Chapter I: Front Matter

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SCENES AND CHARACTERS OF THE MIDDLE AGES

SCENES & CHARACTERS OF THE MIDDLE AGES

by

THE REV. EDWARD L. CUTTS, B.A.

Late Hon. Sec. of the Essex Archæolocical Society

With One Hundred and Eighty-Two Illustrations

THIRD EDITION

London: Alexander Moring Limited The De La More Press 32 George Street Hanover Square W 1911

CONTENTS.

THE MONKS OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

CHAP. PAGE

I. THE ORIGIN OF MONACHISM 1

II. THE BENEDICTINE ORDERS 6

III. THE AUGUSTINIAN ORDER 18

IV. THE MILITARY ORDERS 26

V. THE ORDERS OF FRIARS 36

VI. THE CONVENT 54

VII. THE MONASTERY 70

THE HERMITS AND RECLUSES OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

I. THE HERMITS 93

II. ANCHORESSES, OR FEMALE RECLUSES 120

III. ANCHORAGES 132

IV. CONSECRATED WIDOWS 152

THE PILGRIMS OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

I. PILGRIMS 157

II. OUR LADY OF WALSINGHAM AND ST. THOMAS OF CANTERBURY 176

THE SECULAR CLERGY OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

I. THE PAROCHIAL CLERGY 195

II. CLERKS IN MINOR ORDERS 214

III. THE PARISH PRIEST 222

IV. CLERICAL COSTUME 232

V. PARSONAGE HOUSES 252

THE MINSTRELS OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

I. 267

II. SACRED MUSIC 284

III. GUILDS OF MINSTRELS 298

THE KNIGHTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

I. SAXON ARMS AND ARMOUR 311

II. ARMS AND ARMOUR, FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST DOWNWARDS 326

III. ARMOUR OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY 338

IV. THE DAYS OF CHIVALRY 353

V. KNIGHTS-ERRANT 369

VI. MILITARY ENGINES 380

VII. ARMOUR OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 394

VIII. THE KNIGHT'S EDUCATION 406

IX. ON TOURNAMENTS 423

X. MEDIÆVAL BOWMEN 439

XI. FIFTEENTH CENTURY AND LATER ARMOUR 452

THE MERCHANTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

I. BEGINNINGS OF BRITISH COMMERCE 461

II. THE NAVY 475

III. THE SOCIAL POSITION OF THE MEDIÆVAL MERCHANTS 487

IV. MEDIÆVAL TRADE 503

V. COSTUME 518

VI. MEDIÆVAL TOWNS 529

THE MONKS OF THE MIDDLE AGES.