Chapter XVIII: Appendix: Chinese Primitivism (3)

They care not any whit for pain or pleasure,
That seems to us the sum and end of all,
Dumb force and barren number are their measure,
What shall be shall be, tho’ the great earth fall,
They take no heed of man or man’s deserving,
Reck not what happy lives they make or mar,
Work out their fatal will unswerv’d, unswerving,
And know not that they are!

[223] Fragment de l’_Art de jouir_, quoted by P.-M. Masson in _La Religion de J.-J. Rousseau_, II, 228.

[224] If nature merely reflects back to a man his own image, it follows that Coleridge’s celebrated distinction between fancy and imagination has little value, inasmuch as he rests his proof of the unifying power of the imagination, in itself a sound idea, on the union the imagination effects between man and outer nature--and this union is on his own showing fanciful.

[225] If I had had this consecration Wordsworth says, addressing Peele Castle,

I would have planted thee, thou hoary Pile,
Amid a world how different from this!
Beside a sea that could not cease to smile;
On tranquil land, beneath a sky of bliss.
…
A Picture had it been of lasting ease,
_Elysian quiet, without toil or strife_, etc.

_Elegiac Stanzas suggested by a picture of Peele Castle in a storm._

[226] Cf. Doudan, _Lettres_, IV, 216: “J’ai parcouru le _Saint-Paul_ de Renan. Je n’ai jamais vu dans un théologien une si grande connaissance de la flore orientale. C’est un paysagiste bien supérieur à Saint-Augustin et à Bossuet. Il sème des résédas, des anémones, des pâquerettes pour recueillir l’incrédulité.”

[227] In his _Mal romantique_ (1908) E. Seillière labels the generations that have elapsed since the rise of Rousseauism as follows:

1. Sensibility (_Nouvelle Héloïse_, 1761).

2. Weltschmerz (Schiller’s _Æsthetic Letters_, 1795).

3. Mal du siècle (Hugo’s _Hernani_, 1830).

4. Pessimism (vogue of Schopenhauer and Stendhal, 1865).

5. Neurasthenia (culmination of _fin de siècle_ movement, 1900).

[228] _Eckermann_, September 24, 1827.

[229] See _La Nuit de Mai_.

[230] These lines are inscribed on the statue of Musset in front of the Théâtre Français. Cf. Shelley:

Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought.

[231] Translation by J. E. Sandys of fragment cited in Stobæus, _Flor._ CIX, I.

[232] _Pythian Odes_, III, 20 ff.

[233] _Pythian Odes_, III, 81-82.

[234] _Song of the Banjo_, in the _Seven Seas_.

[235] XVII, 446-47.

[236] A brief survey of melancholy among the Greeks will be found in Professor S. H. Butcher’s _Some Aspects of the Greek Genius_.

[237] The exasperated quest of novelty is one of the main traits both of the ancient and the modern victim of ennui. See Seneca, _De Tranquillitate animi_: “Fastidio illis esse cœpit vita, et ipse mundus; et subit illud rabidorum deliciarum: quousque eadem?” (Cf. La Fontaine: Il me faut du nouveau, n’en fût-il plus au monde.)

[238] “A quoi bon m’avoir fait naître avec des facultés exquises pour les laisser jusqu’à la fin sans emploi? Le sentiment de mon prix interne en me donnant celui de cette injustice m’en dédommageait en quelque sorte, et me faisait verser des larmes que j’aimais a laisser couler.” _Confessions._ Livre IX (1756).

[239] _Nouvelle Héloise_, Pt. VI, Lettre VIII.

[240] “Encore enfant par la tête, vous êtes déjà vieux par le cœur.” _Ibid._

[241] See the examples quoted in Arnold: _Essays in Criticism_, Second Series, 305-06.

[242] This is the thought of Keats’s _Ode to Melancholy_:

Ay, in the very temple of Delight
Veil’d Melancholy has her sovran shrine,
Though seen of none save him whose strenuous tongue
Can burst Joy’s grape against his palate fine.

Cf. Chateaubriand: _Essai sur les Révolutions_, Pt. II, ch. LVIII: “Ces jouissances sont trop poignantes: telle est notre faiblesse, que les plaisirs exquis deviennent des douleurs,” etc.

[243] See his sonnet _Les Montreurs_. This type of Rousseauist is anticipated by “Milord” Bomston in _La Nouvelle Héloïse_. Rousseau directed the engraver to depict him with “un maintien grave et stoïque sous lequel il cache avec peine une extrême sensibilité.”

[244] “Qui es-tu? À coup sûr tu n’es pas un être pétri du même limon et animé de la même vie que nous! Tu es un ange ou un démon mais tu n’es pas une créature humaine. … Pourquoi habiter parmi nous, qui ne pouvons te suffire ni te comprendre?” G. Sand, _Lélia_, I, 11.

[245] See p. 51.

[246] See _Lara_, XVIII, XIX, perhaps the best passage that can be quoted for the Byronic hero.

