Chapter V: Front Matter (5)

IS MADE BY THE Russia Cement Co.,

=AWARDED TWO GOLD MEDALS.=

Gloucester, Mass.
Sample 20c stamps

FIRST CLASS
HEATING APPARATUS,
J. REYNOLDS & SON,
Thirteenth and Filbert Streets, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Manufacturers of
Steel Air Tight Furnaces,
KEYSTONE
=Steel Furnaces=.

BRICK SET AND PORTABLE.

=For Anthracite and Bituminous Coal or Wood.=

Our heaters are strictly first‐class, made of the best material and workmanship, and are supplied with the Reynolds’ Shaking Grate, the best labor and fuel saving appliances. They are absolutely Gas, Dust and Smoke Tight. Cooking Ranges, Low and Half Low Grates, in great variety of styles and sizes. Descriptive circulars sent free to any address. The trade supplied.

THE foremost floorer in the market. There are perhaps without a single exception more “Keystone” Flooring Machines in use than any other make in the market. Valuable references and testimonials and full information cheerfully given.

=GOODELL & WATERS=,
3031 Chestnut St., Philadelphia.

HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

=Names and Address= must accompany all letters, or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our information, and not for publication.

=References= to former articles or answers should give date of paper and page or number of question.

=Inquiries= not answered in reasonable time should be repeated; correspondents will bear in mind that some answers require not a little research, and, though we endeavor to reply to all, either by letter or in this department, each must take his turn.

=Special Written Information= on matters of personal rather than general interest cannot be expected without remuneration.

=Scientific American Supplements= referred to may be had at the office. Price 10 cents each.

=Books= referred to promptly supplied on receipt of price.

=Minerals= sent for examination should be distinctly marked or labeled.

(1) G. W. B. asks: 1. What kind of cement used, and how to cement gum face on band saws? A. Ordinary rubber cement, such as you can purchase at any of the rubber stores, will answer your purpose. 2. Is there anything to be put in glue to prevent moisture from disturbing the joints in patterns? A. A little bichromate of potash put into your glue will render it insoluble, after exposure to light. 3. Is there anything to prevent shellac used for patterns from getting dark before using after it is mixed some time? A. We know of no way to prevent this.

(2) W. S. C.—In closed circuits for steam heating, the pressure of the steam along the flow pipes and in coils in well arranged systems is so nearly equalized with the pressure in the boiler, that it requires but small elevation of the water of condensation in the return pipe above the water level in the boiler to allow of its return by gravity. In this system all of the radiators should be not less than from 1 to 5 feet above the water level in the boiler, according to the complication and extent of the circuit. The air is discharged at the radiators, and no waste of water is necessary.

(3) E. H. S.—Coal tar alone with gravel and sand for sidewalks does not dry well. Asphaltum with equal parts of coal tar melted together and sprinkled upon the mixed sand and gravel that has been made hot upon an iron plate (the mixing to be done in a large pan of iron), putting no more asphalt and tar upon the sand and gravel than will just make it stick together; then dump into place while hot, spread quickly, and beat level with a ram or heavy roller. Dust over the surface with fine sand before rolling or beating, to prevent the material from sticking to the roller or beater. This operation requires a little care and experience as to just the amount of asphalt and tar for a given measure of sand and gravel, and also for the proportions of sand and gravel required to make the best pavement. Sometimes a thin bed of broken stone is laid as a foundation. Also a thin bed of coarse gravel is sometimes spread before dumping the hot mixture.

(4) J. C.—A first class ice boat, sailing on first class ice, will sail from three to four times faster than the wind that drives the boat. For example, a wind having a velocity of fifteen miles an hour will drive the boat at the rate of from forty to sixty miles an hour.

(5) T. H. G. writes: I have a mahogany table which has been varnished and has ink spots on it. 1. By what means can I get the varnish and ink off, in order to rub on an oil finish? A. The ink spots can be washed off with water and the varnish with alcohol. 2. What is best to polish carved brass? A. Polish with rotten stone and oil, alcohol, or spirits of turpentine. 3. What will remove water stains from polished marble? A. Mix quicklime with strong lye,

(_Continued on page_ x.)

Building Plans and Specifications.

In connection with the publication of the BUILDING EDITION OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Messrs. Munn & Co. furnish Plans and Specifications for Buildings of every kind, including Public Buildings, Churches, Schools, Stores, Dwellings, Carriage Houses, Barns, etc. In this work they are assisted by able and experienced architects.

Those who contemplate building, or who wish to alter, improve, extend, or add to existing buildings, whether wings, porches, bay windows, or attic rooms, are invited to communicate with the under‐signed. Our work extends to all parts of the country. Estimates, plans, and drawings promptly prepared. Terms moderate. Address

=MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, New York=

Business and Personal.

_Any person having a new invention may, without charge, consult MUNN & CO., Scientific American Office, 361 Broadway, New York, for advice how to obtain a Patent or Caveat. Our Hand Book of Instructions relating to Patents sent free._

_Practical Working Drawings_ of machinery made by A. K. Mansfield & Co., 280 Broadway, N. Y. Life‐long mechanics. One formerly R. R. supt. M. P. Important references. Work guaranteed. Correspondence invited.

For Sale—22 unbound volumes SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, of old dates. Also a lot of odd numbers, in good order. For a descriptive list address I. R. Hudson, 212 East 14th St., New York.

All kinds wood engraving. Perfect; lowest rate; sell engr. tools, mate’l, machs. N. H. Taylor, Wyandotte, Kan.

Portable grinding mills. Chas. Kaestner & Co., Chicago, Ill.

Engines and boilers. Chas. Kaestner & Co., Chicago, Ill.

For Sale—The following braiding machines: 2 nine carriers, 1 twelve carriers, 2 thirteen carriers, 1 sixteen carriers, 1 twenty carriers, 1 twenty‐one carriers. Also three looms, 24 and 30 shuttles. All the above will be sold cheap. Raymold & Whitlock, 99 Fourth Ave., N. Y.

Wanted—New invention or novelty for the English market by a first‐class London house, having a large connection among shippers, warehousemen, drapers, etc. Address “Everclean,” 100 Wood St., London, England.

_Lacquers._—Zapon, Brilliantine, Brassoline, Opaline, and other lacquers and special varnishes. _Brilliant, hard, durable._ Send for catalogue. The Fred’k Crane Chemical Co., Short Hills, N. J. N. Y. agent, Horace Van Sands, 733 Broadway.

For the best and cheapest 4 Horse Engine, address Peter Walrath, Chittenango, N. Y.

Perforated metals of all kinds for all purposes. The Robert Aitchison Perforated Metal Co., Chicago, Ill.

For the latest improved diamond prospecting drills, address the M. C. Bullock Mfg. Co., 138 Jackson St., Chicago, Ill.

The _Railroad Gazette_, handsomely illustrated, published weekly, at 73 Broadway, New York. Specimen copies free. Send for catalogue of railroad books.

The Knowles Steam Pump Works, 113 Federal St., Boston, and 93 Liberty St., New York, have just issued a new catalogue, in which are many new and improved forms of Pumping Machinery of the single and duplex, steam and power type. This catalogue will be mailed free of charge on application.

