Chapter VI: Miscellaneous Information (5)

Rugs, utility of, 15;
origin of need for, 15;
weaving of, began, 15;
definition of name, 15;
identical with carpets, 16;
represented in Egyptian wall-paintings, 16, 17;
on Nineveh marbles, 17;
Egyptian, 18;
Assyrians used, as awnings and floor-coverings, 19;
rug-weaving in Egypt, Chaldea, Assyria, Asia Minor, and Greece, 19;
introduced into Europe, 20;
hung over graves, 20;
used in Europe during _fêtes_, 20;
increasing use of, 21, 26;
value by square foot, 28;
sometimes woven underground, 29;
pashim rugs from India, 30;
of camel's hair, 31;
knotting in Persian, 32;
product of cold districts in demand, 32;
selected for Western market, 33;
famous rugs in collections, 33;
industry encouraged in India, 35;
designs in Persian, 37, 38;
designs in modern Oriental, 38;
proportion between size and design, 39;
replace skins in Egypt, 51;
modern Egyptian, 51;
imported into Egypt, 52;
Cairo emporium for sale of, 52;
antique Persian, 53;
Shah Abbas's encouragement of rug-weaving, 53;
value of Shah Abbas rugs, 53;
decline and growth of industry in Persia, 54;
use of, in Persia, 54;
durability of, 54;
district where woven determined by design and fabric, 55, 88;
value of trade to Persia, 55, 56;
export and import duties upon, 56;
firms prosecute trade in, 56, 57;
quality and design of modern Persian, 57;
characteristics of Persian, 58-70;
value in Orient, 70;
characteristics of Turkish, 71-83;
use of, in Turkey, 72;
in Constantinople market, 72, 73;
characteristics of Indian, 87-94;
less expensive than Persian, 88;
Indian gold-embroidered state rugs, 89;
Lord Clive's rug, 89;
rugs have replaced shawls in Kashmir, 89;
rugs of Afghanistan, 95, 96;
of Beluchistan, 97;
Turkoman rugs, 98-104;
Caucasian rugs, 105-108;
rugs of Holy Land, 111, 112;
of China, 113-115;
of Japan, 116;
Khilim, 117, 118;
Polish, 119;
prayer, 120-122;
silk, 123-125;
felt, 126, 127;
hunting, Persian, 128;
Greek, 132, 133;
Moorish and Spanish, 134, 135;
Bosnian, Servian, Roumanian, and Bulgarian, 136, 137;
English, 138-140;
French, 141, 142;
United States, 143-149;
inscriptions on, 153-155;
Oriental symbols on, 156-162;
meanings of place-names associated with, 162, 163.

Running hook design, 41.

Russian Empire, place-names, 168.

Rustan Khan, 165, 173.

Ryan, Charles, 177.

S

S-form design, 43.

Sabatos rugs, 144, 145.

Saddlebags, rug-woven, 60.

Saffron, 44, 48.

Safieta, 169.

Safita, 174.

Sail of a vessel, symbolism of, 159.

St. Clement, legendary discoverer of felt, 126, 127.

Sakai, 167, 174.

Samarkand rugs, 102 (and plate), 125;
meaning of _Samarkand_, 163;
spelling, 168, 174.

Saraband rugs, 42, 59, 66.

Saracens, their conquest and influence, 19;
origin of name, 20;
introduced tapestries to France, 141.

Sarakhs rugs, 58 (and plate), 67;
spelling, 174.

Sarawan, 67, 165, 174.

Sarik tribe, 98.

Saruk rugs, 67.

Savalan rugs, 68, 70.

Savas, 169.

_Savonnerie, La_, rug factory, 141.

Sayce, Archibald Henry, LL.D., 177.

Scarabæus, symbolism of, 159.

Scarlet, symbolism of, 47.

Schwarzenberg, Prince, Vienna, rug owned by, 134.

Scorpion, symbolism of, 162.

Scotland, power looms in, 25.

Scroll design, 43.

"Sculpture, Manual of," 177.

Sedentary weavers, 26, 27.

