Chapter I: Preface

"And so I penned
It down, until at last it came to be,
For length and breadth, the bigness which you see."

BUNYAN: _Apology for his Book_.

While it is quite reasonable to hope for a consistent improvement among the Central American nations, and as easy to discern the extent of amelioration which has already occurred, it is necessary to bear in mind some of the causes which have hitherto conduced to the turbulence and the tragedies which have characterized government by some of these smaller Latin Republics.

Many writers, who can know but little of the Spanish race, have attributed the early failures of the States which broke away from the Motherland, not only to lack of stability, but to a radical psychological defect in the national character. This is a decided mistake, for the Spanish people, both in their individual and in their collective character, are fully as capable of exercising the rights, and of enjoying rationally the benefits, of self-government as any other nation of the world. The patriots and heroes who distinguished themselves in the early days of these young Republics, while themselves descendants of the Spaniards, generally speaking, and having only in a few cases Indian blood in their veins, had to combat against all the ambition and avarice, all the pride and prejudices, of the Church-ridden land which had set its grip upon New Spain, and meant, if possible, to keep it there. But it was not possible, and in a few decades was witnessed their complete expulsion as rulers from the countries which had been won by the flower of Spain's soldiery, and lost by the exercise of Spain's oppression and greed.

While the early history of the Latin-American Republics contains much to distress, and even to depress, the reader, it is impossible to avoid paying a tribute to the band of gallant men who fought so desperately in the cause of freedom, and eventually won it. It is not just to say, as so many historians have said, that the highest incentives of these men to action were the favours of artificial and hereditary greatness, with the accumulation, by whatsoever means, of that wealth by which such favours might be purchased. Undoubtedly some mercenary motives were at work, as they usually are in political upheavals of this nature. Does anyone imagine, for instance, during the disturbances which occurred in Mexico early in the present year, and which were personally assisted by United States citizens, that low mercenary motives were lacking? Does anyone imagine that the numerous North American filibusters who took part in the fighting, first on the Texas borders, and then in Mexico itself, had any idea of assisting a persecuted people to free themselves from the yoke of a tyrant? Or was it not the glamour of golden lucre to be paid to them, and the promise of the much-coveted land across the Rio Grande del Norte, that impelled these young Yankees to throw in their lot with the rebels, trusting to their own complacent Government at Washington to see them through--as it actually did--any trouble which might happen to them if they proved to be upon the losing side?

It would perhaps be equally correct to describe the early Spanish conquerors as greedy adventurers, since they never had any ideas of benefiting the countries or the people whom they afflicted so sorely. It is true that they encountered fearful dangers, displayed unheard-of bravery, overturned empires, and traversed with bloody steps an entire continent; but it was to aggrandize the Crown of Spain and to fill their own empty pockets with golden spoil, which, once secured, witnessed the fulfilment of their ambitions.

It was, moreover, from this veritable horde of greedy tyrants that in later days the peoples of these nations sought to obtain, and finally did obtain, their freedom; their experiences of the Spanish Viceroys, with their courts more brilliant and more corrupt than that at Madrid itself; the persecutions of the Church, which has left a record in Latin-America more bloody and more barbarous than even in Europe; the deafness shown by the Spanish Crown whenever an appeal for consideration or clemency was addressed to it--all these things conduced to that upheaval which has taken over one hundred years to consummate and fructify.

It was, then, against all this that the people of Central America were called upon to fight. Can anyone be surprised at the demoralization which occurred in their own ranks when their efforts to secure their freedom from Spain were once crowned with success? History shows many other such instances; indeed, bad as is the record of the earliest days of Latin-American self-government, it by no means stands without parallel. The objects--beyond a desire to be free from the brutal tyranny of the Spanish Viceroys--of the Latin-American revolutionists were never very clearly defined or well understood. Neither was any preconceived or organized plan ever made or carried out in connection with the French Revolution.