_Link Belting_ and Wheels. Link Belt M. Co., Chicago.

Presses & Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N. J.

Nickel Plating.—Sole manufacturers cast nickel anodes, pure nickel salts, polishing compositions, etc. $100 “_Little Wonder_.” A perfect Electro Plating Machine. Sole manufacturers of the new Dip Lacquer Kristaline. Complete outfit for plating, etc. Hanson, Van Winkle & Co., Newark, N. J., and 92 and 94 Liberty St., New York.

Iron Planer, Lathe, Drill, and other machine tools of modern design. New Haven Mfg. Co., New Haven, Conn.

Supplement Catalogue.—Persons in pursuit of information of any special engineering, mechanical, or scientific subject, can have catalogue of contents of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT sent to them free. The SUPPLEMENT contains lengthy articles embracing the whole range of engineering, mechanics, and physical science. Address Munn & Co., Publishers, New York.

The Holly Manufacturing Co., of Lockport, N. Y., will send their pamphlet, describing water works machinery, and containing reports of tests, on application.

Curtis Pressure Regulator and Steam Trap. See p. 301.

Planing and Matching Machines. All kinds Wood Working Machinery. C. B. Rogers & Co., Norwich, Conn.

For best leather belting and lace leather, including Hercules, see Page Belting Co.’s adv., p. 318.

Iron, Steel, and Copper Drop Forgings of every description. Billings & Spencer Co., Hartford, Conn.

Paint mills. Chas. Kaestner & Co., Chicago, Ill.

Pat. Geared Scroll Chucks, with 3 pinions, sold at same prices as common chucks by Cushman Chuck Co., Hartford, Conn.

Steam Hammers, Improved Hydraulic Jacks, and Tube Expanders. R. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York.

60,000 _Emerson’s_ 1887 ☞ Book of superior saws, with Supplement, sent free to all Sawyers and Lumbermen. Address Emerson, Smith & Co., Limited, Beaver Falls, Pa., U. S. A.

Safety Elevators, steam and belt power; quick and smooth. D. Frisbie & Co., 112 Liberty St., New York.

“How to Keep Boilers Clean.” Send your address for free 88 page book. Jas. C. Hotchkiss, 120 Liberty St., N. Y.

Pays well on Small Investment.—Stereopticons, Magic Lanterns, and Views illustrating every subject for public exhibitions. Lanterns for colleges, Sunday schools, and home amusements. 152 page illustrated catalogue free. McAllister, Manufacturing Optician, 49 Nassau St., N. Y.

Ax handle and spoke lathes. Railway cutting off saw machines. Rollstone Machine Co., Fitchburg, Mass.

Best belt hooks are Talcott’s. Providence, R. I.

PROSPECTUS

=OF THE
Scientific American
FOR 1888.=]

=The Most Popular Scientific Paper in the World.=

=Only $3.00 a Year, including Postage. Weekly. 52 Numbers a Year.=

=This widely circulated= and splendidly illustrated paper is published weekly. Every number contains sixteen pages of useful information and a large number of original engravings of new inventions and discoveries, representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery, New Inventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Manufactures, Chemistry, Electricity, Telegraphy, Photography, Architecture, Agriculture, Horticulture, Natural History, etc.

=All Classes of Readers= find in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN a popular _resume_ of the best scientific information of the day; and it is the aim of the publishers to present it in an attractive form, avoiding as much as possible abstruse terms. To every intelligent mind, this journal affords a constant supply of instructive reading. It is promotive of knowledge and progress in every community where it circulates.

=Terms of Subscription.=—One copy of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be sent for _one year_—52 numbers—postage prepaid, to any subscriber in the United States or Canada, on receipt, of =three dollars= by the publishers; six months, $1.50; three months, $1.00.

=Clubs.=—=One extra copy= of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be supplied gratis _for every club of five subscribers_ at $3.00 each; additional copies at same proportionate rate.

The safest way to remit is by Postal Order, Draft, or Express Money Order. Money carefully placed inside of envelopes, securely sealed, and correctly addressed, seldom goes astray, but is at the sender’s risk. Address all letters and make all orders, drafts, etc., payable to

MUNN & CO.,
361 Broadway, New York.

=THE
Scientific American Supplement.=

This is a separate and distinct publication from _The Scientific American_, but is uniform therewith in size, every number containing sixteen large pages. THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT is published weekly, and includes a very wide range of contents. It presents the most recent papers by eminent writers in all the principal departments of Science and the Useful Arts, embracing Biology, Geology, Mineralogy, Natural History, Geography, Archæology, Astronomy, Chemistry, Electricity, Light, Heat, Mechanical Engineering, Steam and Railway Engineering, Mining, Ship Building, Marine Engineering, Photography, Technology, Manufacturing Industries, Sanitary Engineering, Agriculture, Horticulture, Domestic Economy, Biography, Medicine, etc.

A vast amount of fresh and valuable information pertaining to these and allied subjects is given, the whole profusely illustrated with engravings.

_The most important Engineering Works_, Mechanisms, and Manufactures at home and abroad are represented and described in the SUPPLEMENT.

Price for the SUPPLEMENT for the United States and Canada, $5.00 a year, or one copy of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and one copy of the SUPPLEMENT, both mailed for one year for $7.00. Address and remit by postal order, express money order, or check,

=MUNN & Co., 361 Broadway, N. Y.,=
Publishers SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.

=To Foreign Subscribers.=—Under the facilities of the Postal Union, the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is now sent by post direct from New York, with regularity, to subscribers in Great Britain, India, Australia, and all other British colonies; to France, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Russia, and all other European States; Japan, Brazil, and all States of Central and South America. Terms, when sent to foreign countries, Canada and Mexico, excepted. $4, gold, for SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, one year; $9, gold for both SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT for one year. This includes postage, which we pay. Remit by postal or express money order, or draft to order of

MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, New York.

THE TIFFANY
GLASS COMPANY
MEMORIAL WINDOWS
GLASS WORK
DECORATIONS

_Designs and Estimates submitted_.

LOUIS C. TIFFANY, _Pres_.
PRINGLE MITCHELL, _M’ger_.
JOHN DU FAIS, _Sec_.
JOHN C. PLATT, _Treas_.

333–335 Fourth Ave., New York City.
509 Pullman Building, Chicago.

=The Old Bangor Slate Company=

F. C. YARNALL, President,
PHILADELPHIA.

I. S. MOYER, Sec. & Treas.,
BETHLEHEM, PA.

This Company is the original operator in the Bangor Valley, and continues to manufacture the Blue Roofing Slates which have become so celebrated for fineness of texture and uniformity of color.

We also beg to call the special attention of Architects and Builders to the fact that we have perfected a system by which we can furnish Slates with Sawed Edges of suitable size and curve for Towers or Domes of any size or shape.

Working Drawings should be furnished, in which case we can =guarantee= a perfect job.

Address Correspondence to

=The Old Bangor Slate Company,
At Office, BETHLEHEM, PA.=

=INVALUABLE BOOKS=
FOR THE
=MECHANIC, ENGINEER,
AND CHEMIST.
REVISED TO DATE.=

=Nystrom’s Pocket‐Book of Mechanics and Engineering.=

=Nineteenth Edition, Revised and Greatly Enlarged with Original Matter. By Wm. Dennis Marks, Ph.B., C.E. (Yale S.S.S.) Illustrated. 16mo. $3.50.=

“A library in itself, giving a little of everything that the engineer and mechanic will need to know to aid them in every‐day practice.”—_Industrial World_, Chicago.