[247] Cf. Gautier, _Histoire du romantisme_: “Il était de mode alors dans l’école romantique d’être pâle, livide, verdâtre, un peu cadavéreux, s’il était possible. Cela donnait l’air fatal, byronien, giaour, dévoré par les passions et les remords.”

[248] Hugo, _Hernani_.

[249]

Lorsque, par un décret des puissances suprêmes,
Le Poète apparaît dans ce monde ennuyé,
Sa mère épouvantée et pleine de blasphèmes
Crispe ses poings vers Dieu, qui la prend en pitié.

_Fleurs du mal: Bénédiction._

Cf. _Nouvelle Héloïse_, Pt. III, Lettre XXVI:

“Ciel inexorable! … O ma mère, pourquoi vous donna-t-il un fils dans sa colère?”

[250] Coleridge has a side that relates him to the author of _Les Fleurs du mal_. In his _Pains of Sleep_ he describes a dream in which he felt

Desire with loathing strangely mix’d,
_On wild or hateful objects fix’d_.

[251] Keats according to Shelley was an example of the _poète maudit_. “The poor fellow” he says “was literally hooted from the stage of life.” Keats was as a matter of fact too sturdy to be snuffed out by an article and had less of the quivering Rousseauistic sensibility than Shelley himself. Cf. letter of Shelley to Mrs. Shelley (Aug. 7, 1820): “Imagine my despair of good, imagine how it is possible that one of so weak and sensitive a nature as mine can run further the gauntlet through this hellish society of men.”

[252] Euripides speaks of the Χάρις γόων in his Ἱκέτιδες (Latin, “dolendi voluptas”; German, “die Wonne der Wehmut”).

[253] Chesterton is anticipated in this paradox by Wordsworth:

In youth we love the darksome lawn
Brushed by the owlet’s wing.
Then Twilight is preferred to Dawn
And autumn to the spring.
Sad fancies do we then affect
In luxury of disrespect
To our own prodigal excess
Of too familiar happiness.

_Ode to Lycoris._

[254] _Souvenirs d’enfance et de jeunesse_, 329-30.

[255] “[Villiers] était de cette famille des néo-catholiques littéraires dont Chateaubriand est le père commun, et qui a produit Barbey d’Aurevilly, Baudelaire et plus récemment M. Joséphin Peladan. Ceux-là ont goûté par-dessus tout dans la religion les charmes du péché, la grandeur du sacrilège, et leur sensualisme a caressé les dogmes qui ajoutaient aux voluptés la suprême volupté de se perdre.” A. France, _Vie Littéraire_, III, 121.

[256] _Première Promenade._

[257] _Ibid._

[258] E.g., Hölderlin and Jean Polonius.

[259] A striking passage on solitude will be found in the _Laws of Manu_, IV, 240-42. (“Alone a being is born: alone he goes down to death.” His kin forsake him at the grave; his only hope then is in the companionship of the Law of righteousness [Dharma]. “With the Law as his companion he crosses the darkness difficult to cross.”)

[260] “Be good and you will be lonely.”

[261] In the poem by the Swiss poet C. Didier from which Longfellow’s poem seems to be derived, the youth who persists in scaling the heights in spite of all warnings is Byron!

Et Byron … disparaît aux yeux du pâtre épouvanté.

(See E. Estève, _Byron en France_, 147).

[262] In the _Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe_ Chateaubriand quotes from the jottings of Napoleon on the island of Elba. “Mon cœur se refuse aux joies communes comme à la douleur ordinaire.” He says of Napoleon elsewhere in the same work: “Au fond il ne tenait à rien: homme solitaire, il se suffisait; le malheur ne fit que le rendre au désert de sa vie.”

[263] The solitude of the “genius” is already marked in Blake:

O! why was I born with a different face?
Why was I not born like the rest of my race?
When I look, each one starts; when I speak, I offend;
Then I’m silent and passive and lose every friend.

[264] Froude’s _Carlyle_, II, 377.

[265] No finer lines on solitude are found in English than those in which Wordsworth relates how from his room at Cambridge he could look out on

The antechapel where the statue stood
Of Newton with his prism and silent face,
The marble index of a mind for ever
Voyaging through strange seas of thought alone.

(_Prelude_ III, 61-63.)

Cf. also the line in the Sonnet on Milton:

His soul was like a star and dwelt apart.

[266] _Eth. Nic._, 1109 b.

[267] James Thomson in _The City of Dreadful Night_ says that he would have entered hell

gratified to gain
That positive eternity of pain
Instead of this insufferable inane.

[268] R. Canat has taken this phrase as the title of his treatment of the subject: _La Solitude morale dans le mouvement romantique_.

[269] Decadent Rome had the equivalent of Des Esseintes. Seneca (_To Lucilius_, CXXII) speaks of those who seek to affirm their originality and attract attention to themselves by doing everything differently from other people and, “ut ita dicam, _retro vivunt_.”