Some historians are of opinion that the revolutionists of Central America originally contemplated the establishment of an independent Kingdom or Monarchy which should comprise the ancient Vice-Royalty, or, as it was called, the "Kingdom of Guatemala." But there is little evidence that any such notion was generally popular. Among the body of office-seekers and hangers-on of royal Courts it may, of course, have been regarded with favour. But the Provisional Junta, which was convoked immediately after the separation from Spain, showed a great majority of Liberals, who, in spite of the pressure brought to bear upon them, and the personal danger in which they stood, proceeded boldly to administer the oath of absolute independence, and to convoke an assembly of patriots which should organize the country on the basis of Republican institutions. The effort which was made later on through French machinations to establish a monarchy in Mexico failed dismally, as had the previous efforts put forward by the Mexicans themselves, when Iturbide was made--or, to be more correct, made himself--Emperor for a very brief period.

The people of Central America were but few in number, and were widely distributed over the face of the country. It took several weeks to get into communication with some of the outlying districts, and the diffusion of the newly-created voters prevented them from becoming in any way a united people, or even cognizant of what was being done in their name. In fact, while anxiously awaiting the intelligence that their Junta was about to issue the long-looked-for Republican Charter, the people of Salvador received the startling and disastrous news that their country was to be incorporated into the Mexican Empire. They had been basely betrayed, and it is small wonder that they stood aghast at the colossal nature of that betrayal.

Terrible indeed was the position for the newly-arisen Republic of Salvador. The men whom they had sent to attend the Junta at Guatemala City were met and overawed by armed bands; their deliberations were forcibly interrupted and suspended; some of them, such as Bedoya, Maida, and others, were ruthlessly assassinated, while their own leader and President of the Provisional Junta, one Gainza, turned traitor and went over to the enemy under promise of a high post in the new royal Government.

Salvador was the nearest province to Guatemala, and the centre of Liberalism. It was not long before the patriots of this country took up arms in the defence of their newly-acquired freedom, and when they did theirs was practically the first battle which was fought upon Central American territory by Central Americans among themselves. Unfortunately, it was by no means the last; and history bristles with instances of terrible internecine warfare--of father arrayed against son, brother against brother, and of whole families, once united in bonds of love, wrenched asunder, never again to be reconciled this side of the grave. For years following, the soil of this beautiful land was drenched with human blood, its energies crippled, its resources abandoned. Are we justified in supposing that the end has come? I verily believe that, if it has not actually arrived, it is at least in sight.

It must be remembered that the people of Central America are no longer an uneducated and unduly excitable race, except, perhaps, where their personal honour and independence are concerned; they possess an exceedingly clear and precise knowledge of their prospective or immediate requirements; they have as enlightened leaders among them as ever their powerful Northern neighbour possessed or possesses: all that they ask, and all that they should be granted, is the freedom to manage their own affairs in their own way and in their own time. A well-known writer upon Central America, who visited these countries some five-and-fifty years ago, declared: "Even as it was no one, whatever his prejudices, could fail to perceive the advance in the manners and customs, and the change in the spirit, of the people of Central America during the ten years of freedom which the Constitution secured." If that was true then, it is doubly, trebly true to-day, when education and foreign travel have served to open the minds and broaden the tolerance of these people, who may reasonably be permitted, and even earnestly encouraged, to work out their own salvation. By free and unrestricted intercourse with the nations of the world this can best be effected, and day by day is proving the truth of the saying of Dr. Johnson: "The use of travelling is to regulate imagination by reality, and, instead of thinking how things _may_ be, see them as they _are_."

_October_, 1911.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

PAGES

Discovery of Salvador--Scenery--Volcanoes--Separation of
Salvador from Spanish dominion--Central American
Confederation--Attempts to reconstruct it--General
Barríos--Lake Ilopango--Earthquake results--Remarkable
phenomena--Public roads--Improvement under Figueroan
Government 1-12

CHAPTER II

Government--Executive power--Chamber of Congress--The
Cabinet--Justice--The courts--Prisons and prisoners--
Employment and treatment--Police force--How distributed--
Education--Colleges and schools--State-aided education--
Teaching staffs--Primary education--Posts and telegraphs--
Improved interstate parcels post 13-35