Se-Ling-She, legendary discoverer of silk-weaving, 123.

Serampur, 166, 174.

Serapi rugs, 69.

Serebend rugs, 66.

Serinuggar, 166.

Serpent, symbolism of, 159, 162.

Serrated leaf design, 43.

Servian rugs, 136.

Shah Abbas design, 43, 59.

Shang-hai, 163, 165, 174.

Shan-tung, 165, 174.

Sharjah, 169, 174.

Sharkah, 169.

Sharpe, Samuel, 177.

Sharrokhs on the Attrek, 87.

Shawls, Kashmir, 89, 108.

Shearing, Indian methods of, 147.

Sheep, not raised in rocky regions, 72;
not eaten by Hindoos, 88.

Shelley, G. E., 177.

Shemakha rugs, 108;
spelling, 168,174.

Shepherds use felt rugs, 126.

Shiah sect of Moslems employ animal designs, 38

Shikarpur, 166, 174.

Shiraz, 66, 68, 167, 174.

Shiraz rugs, 41, 68 (and plate).

Shirvan, 117, 168, 169, 174.

Shirvan, rugs, 41, 107, 108.

Shirwan, 167, 174.

Shoes removed in house by Persians, 55.

"Short History of Tapestry, A," Müntz, 177.

Show-window demonstrations by Oriental weavers, 21.

Shrouds, rugs used as, 135.

Shusha, 174.

Shushu, 168.

Shuster, ancient capital of Persia, 53, 55;
spelling, 167, 174.

Sicily, rug-weaving introduced by Saracens, 20;
silk-weaving in, 123.

Silk for rug-weaving, 30;
introduced into antique Kirman rugs, 65;
silk rugs of Brusa, 74;
silk Polish rugs, 119;
use of, discovered in China, 123;
use of, outside of China, 123;
description and prices of silk rugs, 124 (and plate), 125;
silk added to wool rugs, 124.

Silver woven in Polish rugs, 119.

Sindh rugs, 93.

Sinna, 117, 167, 174.

Sinna Khilims, 117.

Sinna knotting, 34, 35.

Sinna rugs, characteristic border of, 40;
description, 69;
plate, 34.

Sirab rugs, 69; spelling, 167, 174.

Sivas rugs, 82; spelling, 174.

Skins sewed into rugs, 115.

Smith, Byron L., rug owned by, 62 (plate).

Smith, Ralph Oliver, rug owned by, 98 (plate).

Smith, Major R. Murdock, R. E., 177.

Smith's "Greek and Roman Antiquities," 177.

Smith's "Religion of the Semites," 177.

Smyrna, madder raised near, 44;
trade with, 77, 82;
spelling, 169, 174.

Smyrna rugs, 72, 82, 134.

Sohar, 169, 174.

Solar disk with serpents, symbolism of, 159.

Sonmeani, 165, 174.

Soumak rugs, manner of knotting, 34, 35;
characteristic design of, 41;
description of, 108;
_see_ plate, page 30.

Southesk's "Origin of Pictish Symbolism," 177.

Spade design, 42.

Spain, rug-weaving in, 20, 134;
silk-weaving in, 123.

Spaniards taught weaving and sheep-raising to American Indians, 147.

Sparta, 169.

Sparta rugs, 83.

Spear, symbolism of, 162.

Spelling of place-names, 164-174.

Sphinx, symbolism of, 159.

Spider, symbolism of, 162.

Spinning, legends of invention of, 16.

Spon, ----, 177.

Squirrel, symbolism of, 162.

Srinagar rugs, 93;
meaning of _Srinagar_, 163;
spelling, 166, 174.

Staff in the hands of the gods, symbolism of, 159.

Stamboul, 73.

Standing eagle, symbolism of, 160.

Star designs, 43, 162.

Stark tree form in Turkoman rugs, 101, 102.

Stitches in Persian rugs, _see_ Knots.

Stockholm Palace, rug in, 128.

Stork, symbolism of, 157, 160.

Strickland, Agnes, 178.

