Chapter VI: Miscellaneous Information (4)
_Navajo Rugs._ The Navajo Indian Reservation covers about eleven thousand square miles, about six hundred and fifty of which are in the northwest corner of New Mexico, and the remainder in the northeast portion of Arizona. The region is well adapted for the raising of sheep, and every family possesses flocks, which are driven from place to place for pasture. The Navajos, however, never go to any great distance for this, but keep generally within a radius of fifty or sixty miles from home. This tribe weaves a rug that is useful, unique, durable, and when at its best, impervious to rain. Among the tribes, and in some Western homes, they are used as blankets, but it has become a fashion in many of the best houses in the Eastern States to use them entirely as rugs, couch coverings, and _portières_.
SIZE, 3.9 × 4.9
_The field of this Navajo Rug is in a natural shade of grayish white. Six large diamond forms in black, with reddish edges and white centres, rest on the field. The centres contain a tiny red line, and there are smaller diamonds--seven in number--four having red centres and the remainder black, and at one end are two small figures. The border is in stripes of red, black, and an addition of white. The rug is a fine sample of the American Indian weaving, and its simplicity places it in striking and pleasing contrast to many of the modern productions of the Navajos._]
It is believed that the Spaniards, when they arrived in that section of North America inhabited by the Pueblo tribe of Indians, communicated to them the industry of weaving these rugs, and that the Pueblos taught it to the Navajos. Thus it appears that the weaving of the Navajo rug was a result of the Moors' invasion of Europe. The sheep, which are raised by thousands, were also introduced by the Spaniards. The wool is not washed until after the shearing. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century the Navajos began to use the shears of the white man; previously they procured the wool by cutting it off the body of the animal with a knife, and pulling it from the legs.
The native dyes are red, yellow, and black, and the natural colors of the wool are black, gray, and white. The dyes of the white man are now much used. Formerly there was a beautiful blue, which has given way to the indigo. A scarlet cloth called Bayeta was once much used in the weaving of these rugs, but Germantown yarn and other inventions of the white man have largely superseded the old-time materials and methods.
The spindle is of the crudest form, and sometimes the wool is simply picked out from the mass, and rolled into the yarn or thread on the hand.
The looms are fashioned after the most primitive ones of the Orient, and the weaver sits on the ground and weaves upward. Women do most of the weaving, but occasionally a dusky-faced man may be seen at the loom. It takes about a month to weave a rug six feet ten inches by five feet seven inches.
The designs in the Navajo rugs are many, and mostly in angles and straight lines, the serrated diamond design being common, as is the swastika or fylfot. The weaver makes up her own designs as she goes along, occasionally only tracing it in the sand.
There is a symbolism attached to many forms in these rugs. The square with four knit corners represents the four quarters of heaven and the four winds. A tau cross is a symbol of protection and safety, and a prayer to the Great Spirit. A spiral form represents the purified soul, and a double spiral is a symbol of the soul's struggle. A wave mark represents the sea, over which the people came from a far country. Black is the symbol of water, regarded as the mother or spirit. Red is the symbol of fire, and is regarded as the father.
The native costume of the women of the Navajo tribe consists of two small rugs in dark blue or black, with a bright stripe at each end. They are of the same size, and sewed together at the sides, except where a place is left open for the arms. Formerly the Indians reserved their hand-made rugs for their own use, but now that there is so great a demand for the work of their hands, they sell those rugs, and content themselves with blankets of factory make.
Old Navajo rugs, like Oriental ones, are growing scarcer every year, and naturally are becoming more valuable and desirable. The fine textures, perfect workmanship, and glowing colors are seen at their best in productions of the past.
VI
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
INSCRIPTIONS ON RUGS
We are occasionally indebted to an Oriental scholar for a translation of an inscription on a rug; often these inscriptions show the religious belief of the maker.
One fine rug in a museum in Austria has the following inscription: "Allah! No God exists besides Him, the Living, the Eternal. Nothing causes Him to slumber or to sleep. To Him belongs everything in heaven and on earth. Who can intercede with Him without His permission? He knows what is before and what is behind, and only so much of His wisdom can be grasped as He permits. His throne fills heaven and earth, and the support of both to Him is easy. He is the High One, the Exalted!"
A rug of Persian weave owned by Baron Nathaniel Rothschild has, worked in the oval cartouches, an inscription translated by Professor F. Bayer as follows:
1. "Honored mayst thou be in the world,
Among the clever and wise.
2. May no sorrow be allotted thee by an unfavoring Heaven,
And may no care torment thy heart.
3. May earth be all to thee that thou wouldst have it, and destiny prove
thy friend.
May high Heaven be thy protector.
4. May thy rising star enlighten the world,
And the falling stars of thine enemies be extinguished.
5. May every act of thine prosper,
And may every year and every day be to thee Spring-time."
In the Industrial Museum at Berlin there is a rug with this inscription: "There is no Deity but God, and Mahomet is His Prophet."
On a Persian silk rug is a line from the Koran: "All perisheth but His face."
Another rug has: "God is greatest! He is great!"
Often a marking in a corner of a rug is simply the name of the maker, and the date.
The Holy Carpet of the Mosque at Ardebil, now in the South Kensington Museum, at London, has the following interesting inscription woven in black characters in the light cream cartouche at the top of the carpet. Translated it reads:
"I have no refuge in the world other than thy threshold.
My head has no protection other than this porchway.
The work of the slave of this Holy Place,
Maksoud of Kashan
In the year 946."
(The year 946 of the Hegira corresponds to A. D. 1568.)
ORIENTAL SYMBOLS
All Oriental rugs have designs, and every design is symbolical. To the connoisseur, as well as to the owners of rugs, it is vastly interesting to understand the meaning attached to these symbols by the Orientals. Every one is familiar with the tree design in some of its various forms, and with the stiff little birds and the many odd and strange-looking animals which frequently are seen on an Eastern fabric of the loom. Yet each unique figure has a meaning, and it is a fascinating, as well as an apparently endless task, to find the hidden significance of these symbols. If one goes no further, he should at least become familiar with the designs on his own rugs, and know, if possible, what they typify.
The rug itself symbolizes Eternity and Space, and the filling or plan is the symbol of the world--beautiful, but fleeting and limited.
_This rug dates from about 1500 A. D., and is of wool, with animal and floral forms._
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH LOANED BY DR. BODE, OF BERLIN.]
CHINESE SYMBOLS
BAT _Happiness._
BUDDHIST SCEPTRE _Success in literary
labors._
CHI-LIN (a kind of doe) _Nobleness; gentleness._
CLOUD-BAND _The Deity._
COCK AND HEN ON AN ARTIFICIAL ROCK-WORK _Pleasures of country
life._
CRANE _Immortality._
CROW _Evil._
DEER _Official emolument._
DRAGON _The imperial emblem,
signifying increase and
imperial grandeur._
DRAGON WITH FIVE CLAWS ON EACH OF ITS FOUR FEET _Exclusive emblem of the
Emperor._
DRAGON AND PHOENIX _Newly wedded pair._
DUCK _Conjugal affection._
GOOSE _Domestic felicity._
GOURD _Happiness._
LION _Victory._
MAGPIE _Good luck._
OLD MAN LEANING ON A STAFF _Long life._
OWL _Dread._
PEACH _Old age._
PHOENIX _The Emblem of the
Empress._
STORK _Long life._
TORTOISE _Long life._
TREE OF LIFE WITH SEVEN BRANCHES ON A SHORT STEM_Seven days of Creation._
YOUNG STAGS _Long life._
EGYPTIAN SYMBOLS
ASPS _Intelligence_.
BAT WITH A RING IN ITS CLAWS _Duration_.
BEE _Immortality_.
BEETLE _Earthly life and the development of man
in the future state._
BLOSSOM _Life_.
BOAT _Serene spirit gliding upon the waters._
BULL _Source of life._
BUTTERFLY _Soul._
CARTOUCHE _Eternity._
CRESCENT _Celestial virgin._
CROCODILE _Beneficent Deity._
DOVE _Love; mourning of a widow._
EAGLE _Creation; preservation; destruction;
power._
EGG _Life._
EYE OF OSIRIS _Eye of the Eternal Judge over all._
FEATHER OF AN OSTRICH _Truth; justice. (The ostrich itself does
not appear In Egyptian art.)_
FEATHERS OF RARE BIRDS _Sovereignty._
FROG _Renewed birth._
HAWK _Power._
IBIS _Usefulness; the heart._
LIZARD _Divine wisdom._
LOTUS _The Sun; creation; resurrection._
NILE KEY _Life._
PALM TREE _Immortality; longevity._
PAPYRUS _Food for mind and body._
PINE CONE _Fire._
POMEGRANATE _Life._
ROSETTE _A lotus motive._
SAIL OF A VESSEL _Breath; the belief that the soul is
inactive and worthless until revived
by the breath of the mind._
SCARABÆUS _Immortality; resurrection; a ruling
providence._
SOLAR DISK WITH SERPENTS _Royalty._
SPHINX _Beneficent Being._
STAFF IN THE HANDS OF THE GODS _Purity._
SUN _Deity; life._
VIPER _Power._
WHEEL _Deity._
ZIGZAG _Water._
INDIAN SYMBOLS
ASS _Humility; austerity._
BANIAN OR BURR TREE _Deity (because of its outstretched
branches and overshadowing beneficence)._
BUTTERFLY _Beneficence of Summer._
FYLFOT CROSS OF BUDDHISM _Auspiciousness._
KNOT AND FLOWER DESIGN _Divine bounty and power._
SERPENT _Desire._
JAPANESE SYMBOLS
PINE TREES _Long life._
STORKS _Long life._
TORTOISES _Long life._
PERSIAN SYMBOLS
DESCENDING EAGLE _Bad luck._
EAGLE _Light; height._
FLYING EAGLE _Good luck._
HOUNDS _Fame; ever increasing honor._
LEOPARDS _Fame; ever increasing honor._
LION _Power; victory._
PEACOCK _Fire; light._
PHOENIX _Immortality._
STANDING EAGLE _Good luck._
SUN _Light._
SWORD _Force._
TREE OF HEALTH _Immortality._
TREE OF LIFE _Knowledge; truth._
The Coat of Arms of Persia is the Lion holding a sword in his paw,
and with the Sun at his back.
