, 1906. _Un romantique sous Louis Philippe, Berlioz (1831-42)_, 1908. _Le Crépuscule d’un romantique, Berlioz (1842-69)_, 1913.

=Alexandre Dumas=, 1803-70: _Henri III et sa cour_, 1829. _Antony_, 1831. _Les Trois Mousquetaires_, 1844. _Le Comte de Monte Cristo_, 1844-45.

J. Janin: _A.D._, 1871.--B. Matthews: In _Fr. Dramatists of the 19th cent._ , 1881.--B. de Bury: _A. D._, 1885.--E. Courmeaux: _A. D._, 1886.--J. J. Weiss: _Le théâtre et les mœurs_, 3e éd. 1889.--H. Parigot: _Le drame d’ A. D._, 1898. _A. D._, 1901.--H. Lecomte: _A. D._, 1903.--J. Lemaître: _Impressions de théâtre_, t. III (1890), IV (’95), VIII (’95), IX (’96).--R. Doumic: _De Scribe à Ibsen_, 1896; also in _Hommes et idées du XIXe Siècle_, 1903.