Stuart, H. Villiers, 178.

Subdued colors, preference given to, 21, 47.

Su-chau, 165, 174.

Sultanabad, 55, 56, 59, 69, 125;
spelling, 167, 174.

Sultanabad rugs, 69, 70.

Sultan's factories and schools, 76.

Sumac, 44.

Sun, symbolism of, 159, 160.

Superstitions among weavers, 29.

Surat, 166, 174.

Susiana, Ancient (Province), 167.

Swastika design, 42, 148, 162.

Switzerland, rug-weaving in, 142.

Sword, symbolism of, 160.

Sykes, Ella C., 178.

"Symbolican Language of Ancient Art and Mythology, The," Knight, 176.

"Symbolism in Christian Art," Hulme, 176.

"Symbols Antiques, Les," O'Dagree, 177.

Symbols, Navajo, 148;
Oriental, 156;
Chinese, 157;
Egyptian, 158, 159;
Indian, 159;
Japanese, 160;
Persian, 160;
Turkish, 160;
miscellaneous, 161, 162.

"Symbols of Early Christian Art," Twining, 178.

Syria, 168.

Syrian Christian weavers, 71.

Syrian rugs, 111.

T

Tabor, Mrs. Sydney Richmond, rug owned by, 56 (plate).

Tabriez, 168.

Tabriz, 63, 163, 168, 174.

Tabriz rugs, 70 and frontispiece (plate).

Tajura, 169, 174.

Talim, or working drawing of rug design, 39.

Tanjore, 166, 174.

Tapestries synonymous with rugs, 16;
introduced into England, 138;
introduced into France by Saracens, 141.

Tarantula design, 43.

Tawarek tribe, 135.

Tchechen rugs, 108.

Teheran rug market, 70, 125;
meaning of _Teheran_, 163;
spelling, 168, 174.

Tekké tribe, 98, 103.

Tekké-Turkoman rugs, 98 (plate), 103.

"Ten Years' Digging in Egypt," Petrie, 177.

"Textile Manufactures and Costumes of the People of India,
The," Watson, 178.

Theban fresco represents rug-weavers, 17.

Thibetan goat's hair, 30.

"Things Chinese," Ball, 175.

Thompson, ----, 178.

"Through Asia," Hedin, 176.

"Through Persia on a Side Saddle," Sykes, 178.

Tient-sing, 165, 174.

Tokio, 167, 174.

Tortoise, symbolism of, 157, 160.

Tourcoing, 169, 174.

Tourists, Cairo rug-market for, 52.

Tournay, 169, 174.

Trade in Ghiordes rugs, 75.

Transcaucasia, 71, 105, 168.

Trebizond, 169, 174.

"Tree and Serpent Worship," Fergusson, 176.

Tree of Health design, symbolism of, 160.

Tree of Life design on Persian rugs, 17, 65;
on Kashgar rugs, 101;
on Ghiordes rugs, 122;
symbolism of, 157, 160.
_See_ frontispiece plate and 124 (plate).

Triangle design, 43.

Tribute paid in insects for dye purposes, 45.

Tripoli, 169, 174.

Tsi-nan,165, 174.

Tsing-chau, 165, 174.

Tsing-ning, 165, 174.

Tsun-hua rugs, 115.

Tuareg rugs, 135.

Tuareg tribe, 135.

Tunis rugs, 135, 169.

Turfani wool, 30.

Turkey in Asia, place-names, 168.

Turkey in Europe, Khilims woven in, 117.

Turkish coat of arms, 160.

Turkish knotting, 34, 35.

Turkish Kurdistan, Khilim rugs woven in, 117.

Turkish loom and weavers, 24 (plate).

Turkish rug factories, 24.

Turkish rugs, 24, 71-83;
of silk, 125.

Turkish symbolism, of green, 48;
of crescent and star, 160.

Turkish wool, 30.

Turkoman rugs, 95, 98-104, 125.

Turmeric, 44.

Turtle, symbolism of, 162.

Twining, ----, 178.