[270] Tennyson has traced this change of the æsthetic dream into a nightmare in his _Palace of Art_.

[271] _Contemporains_, I, 332.

[272] _Génie du Christianisme_, Pt. II, Livre III, ch. IX.

[273]

L’orage est dans ma voix, l’éclair est sur ma bouche;
Aussi, loin de m’aimer, voilà qu’ils tremblent tous,
Et quand j’ouvre les bras, on tombe à mes genoux.

[274]

Que vous ai-je donc fait pour être votre élu?
…
Hélas! je suis, Seigneur, puissant et solitaire,
Laissez-moi m’endormir du sommeil de la terre!

[275]

Le juste opposera le dédain à l’absence
Et ne répondra plus que par un froid silence
Au silence éternel de la Divinité.

[276] See Sainte-Beuve’s poetical epistle _A. M. Villemain_ (_Pensées d’Août 1837_).

[277] See _Masters of Modern French Criticism_, 233, 238.

[278] Wordsworth writes

A piteous lot it were to flee from man
Yet not rejoice in Nature.

(_Excursion_, IV, 514.)

This lot was Vigny’s:

Ne me laisse jamais seul avec la Nature
Car je la connais trop pour n’en avoir pas peur.

[279] Madame Dorval.

[280] _La Maison du Berger._ Note that in Wordsworth the “still sad music of humanity” is very closely associated with nature.

[281] _La Bouteille à la Mer._

[282] See Book IX of the _Nicomachean Ethics_.

[283] “All salutary conditions have their root in strenuousness” (appamāda), says Buddha.

[284] See _Masters of Modern French Criticism_, Essay on Taine, _passim_. Paul Bourget in his _Essais de Psychologie contemporaine_ (2 vols.) has followed out during this period the survivals of the older romantic melancholy and their reinforcement by scientific determinism.

[285] “Le pauvre M. Arago, revenant un jour de l’Hôtel de Ville en 1848 après une épouvantable émeute, disait tristement à l’un de ses aides de camp au ministère de la marine: ‘En vérité ces gens-là ne sont pas raisonnables.’” Doudan, _Lettres_, IV, 338.

[286] See Preface (pp. viii-ix) to his _Souvenirs d’enfance et de jeunesse_ and my comment in _The New Laokoon_, 207-08.

[287] Most of the political implications of the point of view I am developing I am reserving for a volume I have in preparation to be entitled _Democracy and Imperialism_. Some of my conclusions will be found in two articles in the (New York) _Nation: The Breakdown of Internationalism_ (June 17 and 24, 1915), and _The Political Influence of Rousseau_ (Jan. 18, 1917).

[288] _Reden an die deutsche Nation_, XII.

[289] I should perhaps allow for the happiness that may be experienced in moments of supernormal consciousness--something quite distinct from emotional or other intoxication. Fairly consistent testimony as to moments of this kind is found in the records of the past from the early Buddhists down to Tennyson.

[290] I scarcely need say that I am speaking of the man of science only in so far as he is purely naturalistic in his point of view. There may enter into the total personality of Edison or any particular man of science other and very different elements.

[291] M. René Berthelot has written a book on pragmatism and similar tendencies in contemporary philosophy entitled _Un Romantisme utilitaire_. I have not read it but the title alone is worth more than most books on the subject I have read.

[292] _Dedication of the Æneis_ (1697).

[293] _Adventure of one Hans Pfaal._

[294] His attempt to rewrite _Hyperion_ from a humanitarian point of view is a dismal failure.

[295] There is also a strong idyllic element in _Paradise Lost_ as Rousseau (_Emile_, V) and Schiller (_Essay on Naïve and Sentimental Poetry_) were among the first to point out. Critics may be found even to-day who, like Tennyson, prefer the passages which show a richly pastoral imagination to the passages where the ethical imagination is required but where it does not seem to prevail sufficiently over theology.

[296] XII, 74.

[297] _Three Philosophical Poets_, 188.

[298] After telling of the days when “il n’y avait pour moi ni passé ni avenir et je goûtais à la fois les délices de mille siècles,” Saint-Preux concludes: “Hélas! vous avez disparu comme un éclair. Cette éternité de bonheur ne fut qu’un instant de ma vie. Le temps a repris sa lenteur dans les moments de mon désespoir, et l’ennui mesure par longues années le reste infortuné de mes jours” (_Nouvelle Héloïse_, Pt. III, Lettre VI).

[299] The Church, so far as it has become humanitarian, has itself succumbed to naturalism.

[300] _Sutta of the Great Decease._

[301] If a man recognizes the supreme rôle of fiction or illusion in life while proceeding in other respects on Kantian principles, he will reach results similar to the “As-if Philosophy” (_Philosophie des Als Ob_) of Vaihinger, a leading authority on Kant and co-editor of the _Kantstudien_. This work, though not published until 1911, was composed, the author tells us in his preface, as early as 1875-78. It will be found to anticipate very strikingly pragmatism and various other isms in which philosophy has been proclaiming so loudly of late its own bankruptcy.