=Marks on the Steam Engine.=

=Third Edition, Revised. Enlarged, and Interleaved.=

=The Relative Proportions of the Steam Engine. By Wm. D. Marks. With numerous Illustrations. 12mo. Extra Cloth. $3.00.=

“A work of inestimable value to every mechanic, containing as it does, rules, tables, and directions in regard to the steam engine which come into use in every‐day practical life of the engineer.”—_San Francisco Wood and Iron._

=Elements of Modern Chemistry.=
(=_WURTZ_.=)

=New Edition, Thoroughly Revised. Translated by W. H. Greene. 12mo. Cloth. $2.50. Sheep. $3.00.=

“A valuable work as a class‐book, and a most interesting and instructive volume for the general reader.”—_New York School Journal_.

If not obtainable at your Booksellers’, send direct to the Publishers, who will forward the books, FREE OF POSTAGE, promptly on receipt of the price.

=J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
PUBLISHERS,
715 and 717 Market St., Philadelphia.=

=Red‐Letter Days Abroad.= By John L. Stoddard, author of “The Stoddard Lectures,” etc. 8vo. With illustrations. In box, $5; in morocco, $10. New Library edition, $3.50, in half calf, $7.

Laurence Hutton’s =Literary Landmarks of London.= 12mo. $1.50.

J. R. G. Hassard’s =A Pickwickian Pilgrimage.= $1.

William Winter’s =Shakespeare’s England.= 50 cents.

William Winter’s =English Rambles.= 12mo. $1.50.

William Winter’s =The Trip to England.= Ill’d. $2.

Robert Laird Collier’s =English Home Life.= $1.

Mrs. Lew Wallace’s =The Storied Sea.= 16mo. $1.

Henry James’s =Portraits of Places.= $1.50.

Henry James’s =A Little Tour in France.= $1.50.

Hubbard’s =Woods and Lakes of Maine.= $3.

Jane G. Austin’s =Nantucket Scraps.= $1.50.

Miss E. B. Chase’s =Over the Border.= Ill’d. $1.50.

Clarence King’s =Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada.= With maps. 12mo. $2.

L. H. Weeks’s =Among the Azores.= Ill’d. $1.50.

Waring’s =The Bride of the Rhine.= Ill’d. $1.50.

Mrs. Dahlgren’s =South‐Sea Sketches.= $1.50.

D. J. Snider’s =Walk in Hellas= (Modern Greece). $2.50.

=Geraldine.= A sumptuous illustrated edition.

=Scott’s Poems.= New holiday edition. 350 illustrations.

=Swanee River.= A beautiful illustrated book.

=My Old Kentucky Home.= Richly illustrated.

=Juan and Juanita.= By Frances C. Baylor.

=Fools of Nature.= An Anti‐Spiritualist novel.

=Under Pine and Palm.= By Frances L. Mace.

=Sobriquets and Nicknames.= A reference book.

=A Flock of Girls.= By Nora Perry.

=The New Astronomy.= By Prof. S. P. Langley.

=Carlyle‐Emerson Correspondence.=

=Hawthorne and His Wife.= New editions. Each in two volumes. With illustrations. Per set, $3.00; in half calf, $6.00.

=Japanese Homes.= By Prof. E. S. Morse.

=Chosön: The Land of the Morning Calm (Korea).= By Percival Lowell. New editions. Each in one volume. 12mo. Illustrated. Per volume, $3.00; in half calf, $6.00.

=THE TICKNOR SERIES OF OCTAVO POETS.=

LIBRARY EDITION.

=The Lady of the Lake.=
=The Lay of the Last Minstrel.=
=Marmion.=
=The Princess.=
=Childe Harold.=
=Lucile.=

Six volumes, elegantly and uniformly bound, with all the original illustrations, beveled boards, and full gilt. In cloth. Each, $3.50. In tree calf or antique morocco, $7.50.

These are the most famous and popular editions in existence of great poems. In their original shape they have had enormous sales, and in their cheaper form, with all their original illustrations, complete and unworn, they will have renewed popularity.

Also uniform with the above in style and price, cheaper editions of the beautifully illustrated

=Tuscan Cities.= By W. D. Howells.

=Red‐Letter Days Abroad.= By J. L. Stoddard.

⁂ _For sale by all booksellers. Sent, post‐paid, on receipt of the price by the publishers,_

=TICKNOR & CO., BOSTON.=

IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER

MAHOGANY

CABINET Woods and Veneers.

FOOT. EAST HOUSTON Sᵀ
NEW YORK.

275–289 EAST 20ᵀᴴ ST
CHICAGO, ILL.]

HOT‐WATER HEATING,

For Greenhouses and Dwellings

HITCHINGS & CO.,

233 Mercer Street, N. Y.

SEND 3 CENTS POSTAGE FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

VIOLIN OUTFITS.

Consisting of Violin Box, Bow, and Teacher, sent to any part of the United States on 1 to 3 days’ trial before buying.

=Violin
Outfits.=

=at $4, $8, $15 and $25 each. Send Stamp for= Beautiful Illustrated 96‐page Catalogue of Violins, Guitars, Banjos, Cornets, Flutes, Strings, etc. Lowest prices. Mail orders a specialty.

=C. W. STORY, 26
Central Street, Boston, Mass.=

WE SELL DIRECT TO FAMILIES—

(avoid Agents and Dealers whose profits and expenses double the cost on every Piano they sell) and send this First‐Class UPRIGHT Cabinet GEM 7½ Octave Rosewood Piano, Warranted 6 years, for =$193!= We send it—with Beautiful Cover and Stool—for Trial in your own Home before you buy. Send for circulars to

=Marchal & Smith, 235 East 21st St., N. Y.=

ICE & REFRIGERATING
Machines. York Patent.
=YORK MFG.
CO., York, Pa.=

Warren’s Natural Asphalt Roofing.

FINALLY PERFECTED AND TESTED BY TEN YEARS OF PRACTICAL USE.

Over 15,000,000 square feet, or 350 acres, of this roofing have been laid within the past ten years. =Superior= to all other for flat roofs.

Much more durable than coal tar materials, because it remains practically unchanged when exposed to the weather.

An Asphalt roof emits no odor, and does not injure rain water.

References to many of the best buildings throughout the country given on application.

=“Composite” Felt
FOR ROOF FOUNDATIONS.=

A two‐ply composed of one layer of saturated felt and one of Manila rope paper. Combines durability and strength with lightness and pliability.

Send for Circulars and Samples.

=Warren Chemical and Manufacturing Co.,
114 JOHN ST., N. Y.
101 MILK ST., BOSTON.=

BEATTY ORGANS

For $37.50 worth $75

$400.00 Organs only $80.00
$1200.00 Pianos for $250.00

Other BARGAINS, write for catalogue. Address,

=DANIEL F. BEATTY, Washington, New Jersey=

We can offer to your advantage GLUE.