TURKISH SYMBOLS
CRESCENT _Increasing power._
The Turkish Coat of Arms is the Crescent and the Star. These
heavenly bodies are supposed to signify growth.
MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOLS
ANEMONE _Good fortune._
BAT _Maternity._
BIRD _Spirit._
BOAR _Winter._
BUTTERFLY _Ethereal soul._
CIRCLE _Eternity; perpetual continuity._
CYPRESS TREE _Tree of life; immortality; perfect and renewed life._
DOG _Destruction; vigilance._
ELEPHANT _Patient endurance; self-restraint._
EVERGREENS _Immortality._
FIR CONE _An existence terminated but united--the union of the tribes
against the dominion of Rome._
FLY _Destroying attribute._
HARE _Fertility._
HEART _Man morally._
HIPPOPOTAMUS _Destroying power._
HOG _Deep meditation._
JUG _Knowledge._
LILY _Purity._
OLIVE _Consecration to immortality._
OWL _Wisdom._
OX _Patience; gentleness._
PEACOCK _Resurrection (because of the annual renewing of its
plumage, and from a belief in the incorruptibility
of its flesh)._
PHOENIX _Good luck; herald of prosperity; birth of great men._
PIG _Universal kindness._
RAM _Spiritual leadership._
REED _Royalty._
RHINOCEROS _Religious recluse._
SCORPION _Invincible knowledge._
SERPENT _Life; immortality._
SPEAR _Destructive power._
SPIDER _Slave of passion._
SQUIRREL _Averter of evil._
STARS _Divinity._
SWASTIKA _Good fortune._
TURTLE _Constancy._
WHEEL _Universe._
WINGS _Spontaneous motion._
WOLF _Destroying power._
MEANINGS OF SOME OF THE PLACE-NAMES ASSOCIATED WITH RUGS
AKHISSAR _White Citadel._
BAGDAD _Abode of Peace._
BAKU _Place of Winds._
BELUCHISTAN _Land of the Beluchis._
BHAGULPORE _Tiger City._
BOKHARA _Treasury of Sciences; the Noble._
DECCAN _The South Land._
DERBENT _Fortified Gate._
FARS _Land of the Farsi or Persians._
FU-CHAU _Happy City._
GILAN _The Marshes._
GULISTAN _The Rose Garden._
HAIDERABAD _Gate of Salvation._
HERAT _The Pearl of Khorassan; the Gate of India._
ISLAMABAD _Abode of Islam._
ISPAHAN _Place of Horses._
JERUSALEM _Heir of Peace._
KANDAHAR _Key of India._
KARABAGH _Country of the Sun._
KARA DAGH _Black Mountains._
KELAT _Castle._
KHORASSAN _Land of the Sun._
KWATAH _Citadel._
MECCA _The Heart of Islam; the Holy City._
MESHED _Tomb of a Martyr._
MIRZAPORE _City of the Emir._
NING-PO _Peaceful Wave._
PESHAWAR _Advanced Fortress._
SAMARKAND _The Head of Islam._
SHANG-HAI _Approaching the Sea._
SRINAGAR _City of the Sun._
TABRIZ _Pinnacle of Islam._
TEHERAN _The Pure._
YEZD _City of Light; City of Worship._
GEOGRAPHICAL DATA
Owing to the variety of ways in which the names of Oriental localities are spelled when transliterated, it is extremely difficult to establish a standard of spelling. Many curious examples of this occur both on maps and in dictionaries. It is certainly confusing to open an atlas that is supposed to be an authority, and find that the name one seeks differs in spelling from that used in the atlas first consulted. Then by looking into dictionaries it is found that each of these has a different way of spelling the word sought. Then turning to a guide book of the country there will probably be found not only another combination of the letters, but also a conflict between the descriptive matter in the book and the map accompanying it. When books of travel are consulted, the embarrassment is still further increased.
After having accepted a mode of spelling geographical names for use in this volume, I propose in the pages that follow to assist the reader to locate the places mentioned, by assigning them to their respective countries, so that at a glance he may identify them. This classification will also be a key to the map.
Occasionally the name of a place has been inserted which is not rug-producing, but only a mart for the selling of rugs. This has seemed advisable as the names are intimately associated with the rug industry.
LOCALITIES ARRANGED GEOGRAPHICALLY
Afghanistan
BALKH.
CHARIKAR.
GHAZNI (GÄZNE).
GULISTAN.
HERAT.
ISTALIF.
JELALABAD.
KABUL (CABUL, CABOOL).
KANDAHAR.
ZERNI.
Beluchistan
BAGH (BHAG).
BELAR.
GUNDAVA.
JHALAWAN (DISTRICT).
KELAT.
KHOZDAR.
MASTUNG.
ORMARAH.
QUETTA (KWATAH).
RUSTAM KHAN.
SARAWAN (DISTRICT).
SONMEANI.
Chinese Empire
CANTON.
FU-CHAU.
HANG-CHAU.
KIANG-SU.
NING-PO.
SHANG-HAI.
SHAN-TUNG.
SU-CHAU.
TIENT-SING.
TSI-NAN.
TSING-CHAU.
TSING-NING.
Province of East Turkestan
KARASHAR.
KASHGAR.
KUCHA.
YANGI-HISSAR.
YARKAND.
India
AGRA.
AHMEDABAD.
ALLAHABAD.
ALLEPPI.
AMBALA (UMBALLA).
AMRITSAR.
BAHADAPUR (DISTRICT).
BANGALORE.
BARDWAN.
BARELI (BAREILLY).
BELLARY.
BENARES.
BEYPUR.
BHAGALPUR (BOGLIPOOR).
BIJAPUR.
BOMBAY.
CALCUTTA.
CAWNPUR.
CHANDA.
DECCAN (DEKKAN-PENINSULA).
DELHI.
ELLORE.
GOA.
GORAKHPUR (GORUKPORE).
HAIDERABAD (HYDERABAD).
JABALPUR (JUBBULPORE-JUBBULPUR).
JAIPUR (JEYPORE).
JALANDHAR (JULLINDER).
JAMMU (JAMU).
JODHPUR.
KASHMIR (STATE, BRITISH INDIA).
KHYRPUR.
KOHAT.
KOTAH.
KUSHMORE.
LAHORE.
LUCKNOW.
MADRAS.
MALABAR (DISTRICT).
MANDALAY.
MASULIPATAM.
MERUT.
MIRZAPUR.
MORADABOD.
MULTAN.
MURSHIDABAD.
MYSORE.
NAGPUR.
NORTH ARCOT (DISTRICT).
PATNA.
PESHAWAR.
POONA (POONEH).
RAIPUR.
RAMPUR.
RANGPUR.
SERAMPUR.
SHIKARPUR.
SRINAGAR (SERINUGGAR).
SURAT.
TANJORE.
WARANGAL.
Japan
AITSI-KEN.
KIOTO.
SAKAI.
TOKIO.
Persia
AARAGH (PROVINCE, WRITTEN IRAK ON MAPS).
ARDEBAL (DISTRICT).
ARDEBIL.
ASTRABAD.
AZERBAIJAN (PROVINCE).
BIBIKABAD.
BIJAR.
BIRJAND.
BUJNURD.
BURUJIRD.
BUSHIRE.
ENZELI.
FARS (PROVINCE FARSISTAN).
FERAGHAN.
GASK.
GHILAN (GILAN).
HAMADAN.
HEREZ.
IRAK-AJEMI (PROVINCE).
ISPAHAN (MARKET ONLY).
KAIN (GHAIN, GHAYN).
KARA DAGH (DISTRICT).
KASHAN.
KERMANSHAH (KERMANSHAHAN).
KHONSAR.
KHORA-MABAD.
KHORASSAN (KHORASAN, PROVINCE).
KHUZISTAN (ANCIENT SUSIANA, PROVINCE).
KIRMAN.
KUCHAN.
KURDISTAN (THE PERSIAN PORTION).
LAR.
LARISTAN (PROVINCE).
LURISTAN (PROVINCE).
MAKRAN (MEKRAN, DISTRICT).
MAZANDARAN.
MEHRAN.
MESHHED.
NIRIZ.
NISHAPUR.
OUSTRI-NAN.
RAWAR.
RESHT.
SHIRAZ.
SHIRWAN.
SHUSTER.
SINNA.
SIRAB.
SULTANABAD.
TABRIZ (TABRIEZ).
TEHERAN (MARKET ONLY).
YEZD.
ZARAND.
Russian Empire
ASTRAKHAN.
BAKU.
BATUM.
DAGHESTAN (GOVERNMENT).
DERBENT.
ERIVAN.
KARS.
KAZAN.
SHUSHU.
{ DAGHESTAN.
CAUCASIA { DERBENT.
{ KUBA.
{ KARABAGH.
TRANSCAUCASIA { SHEMAKHA.
{ SHIRVAN.
Central Asia
BOKHARA.
FERGHANA (PROVINCE).
HISSAR.
KHIVA.
KOKAND (KHOKAND).
SAMARKAND.
Turkey in Asia
REGIONS
ARABIA.
ARMENIA.
ASIA MINOR OR ANATOLIA.
KURDISTAN.
MESOPOTAMIA.
SYRIA.
DISTRICTS AND TOWNS
ADANA.
ADIAMAN (ADIYEMEN).
AFIUM-KARA-HISSAR.
AIDIN.
AKHISSAR.
AKSHEHR.
ALEPPO.
ALTUN.
ANATOLIA (DISTRICT).