CHAPTER III

Biographical--The President, Dr. Manuel E. Araujo--The
ex-President, General Figueroa--The Cabinet--Dr. don
Francesco Dueñas, Minister for Foreign Affairs--Dr. don
Teodosio Corranza, Home Affairs--Dr. Gustavo Baron, Public
Instruction--Ingeniero Peralta Lagos--Dr. Castro V.--Don
Eusebio Bracamonte--Don Miguel Dueñas--Department of
Agriculture--Señor Carlos Garcia Prieto, Finance and
Public Credit 36-48

CHAPTER IV

Government finances--London Market appreciation of Salvador
bonds--History of foreign debt--Salvador Railway
security--Central American Public Works Company--Changing
the guarantee--Financial conditions to-day--Public debt at
end of 1909--Budget for 1910-11--Small deficit may be
converted into surplus--Summary 49-60

CHAPTER V

Salvador _versus_ Honduras and Nicaragua--Attitude of the
President--Proclamation to the people--Generals Rivas and
Alfaro--Invasion of Salvador--Ignominious retreat of
enemy--Conciliatory conduct of General Figueroa--Character
of Salvadorean people--Treachery of Zelaya 61-73

CHAPTER VI

Outbreak of hostilities between Salvador, Honduras,
Nicaragua, and Guatemala--Discreditable conduct of
Nicaragua proved--Failure of United States and Mexican
intervention--Dignified and loyal attitude of General
Figueroa--Warning to Honduras--President Davila used as
Zelaya's cat's-paw--The former's subsequent regret--Central
American Court of Justice trial of claim for damages and
result of judgment 74-85

CHAPTER VII

The Army--Division of forces--Active reserve--Auxiliary--
Republic's fighting strength--Military education--Strict
training--Excellent discipline--Schools and polytechnics--
Manual exercise--Workshops and output--Economies in
equipments--Garrison services--Barracks--Destruction of
Zapote Barracks--New constructions at Capital, Santa Ana,
Santa Tecla, Sitio-del-Niño, Ahuachapán, Cojutepeque, San
Miguel--Annual expenditure 86-95

CHAPTER VIII

British Minister to Salvador--Lionel Edward Gresley
Carden--British Legation hospitality--Mrs. Carden--
Government indifference to valuable services--British
Vice-Consul--No report for twenty years--Foreign Office
neglect--United States Minister--Valuable trade information
from American Legation--Salvadorean relations with
Washington 96-109

CHAPTER IX

United States information for traders--Improved Consular
services--United States and Salvador Government--Bureau
of Pan-American Republics--Mr. Mark J. Kelly--Exceptional
services--The American Minister, Major W. and Mrs.
Heimké--Salvadorean Minister to U.S.A., Señor Federico
Mejía--Central American Peace Conference and the United
States 110-119

CHAPTER X

Latin-American trade and British diplomacy--Serious handicap
inflicted by the British Government--Sacrificing British
interests--Why British trade has been lost to Salvador--
United States trade with Salvador--German competition--
Teutonic characteristics--Britain's free trade
principles--Severe American rivalry--United States Steel
Company's methods 120-136

CHAPTER XI

British trade declines--Suggested remedy--Distributing
centres--Trading companies and branches--Unattractive
cheap goods--Former hold on Salvadorean markets--
Comparative statistics between Great Britain, Germany,
and the United States--Woollen and cotton goods--Absence
of British bottoms from Salvadorean ports--Markets open
to British manufacturers--Agricultural implements 137-149

CHAPTER XII

British fire apparatus--Story of a British installation--
Coffee and sugar machinery--Cane-mills--Fawcett, Preston
and Co.'s installations--High reputation enjoyed by British
firms--United States coffee equipment--German competition--
Methods of German commercial travellers--Openings for
British trade--Effect of Panama Canal--Libel upon Salvador
manufacturers--Salvador Chamber of Commerce 150-165