ORANGE {=SHELLAC=,} WHITE
GUM { } GUM
SHELLAC {=VARNISH=.} SHELLAC

=WOOD ALCOHOL,

WOOD STAIN.=

F. W. THURSTON & CO.
IMPORTERS,
CHICAGO.

F. W. DEVOE & CO.

(Established 1852)

=PURE
MIXED
PAINTS=

We desire to call attention of consumers to the fact that we guarantee our ready mixed paints to be made only of pure linseed oil and the most permanent pigments. They are not “Chemical,” “Rubber,” “Patent,” or “Fireproof.” We use no secret or patent method in manufacturing them by which benzine and water are made to serve the purpose of pure linseed oil. Sample cards, containing 50 desirable shades, sent on application.

=FINE VARNISHES,
WOOD FILLERS,
WOOD STAINS.=

ARTISTS’ MATERIALS, MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS.

Catalogues of our different departments to responsible parties.

=Cor. Fulton and
William Sts.,
NEW YORK.=

=Coffin, Devoe & Co.,
176 Randolph St.,
CHICAGO.=

——THE——
“Timby Burglar Proof Sash‐Lock & Ventilator.”

=PATENTED MARCH 29th, 1887.=

=MEETS A LONG FELT WANT.=

It is manufactured from the best MALLEABLE IRON and BRONZE METAL.

Section of Frame with Lock applied.

Thumb piece moved upward releasing upper sash.]

Is very simple in construction, strong and durable, absolutely Burglar Proof, and a perfect ventilator; Automatic in action, easily applied to any window, as it adjusts itself to varying thicknesses of Sash, or inside stops.

Only One Lock is Required for
=A WINDOW.=

As it controls both Sash perfectly, bolting either or both securely in any position desired, thereby affording means for perfect ventilation, and at the same time absolute security against Burglars and Sneak Thieves.

Back view of Lock and operating device.

Thumb piece moved upward and bolt thrown back, same as in Fig. 1.]

It is =easily operated, ornamental in appearance=, and does not interfere with applying weather strips or inside blinds, and is =the only Side Sash Mortise Lock that= can be used =in connection with inside screens=, it having been constructed with special reference to the same. As a rule, =Burglars and Sneak Thieves= have little difficulty in entering dwellings through windows because of their insecure fastenings. Hence it is just as important that =each and every window= should be provided with a =good substantial lock= as that the front door should be.

=Buy the Timby Burglar Proof, and take no other. The Convenience and Absolute Security afforded will be ample reward. Full Directions and Pattern for setting accompany each Lock Sold.=

For further information apply to =I. G. JENKINS, Oswego, N. Y.=

E. J. JOHNSON,

ROOFING SLATE

MARBLEIZED SLATE MANTELS, SLATE HEARTHS, SILLS, LINTELS, ETC.

=SLATE NAILS, ROOFING FELT, SLATERS’ CEMENT, ETC.=

ESTIMATES FURNISHED ON ALL SLATE WORK.

QUARRY, BANGOR, PA.

OFFICE, 18 BURLINGTON SLIP, N. Y.

=ADAMANT=
WALL PLASTER.
MANUFACTURED BY

Adamant
Manufacturing
Company.

OFFICE

32 EAST GENESEE STREET,
SYRACUSE, N. Y.

=The New, Cheap, and Only Superior Substitute for Common Plaster.=

It is hard as marble, and will last as long as the building.

It does away with the warping and shrinking of doors and casings, it not being necessary, as with common plaster, to saturate the building with water.

It costs but little more than lime plaster, and its superior qualities make it immeasurably cheaper.

It saves waiting several weeks or months for the building to dry out. A room finished one day can be occupied the next.

It does not crack or fall off, even in case of leakages.

It is applied easily by any good mason.

It is the only material with which repairing can be done neatly and “to stay.”

☞ For Prices and Estimates, or Further Information, Apply to or Address the Company.

IMPORTANT

To Architects, Builders, House‐Painters, Decorators, Boat‐Builders and Yachtsmen desiring an _extremely durable_ Finish for Wood.

ELASTICA

TRADE MARK

REGISTERED

FINISHES

NO. 1 & NO. 2.]

Are superior to any Varnishes or Wood‐Finishes in the market, for the following reasons, viz.:

=They possess more body, higher luster, greater resisting properties to atmospheric influences, action of water and alkali, are more elastic, will not scratch or mar white, and are more durable.=

=For all classes=
Inside Work,
=Requiring great durability, use No. 2 ELASTICA FINISH.=

=For=
Outside Work,
=Requiring extreme durability, use No. 1 ELASTICA FINISH.=

WORKS:
734–740 East 14th Street,
733–739 East 13th Street,
199–207 Avenue D.

Manufactured by
STANDARD VARNISH WORKS,
D. ROSENBERG & SONS,
Office, 207 Avenue D,
NEW YORK.

Send for Samples and Full Particulars.

=The “Barry” Hanger.=

Each wheel on the =“Barry Hanger”= is on an independent axle. All other hangers have the two wheels on =one axle=. Consequently, when one track settles more than the other (as they frequently do), the =axle “tips,”= and carries the door =side‐wise= toward the lowest track, causing an unpleasant rubbing against the track or casings below. The =“Barry Hanger”= overcomes this trouble, and a door will run as =easy= and =true= in the =center=, when there is a variation of one half inch or more in the height of the tracks, as it would when they are perfectly level.

—MANUFACTURED BY—
SYRACUSE BOLT CO.,
SYRACUSE, N. Y.

BUFF AND BLUE

AMHERST AND BEREA

SANDSTONE

Sawed stone of all kinds. Sawed and split flagging, curbing and gutter stone and bridge stone.

THE CLEVELAND STONE CO., CLEVELAND, O.

Send for illustrated catalogue.

EXCELLENT BLACK COPIES of Architectural Drawings, Sketches, etc., by the Patent

AUTOCOPYIST

Only equalled by Lithography.

Specimen Free.

AUTOCOPYIST CO., 166 William St., New York.

⁂ PECORA ⁂ MORTAR ⁂ COLORS ⁂

Office
JOHN M. SHARP,
BUILDER,
1936 SOUTH COLLEGE AVENUE,
PHILADELPHIA.

Telephone 3454

Philadelphia, Jan. 27, 1887

Mess. S. Bowens Sons

Dr Sirs

After using a large quantity of your Red & Black I have found them entirely satisfactory and in all respects the best colors I have handled.

Yrs respectfully

John M Sharp]

S. BOWEN’S SONS, 150 North 4th St., Philadelphia.

G. M. BREINIG, AGENT, PRINCIPAL OFFICE AT MANUFACTORY NEW MILFORD, CONN.

NEW YORK BUSINESS OFFICE, 96–98 MAIDEN LANE. MANUFACTURERS OF

WHEELERS PATENT WOOD FILLER

BREINIG’S LITHOGEN SILICATE PAINT.

LITHOGEN PRIMER, WOOD STAINS

SILEX FLINT AND FELDSPAR.

PAMPHLET GIVING DIRECTIONS FOR FINISHING HARD WOOD FREE TO ANY ADDRESS.]

=DRAW KNIFE CHAMFERER,=
with adjusting screw to set it to the width of CHAMFER wanted.