[302] “C’est en vain qu’on voudrait assigner à la vie un but, au sens humain du mot.” _L’Evolution créatrice_, 55.

[303] _Metaphysics_, 1078 b.

[304] In the beginning was the Word! To seek to substitute, like Faust, the Deed for the Word is to throw discrimination to the winds. The failure to discriminate as to the _quality_ of the deed is responsible for the central sophistry of _Faust_ (see p. 331) and perhaps of our modern life in general.

[305] “J’adore la liberté; j’abhorre la gêne, la peine, l’assujettissement.” _Confessions_, Livre I.

[306] _Analects_, XI, CXI. Cf. _ibid._, VI, CXX: “To give one’s self earnestly to the duties due to men, and while respecting spiritual beings, to keep aloof from them, may be called wisdom.” Much that has passed current as religion in all ages has made its chief appeal, not to awe but to wonder; and like many humanists Confucius was somewhat indifferent to the marvellous. “The subjects on which the Master did not talk were: extraordinary things, feats of strength, disorder and spiritual beings” (_ibid._, VII, CXX).

[307] One of the last Chinese, I am told, to measure up to the Confucian standard was Tsêng Kuo-fan (1811-1872) who issued forth from poverty, trained a peasant soldiery and, more than any other one person, put down the Taiping Rebellion.

[308] See J. Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire’s Introduction to his translation of the _Nicomachean Ethics_, p. cxlix.

[309] _Eth. Nic._, 1122-25.

[310] I have in mind such passages as _P._, VIII, 76-78, 92-96; _N._, VI, 1-4; _N._, XI, 13-16.

[311] “II n’y eut jamais pour moi d’intermédiaire entre tout et rien.” _Confessions_, Livre VII.

[312] Some wag, it will be remembered, suggested as an alternative title for this work: _Wild Religions I have known_.

[313] _Letters_, II, 298; cf. _ibid._, 291: “I have never known a life less wisely controlled or less helped by the wisdom of others than his. The whole retrospect of it is pathetic; waste, confusion, ruin of one of the most gifted and sweetest natures the world ever knew.”

[314] _Nic. Eth._, 1145 b. The opposition between Socrates or Plato and Aristotle, when put thus baldly, is a bit misleading. Socrates emphasized the importance of practice (μελέτη) in the acquisition of virtue, and Plato has made much of habit in the _Laws_.

[315] _Analects_, II, CIV.

[316] This belief the Oriental has embodied in the doctrine of Karma.

[317] “La seule habitude qu’on doit laisser prendre à l’enfant est de n’en contractor aucune.” _Emile_, Livre I.

[318] Emile was to be trained to be a cabinet-maker.

[319] _Eth. Nic._, 1172 b.

[320] _Doctrine of the Mean_ (c. XXXIII, v. 2).

[321] See his poem _Ibo_ in _Les Contemplations_.

[322] La. 55, p. 51. (In my references La. stands for Lao-tzŭ, Li. for Lieh-tzŭ, Ch. for Chuang-tzŭ. The first number gives the chapter; the second number the page in Wieger’s edition.)

[323] Ch. 22 C, p. 391.

[324] Ch. 12 n, p. 305.

[325] Ch. 11 D, p. 291. Ibid. 15, p. 331. See also Li. 31, p. 113.

[326] Ch. 19 B, p. 357.

[327] Ch. 19 L, p. 365.

[328] Ch. 10, pp. 279-80.

[329] Ch. 9, pp. 274-75.

[330] Ch. 29, pp. 467 ff.

[331] Ch. 2, p. 223.

[332] La. 27, p. 37.

[333] Ch. 8 A, p. 271.

[334] Li. 5, p. 143.

[335] Ch. 14 C, p. 321.

[336] For an extreme form of Epicureanism see the ideas of Yang-chu, Li. 7, pp. 165 ff. For stoical apathy see Ch. 6 C., p. 253. For fate see Li. 6, p. 165, Ch. 6 K, p. 263.

[337] Ch. 33, pp. 499 ff.

[338] Ch. 33 C, p. 503.

[339] Bk. III, Part 2, ch. 9.

[340] Li. 3, p. 111. Ch. 24, pp. 225-27.

[341] Ch. 6 E, p. 255.

[342] See _The Religion of the Samurai: a Study of Zen Philosophy_ (1913) by Kaiten Nukariya (himself a Zenist), p. 23.

INDEX OF NAMES

Abelard, 238.

Addison, 12, 35, 37, 38, 202 _n._

Æschylus, 292, 359.

Ajax, 144.

Allen, Grant, 299 _n._

Amiel, 315.

Ananda, 370.

Angélique, Mother, 123.

d’Angoulême, Marguerite, 251.

Antisthenes, 244.

Apollonius of Rhodes, 104.

Aquinas, St. Thomas, 101, 112.

Arago, 244 _n._

Ariosto, 264.