CHAPTER XIII

Systems of business--Long credits--British and United States
methods _versus_ German--Making "good" stock losses--
Question of exchange--Effect upon business--Drafts and
speculators--Customary terms of payment--Central American
banks as agents--Prominent Salvadorean banks--The Press of
the Republic--Prominent newspapers--Some of their
contributors--Central American Press Conference 166-180

CHAPTER XIV

Mining--Ancient workings--Precious metals found--Copper
deposits--Iron ores--Treatment of ores in England--
Difficulties of transport--Some deceased authorities--
Mines in operation--Butters' Salvador mines--History of
undertaking--Large profits earned--Directorial policy--
Machinery and equipment--Butters' Divisadero Mines--
Butters' cyaniding plant 181-195

CHAPTER XV

Transportation--Salvador Railway Company--Early
construction--Gauge--Bridges--Locomotives--Rolling-
stock--_Personnel_ of railway--Steamship service--
Extensions--Increasing popularity--Exchange and influence
on railway success--Importers _versus_ planters--Financial
conditions--Projected extensions--Geological survey--Mr.
Minor C. Keith's Salvador concession 196-215

CHAPTER XVI

Ports and harbours--La Unión--Population--Railway
extensions--Lack of British bottoms--Carrying trade--
H.B.M. Vice-Consul--Port of Triunfo--Improving the
entrance--Proposed railway--Acajutla--Loading and
unloading cargoes--Proposed improvements--Salvador
Railway connections--La Libertad--Commandante and
garrison--Loading and unloading cargoes--Cable station
and the service provided by Government--The staff of
operators 216-227

CHAPTER XVII

Agriculture--Government support and supervision--Annual
productions--Agricultural schools--Cattle-breeding--
Coffee--Sugar--Tobacco--Forestry--Rice--Beans--Cacao--
Balsam--Treatment by natives 228-246

CHAPTER XVIII

Departments: Capital cities--Population--Districts--
Salvador Department--City of San Salvador--Situation--
Surroundings--Destruction in 1854 by earthquake--
Description of catastrophe--Loss of life actually
small--Evacuation of city--Recuperative faculty of the
people 247-255

CHAPTER XIX

City of San Salvador--San Salvador as place of residence--
Theatres--Parks--Streets--Hotels--Domestic servants--
Hospitality of residents--Societies and associations--
Educational establishments--Government buildings--Religion
and churches--Casino--Hospitals and institutions--
Disastrous conflagrations--Public monuments 256-275

CHAPTER XX

Department of Chalatenango--Rich agricultural
territories--Annual fair--Generally prosperous
conditions--Department of Cuscutlán--City of
Cojutepeque--Industries--Cigar factories--Volcanoes--
Lake of Cojutepeque--Department of Cabañas--Scenic
features--Feast of Santa Barbara--Department of San
Vicente--Public buildings and roads 276-286

CHAPTER XXI

Department of La Libertad--Physical characteristics--
Balsam Coast--Santa Tecla--Department of Sonsonate--
Life and hotels--Department of Ahuachapán--City of
Ahuachapán--Public buildings and baths--Projected
railway extension--Department of Santa Ana--Chief
city--Generally prosperous conditions 287-299

CHAPTER XXII

Department of La Paz--Characteristics--Zacatecoluca--
Population--Former proportions--Districts--Towns--
Principal estates--Santiago--Nonualco--San Juan
Nonualco--Climate--Water-supply--Santa Maria Ostuma--
Mercedes la Ceiba--San Pedro Mashuat--Some minor
estates--Small property holdings 300-305

CHAPTER XXIII

Department of San Miguel--Postless coast--Indigo
plantations--City of San Miguel--Cathedral--Water-
supply--Archæological interests--Projected railway
connections 306-310

Department of Morazán--City of Gotéra--Mountains and
fertile plains--Agricultural produce 310-311

Department of La Unión--Boundaries--Scenery--Guascorán
River--Industries--Commerce 311-313

Department of Usulután--Physical characteristics--Volcanic
curiosities--Surrounding villages--Populations--El
Triunfo--Santiago de Maria 313-316