For sale by the

=Jobbing and Retail Hardware Dealers.=

Sent to any address on receipt of 60c.

=J. H. HOAGUE, TOOL MFR., CHICOPEE, MASS.=

=Two‐Horse Power Engine. $75.=

WITH STEEL BOILER, $150.

=Cheap, Reliable, Safe.=

Automatic Boiler Feed. Automatic Pop Safety Valve, Steel Boiler. Cost of running guaranteed not to exceed three cents per hour. Nothing equal to it ever before offered for the price. Larger sizes equally low. Send for free descriptive circular.

CHAS. P. WILLARD & CO.,
236 Randolph Street, Chicago, Ill.

=SHIELDS & BROWN CO.=

=Manufacturers of Sectional=

—FOR—

=Steam, Gas and Water Pipes, Drums, Heaters, etc.=

=The Best Non‐Conductor of Heat & Cold in the World.=

Send for illustrated descriptive Circular, and name this paper.

143 Worth Street,
NEW YORK.

78 and 80 Lake St.,
CHICAGO.

THE NEW LITTLE GIANT]

=Send for
CATALOGUE
F. F. F.=

=WELLS BROS. & CO., GREENFIELD, MASS.=

MANUFACTURERS OF

=Screw Cutting Machinery and Tools for Machinists’, Carriage Makers’, and Blacksmiths’ Use.=

COLEMAN NAT’L BUSINESS COLLEGE.
Newark, N. J.

National Patronage, Best Facilities, Best course of Business Training, Shortest Time, Lowest Rates, No Vacation.

Address, H. COLEMAN, Pres.

ESTABLISHED 1843.

Manufacturers of

=Stable Fittings and Fixtures,=

=IMPROVED and PATENTED

IRON, BRASS, BRONZED and NICKEL‐PLATED=

POULTRY YARD APPLIANCES, ETC.

Low estimates furnished to Architects, Builders, Carpenters, Masons, etc.

=Catalogue Mailed on Application.=

SAMUEL S. BENT & SON,

=No. 111 Chambers St., New York, N. Y.=

EVERY VARIETY OF
PLAIN and FIRE PROOF
=BUILDING PAPER,=
ASBESTOS PAPERS,

Waterproof and Inodorous Papers, Plain and Corrugated Carpet Linings, Deadening Felts, Roofing Materials, Tarred Board, &c., &c.

=Two and Three Ply
Keystone Prepared Roofing=

Send for Samples and Delivered Price List “B.”

H. F. WATSON, Manufactu’r, ERIE, PA.

=Daily Capacity of Mills, 60 Tons.=

=CHANDLER & FARQUHAR
177 Washington St.
BOSTON.=

New England Agents for

BARNES’ FOOT POWER MACHINERY

AND DEALERS IN

=Machinists’ Supplies of Every Kind=

Send two stamps for illus. catalogue

=WELL=

Encyclopedia of 700 Engravings of WELL TOOLS,

Diamond Drills and Lightning Hydraulic WELL Machines.

Book free, 25c. for mailing it.

American Well Works,
Aurora, Ill.

Architectural Sheet‐Metal Works.

Metal Building Trimmings, Ventilating Skylights,
Metallic Roofing Tiles, Building Specialties,
Builders’ Light Iron Work.

J. S. THORN,

No. 1201 Callowhill St., Philadelphia, Pa.

CHENEY & HEWLETT

ARCHITECTURAL IRON WORKS.

EVERY VARIETY OF WROUGHT AND CAST IRON WORK FOR BUILDINGS.

OFFICE 201 BROADWAY.
NEW YORK.

BOOK GIVING STRENGTH OF WROUGHT IRON GIRDERS, BEAMS AND CAST IRON COLUMNS, MAILED ON APPLICATION. ]

=ARCHITECTURAL AND ORNAMENTAL=

=IRON STAIRS, GRILLES,
GUARDS, GATES, RAILING.=

Special attention to Ornamental Work.

=Vault, Area, and Skylight (Cement and Iron).=

Designs, Estimates, and Catalogues on application.

MANLY & COOPER MFG. CO.

4150 Elm Ave., Philadelphia. 271 Broadway, N. Y.

=ESTABLISHED 1844.=

=SAMUEL H. FRENCH & CO.,=

=York Avenue, Fourth and Callowhill Sts.,=

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

=PAINT MANUFACTURERS.=

Strictly Pure Lead, Zinc and Colors, Dry, in Oil, Japan, and Ready Mixed for Use.

PEERLESS
MORTAR COLORS

=BLACK, BROWN, BUFF, AND RED.=

Masons’ and Builders’ Supplies.

SEND FOR CATALOGUE AND CIRCULARS.

HOYT & BROTHER

Manufacturing Co.,
=AURORA, ILL.=

MANUFACTURERS OF
=Machinery for Working Wood.=

=Planing Mill Machinery a Specialty.=

Send for Catalogue.

CHILTON PAINTS.

The Chilton Manuf’g Co. would call the attention of Architects and persons desiring a good article to their Pure Linseed Oil Paints. The most durable and therefore the most economical in use. Sample cards of colors sent on application.

=147 Fulton St., New York.
141 Milk Street, Boston.=

HULL’S

Patent Wrought Iron Steel Dome
FURNACE.
(PATENTED SEPTEMBER 5th, 1882.)

Unequaled for Heating Power, Durability, and Freedom from Gas.

Send for Circular and References.

Four Sizes.

Portable and Brick Set.

Shaking and Dumping Grate.

No Charge for Estimating.

MANUFACTURED AND SET BY
HULL, GRIPPEN & CO.
310 & 312 THIRD AVENUE, NEW YORK.

=THE IMPROVED FLORIDA=

=STEAM HEATER=

The best and most complete House Heater in the world. Self‐feeding, automatic, portable and saves all expense of brick‐work. Most economical. Carries steam from 10 to 12 hours without attention. Compact. 14 sizes, from 4 to 6 feet high. Anti‐clinker grate, easily shaken, no dust. Sales larger than the combined sales of all reputable Steam Heaters.

=3500 in ACTUAL USE,=

all giving the best satisfaction. Estimates furnished on application. Send for Illustrated Catalogue. Address

=PIERCE, BUTLER & PIERCE MFG. CO.,=
SOLE MANUFACTURERS, SYRACUSE, N. Y.

GENERAL AGENCIES

GEO. B COBB, 97 William St., New York, N. Y.
CRANE BROS. MFG. CO., Chicago, Ill.
JAS. B. ROBERTSON & CO., Baltimore, Md.
N. O. NELSON MFG. CO., St. Louis, Mo.
B. TABER & SON, Chicago, Ill.
JAMES P. WOOD & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.

Black Diamond Steel Dome Furnaces.

ALL SIZES.

Patent Self‐Cleaning Ash Pit Obviates labor, dirt, and annoyance. Sure preventive from fire caused by hot ashes.

Patented and Manufactured by
The Schoen Heater and Stove Co.

PORTABLE and BRICK SET.

Common Sense Clinker‐Crushing Grate. Great saving of labor and fuel.

Perfect Dump.

Office and Salesroom

13 North Eleventh St.
Philadelphia.

SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

AGENTS WANTED IN EVERY TOWN.