Aristophanes, 181, 243, 285.

Aristotle, xv _n._, xix, xxi, xxii, 4, 12 _n._, 15-19, 24, 28
_n._, 29, 33, 47, 148, 166, 171, 173, 202, 205 _n._, 211, 222,
237, 253, 254, 295, 329, 330, 343, 349, 354, 355, 363, 365,
372, 374, 381, 382, 385, 386, 389, 390.

Arnold, Matthew, xi, 281, 308, 315 _n._, 323, 325, 351.

Augustine, St., 116, 213, 224, 252, 273, 304 _n._

Bacon, F., xxi _n._, 26, 63, 64, 119, 122.

Bacon, Roger, 26.

Bagehot, W., 25, 41, 159, 231 _n._, 377.

Balzac, 11, 58, 106, 107, 192, 193.

Barbauld, Mrs., 154.

Barbey d’Aurevilly, 92, 324.

Baudelaire, 63, 222, 230, 251, 319, 321, 324 _n._, 332, 350.

Bayle, Pierre, 114.

Beaumarchais, 2.

Bergson, Henri, xii, xiii, 1, 147, 167, 186, 200, 281, 295,
300, 364, 372.

Berlioz, 79, 112, 162, 211, 215.

Berthelot, René, 350 _n._

Bertin, Edouard, 275 _n._

Blake, William, 47, 94, 152, 168, 196, 197, 242, 254-256, 297,
327 _n._

Boehme, Jacob, 46, 254, 255, 258.

Boileau, 5, 11, 16, 20, 21, 27, 66, 76, 87, 268.

Bossuet, 251, 304 _n._, 392.

Boswell, 356.

Boufflers, Mme. de, 129.

Bourget, Paul, xvi, 343 _n._

Bowles, Samuel, 101.

Brandes, G., 262 _n._

Brooke, Henry, 258.

Broussais, 215 _n._

Browne, Sir Thomas, 286.

Brownell, W. C., 67.

Browning, Robert, 211-213, 216, 217, 234, 236 _n._, 287, 307.

Brunetière, F., 28.

Buddha, xix-xxi, 149-153, 272 _n._, 343, 349, 367, 370, 372,
381.

Buffon, 56, 57, 66.

Bulwer-Lytton, 62.

Bunyan, 133.

Burke, Edmund, 128, 142, 147, 346, 380.

Burns, Robert, 229.

Burton, 143 _n._

Butcher, S. H., 312 _n._

Byrom, John, 257, 258.

Byron, 54, 101, 161 _n._, 181, 186, 220, 223 _n._, 228, 229,
232, 266, 269, 280, 283, 308, 318, 322, 324, 327 _n._

Calvin, 118.

Canat, R., 332 _n._

Carlyle, 52, 53, 147, 154, 159 _n._, 193, 300, 309, 327-329.

Catullus, 229, 285.

Cervantes, 99, 176, 223, 224, 264.

Cézanne, 63.

Chapelain, 28.

Charpentier, Julie von, 226.

Chateaubriand, 50, 54, 57, 58, 60, 61, 91, 126, 134, 151, 155,
159 _n._, 206, 207, 209, 227-229, 232, 249, 252, 276-278, 281,
283-285, 297 _n._, 304, 309, 310, 313, 316 _n._, 318, 322, 324
_n._, 327 _n._, 333, 334.

Chatterton, 90, 320, 321.

Chaucer, 334.

Chesterfield, 24, 25.

Chesterton, G., 322.

Christ (Jesus), 36, 52, 115, 254, 265, 304, 336, 359, 360, 379.

Cicero, xxii, 134, 273 _n._

Clifford, W. K., 138, 139.

Coleridge, Hartley, 231 _n._

Coleridge, Samuel T., 51, 52, 126, 146 _n._, 154, 159 _n._,
181, 296, 303, 305, 319 _n._

Common, T., 198 _n._

Confucius, xix-xxi, 176, 211 _n._, 380, 386, 390.

Congreve, 35 _n._

Constant, Benjamin, 316.

Cortez, F., 277.

Cowley, 12.

Cox, Kenyon, 64 _n._, 291.

Croce, Benedetto, xiii.

Dante, 112, 215, 259, 357, 358.

Daunou, 99.

Davidson, John, 90.

Descartes, xvi, 26, 27, 138, 168, 169, 172, 176, 200.

Dewey, John, xiii, 388.

Diderot, xi, xii, 38, 70, 100, 122, 126, 130, 191, 192, 326.

Didier, C., 327 _n._

Disraeli, 62.

Dorval, Mme., 337 _n._

Doudan, 214, 304 _n._, 344 _n._

Dryden, 13, 34, 223, 353, 354.

Du Camp, M., 215 _n._

Duff, 40 _n._

D’Urfé, 76.

Duval, G., 297 _n._

Eckermann, 96, 309.

Edison, 350.

Edwards, Jonathan, 123, 124, 139.

Elton, O., 206.