ASIUM.
BAGDAD (BAGHDAD), SHIPPING PORT.
BEHESNE.
BEIRUT.
BERGAMA (BERGAMO, PERGAMO).
BRUSA (BROUSSA).
CÆSAREA.
CHAL.
CONSTANTINOPLE.
DEMIRDJI.
DIARBEKIR.
EL-HOSN.
ERZERUM.
FAKEH.
GEMERIK.
GHIORDES (GORDIS, QOURDES, GÜRDIZ, ancient Gordus).
HAIDAMOOR.
HAKKAM.
HAYZOOR.
HEREKE.
HISSAR.
HOMS.
HOSSU.
JERUSALEM.
KAISARIEH (CÆSAREA).
KARAHISSAR.
KARAMAN.
KERKUK.
KHORSABAD.
KIR-SHEHR.
KONIEH.
KULAH (KOULA, COULA).
KUTAHIA (KUTAI, KUTAYAH).
LADIK.
MARASH (MARESH).
MECCA.
MEDINA.
MILASSA (MELASSO, MYLASSO).
MOSUL (MOUSSUL).
OUCHAK (USHAK, OUSHAK).
SAFIETA.
SAVAS.
SHARJAH (SHARKAH).
SHIRVAN.
SMYRNA (MART ONLY).
SOHAR.
SPARTA.
TREBIZOND.
URFA (OORFA).
ZILEH (ZILLEH, ZELI).
Africa
CAIRO (MART).
KAIROUAN (the only place
where the genuine Tunisian
rugs are now made).
MISRATAH.
TAJURA.
TRIPOLI.
France
AUBUSSON.
BEAUVAIS.
ROUBAIX.
TOURCOING.
TOURNAY.
Greece
AGRINION.
RACHOVA.
OWEPHISSA.
LOCALITIES ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY
A
AARAGH, PERSIA.
ADANA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
ADIAMAN, TURKEY IN ASIA.
AFIUM-KARA-HISSAR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
AGRA, INDIA.
AGRINION, GREECE.
AHMEDABAD, INDIA.
AIDIN, TURKEY IN ASIA.
AITSI-KEN, JAPAN.
AKHISSAR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
AKSHEHR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
ALEPPO, TURKEY IN ASIA.
ALLAHABAD, INDIA.
ALLEPPI, INDIA.
ALTUN, TURKEY IN ASIA.
AMABALA, INDIA.
AMRITSAR, INDIA.
ANATOLIA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
ARDEBAL, PERSIA.
ARDEBIL, PERSIA.
ASIUM, TURKEY IN ASIA.
ASTRABAD, PERSIA.
ASTRAKAN, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
AUBUSSON, FRANCE.
AZERBAIJAN, PERSIA.
B
BAGDAD, TURKEY IN ASIA.
BAGH, BELUCHISTAN.
BAHADAPUR, INDIA.
BAKU, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
BALKH, AFGHANISTAN.
BANGALORE, INDIA.
BARDWAN, INDIA.
BATUM, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
BEAUVAIS, FRANCE.
BEHESNE, TURKEY IN ASIA.
BEIRUT, TURKEY IN ASIA.
BELAR, BELUCHISTAN.
BELLARY, INDIA.
BENARES, INDIA.
BERGAMA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
BEYPUR, INDIA.
BHAGALPUR, INDIA.
BIBIKABAD, PERSIA.
BIJAPUR, INDIA.
BIJAR, PERSIA.
BIRJAND, PERSIA.
BOKHARA, CENTRAL ASIA.
BOMBAY, INDIA.
BRUSA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
BUJNURD, PERSIA.
BURUJIRD, PERSIA.
BUSHIRE, PERSIA.
C
CAIRO, EGYPT.
CALCUTTA, INDIA.
CANTON, CHINESE EMPIRE.
CAWNPUR, INDIA.
CHANDA, INDIA.
CHARIKAR, AFGHANISTAN.
D
DAGHESTAN, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
DECCAN, INDIA.
DELHI, INDIA.
DEMIRDJI, TURKEY IN ASIA.
DERBENT, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
DIABEKIR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
E
EL-HOSN, TURKEY IN ASIA.
ELLORE, INDIA.
ENZELI, PERSIA.
ERIVAN, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
ERZERUM, TURKEY IN ASIA.
F
FAKEH, TURKEY IN ASIA.
FARS, PERSIA.
FERAGHAN, PERSIA.
FU-CHAN, CHINESE EMPIRE.
G
GEMERIK, TURKEY IN ASIA.
GHAZNI, AFGHANISTAN.
GHILAN, PERSIA.
GHIORDES, TURKEY IN ASIA.
GOA, INDIA.
GORAKHPUR, INDIA.
GULISTAN, AFGHANISTAN.
GUNDAVA, BELUCHISTAN.
H
HAIDAMOOR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
HAIDERABAD, INDIA.
HAKKAM, TURKEY IN ASIA.
HAMADAM, PERSIA.
HANG-CHAU, CHINESE EMPIRE.
HAYZOOR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
HERAT, AFGHANISTAN.
HEREZ, PERSIA.
HISSAN, CENTRAL ASIA.
HISSAR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
HOMS, TURKEY IN ASIA.
I
IRAK-AJEMI, PERSIA.
ISPAHAN, PERSIA.
ISTALIF, AFGHANISTAN.
J
JABALPUR, INDIA.
JAIPUR, INDIA.
JALANDHAR, INDIA.
JAMMU, INDIA.
JELALABAD, AFGHANISTAN.
JERUSALEM, TURKEY IN ASIA.
JHALAWAN, BELUCHISTAN.
JOOHPUR, INDIA.
K
KABUL, AFGHANISTAN.
KAIN, PERSIA.
KAIROUAN, AFRICA.
KAISARIEH, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KANDAHAR, AFGHANISTAN.
KARABAGH, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
KARAHISSAR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KARAMAN, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KARASHAR, EAST TURKESTAN.
KARS, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
KASHAN, PERSIA.
KASHGAR, EAST TURKESTAN.
KASHMIR, INDIA.
KAZAN, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
KELAT, BELUCHISTAN.
KERKUK, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KERMANSHAH, PERSIA.
KHIVA, CENTRAL ASIA.
KHONSAR, PERSIA.
KHORA-MABAD, PERSIA.
KHORASSAN, PERSIA.
KHORSABAD, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KHOZDAR, BELUCHISTAN.
KHUZISTAN, PERSIA.
KHYRPUR, INDIA.
KIANG-SU, CHINESE EMPIRE.
KIOTO, JAPAN.
KIRMAN, PERSIA.
KIR-SHEHR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KOHAT, INDIA.
KOKAND, CENTRAL ASIA.
KONIEH, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KOTAH, INDIA.
KUBA, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
KUCHA, EAST TURKESTAN.
KULAH, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KURDISTAN, PERSIA.
KUSHMORE, INDIA.
KUTAHIA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
L
LADIK, TURKEY IN ASIA.
LAHORE, INDIA.
LAR, PERSIA.
LARISTAN, PERSIA.
LUCKNOW, INDIA.
LURISTAN, PERSIA.
M
MAKRAN, PERSIA.
MALABAR, INDIA.
MARASH, TURKEY IN ASIA.
MASTUNG, BELUCHISTAN.
MASULIPATAM, INDIA.
MAZANDARAN, PERSIA.
MECCA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
MEDINA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
MEHRAN, PERSIA.
MERUT, INDIA.
MESHHED, PERSIA.
MILASSA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
MIRZAPUR, INDIA.
MISRATAH, AFRICA.
MOSUL, TURKEY IN ASIA.
MUJUR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
MULTAN, INDIA.
MURSHIDABAD, INDIA.
MYSORE, INDIA.
N
NAGPUR, INDIA.
NING-PO, CHINESE EMPIRE.
NIRIZ, PERSIA.
NISHAPUR, PERSIA.
NORTH ARCOT, INDIA.
O
ORMARAH, BELUCHISTAN.
OUCHAK, TURKEY IN ASIA.
OUSTRI-NAN, PERSIA.
OWEPHISSA, GREECE.
P
PATNA, INDIA.
PESHAWAR, INDIA.
POONA, INDIA.
Q
QUETTA, BELUCHISTAN.
R
RACHOVA, GREECE.
RAMPUR, INDIA.
RANGPUR, INDIA.
RESHT, PERSIA.
RUSTAM KHAN, BELUCHISTAN.
S
SAFITA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
SAKAI, JAPAN.
SAMARKAND, CENTRAL ASIA.
SARAKHS, PERSIA.
SARAWAN, BELUCHISTAN.
SERAMPUR, INDIA.
SHANG-HAI, CHINESE EMPIRE.
SHAN-TUNG, CHINESE EMPIRE.
SHARJAH, TURKEY IN ASIA.
SHEMAKHA, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
SHIKARPUR, INDIA.
SHIRAZ, PERSIA.
SHIRVAN, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
SHIRVAN, TURKEY IN ASIA.
SHIRWAN, PERSIA.
SHUSHA, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
SHUSTER, PERSIA.
SINNA, PERSIA.
SIRAB, PERSIA.
SIVAS, TURKEY IN ASIA.
SMYRNA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
SOHAR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
SONMEANI, BELUCHISTAN.
SRINAGAR, INDIA.
SU-CHAU, CHINESE EMPIRE.
SULTANABAD, PERSIA.
SURAT, INDIA.
T
TABRIZ, PERSIA.
TAJURA, AFRICA.
TANJORE, INDIA.
TEHERAN, PERSIA.
TIENT-SING, CHINESE EMPIRE.
TOKIO, JAPAN.
TOURCOING, FRANCE.
TOURNAY, FRANCE.
TREBIZOND, TURKEY IN ASIA.
TRIPOLI, AFRICA.
TSI-NAN, CHINESE EMPIRE.
TSING-CHAU, CHINESE EMPIRE.