GAS FIXTURES

Chandeliers,
Lanterns, Brackets,
Electroliers,
Ecclesiastical Decorations,
Lamps,
and Grills
IN ALL
Metals.

Designs Furnished, Estimates Given.

Correspondence Solicited.

Holiday Goods.

Bric‐a‐Brac.

THACKARA SONS & CO.,
1300 Chestnut St., Philadelphia.]

Bartlett’s Wrought‐Iron, Brick‐Lined Portable Furnace.

THE VETERAN,

For fifty years has proven the Veteran’s Power, Durability, Efficiency, and Reliability.

JOB BARTLETT’s SONS
PHILAD.

USE EGG COAL

CLEAN OUT
AND
CHECK DOOR

VETERAN PORTABLE
HEATER

ASHPIT MUST BE KEPT
CLEAN

COLD AIR

PATD SEP. 5. 1882
AND JULY 20. 1886
]

NO DUST,
NO GAS,
NO SMOKE,
NO DAMPERS.

_No Overheated Cast‐iron Surfaces._

=Fire Clay Lined Fire Chambers.=

The Veteran is made of Heavy Boiler Plate Iron. A Shaking and Dumping Grate is attached, which will give you great satisfaction in its control and management. Pure warm air in great abundance. Every furnace is warranted to give perfect satisfaction.

=ESTABLISHED 1847.
Job Bartlett’s Sons, 10th & Filbert Sts., Phila.
ESTIMATES AND ADVICE FREE.=

The Globe Steam Heater

DAMPER
SAFETY VALVE
TO DRAFT DOOR]

Has been thoroughly tried in many private and public buildings and always found to be the best. Very economical, and easily managed.

Large surface exposed directly to the fire. Ask for all particulars before you place your order for any other.

=THE GLOBE SAFETY DAMPER REGULATOR SHOULD BE USED ON EVERY STEAM HEATER IN USE.=

For new Illustrated Price List of Globe Steam Heating Appliances, address

=Globe Steam Heater Co., North Wales, Pa.=

FLEMING BREWSTER & ALLEY. N. Y.

PRESIDENT’S OFFICE OF THE DECORATOR AND FURNISHER COMPANY.]

The Decorator and Furnisher.

A magnificently illustrated magazine devoted to the one subject of home adornment, both in furnishing and decorating. It is an artistic and practical answer to every inquiry and want in beautifying the home.

_The Decorator and Furnisher_ contains original designs and articles on decoration by the best writers and most prominent artists.

The most successful magazine of its kind in this country, and it deserves all the prosperity it enjoys.—_Buffalo News._

Yearly Subscription. $4.00. Single Copies, 35c.

_30 & 32 East 14th St., New‐York._

ART STAINED GLASS

FOR CHURCHES, DWELLINGS, Etc.

Keystone Stained Glass Works,

271 SOUTH 5th ST., PHILADELPHIA.

THE IMPROVED ECONOMY

Combination Steam and Warm Air

=HEATER=

IN ITS MANY POINTS OF MERIT

LEADS EVERY HEATER MADE.

SIMPLE, PRACTICAL, ECONOMICAL,
EMBODYING
DURABILITY and ABSOLUTE SAFETY.

=Low Pressure=, Radiates Heat with from 1½ to 3 pounds of Steam. One fire generates both Warm Air and Steam, increasing its capacity 25 per cent. over any All‐Steam Apparatus. Automatically regulated, maintaining a uniform temperature.

=Our System of Warming Buildings with Steam Radiation and Warm Air insures=

PERFECT VENTILATION.

THE ECONOMY WARM AIR FURNACES
Have a reputation that is neither excelled nor equalled for
DURABILITY, POWER, AND ECONOMY,
=and are guaranteed in every respect.=

SEND FOR NEW 72 PAGE CATALOGUE,

giving full particulars, descriptions, and illustrations of 7 different styles of the

Combination Heaters
AND THE
Economy Warm Air
FURNACES.

Manufactured solely by the
J. F. Pease Furnace Co.,
Syracuse, N. Y., and Toronto, Ont.

=Eastern Agents.=—EARL B. CHACE & CO., 206 Water St., New York; JOHN DEMAREST, General New England Agent, 112 Portland St., Boston; W. H. FENNER & CO., Providence.

=Western Agents.=—ADKINS & HOFFMAN, 177 East Randolph St., Chicago, Ill.; GOSS HEATING & PLUMBING CO., 703 Main St., Kansas City, Mo.; ARTHUR A. POND, 35 Washington Ave. South, Minneapolis, Minn.; GAGE & HORTON MFG. CO., 1231 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo.

=The M. H. JACOBS’ FURNACE CO.,=

Manufacturers of the celebrated wrought iron =spiral= radiator and steel dome portable

WARM AIR
FURNACES

With Hot Water Attachment.

Most Perfect and Durable

=THE KING
of HEATERS=

It wears the Crown of Superiority.

Most Economical
AND
POWERFUL.

The Spiral Radiator is exciting universal attention and careful examination by the public, as evidenced by the drift of popular favor. A cursory examination alone is sufficient to show its merits and superiority. It combines all the requisites of a successful furnace, viz.: Future Maintenance, Efficiency, and Power to Economize and Radiate the Heat Desired. No less attention has been given to the qualities upon which depend the health and vitality of our families.

MANUFACTURED BY

=M. H. JACOBS’ FURNACE CO., Syracuse, N. Y.=

“=THE AUBURN=”

STEAM HEATING BOILERS,

Automatic, Self‐Feeding, Portable.

Requires attention but once in from twelve to twenty‐four hours. Fuel magazine surrounded by water. Self‐locking shaking grate. Waste of coal _impossible_. _No dust._ _No gas._

The Woodcock Patent Shaking Grate,
For Boiler Furnaces of all Descriptions

Saves its cost in a year, supplanting all other shaking grates. No waste of coal. No burnt or broken grates. Self‐locking, and as nearly automatic as a grate can be made.

Send for Illustrated Catalogue.

Woodcock & Co., Auburn, N. Y.

Notes and Queries.

(_Continued from page_ vi.)

so as to form a mixture having the consistency of cream, and apply it immediately with a brush. If this composition be allowed to remain for a day or two, and be then washed off with soap and water, the marble will appear as though it were new.

(6) J. M. D. asks: Is there any virtue in the “divining rod,” so called, as a means of determining the locality of hidden streams of water? A. None whatever. The bobbing of the stick is due to a muscular pressure by the holder.

(7) C. W. C. desires (1) a recipe for a stain to imitate mahogany on white birch wood, that will not raise the grain of the wood. A. A dark mahogany stain is made as follows: Boil half a pound of madder and 2 ounces of logwood chips in 1 gallon of water, and brush well over the wood while hot; when dry, go over the whole with pearlash solution, 2 drachms to the quart. 2. Can you give recipe for making the acid stain? A. In the acid stain you take nitric acid, and dilute with 10 parts of water, and wash the wood with it. 3. Are there any books which give full directions for imitating the different woods? A. We would recommend for your purpose Spons’ Workshop Receipts (second series), which we can send you, postpaid, for $2.00.