Emerson, R. W., x, 67, 93, 111, 176, 257, 348.

Epicurus, 270.

Euripides, 183, 204, 244, 322 _n._

Evelyn, 6, 274.

Faguet, E., 30.

Fawcett, E. D., xv _n._

Fichte, 241, 347.

FitzGerald, 204.

Flaubert, xvi _n._, 67, 87, 105, 107-109, 218, 299, 314,
339-342.

Fontenelle, 27.

Foster, John, 8, 9, 96.

France, A., 88, 265, 324 _n._, 370.

Francis, St., 222.

François, A. F., 7 _n._

Francueil, Mme. de, 155.

Froude, 309, 327 _n._

Galileo, 119.

Galsworthy, John, 252.

Gautier, T., 60, 61, 67, 93 _n._, 108, 230, 318 _n._, 320, 341.

Geffroy, A., 129 _n._

Gerard, A., 40 _n._

Gérard de Nerval, 230, 231 _n._

Gerould, Katherine F., 49 _n._

Gisborne, John, 227 _n._, 391.

Gissing, George, 309.

Godard, Colonel, 73.

Godwin, Mary, 226.

Goethe, xi, xvii, xviii, 2, 19, 22, 23, 32, 73, 85, 86, 89, 92,
96, 101, 103 _n._, 147, 170, 171, 192, 215, 224, 246, 252, 275,
309, 310, 331, 339, 346, 360-363, 378, 389.

Gomperz, Th., 268 _n._

Gran, Gerhard, 78 _n._

Gray, 311, 323.

Greville, F., 6.

Grillparzer, 191.

Grimm, H., 360.

Guérin, M. de, 281, 342.

Gustavus III, 129.

Hardy, T., 191.

Havemeyer, H. O., 141.

Hawthorne, N., 67, 326, 327.

Hazlitt, 97, 181, 186 _n._, 224, 235, 236, 289.

Hearn, Lafcadio, 111.

Heidigger, 7, 8.

Heine, 31, 221, 265.

Hensel, P., 194 _n._

Heraclitus, xiii _n._

Herder, 97, 98.

Herford, C. H., 359.

Herondas, 104.

Hettner, H., 194 _n._, 292 _n._

Hitchener, Elizabeth, 266.

Hobbes, 12, 13, 131, 192, 196, 197.

Hoffmann, E. T. A., 86, 262.

Hölderlin, 81, 82, 86, 90, 98, 110, 325 _n._

Homer, 38, 80, 92, 144, 146, 208, 295, 311, 312, 391.

Horace, 24, 36, 77, 81, 115, 285, 379, 391.

d’Houdetot, Mme., 227.

Huch, Ricarda, 184, 261.

Hugo, 50, 52, 57, 59, 94, 140-142, 146, 189, 190, 213, 214,
236, 297 _n._, 307 _n._, 318 _n._, 340, 392, 393.

Hurd, 31.

Hutcheson, 44, 121, 131, 179.

Huysmans, 332.

Ibsen, H., 330.

James, W., xiii, 78, 181, 183, 384.

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, xx, 12, 21, 25, 33, 46, 50, 69, 71, 72,
91, 174, 223, 256, 348, 356, 357, 360, 362, 370.

Jonson, Ben, 209.

Joubert, 134, 158, 172 _n._, 179, 221, 253, 314, 393.

Kamo Chōmei, 272 _n._

Kant, xvi, 40, 42, 43, 70, 370.

Keats, 316 _n._, 321 _n._, 357, 358, 360.

Keble, 285.

Kepler, 119.

Kipling, 312.

Kleist, H. von, 160 _n._

Kühn, Sophie von, 226.

Kühnemann, E., 194 _n._

La Bruyère, 11, 125.

La Fontaine, 71, 72, 157, 285, 313 _n._

La Harpe, 100.

Lamartine, 61, 103, 126, 187, 236, 279, 281, 292 _n._, 310.

Lamb, Charles, 91, 92, 209.

La Motte Houdard, 55.

Lanson, Gustave, xvii, xviii.

La Place, 138.

La Rochefoucauld, 160.

Lasserre, Pierre, 140.

Law, 258.

Leconte de Lisle, xiv, 149, 299, 317, 324, 341, 365.

Legouis, E., 249 _n._, 250 _n._

Lemaître, Jules, 106, 127, 141, 155, 332.

Lenau, 91.

Lenclos, Ninon de, 307.

Le Nôtre, 275.

Leopardi, 238.

Levasseur, Thérèse, 78, 220, 224.

Levet, 356.

Lillo, 190 _n._

Lionardo da Vinci, 117.

Littré, 234.

Locke, 12, 26, 32.

Longfellow, H. W., 327 _n._

Longinus, 37.

Lorrain, C., 274 _n._

Loti, Pierre, 232.

Louis XIV, 154.

Lowell, J. R., 10, 270, 286, 287.

Lucchetti, G., 297 _n._

Lucretius, 270.