TSING-NING, CHINESE EMPIRE.
U
URFA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
W
WARANGAL, INDIA.
Y
YARKAND, EAST TURKESTAN.
YEZD, PERSIA.
Z
ZARAND, PERSIA.
ZERNI, AFGHANISTAN.
ZILEH, TURKEY IN ASIA.
LIST OF AUTHORITIES
ALLEN, J. ROWELLY: _Early Christian Symbolism._
_American Journal of Archeology._
ASHENHURST, THOMAS R.: _Design in Textile Fabrics._
AUBER, M.L., ABBÉ: _Bible Myths._
BABELON, ERNEST: _Manual of Oriental Antiquities._
BALL, J. DYER: _Things Chinese._
BIRDWOOD, SIR GEORGE C.: _The Industrial Arts of India._
BISHOP, Mrs. ISABELLA L. BIRD: _Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan._
BISHOP, Mrs. ISABELLA L. BIRD: _Unbeaten Tracks in Japan._
BLACKIE, C.: _Dictionary of Place Names._
BODE, WILHELM: _Vorderasiatische Knüpfteppiche._
_Bonnick's Egyptian Belief and Modern Thought._
BRUMMER, MARTIN: _Egypt, Three Essays on the History, Art, and
Religion._
BUDGE, E.A. WALLIS: _The Mummy Badge._
_Century Atlas, The._
_Century Dictionary, The._
_Chambers's Encyclopædia._
CLARKE, SIR C. PURDON: _Oriental Carpets._ (English Edition.
Published by the Imperial and Royal Austrian Commercial Museum.
Vienna, 1892.)
_Constable's Hand Atlas of India._
COXON, HERBERT: _Oriental Carpets._
CURSON, Hon. GEORGE N.: _Persia and the Persian Question._
DAVIS AND COBERN: _Ancient Egypt._
DENNY, M.B.: _The Folk Lore of China._
DRESSER, CHARLES: _Carpets._
EDWARDS, AMELIA: _Third Lecture, Pharaohs, Fellahs, and Explorers._
ELKINS, JOSEPH, D.D.: _Ancient Symbolism among the Chinese._
ELY, TALFOURD: _Manual of Archæology._
_Emmaus's Life in Ancient Egypt._
EVANS, E. P.: _Animal Symbolism in Ecclesiastical Architecture._
FABER, GEORGE STANLEY: _Origin of Pagan Idolatry._
FERGUSSON, JAMES: _Tree and Serpent Worship._
FUSENBETH, F. C., D.D.: _Emblems of Saints._
GOODYEAR, WILLIAM H.: _The Grammar of the Lotus._
HEDIN, SVEN: _Through Asia._
HULME, F. EDWARD: _Symbolism in Christian Art._
_Iconographic Encyclopædia of the Arts and Sciences._
INMAN, THOMAS, M.D.: _Ancient Faiths._
JAMES, A. G. F. ELIOT: _Indian Industries._
JONES, OWEN: _The Grammar of Ornament._
_Journal of the Society of Arts._
KARABACEK, Dr. JOSEPH: _Die Persische Nadelmalerei._
KNIGHT, RICHARD PAYNE: _The Symbolical Language of Ancient Art and
Mythology._
LANDOR, A. HENRY SAVAGE: _In the Forbidden Land._
LAYARD, AUSTEN HENRY: _Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh._
LAYARD, AUSTEN HENRY: _Nineveh and Babylon._
LAYARD, AUSTEN HENRY: _Nineveh and Its Remains._
LENORMANT, FRANÇOIS AND CHEVALIER, CHARLES: _Manual of the Ancient
History of the East._
LESSING, JULIUS: _Oriental Carpets._
LÜBKE, WILHELM: _History of Ancient Art._
MALCOM, Sir JOHN: _History of Persia._
MARVIN, CHARLES: _Merv, the Queen of the World._
MASPERO, GASTON C. CHARLES: _Manual of Egyptian Archæology._
MASPERO, GASTON C. CHARLES: _Dawn of Civilization._
_Meyer's Handbook of Ornament._
MUMFORD, JOHN KIMBERLY: _Oriental Rugs._
MÜNTZ, EUGENE: _A Short History of Tapestry._
O'DAGREE, H. EUGENE: _Les Symbols Antiques._
O'DONOVAN, EDMUND: _The Merv Oasis._
PERROT, GEORGES AND CHIPIEZ, CHARLES: _History of Art In Ancient
Egypt._
PERROT, GEORGES AND CHIPIEZ, CHARLES: _History of Art In Chaldæa
and Assyria._
PETRIE, WILLIAM MATTHEWS FLINDERS: _Decorative Art._
PETRIE, WILLIAM MATTHEWS FLINDERS: _Ten Years' Digging In Egypt._
PHILLIPS, G.: _British Manufactures and Industries._
RACINET, M. A.: _L'Ornement Polychrome._
REBER, FRANZ VON: _History of Ancient Art._
RECLUS, ELISIE: _The Earth and Its Inhabitants._
_Redgrave's Manual of Design._
RENOUF, P. LEPAGE: _Religion of Ancient Egypt._
RIEGL, DR. ALOIS: _Altorientalische Teppiche._
ROBINSON, VINCENT: _Eastern Carpets._
RYAN, CHARLES: _Egyptian Art._
SAYCE, ARCHIBALD HENRY, LL.D.: _Babylonians and Assyrians._
_Sculpture, Manual of._ Paris.
SHARPE, SAMUEL: _Mythology and Egyptian Christianity._
SHELLEY, G. E.: _Birds of Egypt._
_Smith's Greek and Roman Antiquities._
SMITH, MAJOR R. MURDOCK, R. E.: _Persian Art._
_Smith's Religion of the Semites._
_Southesk's Origin of Pictish Symbolism._
_Spon's Encyclopædia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, And Raw
Commercial Products._ (edited by Charles G. W. Lock.)
STRICKLAND, AGNES: _Lives of the Queens of England._
STUART, H. VILLIERS: _Egypt After the War._
SYKES, ELLA C.: _Through Persia on a Side Saddle._
_Thompson's Paper on Beast and Bird in Ancient Symbolism._ (Trans.
Roy. Soc., Edinburgh.)
_Twining's Symbols of Early Christian Art._
VÁMBÉRY, ARMINIUS: _History of Bokhara._
VAN DYKE, JOHN CHARLES: _History of Painting._
WATSON, DR. FORBES: _The Textile Manufactures and Costumes Of the
People of India._
WEALE, JOHN: _Quarterly Papers on Architecture._
WESTROFF, HODDER M., AND WAKE, CHARLES STANILAND: _Ancient Symbol
Worship._
_Westwood's Illumination._
WHEELER, SAMUEL GREEN: _Persia and the Persians._
WILKINSON, SIR J. GARDNER: _The Ancient Egyptians._
WILLIAMS, S. WELLS: _The Middle Kingdom._
WILSON, THE REV. SAMUEL GRAHAM, M. A.: _Persian Life And Customs._
WINKLEMAN, JOHANN JOACHIM: _History of Art Among The Greeks._
WYATT, M. DIGBY: _Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century._
ZERFFI, G. C.: _A Manual of the Historical Development of Art._
INDEX
A
Aaragh, value of rug trade, 56; spelling, 167, 170.
Abbas, Shah, 53;
rugs woven during reign of, 62;
_see_ Shah Abbas design.
Abenákee rugs, 143, 144.
Acanthus forms employed by Morris, 139.
Adana, 71, 168, 170.
Adiaman, 168, 170.
Adiyemen, 168.
Afghan rugs, 96, 102.
Afghan-Turkestan, 95 (plate).
Afghanistan place-names, 165.
Afghanistan rugs, 95 (and plate), 96, 100.
Afium-Kara-hissar, 168, 170.
African place-names, 169.
Agra, 166, 170.
Agra rugs, 90.
Agrinion, 170.
Ahmedabad, 166, 170.
Aidin, 168, 170.
Ainos, their method of weaving, 24.
Aitsi-ken, 167, 170.
Akbar, Emperor, 87.
Akhissar rugs, 74, 80;
meaning, 162;
spelling, 168, 170.
Akshehr, 168, 170.
Albee, Mrs. Helen R., 143, 144.
Aleppo, 168, 170.
Alexander the Great, rug-weaving in time of, 53.
Alizarin (red coloring matter), 44.
Allahabad, 166, 170.
Allahabad rugs, 90.
Allen, J. Rowelly, 175.
Alleppi, 166, 170.
"Altorientalische Teppiche," Riegl, 177.
Altun, 168, 170.
Amabala, 170.
Ambala, 166.
American interests in India, 35;
in Ouchak, 81;
in Amritsar, 90.
_American Journal of Archæology_, 175.
American rug-weaving, 24.
Ames, late Gov., rug owned by, 113.
Amritsar, 78 (plate), 166, 170.
Amritsar rugs, 90.
Anatolia, 74, 117, 168, 170.
Anatolian mats, 74.
Anatolian rugs, 74, 79, 122 (and plate).
"Ancient Egypt," Davis and Cobern, 175.
"Ancient Egyptians, The," Wilkinson, 178.
"Ancient Faiths," Inman, 176.
"Ancient Symbol Worship," Westroff and Wake, 178.
"Ancient Symbolism among the Chinese," Elkins, 176.
Anemone, symbolism of, 161.
Angora goat's hair, 30.
Angora province, 77.
Aniline dyes, 44, 46, 134.
Animal forms, not allowed by Mohammedan religion, 37;
employed by Shiah sect and certain others, 38;
in Jaipur rugs, 91;
in Chinese rugs, 114;
symbolism of, 156.
"Animal Symbolism in Ecclesiastical Architecture," Evans, 176.
"Appalachian America," 146.
Arabesque design, 43.
Arabian place-names, 168.
Arabian rug, 70 (plate).
Ardebal (District), 167, 170.