(8) A subscriber asks how to make spirit varnish suitable for varnishing carved wood. A. Take 1 ounce copal and ½ ounce shellac; powder them well, and put them into a bottle or jar containing 1 quart alcohol. Place the mixture in a warm place and shake it occasionally until the gums are completely dissolved; and when strained the varnish will be ready for use.

(9) J. W. B. desires a recipe for some fire‐extinguishing liquid. A. One of the best solutions for the extinction of incipient fires consists of crude calcium chloride 20 parts, salt 5 parts, dissolved in water 75 parts. Keep at hand, and apply with a hand pump.

(10) G. H. A. says: I have lately made a workshop of an upper room, and have put in a lathe, boiler, and engine of a total weight of 2,400 pounds, resting upon 3 joists 3 inches by 9 inches by 16 feet 0 inches. Will it strengthen the floor sufficiently to enable it to carry the increased weight if I bolt three 3 inch by 8 inch joists to the existing ones? A. You had better use 4 inch by 8 inch joists bolted with ⅜ inch bolts about 10 inches apart. Take care to provide solid bearings for your new joists, wedging the ends up with tiles in cement.

(11) W. A. writes: I have noticed in your issue of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, at various times, the receipt for making a printing machine called the hektograph. You also gave a recipe for making a black ink to be used with the same. I have tried both, but I find a great difficulty in gaining a success. I have tried the process for the ink in the manner you describe, but I fail to produce any copies. Ink is prepared with nigrosine. It will not create a bronze. Would you therefore kindly direct me in the right direction, that is to say, to get a black ink that can be used by the hektograph? A. The ink you desire is made by dissolving soluble nigrosine (aniline black) in 5 to 7 parts of water. It should be a saturated solution and rather thick. For use on the hektograph it is best to use a purple ink. See “The Copying Pad,” etc., contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 438.

(12) A. C. R. writes: Can you recommend me a good rubber cement? I wish to cement leather together, the cement to be waterproof, to resist oil, and the leather to retain its elasticity after pressing. A. Dissolve gutta percha in bisulphide of carbon; shave off the edges of the leather, and pour on the cement; allow to evaporate to dryness. Then put the two faces together, previously heating thoroughly, and press until cool.

(13) G. F. asks the best kind of a vessel to make liquid gold in, for potter’s use. A. Either a glass or a porcelain vessel will answer.

(14) W. J. M. asks how papier mache is made to stand the action of water. A. Coat with a mixture made by fusing together equal parts of pitch and gutta percha, to which is added two parts of linseed oil containing five parts of litharge. Continue the heat until the ingredients are uniformly commingled, and apply warm.

(15) J. D. & Co. ask a process to prevent the smuts from escaping in the air from a lampblack house. A. Carry the outlet of your lampblack chamber to one side and into the top of a vertical shaft, where place a rose jet of water. Have the water drop vertically in an even spray, so as to produce a draught down the shaft. The water will gather the waste lampblack, which can be either utilized or run into the sewer. A vent at the bottom of the shaft may connect with a chimney or into the open air. A pump or city water supply will be required.

(16) W. D. G., Jr., asks how large a main pipe will be required to supply 6 hydrants and 50 dwelling houses, the water to be brought 1 mile with a 70′ head; the hydrants to be used with a 1″ nozzle, and there being no probability of more than two being required at a time? A. About a 6″ pipe; a smaller one would not give the desired pressure for hydrant uses.

(17) S. M. writes: Can you give a formula for a brilliant waterproof finishing polish to be used on veneer after it is rubbed down with pumice stone and water? The polish to be applied the same as French polish. Use linseed oil 1½ pounds, amber 1 pound, litharge 5 ounces, white lead, pulverized, 5 ounces, minium 5 ounces. Boil the linseed oil in an untinned copper vessel, and suspend in it the litharge and minium in a small bag, which must touch the bottom of the vessel. Continue the boiling until the oil has acquired a deep brown color, then take out of the bag and put in a clove of garlic; this is to be repeated 7 or 8 times, the boiling being always continued. Before the amber is added to the oil it is to be mixed with 2 ounces linseed oil and melted over a fire that is well kept up. When the mass is fluid, it is to be boiled and stirred continually for 2 or 3 minutes; afterward filter the mixture, and preserve it in bottles tightly corked. When this varnish is used, the wood must be previously well polished and covered with a thin coat of soot and spirits of turpentine. When the coat is dry some of the varnish may be applied, which should be equally distributed on every part with a small, fine sponge. This operation must be repeated four times, being always careful that each coat will be well dried first. After the last coat of varnish, the wood must be dried in an oven and afterward polished.

(18) G. P. writes: We want some plan to prevent the noise or work of our lodge room (I.O.O.F.) from being heard in the room below; we have a good floor and carpet, good partitions, walls plastered, etc., but are willing to go to quite an expense to remedy the present defect on this score. A. Probably you have no deafening under the floor. In such case there are only two ways that we can suggest for your trouble: To take up the floor and put in a plaster deafening between the seams. Next, to take up the carpet and lay two thicknesses of roof felting or paper boards (book‐binders’ boards might do, or paper carpet lining). Then lay battens across the floor, and a new floor on the battens. Do not nail the battens to the old floor. Then lay the carpet lining and the carpet on the lining.

(19) W. A.—To clean marble from discoloration: Try 2 parts sodium carbonate, 1 of pumice stone, and 1 of finely powdered chalk. Mix into a fine paste with water. Rub this over the marble, and the stains will be removed; then wash with soap and water.

(20) F. B. asks in regard to papier mache floor covering: 1. Will it hurt to use printed paper? A. According to the article “A Papier Mache Floor Covering” we find Manila paper recommended. It is very likely that newspaper would answer, but it is by no means as strong an article as the variety spoken of. 2. How thick will that covering be? A. The thickness depends upon whether more than a single thickness of the paper is used—probably from one‐sixteenth to one‐eighth of an inch in thickness. 3. How long will it be before it is ready for use? A. That depends entirely upon the drying; if artificial heat is applied, we should think that the whole operation could be carried through and the covering finished within a week.

(21) C. C. C. asks: Which would be the best test for water works—to have three streams on one main near each other, or three streams on different mains scattered over the town? The mains 8 inches, 6 inches, and 4 inches, works half a mile from town. A. If you are testing in the interest of contractors, place the trial streams as near the source of supply as possible, and also near the 8 inch main. A fair test will be to locate the streams widely apart on one distributing branch.

(22) F. L. asks how to imitate walnut graining. A. Try the following: The wood, previously thoroughly dried and warmed, is coated once or twice with a stain composed of 1 ounce extract of walnut peel dissolved in 6 ounces of soft water by heating it to boiling, and stirring. The wood, thus treated, when half dry is brushed with a solution of 1 ounce potassium bichromate in 5 ounces boiling water, and is then allowed to dry thoroughly, and is to be rubbed and polished as usual.

(23) Z. T. D. asks: How much water per second will flow through a 14 inch pipe, 80 feet long, with 8 feet head? Also, 18 inch and 21 inch pipes, same conditions? A. The discharge for 14 inch pipe, 18 cubic feet per second. For 18 inch pipe, 34 cubic feet per second. For 21 inch pipe, 50 cubic feet per second.