Maeterlinck, 52, 295, 296.

Maigron, L., xvi, 61 _n._, 215 _n._

Malherbe, 11.

Malesherbes, de, 84.

Manu, 326 _n._

Marat, 340.

Marinetti, 208.

Marini, Cavalier, 353.

Marlborough, 202 _n._

Mary, the Virgin, 221, 222.

Masson, P. M., 302, 303 _n._, 304.

Mather, F. J., Jr., 192.

Maupassant, 203.

Mazzini, 338.

Mercier, 100.

Meredith, J. C., 40 _n._

Mérimée, P., 203.

Michelet, 209.

Milton, 22, 25, 114, 323, 328 _n._, 358.

Mirabeau, Bailli de, 74.

Mohammed, 91.

Molière, 29, 30, 76, 214, 231, 268.

Montaigne, 260.

Moore, George, 128.

More, Henry, 109.

More, Paul Elmer, 261 _n._

Mulgrave, 13.

Musset, A. de, 126, 161 _n._, 214, 216, 231 _n._, 232-234, 236,
262 _n._, 310, 311, 328, 338.

Napoleon, 24, 58, 138, 317, 327, 330, 346.

Nero, 313.

Newman, Cardinal, 258, 272, 391, 392.

Newton, 2, 26, 27, 41.

Nietzsche, 25, 95, 144, 197-199, 242, 245, 246, 250, 260, 263,
327, 352.

Nisard, D., 23.

Norton, C. E., 90, 158, 163, 384.

Novalis, 74, 86, 94, 99 _n._, 110, 166, 186 _n._, 226, 241,
256, 262, 300.

d’Ortigue, J., 215 _n._

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 295, 296.

Ossian, 38, 276.

Ovid, 92, 129.

Parmenides, xiii _n._

Pascal, 8, 24, 28-30, 53, 71, 123, 138, 151, 167, 177, 178,
200, 246, 266, 304, 375, 393.

Pater, W., 292.

Paul, St., 78, 349.

Peacock, 229.

Peladan, Joséphin, 324 _n._

Pepys, 6 _n._

Pericles, 24, 60.

Perrault, 27.

Peterborough, Earl of, 232.

Peter the Hermit, 222.

Petit de Julleville, 188.

Petrarch, xi, xii, 224, 273.

Pindar, 38, 182, 311, 316, 382.

Plato, xiii, xx, 29, 146, 161, 166, 171, 211 _n._, 220, 221,
253, 294, 359, 360, 385.

Pliny, the Younger, 298 _n._

Plotinus, 171 _n._, 254.

Plutarch, 84.

Poe, E. A., 50, 63, 230, 292, 321, 326, 354, 355.

Polonius, Jean, 325 _n._

Pope, 6 _n._, 12, 25, 33, 34, 38, 91, 174, 177, 268.

Poussin, 274 _n._

Prévost-Paradol, 231 _n._

Rabelais, 117, 268.

Racine, 100.

Racowitza, Princess von, 62 _n._

Radcliffe, Anne, 106.

Rambouillet, Marquise de, 75.

Raphael, 289, 290.

Rashdall, Hastings, 131 _n._

Rawnsley, Canon, 328.

Régnier, M., 62.

Renan, xi, 133, 183, 203, 238, 251, 265, 304, 323, 342, 344,
345.

Revon, M., 272 _n._

Richardson, 208.

Richter, Jean Paul, 93, 264.

Ritter, E., 134 _n._

Rivarol, xxiii, 215, 225.

Robespierre, M., 135, 136, 180, 340.

Rochambeau, 278.

Ronsard, 11.

Rosa, Salvator, 274.

Rostand, 76 _n._, 89, 295.

Rouge, I., 96 _n._

Rousseau, ix, xv _n._, xvii, xviii, 1, 5, 7, 23-25, 30, 32, 34,
43-45, 47, 50, 54, 58, 60, 61, 63, 68, 70, 72-82, 85-87, 90,
93, 97, 98, 102-104, 106-108, 110-112, 114, 115, 117, 119, 122,
123, 126-132, 135, 136, 140, 143, 144, 147, 153-158, 160-167,
174, 175, 179-181, 183, 185, 187, 188, 193-197, 210, 216, 218,
220, 221, 224, 227, 229, 234, 236, 245, 247, 248, 253, 256,
258, 263, 267, 269, 270, 275, 278, 279, 281, 282, 284-286, 289,
292, 300, 302, 303, 305-307, 309, 314, 317 _n._, 322, 325, 326,
330, 331, 342, 345-349, 352, 358 _n._, 361, 362, 364, 370, 373,
375, 377, 379, 380, 382, 383, 386-388.

Ruskin, 83, 90, 158, 163, 164, 269, 279, 290, 301, 328, 384.

Rymer, T., 13, 14.

Sainte-Beuve, xi, 14, 50, 57, 58, 93 _n._, 305, 313, 333, 336,
342.

Saint-Evremond, 39, 166.