Ardebil rug in South Kensington Museum, 36, 154;
spelling, 167, 170.
Armenia, 168.
Armenian Christian weavers, 71.
Arrian, quoted, 45.
Ashenhurst, Thomas R., 175.
Ashkabad, 98.
Asia Minor, 168.
Asiatic Turkey produces madder, 44.
Asium, 168, 170.
Asps, symbolism of, 158.
Ass, symbolism of, 159.
Association for the Education of Poor Women, Athens, 133.
Assyrian rug-weaving, 19, 88.
Astrabad, 103, 126, 167, 170.
Astrakan, 170.
Astrakhan, 168.
Athens rug industry, 133.
Auber, Abbé M. L., 175.
Aubusson rug manufactory, 142, 169, 170.
Austria, rug-weaving in, 142.
Austrian Imperial House, owner of hunting rug, 128.
Authorities consulted, 175-178.
Awnings and floor-coverings, ancient, 19.
Aylauts, nomadic weavers of Kara Dagh rugs, 63.
Azerbaijan province, 62, 69, 167, 170.
Azerbijan district, 58.
B
Babelon, Ernest, 175.
Babylon, fall of, 19.
Babylonian rug-weaving, 19;
color symbolism, 47.
"Babylonians and Assyrians," Sayce, 177.
Bactrian tribes, rugs woven by, 60.
Bagdad, 162, 168, 170.
Bagh, 165, 170.
Baghdad, 168.
Bahadapur (District), 166, 170.
Bakhshis rugs, 58.
Baku, government of, 108;
meaning of _Baku_, 162;
spelling, 168, 170.
Balkh, 165, 170.
Ball, J. Dyer, 175.
Bangalore, 166, 170.
Banian or burr tree, symbolism of, 159.
Barbarike, 46.
Bardwan, 166, 170.
Bareilly, 166.
Bareli, 166.
Basilica of St. Sophia at Constantinople, 120.
Bat, symbolism of, 157, 161.
Bat with a ring in its claws, symbolism of, 158.
Batum, 168, 170.
Bayer, Professor F., 153.
Bayeta scarlet in Navajo rugs, 147.
"Beast and Bird in Ancient Symbolism," Thompson's paper on, 178.
Beauvais rug manufactory, 141, 169, 170.
Bee, symbolism of, 158.
Beetle, symbolism of, 158.
Behesne, 168, 170.
Beirut, 168, 170.
Belar, 165, 170.
Belgium, rug-weaving in, 142.
Bellary, 166, 170.
Beluch rug called "blue Bokhara," 97.
Beluchistan rugs, 97;
meaning of _Beluchistan_, 162;
place-names, 165.
Benares, 166, 170.
Beni-Hassan, rug-weavers seen in wall-paintings at, 16.
Berea College, Ky., rag rugs, 145.
Bergama, 168, 170.
Bergamo (Province), 168.
Bergamo rugs, 74.
Berbers, rugs woven by, 135.
Beshir rugs, 100.
Bethlehem tent cloth, 111.
Beypur, 166, 170.
Bhag, 165.
Bhagalpur, 166, 170.
Bhagulpore, 162.
Bhawulpore, rugs said to be woven at, 95.
Bibikabad, 167, 170.
Bibikabad rugs, 58.
"Bible Myths," Auber, 175.
Bijapur, 166, 171.
Bijar, 55, 56; spelling, 167, 171.
Bijar rugs, 58 (and plate), 67.
Birch, Dr. Samuel, quoted, 17.
Bird, symbolism of, 161.
"Birds of Egypt," Shelley, 177.
Birdwood, Sir George C., quoted, 23, 175.
Birjand, 167, 171.
Birjand rugs, 59.
Bishop, Mrs. Isabella Bird, quoted, 24, 125, 175.
Black, symbolism of, 47, 48;
corrosiveness of dye, 63, 80.
Blackie, C., 175.
Blaine, Mrs. Emmons, rugs owned by, 34 (plate), 124 (plate).
Blossom, symbolism of, 158.
"Blue Bokhara" a misnomer, 97.
Blue, symbolism of, 47, 48.
Boar, symbolism of, 161.
Boat, symbolism of, 158.
Bode, Wilhelm, 156 (plate), 175.
Boglipoor, 166.
Bokhara, dyes from, 98;
meaning of _Bokhara_, 162;
spelling, 168, 171.
Bokhara rugs, no blue, 97;
so-called and genuine, 98 (plate), 100, 103.
Bombay, 166, 171.
Bonnick's "Egyptian Belief and Modern Thought," 175.
Borders, 38-42.
Bosnia, 136.
Bosnian rugs, 136.
Boulak, Egypt, rug factory, 51.
"Bride's rug," 118.
"British Manufactures and Industries," Phillips, 177.
Broussa, 74, 168;
_see_ Brusa.
Brummer, Martin, 175.
Brusa, 74, 111, 168, 171.
Brussels, power looms in, 24;
rug-production, 142.
Buckingham, Miss, rug owned by, 120 (plate).
Buckthorns, certain species produce dyes, 45.
Buddhist Sceptre, symbolism of, 157.
Budge, E. A. Wallis, 175.
Bujnurd, 167, 171.
Bulgarian rugs, 137.
Bull, symbolism of, 158.
Burley, Clarence, rug owned by, 106 (plate).
Burnham, Mrs. L. G., rug owned by, frontispiece plate.
Burujird rugs, 59;
spelling, 167, 171.
Bushire, 167, 171.
Butterfly, symbolism of, 158, 159, 161.
Buyers' selection for Western market, 33, 38.
Byzantine influence on rug-weaving, 19.
C
Cabistan rugs, _see_ Kabistan rugs.
Cabool, 165.
Cabul, 165.
Cæsar first saw Cleopatra wrapped in rug, 18.
Cæsarea, 71, 168, 169.
Cæsarean rugs, 75, 125.
Cairo, rug emporium, 52, 169, 171.
Calcutta, 166, 171.
Camel's hair, 30, 31, 98.
Canton, 165, 171.
Carding, 31.
Carpaccio Vittore, painting by, 20 (plate).
Carpets, catalogue term for rugs, 16.
"Carpets," Dresser, 176.
Cartouche, symbolism of, 158.
Cassaba rugs, 75, 83.
Caucasian rugs, modern, characteristic designs of, 39, 41, 42;
descriptions, 105-108;
place-names, 168.
Cawnpur, 91, 166, 171.
Center Lovell, Maine, 145.
Central Asia, rugs, 98;
place-names, 168.
"Century Atlas," 175.
"Century Dictionary," 175.
Chal, 169.
"Chambers's Encyclopædia," 175.
Chanda, 166, 171.
Charikar, 165, 171.
Chehel Sitoon, Palace of, Ispahan, 95.
Chemical dyes, 46.
Chevalier, Charles, 176.
Chichi rugs, 108.
Chinese dye, green, 45.
Chinese fret design, 43, 101, 102, 114 (plate).
Chinese influence seen in design of Ispahan rugs, 63;
of Kashgar rugs, 101;
of Samarkand rugs, 102 (and plate).
Chinese pictures copied in Persian hunting rugs, 124 (plate), 128.
Chinese place-names, 165.
Chinese rugs, 41, 113-115 (and plate facing 114);
of silk, 124.
Chinese silk industry, 123;
silk rugs, 124.
Chinese symbolism of colors, 47, 48;
of various designs, 157.
Chintz designs in silk rugs, 125.
Chipiez, Charles, 177.
Christian weavers of Turkish rugs, 71.
Circassian rug-weavers, 71.
Circle design, 43, 161.
Circular rugs, 115.
Claremont, English home of Lord Clive, 89.
Clarke, Sir C. Purdon, 175.
Cleopatra borne before Cæsar in a rug, 18.
Chi-lin (a kind of doe), symbolism of, 157.
Climatic influences on rug-weaving, 32, 71;
on odors of rugs, 90.
Clive, Lord, 89.
Cloud bands, 41, 63, 157.
Coat of arms of Persia, 160.
Coat of arms of Turkey, 160.
Cobern, ----, 175.
_Coccus cacti_, insect which produces cochineal, 44.
Cochineal, 44.
Cock and hen on an artificial rock-work, symbolism of, 157.
Colbert, fostered rug industry in France, 141.
Colors, sensed by weavers, 21;
Persians' intuition for, 37;
obtained by aniline and vegetable dyes, 44;
importance to Orientals, 47;
Persian choice of, 47;
symbolism of, 47, 48;
in modern Turkish rugs, 77;
in Kurdish rugs, 79.
Comb design, 43.
_Conchylium_, ancient name of Phoenician purple, 18.
Cone, pine, symbolism of, 159;
fir, 161.
Constable's "Hand Atlas of India," 175.
Constantinople, rug market, 71-73, 82;
silk-weaving introduced into, 123;
spelling, 169.
Cossac (Kazak), 107, 108 (plate).
Cotton, 30, 76.
Cotton rugs, Indian, 23, 88, 91;
Japanese, 116.
Coula, 169.
Coverlets woven in "Appalachian America," 145.
Coxon Herbert, 175.
Crane, symbolism of, 157.
Crescent, symbolism of, 158, 160.
Crete girl weavers, 132.
Crimson, 18, 47.
Crocodile, symbolism of, 158.
Crooked Turkish rugs, 24.
Cross designs, 43.
Crow, symbolism of, 157.
Curson, Hon. George N., 175.
Customs administration in Persia, 55.
Cypress tree design in Jaipur rugs, 91;
symbolism of, 161;
_see_ 120 (plate) and 124 (plate).
D
Daghestan, 168, 171.
Daghestan rugs, 41, 105, 106 (and plate), 108.
Damascus, 112.
Daraksh, 59.
Date woven into rugs, 67, 154, 155.
Davis, ----, 175.
Davis, Mr. Will J., rugs owned by, 30, 68.