Full plans and specifications for any of the various buildings illustrated in this work may be obtained, on very moderate terms, at this office. These include churches, schools, dwellings, enlargements, extensions, wings, etc. The two volumes for the past year, which may be purchased for $3, contain nearly 200 elevations and many plans. Address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, Architects and Builders Edition SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.

PATENTS.

Messrs. Munn & Co., in connection with the publication of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, continue to examine improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents for Inventors.

In this line of business they have had _forty‐one years’ experience_, and now have _unequaled facilities_ for the preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications, and the prosecution of Applications for Patents in the United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats, Copyrights for Books, Labels, Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements of Patents. All business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness, on very reasonable terms.

A pamphlet sent free of charge, on application, containing full information about Patents and how to procure them; directions concerning Labels, Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements, Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of Patents, etc.

We also send, _free of charge_, a Synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and method of securing patents in all the principal countries of the world.

=MUNN & CO., Solicitors of Patents=,
361 Broadway, New York.

BRANCH OFFICES.—No. 622 and 624 F Street, Pacific Building, near 7th Street, Washington, D. C.

=Duplex Steam‐Heater Co.=

Manufacturers under FISKE’S PATENTS,

=10 Barclay Street, New York.=

_Simplest in Construction.
Largest Steaming Capacity_.

WRITE FOR REFERENCES AND DISCOUNT.

Send for Illustrated Catalogue and Price‐List.

AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE.]

=THE NEW ERA RADIATOR=

Will utilize the heat that now escapes up your chimney.

It will save =500= to =1,000= lbs. of coal out of every ton.

=Can be put on any stove pipe=, either in the room with the stove, to increase the heat, or it will heat room adjoining or room above.

=COSTS LITTLE. SAVES MUCH=.

Send for Circular and Testimonials.

=Wilmot Castle & Co.,
Rochester, N. Y.=

GATES IMPROVED HOT WATER HEATER

=Office of FITCHBURG GAS CO.=

FITCHBURG, May 17, 1887.

Mr. E. N. GATES.

DEAR SIR: Having now used your system of Hot Water Circulation in my house from December first to May fifth, it gives me pleasure to say that it has met the requirements of the extreme cold of the past winter and the mild weather of the spring months in the most perfect manner, giving out just the temperature for comfort in all the variations of temperature outside, and with great economy in fuel. Yours respectfully,

H. F. COGGSHALL, _Treasurer and Manager_.]

=The following Special Advantages over other Methods of Heating=:

1st.—OVER HOT AIR FURNACES.—No Dust! No Burnt Air! No Gas! and ability to send the heat where it is wanted, without regard to direction of wind or height of cellar, and using less fuel for amount of space heated.

2d.—OVER STEAM, HIGH OR LOW PRESSURE.—From the fact the temperature of water in radiators can be between 70° and 212° or higher, thus adapting it to all degrees of outside temperature, thereby, taking the season through, it makes a great saving in fuel in this point alone, besides the comfort of having a building evenly heated.

3d.—OVER OTHER HOT WATER SYSTEMS.—In all others, the water goes to Radiators from one common reservoir. Therefore, being next to impossible to have all rooms heated alike. Different rooms will receive current of water at different rates of speed. With this system all rooms can be heated alike, when desired, from the fact that each current is provided with an independent boiler, and the hot water must go where the pipe leads, and you have perfect control over every room, and can be put in at less cost than any other system of hot water heating to do the same work.

=For Illustrated Circular, References, and Full Particulars, address=

=E. N. GATES, Box 1504, FITCHBURGH, MASS.=

=NEW YORK SAFETY DUMB WAITER FIXTURES=

Patented United States, April 19th, 1887; in Canada, May 18th, 1887.

The MOST COMPLETE, SIMPLE and ABSOLUTELY SAFE WAITER made. Provided with SAFETY ROPE, AVOIDING ACCIDENT. ENTIRELY NOISELESS, and moves with perfect ease.

FIXTURES ONE SIZE ONLY, adapted to any size waiter. Can be adjusted by any CARPENTER or MECHANIC. DIAGRAM and FULL DIRECTIONS ACCOMPANY EACH SET.

HANDSOMELY BRONZED, and packed ONE SET in a BOX. Sold by the Hardware trade.

PRICE, 15.00.

For catalogue address the manufacturers.

=THE EDWARD STORM SPRING CO., Limited,
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.=

=or, JOHN H. GRAHAM & CO., Sole Mfrs. Agents,
113 Chambers Street, New York.=

=ARTISTIC HOMES, 1887.=

The most practical work published. Contains =76= full page =Illustrations= of Queen Anne and Colonial Villas and Cottages, costing from $1500 upward. Price =$4.50=. Parties contemplating building cheap or expensive residences will find it to their advantage to correspond with us.

FULLER & WHEELER,
=Architects,
ALBANY, N. Y.=

Our celebrated =ALDERLY= brand was selected by the Commissioners of the Western Tennessee Hospital for the Insane at Bolivar, Tennessee, for the Roof, Gutters and Valleys of the building, over =all other leading brands= of Terne Plates after a thorough test of all its qualities.

These buildings required over =1000= boxes of =ALDERLY= Brand Terne Plate, which is the =largest contract ever made for one particular brand= of Roofing Tin.

The =ALDERLY= Brand was selected =purely on its merits=.

GUMMEY, SPERING, INGRAM & CO.,
PHILADELPHIA—LIVERPOOL.

P. S.—The =ALDERLY= is the only =perfectly square= Terne plate in the market, being =resheared= before coating.

THE FEW ADVANTAGES OF THE COMBINATION SYSTEM AS DEMONSTRATED BY

=THE PERFECTLY COMBINED STEAM AND WARM AIR HEATING APPARATUS.=

=1st=.—Two results with but one fire.

=2d=.—All benefit derived from a Steam Heater is radiated in the Combination, while no sacrifice is made in wasting what you are compelled to burn before reaching Steam Radiation (212 degrees).

=3d=.—With steam, when fire is banked for the night, radiation ceases—in the Combination, never!

=4th=.—With steam, the consumption of fuel is the same at 60° as it is at zero. In the Combination, you burn only what the outside temperature demands.

=5th=.—The drafts are automatically arranged, requiring no further attention.

=6th=.—In zero weather all Hot Air Heaters are weak—in the Combination, steam supplies the power whenever wanted.

With these positive advantages, it is no difficult matter to decide which to purchase.

A home well heated is a necessity. This comfort can be secured by a little outlay.

=THE PERFECTLY COMBINED=

=Steam and Warm Air Heating Apparatus=

IS MANUFACTURED BY THE

=WEIR & NIXON STEAM and WARM AIR HEATING CO.=

1410 & 1412 North Sixth St., Philadelphia, Pa.

=CATALOGUES SENT TO PARTIES WISHING HEATING APPARATUS.=

The OMEGA FIREPLACE FURNACE

20 page illustrated catalogue, containing full information and prices, sent to any address.

A Double Heater and Perfect Ventilator. A Revolution in Fireplace Heating. Gives the combined heat of both a Furnace and Fireplace, with Perfect Ventilation. Equalizes the heat in every part of the room. Burns equally well Hard or Soft Coal, Wood or Coke. Address