Saint-Hilaire, Geoffroy, 270.

Saint-Hilaire, J. Barthélemy, 381 _n._

Saint-Pierre, B. de, 122.

Sand, George, 107, 232, 233 _n._, 262 _n._, 318 _n._, 328,
338-342, 344.

Sandys, J. E., 311 _n._

Santayana, G., 77, 361.

Sappho, 229.

Sargent, John, 291.

Scaliger, 19, 144, 146, 273.

Schelling, 293-295.

Schiller, 43, 44, 70, 77, 80-82, 96-98, 102, 110, 112, 129, 132
_n._, 140, 141, 241, 307 _n._, 312, 330, 358 _n._

Schlegel, A. W., 92, 94-97, 101, 149, 241, 293.

Schlegel, F., 95-99, 148, 149, 182, 241, 242, 245, 251, 263-265
_n._

Schomberg, Marshal, 73.

Schopenhauer, 149, 307 _n._

Scott, Walter, 232 _n._, 260.

Seillière, E., 194 _n._, 307 _n._

Senancour, 308, 315, 323.

Seneca, 216 _n._, 313 _n._, 332 _n._

Shackleton, Sir Ernest, 277.

Shadwell, T., 6 _n._

Shaftesbury, 44, 45, 121, 122, 131, 179, 196, 197, 207, 253,
257, 294, 324, 357.

Shakespeare, 21 _n._, 33, 38, 41, 99, 208, 264, 281, 290, 295.

Shelley, 82, 137, 161, 180, 196, 206, 224, 225 _n._-228, 256,
266, 282-284 _n._, 291, 310 _n._, 321 _n._, 358-360, 376, 391.

Shelley, Mrs., 161, 321 _n._

Sherman, Stuart P., 243.

Shute, R., xxii _n._

Sidney, Sir Phillip, 6, 18.

Smith, Horace, 227.

Socrates, 1, 112, 146, 147, 175, 195, 242-245, 266, 272, 356,
362, 374, 375, 385.

Solomon, 295.

Solon, xxi.

Sophocles, 23, 48, 53, 174, 204, 358, 360.

Spingarn, J. E., 65 _n._

Staël, Mme. de, 45, 99, 101, 132 _n._, 306, 316.

Stedman, E. C., 230.

Steele, 6 _n._, 127 _n._

Stendhal, 192, 213, 307 _n._, 317.

Stephen, Leslie, 82 _n._, 107, 258.

Sterne, L., 144.

Stobæus, 311 _n._

Swanwick, Miss, 288 _n._

Swift, 8, 266, 267.

Synge, 243.

Tagore, 149.

Taine, 28, 89, 170, 188, 237, 275, 337, 343 _n._

Talleyrand, 24, 25.

Tasso, 85, 89.

Taylor, Jeremy, 115.

Tennyson, 92, 197, 202 _n._, 312, 332 _n._, 348 _n._, 358, 393.

Theocritus, 238, 281, 285.

Thiers, 321.

Thomson, James (author of _The Seasons_), 8, 274 _n._

Thomson, James (“B.V.”), 332 _n._

Tiberius, 313.

Tieck, 94, 159 _n._, 241 _n._, 243, 292.

Titian, 291.

Tolstoy, 197, 198, 352.

Tsêng Kuo-fan, 381 _n._

Turner, 290.

Twain, Mark, 326.

Uhland, 293.

Vaihinger, H., 370.

Vida, 144.

Vidal, Pierre, 238.

Vigny, A. de., 186 _n._, 305, 320, 324, 335-338, 365.

Villemain, 336 _n._

Villers, 45.

Villiers de l’Isle Adam, 88, 322, 324 _n._

Villon, 238.

Violet, 278.

Virgil, 19, 271, 312, 354, 377.

Viviani, Emilia, 228.

Voltaire, 32-34, 39, 93 _n._, 100, 103, 119, 177, 216, 236
_n._, 369.

Wackenroder, 86.

Wagner, 170, 210, 230.

Wallace, E., 12 _n._

Walpole, H., 127, 314.

Walzel, O. F., 52 _n._, 160 _n._

Ward, Wilfrid, 62 _n._

Warens, Mme. de, 74, 134 _n._, 135, 236.

Wellington, 386.

Wesley, John, 258.

West, Richard, 323.

Westbrook, Harriet, 226.

Whitman, Walt, 137, 166, 286, 349.

Wilde, Oscar, 238.

Williams, Mrs., 226.

Wolseley, R., 65.

Wordsworth, xvii, 1, 52, 74, 83, 91, 92 _n._, 145, 146, 166
_n._, 171, 197, 237, 247-250 _n._, 256, 262 _n._, 272, 277,
279, 283-285, 293, 296, 301-303, 322 _n._, 328, 337 _n._, 343,
351.

Xenophon, 175 _n._

Yalden, 50.

Yeats, W. B., 149.

Young, E., 37, 38, 40.

Zola, 58, 103, 106, 107, 187, 220.