"Dawn of Civilization," Maspero, 177.
Deccan, rugs from the, 23;
meaning of _Deccan_, 162;
spelling, 166, 171.
"Decorative Art," Petrie, 177.
Deer, symbolism of, 157.
Definition of _rug_, 15.
Dekkan-peninsula, 166.
Delays caused by superstitious weavers, 29.
Delhi, 91, 166, 171.
Delhi Court, 87.
Demirdji rugs, 75;
spelling, 169, 171.
Denny, M. B., 175.
Derbent rugs, 105, 126 (plate);
meaning of _Derbent_, 162;
spelling, 168, 171.
Descending eagle, symbolism of, 160.
"Descriptions des Arts et Metiers," 139.
Design, of Persian rugs, 17;
Oriental designs adapted from Nature, 19;
Egypto-Chaldean designs in modern rugs, 19;
furnished by Western art schools, 25;
hereditary, 37;
manner of teaching to pupils, 37;
of Persian rugs, 37;
selected by buyer, 38;
Occidental, copied by native weavers, 38;
made from _talims_, or working drawings, 38, 39;
proportioned to size of rug, 39;
units described, 39-43;
determines district where woven, 55;
of modern Persian product, 57;
Shah Abbas, 59;
Herati border, 59, 61, 64, 69;
Guli Hinnai, 60;
Tree of Life, 17, 65;
use of old patterns, 69;
introduced by Persian weavers into India, 87;
Hindoo, 88;
floral, in Indian rugs, 88;
Persian, in Jaipur rugs, 91;
in Lahore rugs, 91;
in Warangul rugs, 93;
in Japanese rugs, 116;
of silk rugs, 125;
of Morris rugs, 139;
of Navajo rugs, 148;
symbolical, 156-162.
"Design in Textile Fabrics," Ashenhurst, 175.
Designers, Indian, 32 (plate).
Dewsbury, power looms in, 24.
Dhurrie, Indian, 91, 94.
Diarbekir, 169, 171.
"Dictionary of Place Names," Blackie, 175.
Dining-rooms, Görevan rugs popular for, 61.
"Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh," Layard, 176.
Djushaghan rugs, characteristic palmette of, 39;
description, 59.
Dog, symbolism of, 161.
Dove, symbolism of, 158.
Dowry, girls weave rugs for, 26, 132.
Dragon, symbolism of, 157.
Dragon and Phoenix, symbolism of, 157.
Dragon with five claws on each of its four feet, symbolism of, 157.
Dresser, Charles, 176.
Duck, symbolism of, 157.
Dunlap, Mrs. Robert, rug owned by, 117 (plate).
Dupont, French weaver, 141.
Durability of fine Persian rugs, 54;
of Kurdish rugs, 79.
Durham, power looms in, 24.
Durrie, _see_ Dhurrie, Indian.
Duties, Persian system of collecting, 55;
on rugs, 56.
Dyes, 18, 44-46, 98, 139, 147.
E
Eagle, symbolism of, 158, 160.
Eagle, descending, symbolism of, 160.
Eagle, flying, symbolism of, 160.
Eagle, standing, symbolism of, 160.
"Early Christian Symbolism," Allen, 175.
Earnings of weavers, 27, 28, 82.
"Earth and Its Inhabitants, The," Reclus, 177.
East Turkestan place-names, 165.
"Eastern Carpets," Robinson, 177.
Edwards, Amelia, 176.
Egg, symbolism of, 158.
"Egypt after the War," Stuart, 178.
"Egypt: Three Essays on the History, Art, and Religion," Brummer, 175.
"Egyptian Art," Ryan, 177.
"Egyptian Belief and Modern Thought," Bonnick, 175.
Egyptian wall-paintings of weavers, 16, 17;
ancient rug-weaving, 18, 22;
symbolic colors, 47;
substitution of woven rugs for skins, 51;
modern rugs, 51;
factory, 51;
imported rugs, 52;
symbols, 158, 159.
Egypto-Chaldean designs in modern rugs, 19.
Eleanora introduced tapestries into England, 138.
Elephant, symbolism of, 161.
El-Hosn, 169, 171.
Elkins, Joseph, D.D., 176.
Ellore, 160, 171.
Ellore, rugs, 91.
Ely, Talfourd, 176.
"Emblems of Saints," Fusenbeth, 176.
Emmaus's "Life of Ancient Egypt," 176.
"Encyclopædia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Raw Commercial
Products," Spon's, 177.
English interests in India, 35;
in Amritsar, 90.
English rugs, 138-140 (and plate).
English rug-weaving centres, 24.
Enzeli, 167, 171.
Erivan, 168, 171.
Ersari Goklan tribe, 98.
Ersari tribe of upper Oxus, 101.
Erzerum, 169, 171.
Europe, introduction of rug-weaving into, 20;
use of rugs at _fêtes_, 20;
imports looms into Turkey, 24;
demand for rugs since 1850, 54;
factories to supply trade with, 57;
interest in Ouchak industry, 81.
Evans, E. P., 176.
Evergreens, symbolism of, 161.
Experts can determine where rug was made, 55.
Export trade (Persian) in rugs, 55, 56.
Eye of Osiris, symbolism of, 158.
F
Faber, George Stanley, 176.
Factories, rug-weaving, 26, 38, 51, 56, 57, 69, 70, 90, 119.
Fakeh, 169, 171.
Fars, designs peculiar to, 37;
modern rug-weaving district, 55;
value of rug trade, 56;
rugs exported from, 68;
meaning of _Fars_, 162;
spelling, 167, 171.
Farsistan (Province), 167.
Feather of an ostrich, symbolism of, 158.
Feathers of rare birds, symbolism of, 158.
Felt rugs, 126, 127.
Felts, Chinese, 114.
Feraghan, 167, 171.
Feraghan rugs, characteristic designs of, 40, 42, 43;
description, 59;
plate, 62.
Ferghana (Province), 168.
Fergusson, James, 176.
_Fêtes_, rugs used as decorations during, 20.
Fez, 134.
Fir cone, symbolism of, 161.
Fire-worshippers of Yezd, 70.
Flat stitch, in Soumak and Khilim rugs, 34, 117.
Flax, 30.
Flemish weavers, 138.
Floor-coverings and awnings, ancient, 19.
Floral designs in Indian rugs, 88;
in Jaipur rugs, 91.
Fly, symbolism of, 161.
Flying eagle, symbolism of, 160.
"Folk Lore of China, The," Denny, 175.
France, rug-weaving introduced by Saracens, 20;
silk industry in, 123;
place-names, 169.
French rugs, 141, 142.
Fringe on rugs intended for hanging, 99.
Frog, symbolism of, 158.
Fu-Chan, 171.
Fu-Chau, 162, 165.
Fusenbeth, F. C., D.D., 176.
Fylfot design, 42, 148, 159.
G
Gask, 167.
Gauls, red favorite color of, 48.
Gäzne, 165.
Gemerik, 169, 171.
Genghis Khan, 100.
Genghis rugs, 100.
Geometrical designs replace floral in India, 88.
Germantown yarn used in Navajo rugs, 147.
Germany, rug-weaving in, 142.
Ghain, 167.
Ghayn, 167.
Ghazni, 165, 171.
Ghilan, silk trade in, 124;
spelling, 167, 171.
Ghileem rugs, _see_ Khilim rugs.
Ghiordes, 169, 171.
Ghiordes knotting, 34, 35.
Ghiordes panel in Meles prayer rug, 80.
Ghiordes rugs, 41, 74 (plate), 75, 78, 122.
Ghiordium, 75.
Gilan, 163, 167.
Goa, 166, 171.
Goats replace sheep in rocky regions, 72;
raised by Turkomans, 98.
Gobelins manufactory, 141.
"Goddess of silkworms," 123.
Gold warp used for antique Persian rugs, 53;
in state rugs of India, 89;
in Polish rugs, 119;
in Chinese silk rugs, 124.
Goodyear, William H., 176.
Goose, symbolism of, 157.
Gorakhpur, 166, 171.
Gordis, 169.
Gordus, 169.
Görevan rugs, 60.
Gorukpore, 166.
Gourd, symbolism of, 157.
"Grammar of Ornament, The," Jones, 176.
"Grammar of the Lotus, The," Goodyear, 176.
Grant, Mrs. Frederick D., rug owned by, 90.
Graves, custom of hanging rugs over, 20.
Great Britain, power looms in, 24, 25;
rug manufacture in, 138.
Great Rug in the Palace of Chehel Sitoon, Ispahan, 95.
Greece, rug-weaving in, 19;
swastika design in rugs of, 43;
saffron favorite color in, 48;
silk-weaving in, 123;
ancient and modern rugs of, 132, 133;
place-names, 170.
"Greek and Roman Antiquities," Smith, 177.
Greek Christian weavers, 71; in Hereke, 76.
Green dyes, how produced, 45;
symbolism of, 47, 48;
used though forbidden by law, 81.
Guendje rugs, 100, 101.
Guli Hinnai design, 43, 60.
Gulistan, 163, 165, 171.
Gundava, 165, 171.
Gürdiz, 169.
H
Haidamoor, 169, 171.
Haidamur rugs, 111, 112.
Haidarabad rugs, 91.
Haiderabad, 163, 166, 171.
Hair, lock of, woven in Kis Khilims, 118.
Hakkam, 169, 171.
Halifax, power looms in, 24.
Hamadam, 171.
Hamadan, 55, 56, 58, 59, 167.
Hamadan rugs, 60 (plate), 61.
"Hand Atlas of India," Constable, 175.
Hand looms, 22.
"Handbook of Ornament," Meyer, 177.
Hang-chau, 165, 171.
Hangings, rugs used as, 16, 55.
Hare, symbolism of, 161.
Havermeyer, late H. O., rug owned by estate of, 114 (plate).
Hawk, symbolism of, 158.
Hay, Mr., owner of Theban rug, 17.