Tyrian purple (_see_ Phoenician purple), 45, 47.

Tzitzi rugs, 108.

U

Umballa, 166.

"Unbeaten tracks in Japan," Bishop, 175.

United States, Oriental weavers in, 21;
power looms in, 24;
import duties, 56;
Persian rugs to supply trade of, 57;
Sultanabad rugs imported into, 70;
law against importation of jail-made goods, 90;
rug-weaving in, 143-149.

Urfa, 71, 169, 174.

Ushak, 169.

V

Value of square foot of best Persian rug, 28;
of rug trade to Persia, 55, 56;
of Persian rugs in the Orient, 70;
of silk rugs, 125.

Vámbéry, Arminius, 178.

Van Dyke, John Charles, 178.

Vegetable dyes, 44, 46, 139.

Vegetable fibre in Mirzapur rugs, 92.

Verulam, Earl of, rug owned by, 138 (plate).

Vienna, rug-weaving at, 136.

Violet in old rugs, 80.

Viper, symbolism of, 159.

Volk, Mrs. Douglas, 145.

"Vorderasiatische Knüpfteppiche," Bode, 175.

W

Wake, Charles Staniland, 178.

Warangal, 166, 174.

Warangul rugs, 93.

Washing to subdue colors, 77;
to overcome odor, 95.

Watson, Dr. Forbes, 178.

Weale, John, 178.

Weavers, skilled Oriental, 20;
correct color sense of, 20;
demonstrating their craft in United States, 21;
women and girls, 26;
men and boys, 26;
sedentary, 26, 27;
nomadic, 26;
men naturally unsuited, 27;
profits of, 27, 28, 82;
time consumed, 28;
wages and advance payment, 28;
fare, 29;
work underground, 29;
superstitions, 29;
skill of, 32, 33;
use of dyes by, 44;
Egyptian, 51;
women of all classes, 55;
Persian, in employ of factories, 57;
use small patterns, 75;
Indian, 88;
Japanese, 116;
Greek, 132;
Flemish, 138;
Navajo, 148.

Weaving, legends of invention of, 16;
in ancient Egypt, 22;
method of Oriental, 22;
in India, 23.

Westroff, Hodder M., 178.

Westwood,----, 178.

Wheel, symbolism of, 159, 162.

Wheeler, Mrs. A. D., rug owned by, 126 (plate).

Wheeler, Samuel Green, 178.

White, symbolism of, 47, 48;
use of cotton for, 76.

Wilkinson, Sir J. Gardner, quoted, 17, 178.

William of Germany, Emperor, his rug collection, 77.

Williams, S. Wells, 178.

Wilson, Rev. Samuel Graham, M.A., 178.

Wilton, power looms in, 24.

Wings, symbolism of, 162.

Winkleman, Johann Joachim, 178.

Wolf, symbolism of, 162.

Wool, preparation of, 27, 30, 32;
where produced, 30;
handling, 32;
quality, 32;
not produced in India, 88.

Worcester, power looms in, 24.

Worsted used in rug-weaving, 23.

Writers, ancient, allude to rugs, 18.

Wyatt, M. Digby, 178.

X

Xanthin (yellow coloring matter), 44.

Y

Y-form design, 43.

Yak's hair, 30.

Yangi-hissar, 165.

Yapraks (Ouchak rugs), 81, 83.

Yarkand, 165, 174.

Yarkand rugs, 103.

Yellow-dyes, how produced, 44, 45;
symbolism of, 47;
used by Turkomans, 98.

Yezd rugs, 70;
felt rugs, 126;
meaning of _Yezd_, 163;
spelling, 168, 174.

Yomud rugs, 100, 103, 104.

Yomud tribe, 98, 103.

Young stags, symbolism of, 157.

Yuruk rugs, 83.

Yuruk tribe, 117.

Z

Zarand, 168, 174.

Zeli, 169.

Zerffi, G.C., 178.

Zerni, 165, 174.

Zigzag design, 43, 159.

Zileh, 169, 174.

Zilleh, 169.

THE END