Hayzoor, 169, 172.
Heart, symbolism of, 161.
Hedin, Sven, 176.
Hemp, 30, 81.
Herat, 59, 61, 87,95, 163, 165, 172.
Herat design in Great Rug, 95.
Herat rugs, 40, 42, 61.
Herati border, 40, 59, 61, 64, 69, 117.
Hereke, 169.
Hereke rugs, 76.
Herez, 58, 60, 167, 172.
Herez rugs, 62.
Hindoo designs, 88;
religious abstinence from sheep flesh, 88.
Hippopotamus, symbolism of, 161.
Hissan, 172.
Hissar, 168, 169, 172.
"History of Ancient Art," Lübke, 176.
"History of Ancient Art," Reber, 177.
"History of Art among the Greeks," Winkleman, 178.
"History of Art in Ancient Egypt," Perrot and Chipiez, 177.
"History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria," Perrot and Chipiez, 177.
"History of Bokhara," Vámbéry, 178.
"History of Painting," Van Dyke, 178.
"History of Persia," Malcom, 176.
Hog, symbolism of, 161.
Holland, rug-weaving in, 142.
Holt, George Hubbard, rugs owned by, 95 (plate), 122 (plate).
Holy Land, rugs of the, 111, 112.
Homs, 169, 172.
Hooked rugs, New England, 143, 144.
Hossu, 169.
Hounds, symbolism of, 160.
Hulme, F. Edward, 176.
Human figure introduced into design, 67.
Hunting rugs, Persian, 124 (plate), 128.
Hyderabad, 166.
I
Ibis, symbolism of, 158.
"Iconographic Encyclopædia of the Arts and Sciences," 176.
"Illumination," Westwood, 178.
Import duties to United States on rugs, 56.
"In the Forbidden Land," Landor, 176.
India, looms used in, 23, 82 (plate);
weavers, 26;
superstitions among weavers, 29;
wool from, 30;
rugs woven of pashim, 30;
rugs of various knottings, 35;
firms having factories in, 35;
Occidental designs introduced into, 38;
use of talims in, 39;
raises madder, 44;
symbolism of colors, 48;
of designs, 159;
place-names, 166.
Indian designers, 32 (plate).
"Indian Industries," James, 176.
Indian rugs, 78 (plate), 87-94;
_see under_ India.
Indicum, _see_ Indigo.
Indigo, 45-47.
_Indigofera tinctoria_, Indian indigo plant, 46.
"Industrial Arts of India, The," Birdwood, 175.
"Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century," Wyatt, 178.
Industrial Museum at Berlin, rug in collection of, 154.
Inman, Thomas, M.D., 176.
Inscriptions on rugs, 70, 124 (plate), 153-155.
Irak, 167.
Irak-Ajemi province, 64, 69, 167, 172.
Iran (Persia), 62.
Islamabad, 163.
Ispahan, 55, 95, 121, 163, 167, 172.
Ispahan rugs, 62.
Istalif, 165, 172.
Italy, rug-weaving introduced by Saracens, 20;
silk culture in, 123.
J
Jabalpur, 166, 172.
Jails, rugs woven in, 78 (plate), 88, 90.
Jaipur, 166, 172.
Jaipur rugs, 91.
Jalal-ud-Din Mahomed, 87.
Jalandhar, 166, 172.
James, A. G. F. Eliot, 176.
Jammu, 166, 172.
Jamu, 166.
Japanese looms, 24;
rugs, 116;
symbols, 160;
place-names, 167.
Jelalabad, 165, 172.
Jerusalem, 163, 169, 172.
Jewish legend of invention of spinning and weaving, 16.
Jeypore, 166.
Jhalawan (District), 165, 172.
Jodhpur, 166.
Jones, Owen, 176.
Joohpur, 172.
_Journal of the Society of Arts_, 176.
"Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan," Bishop, 175.
Jubbulpore, 166.
Jubbulpur, 166.
Jug, symbolism of, 161.
Jullinder, 166.
Jute, 30, 116.
K
Kabistan rugs, 106.
Kabul, 95, 165, 172.
Kabul sheep, 30.
Kain, 167, 172.
Kairouan, 169, 172.
Kairuan, 135.
Kaisarieh, 169, 172.
Kandahar, 163, 165, 172.
Karabacek, Dr. Joseph, 176.
Karabagh province, 63;
meaning of _Karabagh_, 163;
spelling, 168, 172.
Karabagh rugs, 106.
Kara Dagh rugs, 63;
meaning of _Kara Dagh_, 163;
spelling, 167.
Kara-Geuz rugs, 77.
Karahissar, 169, 172.
Karajah Dagh, 71.
Karaman rugs, 77;
spelling, 169, 172.
Karamanian rugs, 117.
Karashar, 165, 172.
Kars, 168, 172.
Kashan, 125, 167, 172.
Kashgar, 165, 172.
Kashgar rugs, 101, 103.
Kashmir, capital of, 93;
spelling, 166, 172.
Kashmir shawls and rugs, 89, 108.
Kashmir wool, 30.
Kazak rugs, 106, 107, 108 (plate).
Kazan, 168, 172.
Kchatchli rugs, _see_ Khalatch rugs.
Kelat, 163, 165, 172.
Kelim rugs, _see_ Khilim rugs.
Kerkuk, 169, 172.
Kermanshah rugs, 63;
spelling, 167, 172.
Kermanshahan, 167.
Kermes, red dye, 45.
Khalatch rugs, 101.
Khalatch tribe, 101.
Khilim rugs, 34, 117 (and plate), 118.
Khiva, 103, 168, 172.
Khiva rugs, 100, 102.
Khokand, 168.
Khonsar, 167, 172.
Khora-mabad, 167, 172.
Khorasan (Province), 167.
Khorassan province, 55, 56, 64, 95;
meaning of _Khorassan_, 163;
spelling, 167, 172.
Khorassan rugs, 40, 42, 56 (plate), 64, 66.
Khorsabad, 169, 172.
Khotan silk rugs, 124; felt rugs, 126.
Khozdar, 165, 172.
Khuzistan, 167, 172.
Khyrpur, 166, 172.
Kiang-su, 165, 172.
Kidderminster, power looms in, 24.
Kilim rugs, _see_ Khilim rugs.
Kioto, 167, 172.
Kirman, modern rug-weaving district, 55;
value of rug trade, 56;
spelling, 167, 172.
Kirman rugs, 64, 120 (plate).
Kirmanshah rugs, 41.
Kir-Shehr rugs, 77;
spelling, 169, 172.
Kis Khilims, 117.
Knight, Richard Payne, 176.
Knot and flower design, symbolism of, 159.
Knots and knotting, 23, 32, 34-36, 93.
Kohat, 166, 172.
Kokand, 168, 172.
Konieh rugs, 78; spelling, 169, 172.
Kotah, 166, 172.
Koula, 169.
Kuba, 106, 168, 172.
Kucha, 165, 172.
Kuchan, 167.
Kulah rugs, 78, 80, 122;
spelling, 169, 172.
Kurdish rug design represented in ancient Nineveh, 17.
Kurdish rugs, wool used in, 65;
woven by girls and women, 78;
durability and colors, 79;
mihrab in, 117.
Kurdistan, modern rug-weaving district, 55;
nomadic tribes of Western, 87;
spelling 167, 168, 172.
Kurdistan rugs, characteristic designs of 40;
value of trade in, 56;
descriptions, 65, 78.
Kurds, nomadic tribes, 65, 71.
Kushmore, 166, 172.
Kutahia rugs, 79;
spelling, 169, 172.
Kutai, 169.
Kutayah, 169.
Kwatah, 163, 165.
L
Ladik rugs, 79; spelling, 169, 173.
Lahore, 166, 173.
Landor, A. Henry Savage, 176.
Laodicea, 79, 122.
Lar, 167, 173.
Largest rug woven, 95.
Laristan province, 66, 167, 173.
Laristan rugs, 66.
Layard, Austen Henry, 176.
Lenormant, François, 176.
Leopards, symbolism of, 160.
Lessing, Julius, 176.
"Life in Ancient Egypt," Emmaus, 176.
Lily, symbolism of, 161.
Linen, 30.
Lion, symbolism of, 157, 160.
"Lives of the Queens of England," Strickland, 178.
Lizard, symbolism of, 158.
Lobanow-Rostowsky, Prince Alexis, rug owned by, 36.
Lock, Charles G. W., 177.
Looms, 22-24 (and plate), 82 (plate), 111, 147.
Lotus design, 43, 158.
Lourdes, French weaver, 141.
_Louvre, Palais du_, rugs woven in, 141.
Lübke, Wilhelm, 176.
Lucknow, 91, 166, 173.
Luristan (Province), 167, 173.
M
Maciet, M.J., Paris, rug owned by, 128.
Madder, 44.
Madras, 166.
Madras rugs, 92.
Magpie, symbolism of, 157.
Makran, 167, 173.
Malabar (District), 166, 173.
Malair, 56.
Malcom, Sir John, 176.
Mandalay, 166.
"Manual of Archæology," Ely, 176.
"Manual of Design," Redgrave, 177.
"Manual of Egyptian Archæology," Maspero, 176.
"Manual of Oriental Antiquities," Babelon, 175.
"Manual of Sculpture," 177.
"Manual of the Ancient History of the East," Lenormant and
Chevalier, 176.
"Manual of the Historical Development of Art, A," Zerffi, 178.
Manufacturers of rugs, 35.
Marash, 169, 173.
Maresh, 169.
Marvin, Charles, 176.
Maspero, Gaston C. Charles, 176, 177.
Mastung, 165, 173.
Masulipatam rugs,92; spelling, 166,173.
Materials used in rug-weaving, 30.
Mazandaran, 167, 173.
McCormick, Mrs. Cyrus H., rug owned by, 108 (plate).
Meandrian motif in Chinese rugs, 114.
Mecca rug, 68;
meaning of _Mecca_, 163;
spelling, 169, 173.
Medallion design, 43.
Medina, 169, 173.
Mehran, 167, 173.
Mekran (District), 167.
Melasso, 169.
Meles rugs, 80, 122.
Melhaz, _see_ Meles rugs.
Mersherski, established Polish rug factory, 119.
Merut, 166, 173.
Merv, 117.
"Merv Oasis, The," O'Donovan, 177.
"Merv, the Queen of the World," Marvin, 176.
Meshed, 163.
Meshhed, 64, 167, 173.
Meshhed rugs, 56 (plate), 64, 66.
Mesopotamia, monuments show ancient rug-weavers, 16;
spelling, 168.
Meyer's "Handbook of Ornament," 177.
"Middle Kingdom, The," Williams, 178.
Mihrab in prayer rug, 120.
Milassa, 80, 169, 173.
Mina Khani design, 43.
Mir, 67.
Mir-Saraband rugs, 66, 67.
Mirzapore, 163.
Mirzapur rugs, 92;
spelling, 166, 173.
Misratah, 169, 173.
Mohair from Angora goat, 30, 72.
Mohair rugs, 72, 77, 80.
Mohammedan religion does not allow use of animal forms, 37;
used by Shiah sect and others, 38;
green sacred color, 48, 81;
white emblem of mourning, 48;
introduction of rug-weaving into India, 87.
Moodj mats, 92.
Moorish rugs, 134.
Moors introduced rug-weaving into the West, 141;
indirectly taught weaving of Navajo blankets, 147.
Moradabod, 166.
Morocco rugs, _see_ Moorish rugs.
Morris rug, 139.
Morris, William, 138-140.
Moslems, _see under_ Mohammedan.
Mosques, location of, 120.
Mosul rugs, 80; spelling, 169, 173.
Moussul, 169.
Mujur, 173.
Multan rugs, 92, 93;
spelling, 166,173.
Mumford, John Kimberly, 177.
"Mummy Badge, The," Budge, 175.
Müntz, Eugene, 177.
Murex, source of Phoenician purple, 18, 45.
Murshidabad, 166, 173.
Muskabad rugs, 66, 70.
Mylasso, 169.
Mysore, 166, 173.
Mysore rugs, 93.
"Mythology and Egyptian Christianity," Sharpe, 177.
N
Naamah, legendary inventor of spinning, 16.
Nagpur, 166, 173.
Names of rugs, 94.
Natural forms in rug designs, 19, 21, 37, 65.
Navajo Indian Reservation, 146.
Navajo rugs, swastika design in, 43;
description of, 146-149 (and plate).
Navajo women's costume, 148.
New England hooked or rag rugs, 143, 144.
Nile Key, symbolism of, 158.
"Nineveh and Babylon," Layard, 176.
"Nineveh and its Remains," Layard, 176.
Nineveh marbles, 17;
fall of, 19.
Ning-po, 163, 165, 173.
Niris, Lake, 66.
Niris rugs, 66.
Niriz, 167, 173.
Nishapur, 167, 173.
Nomadic weavers, 26; design peculiar to, 41.
North Arcot (District), 166, 173.
O
Octagon design, 43.
O'Dagree, H. Eugene, 177.
O'Donovan, Edmund, 177.
Odor of rugs, 95, 96.
Old man leaning on staff, symbolism of, 157.
Olive, symbolism of, 161.
Onteora rugs, 144.
Oorfa, 169.
Orange, symbolism of, 48.
"Oriental Carpets," Clarke, 175.
"Oriental Carpets," Coxon, 175.
"Oriental Carpets," Lessing, 176.
"Oriental Rugs," Mumford, 177.
Oriental symbols, 156-162.
"Origin of Pagan Idolatry," Faber, 176.
"Origin of Pictish Symbolism," Southesk, 177.
Ormarah, 165, 173.
"Ornement Polychrome, L'," Racinet, 177.
Ouchak, 81, 169, 173.
Ouchak rugs, 78, 81.
Oushak, 169.
Oustri-Nan rugs, 66;
spelling, 167,173.
Outlines of black and white, 47.
Owephissa, 170, 173.
Owl, symbolism of, 157, 161.
Ox, symbolism of, 161.
P
Palestine rugs, 111.
Palm leaf designs, 41.
Palm tree, symbolism of, 159.
Palmer, Mrs. Potter, rug owned by, 90.
Palmette, forms of, 39, 40.
Papyrus, importance to Egyptians, 51;
symbolism of, 159.
Pashim (goat's wool), 30, 93.
Patna, 166, 173.
Patna rugs, 93.
Patriarchs' graves, rugs hung over, 20.
Patterns, small, used by Demirdji weavers, 75.
Paul's Tent Cloth, 72.
Peach, symbolism of, 157.
Peacock, symbolism of, 160, 161.
Peacock Throne at Teheran, 124.
Pearls interwoven in silk rug, 124.
Pequaket, N. H., 143.
Pergamo, 168.
Pergamos, 74.
Perrot, Georges, 177.
"Persia and the Persian Question," Curson, 175.
"Persia and the Persians," Wheeler, 178.
Persia, significance of white in, 48;
antiquity of rug-making in, 53;
civilization of, 53;
rugs principal source of income, 54;
use of rugs in, 54;
export and import trade and value of rug industry, 55, 56;
home consumption of part of product, 54, 56;
manufacturing firms, 56, 57;
official name, Iran, 62;
silk trade with China, 123;
place-names, 167.
"Persian Art," Smith, 177.
Persian berries, 44, 45.
Persian coat of arms, 160.
Persian designs in India, 87, 88;
in Jaipur rugs, 91;
in Lahore rugs, 91;
in Warangul rugs, 93;
once used in Japan, 116.
Persian Empire, its conquest by Saracens, 19.
Persian knotting, 34-36.
"Persian Life and Customs," Wilson, 178.
Persian rugs, Tree of Life design on, 17;
value of, 28;
excellence of design and coloring, 37;
animal designs, 37, 38;
designs and borders in good antiques, 38;
characteristic designs, 40-43;
choice of colors, 47;
use of, in Persia, 54;
small ones not exported, 54;
durability of fine specimens, 54;
used as hangings, 55;
districts where woven, 55;
experts can tell where woven, 55;
value of trade in, 55, 56;
export and import duties on, 56;
manufactured for Western markets, 56, 57;
descriptions of characteristic weaves, 58-70;
preferred to Indian, 87;
silk rugs, 124
(plate), 125;
hunting rugs, 128;
antique rug, 156 (plate); symbols, 160.
Persian weavers taken to India, 87.
Persian wool, 30.
"Persische Nadelmalerei, Die," Karabacek, 176.
Peshawar sheep, 30;
meaning of _Peshawar_, 163;
spelling, 166, 173.
Petrie, William Matthews Flinders. 177.
"Pharaohs, Fellahs, and Explorers," Third Lecture, Edwards, 176.
Philadelphia, power looms in, 24;
rug-production of, 143.
Phillips, G., 177.
Phoenician art, 18.
Phoenician purple, 18.
Phoenix, symbolism of, 157, 160, 162.
Pig, symbolism of, 162.
Pine cone, symbolism of, 169.
Pine trees, symbolism of, 160.
Pirot, Servia, 136.
Place-names associated with rugs, meanings of, 162, 163;
various spellings of, 164-174.
Pliny, quoted, 45.
Plutarch, quoted, 45.
Polish rugs, 119.
Pomegranate design, 41, 159.
Poona, 166, 173.
Pooneh, 166.
Power looms, 22, 24.
Prayer rugs, Ghiordes, 75;
Ghiordes and Kulah, 78;
Ladik, 79;
modern and antique compared, 80;
Beluchistan, 97;
Karamanian and Kurdish, 117;
description, 120-122.
Puckered edges of Sinna rugs, 69.
Pueblo Indians taught rug-weaving by Spaniards, 147.
Punjab, capital of the, 91.
Purple, _see_ Phoenician and Tyrian purple;
symbolism of, 47;
favorite color of Romans, 48.
Purpurin (red coloring-matter), 44.
Pushmina rugs, 93.
Q
Qourdes, 169.
Quaritch, Bernhard, 139.
"Quarterly Papers on Architecture," Weale, 178.
Quetta, 165, 173.
R
Rabat, 134.
Rachova, 170, 173.
Racinet, M. A., 177.
Rag rugs, New England, 143, 144.
Raipur, 166.
Ralph, Julian, 88, 89.
Ram, symbolism of, 162.
Rampur, 166, 173.
Rangpur, 166, 173.
Rawar, 167.
Reber, Franz von, 177.
Reciprocal trefoil design, 42, 67.
Reclus, Elisie, 177.
Red, symbolism of, 47, 48.
Redgrave's "Manual of Design," 177.
Reed, symbolism of, 162.
"Religion of Ancient Egypt," Renouf, 177.
"Religion of the Semites," Smith, 177.
Renouf, P. LePage, 177.
Resht, 125, 167, 173.
Restoration of old dyeing, 46.
_Rhamnus chlorophorus_, 45.
_Rhamnus utilis_, 45.
Rhinoceros, symbolism of, 162.
Rhodian lily design, 79.
Riegl, Dr. Alois, 177.
Robinson, Vincent, 177.
Rochdale, power looms in, 24.
Romans, dyes prized by, 45;
purple favorite color of, 48.
Rose color, symbolism of, 47.
Rosette, symbolism of, 159.
Rothschild, Baron Adolphe, rug owned by, 128.
Rothschild, Baron Nathaniel, rug owned by, 153.
Roubaix, 169.
Roumanian rugs, 137.
Royalty, yellow symbol of, in China, 47.
_Rubia_, dye-yielding genus, 44.
_Rubia tinctorum_, 44.
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Rugs: Oriental and Occidental, Antique & ModernChapter VI: Miscellaneous Information (4)
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